EP0026237B1 - Amorphes metall, das ein element der eisenfamilie und zirkonium enthält, und daraus erhaltene artikel - Google Patents

Amorphes metall, das ein element der eisenfamilie und zirkonium enthält, und daraus erhaltene artikel Download PDF

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EP0026237B1
EP0026237B1 EP19800900728 EP80900728A EP0026237B1 EP 0026237 B1 EP0026237 B1 EP 0026237B1 EP 19800900728 EP19800900728 EP 19800900728 EP 80900728 A EP80900728 A EP 80900728A EP 0026237 B1 EP0026237 B1 EP 0026237B1
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atomic
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alloys
group
elements
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EP0026237A1 (de
EP0026237A4 (de
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Tsuyoshi Masumoto
Kiyoyuki Esashi
Masateru Nose
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Shingijutsu Kaihatsu Jigyodan
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Shingijutsu Kaihatsu Jigyodan
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    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C22—METALLURGY; FERROUS OR NON-FERROUS ALLOYS; TREATMENT OF ALLOYS OR NON-FERROUS METALS
    • C22C—ALLOYS
    • C22C45/00—Amorphous alloys
    • C22C45/008—Amorphous alloys with Fe, Co or Ni as the major constituent

Definitions

  • the present invention relates to amorphous alloys and articles made of said alloys and particularly to amorphous alloys containing iron group elements and zirconium and articles made of said alloys.
  • Solid metals or alloys generally possess crystalline structures but if a molten metal is quenched rapidly (the cooling rate is approximately 10 4- 10 6 °C/sec), a solid having a non-crystalline structure, which is similar to a liquid structure and has no periodic atomic arrangement, is obtained.
  • Such metals or alloys are referred to as amorphous metals or amorphous alloys (both merely referred to as "amorphous alloys" hereinafter). It has been well known that these amorphous alloys are obtained through vapour deposition, sputtering process, electrodeposition or chemical (electroless) plating, and the like as well as the above described rapidly quenching of the molten metal (see Japanese Patent Laid-Open Specification No. 91,014/74).
  • metals of this type are alloys consisting of two or more elements and can be classified into two groups, generally referred to as metal-metalloid alloys and inter-metal (metal-metal) alloys.
  • Fe-Ni-P-B Japanese Patent Laid-Open Specification No. 91,014/74
  • Fe-Co-Si-B Japanese Patent Laid-Open Specification No. 73,920-76
  • metal-metal amorphous alloys it has been known that the content of elements having a small atomic radius is not large, so that embrittlement at a lower temperature than the crystallization temperature scarcely occurs. Even at a higher temperature than the crystallization temperature, the extent of embrittlement of these amorphous alloys is smaller than that of metal-metalloid amorphous alloys.
  • metal-metal amorphous alloys contain a large amount of IVB and VB Group elements (Ti, Zr, V, Nb, Ta), so that the cost of raw material is very high and the melting point of those alloys is high and the molten metal is easily oxidized, therefore the production of these amorphous alloys is very difficult, so there is a disadvantage with difficulties in production of ribbon, sheet and wire in good shapes, which can be utilized for practical usages in industries. Furthermore, a problem exists that the strong ferromagnetic property which is characteristic to iron group elements, is lost.
  • An object of the present invention is to provide metal-metal amorphous alloys in which the above described drawbacks and problems of already known metal-metalloid amorphous alloys or metal-metal amorphous alloys are obviated and improved.
  • the present invention can accomplish the above described object by providing amorphous alloys containing iron group elements and zirconium as described hereinafter (1) and (2) and articles made of said amorphous alloys.
  • novel amorphous alloys which contain a small amount of 8 to 20 atomic% of Zr as an element which contributes to formation of amorphous alloys of iron group elements of Fe, Co and Ni, scarcely causes variation of properties during ageing or embrittlement, have excellent properties of strength, hardness, corrosion resistance and heat resistance and do not deteriorate magnetic properties which are characteristic to iron group elements, and accomplished the present invention.
  • a major part of amorphous alloys of the present invention have practically very useful characteristics that these alloys can maintain the ductility and toughness even at temperature close to the crystallization temperature as shown in Fig. 1 and that even at a higher temperature than the crystallization temperature, the extent of embrittlement is lower than that of amorphous alloys containing a large amount of metalloid.
  • the embrittlement of amorphous alloys has been estimated by the process wherein an amorphous alloy ribbon is put between two parallel plates and the distance L between the parallel plates is measured and a value L when the sample ribbon is fractured by bending, is determined and the fracture strain is defined by the following formula wherein t is the thickness of the ribbon.
  • the inventors have measured the fracture strain ⁇ f with respect to the samples maintained at each temperature for 100 minutes for comparison of the amorphous alloys of the present invention with the metal-metalloid amorphous alloys following to this method.
  • the amorphous alloys of the present invention are lower in the crystallization temperature Tx than (Co 94 Fe 6 ) 0.7 Si 15 B 10 alloy which is relatively strong against the embrittlement among the metal-metalloid amorphous alloys, the temperature at which the embrittlement starts, is 100°C higher and this shows that the embrittlement is hardly caused.
  • Such properties are very advantageous, because the amorphous alloys of the present invention are not embrittled even by the inevitable raised temperature in the heat treatment or production step, when the alloys are used for tools, such as blades, saws, etc., for hard wires, such as tire cords, wire ropes, etc., and for composite materials with vinyl, rubber, etc.
  • the amorphous alloys are obtained by rapidly quenching an alloy having the proper composition from the molten state or through various techniques, such as vapour deposition, sputtering, plating, and the like and, among them, sputtering can relax the limitation of the composition range of amorphous alloys obtained by the process for quenching molten alloys.
  • a molten metal is continuously ejected on an outer circumferential surface of a disc (Fig. 2(a)) rotating at a high speed or between two rolls (Fig.
  • the amorphous alloys of the present invention can be similarly obtained by rapidly quenching the molten metal and by the above described various processes wire-shaped or sheet-shaped amorphous alloys of the present invention can be produced. Furthermore, amorphous alloy powders from about several ⁇ m to 10 pm can be produced by blowing the molten metal to a cooling copper plate using a high pressure gas (nitrogen, argon gas and the like) to rapidly cool the molten metal in fine powder form, for example, by an atomizing process. Accordingly, powders, wires or plates composed of amorphous alloys of iron group elements of the present invention, which contain zirconium, can be produced in commercial scale.
  • a high pressure gas nitrogen, argon gas and the like
  • the object of the present invention can be accomplished.
  • Hf is generally contained in an amount of 1 to 3% in raw ore of Zr to be used as one component of the alloys of the present invention and Hf is very similar to Zr in the physical and chemical properties, so that it is very difficult to separate both the components and refine Zr by usual refining process.
  • Hf is very similar to Zr in the physical and chemical properties, so that it is very difficult to separate both the components and refine Zr by usual refining process.
  • the object of the present invention can be attained.
  • composition of the first and second aspects of the present invention is shown in the following Table 1 and the reason for limiting the component composition is explained hereinafter.
  • Zr has the effect to act as an amorphous forming element for iron group elements but in the alloys of the first aspect of the present invention wherein only iron group elements and Zr are combined, at. least 8 atomic% of Zr is necessary for amorphous formation and when Zr is less than 8 atomic%, even if the molten metal is rapidly quenched and solidified, for example in the composition of Co 95 Zr 5 or Fe 94 Zr 6 , a complete crystalline state is formed and in the composition of Co 93 Zr 7 , the ratio of the amorphous structure is about 50% in the whole structure.
  • Cr and Mo have the effect of improving the corrosion resistance and increase the strength, but when at least one element of Cr, Mo and W is added in a total amount of more than 40 atomic%, embrittlement occurs and the production of alloys becomes difficult.
  • Cr has particularly a large effect for improving the magnetic property but in any case of Cr, Mo and W, when the amount of these elements exceeds 20 atomic%, the strong ferromagnetic property is substantially lost or the magnetic induction is considerably reduced, so that for improvement of the magnetic properties, not more than 20 atomic% is preferable.
  • the amorphous formation cannot be attained, so that Zr must be 5 to 20 atomic%, preferably 7 to 15 atomic%. Furthermore, when the sum of the above described VIB Group elements and Zr is less than 8 atomic%, the amorphous formation is difficult, so that said sum must be not less than 8 atomic%, preferably not less than 12 atomic%.
  • alloys having the composition shown by the formula (Fe,_ X Co x )- ⁇ -Zr when x is more than 0.5, that is in the composition wherein Co is alone or the number of Co atom is larger than the number of Fe atom, Mo has the large effect for reducing the amount of Zr necessary for the amorphous formation, and when x is less than 0.5, that is, in the composition wherein Fe is alone or the number of Fe atom is larger than the number of Co atom, Cr has the large effect for reducing the amount of Zr necessary for formation of the amorphous alloys.
  • Ti, V, Nb, Ta, Cu and Mn are added in order to make the production of the alloys more easy, increase the strength and improve the thermal stability and the magnetic properties for magnetic materials.
  • V has the noticeable effect for raising the crystallization temperature and making the production of the alloys easy
  • Ti, Nb and Ta have the noticeable effect for raising the crystallization temperature and improving the thermal stability
  • Cu and Mn have the effect for making the production of the alloys easy
  • Cu is effective for improving the corrosion resistance.
  • the addition of more than 35 atomic% of any of these elements makes the production of the alloys difficult.
  • Concerning each element of V, Nb and Ta belonging to VB Group the addition of more than 20 atomic% increases the embrittlement of the amorphous alloys, so that said amount must be not more than 20 atomic%.
  • Zr can form amorphous alloys of iron group elements by the synergistic effect with the above described elements, even if the amount of Zr is less than 8 atomic% of the lower limit of Zr in the alloys of the first aspect of the present invention. However, if said amount is less than 5 atomic% or more than 20 atomic%, the amorphous formation is infeasible, so that the amount of Zr must be 5 to 20 atomic%, preferably 7 to 15 atomic%. Furthermore, when the sum of Zr and at least one of V, Nb, Ta, Cu, Mn, and Ti is less than 8 atomic%, the amorphous formation becomes difficult, so that said sum be not less than 8 atomic%, preferably not less than 12 atomic%.
  • At least one element of Be, B, AI and Si belonging to IIA, IIIA or IVA Group aids the amorphous formation and not only makes the production of the alloys easy but also improves the magnetic properties and the corrosion resistance.
  • the magnetic induction is not only lowered but also the thermal stability which is one great characteristic of the amorphous alloys of the present invention is deteriorated so that the amount must be less than 13 atomic%, but in order to maintain the very high magnetic induction and thermal stability, the amount is preferably to be less than 1 atomic%, and in order to obtain a moderately high magnetic induction, thermal stability and easiness of formation of amorphous alloys, the atomic% of the range from 1 to less than 7 is desirable and in order to make the formation of amorphous alloys very easy, the atomc% of the range from more than 10 to less than 13 is preferable.
  • Zr is the range of more than 10 atomic%, and concerning the range of Zr of 3 to 10 atomic%, these elements are classified into a group of Be, AI and Si, and B alone and then these groups will be explained in the items (F) and (H) respectively. Accordingly, in this item (C), Zr is from more
  • At least one element of C, N, P, Ge, In, Sn, As and Sb belonging to IIIA, IVA or VA Group aids the formation of the amorphous alloys and makes the production of the amorphous alloy easy and particularly P improves the corrosion resistance in coexistence of Cr but when the amount exceeds 10 atomic%, the alloys are embrittled, so that said amount must be not more than 10 atomic%, preferably not more than 7 atomic%.
  • the amorphous alloys cannot be formed, so that the amount must be not more than 20 atomic%, preferably not more than 15 atomic% and the lower limit capable of forming the amorphous alloys can be lowered to 5 atomic% which is lower than 8 atomic% of Zr of the lower limit in the first aspect of the present invention owing to the synergistic effect with the above described C, N, P, Ge, In, Sn, As and Sb but it is considered that the functional effect of each element of the above described C, N, P, Ge, In, Sn, As and Sb is different according to the concentration of Zr which is the main element for forming the amorphous alloys in the present invention, but in the item (D), Zr is defined to exceed 10 atomic% and concerning the range of Zr of 5 to 10 atomic%, these elements are classified into a group of N, Ge, In, Sn, As and Sb and a group of C and P and these groups will be explained in the items
  • At least one element selected from the group consisting of Be, AI and Si aids the amorphous formation to facilitate the production of the alloy and further improve noticeably the magnetic properties and the corrosion resistance.
  • the magnetic properties are not only lowered but also the thermal stability, which is one of the great characteristics of the amorphous alloys of the present invention, is deteriorated, so that the addition must be less than 13 atomic%, preferably less than 7 atomic%, more preferably less than 10 atomic%.
  • Zr can produce amorphous alloys of iron group elements in an amount of less than 8 atomic% of the lower limit of Zr in the alloys of the first aspect of the present invention. But, when the amount is less than 3 atomic%, the amorphous alloy cannot be obtained, so that Zr is not less than 3 atomic%, preferably not less than 5 atomic%, and the upper limit is not more than 10 atomic%.
  • At least one element selected from the group consisting of N, Ge, In, Sn, As and Sb aims the amorphous formation and facilitates the production of the alloys. But when the amount exceeds 10 atomic%, the. alloys are embrittled, so that the amount must be not more than 10 atomic%.
  • Zr can form the amorphous alloys of iron group elements even in the amount of less than 8 atomic% which is the lower limit of Zr in the alloys of the first aspect of the present invention, due to the synergistic effect with N, Ge, In, Sn, As or Sb element.
  • the amount is less than 5 atomic%, the amorphous formation is infeasible, so that Zr is not less than 5 atomic%, preferably not less than 7 atomic%, the upper limit is not more than 10 atomic%.
  • the metalloid element B which is one of the elements described in the above item (C) has been known as the element which can form the amorphous alloys of iron group elements and it has been known that iron group element alloy containing not less than 6 atomic% of B and not more than 10 atomic% of Zr can be made amorphous. But the inventors have made further studies and found that Zr is the element which can very easily form amorphous alloys of iron group elements, so that even the alloys containing only not more than 5 atomic% of B can be made easily amorphous and discovered amorphous alloys based on metal-metal system.
  • B is not more than 5 atomic%, more particularly less than 1 atomic% in orderj:o.-highiy maintain the thermal stability which is one of the characteristics of the amorphous alloy based on metal-metal system.
  • Zr is within the range of 3 to 10 atomic%.
  • P and C of the metalloid elements selected from the element group described in the item (D) have been known as the elements by which iron group elements are readily formed into amorphous alloys similarly to B and it has been known that iron group element alloys containing not less than 7 atomic% of P or C and additionally not more than 10 atomic% of Zr can provide amorphous alloys. But, the inventors have made further studies and found that since Zr also is an element by which iron group elements can be very easily formed into amorphous alloys, even in alloys containing only less than 7 atomic% of P or C, the amorphous alloys are easily obtained and discovered the amorphous alloys based on metal-metal system.
  • P or C is less than 7 atomic%, more particularly less than 1 atomic% in order to highly maintain the thermal stability which is one of the characteristics of the amorphous alloy based on metal-metal system.
  • Zr is within the range of 5 to 10 atomic%.
  • Zr can form the amorphous alloys of iron group elements by the synergistic effect with the above described third elements, even if the amount is less than 8 atomic% of the lower limit of Zr in the first aspect of the present invention.
  • the amount is less than 5 atomic% or more than 20 atomic%, the amorphous formation is impossible, so that Zr must be 5 to 20 atomic%, and when the sum of the above described third element and Zr is less than 8 atomic%, the amorphous formation becomes difficult, so that the above described sum must be not less than 8 atomic%.
  • the Y element is selected from the group A, B, C, D or E and in this case, when the sum of the addition of at least one element selected from each group of the groups C and D is 13 or more atomic%, the thermal stability is deteriorated or the alloys are embrittled, so that the sum must be less than 13 atomic%.
  • the Y element is selected from the above described group A, B, E, F, G, H or I but when the sum of the Y elements selected from the groups F and G is 13 or more atomic%, the thermal stability is deteriorated or the alloys are embrittled, so that the sum must be less than 13 atomic%.
  • the sum of the Y elements selected from the groups H and I must be less than 7 atomic% in order to maintain the higher thermal stability.
  • the thermal stability is deteriorated or the alloys are embrittled, so that the sum must be less than 7 atomic%.
  • amorphous alloy ribbons having a width of 2 mm and a thickness of 25 pm according to the present invention were produced.
  • Table 2 shows the component composition of the alloys of the present invention and the crystallization temperature and hardness of these alloys.
  • the alloys of the present invention have the crystallization temperature higher than about 410°C and particularly said temperature of the alloys consisting of multi-elements reaches about 600°C and the Vickers hardness is more than 500 and the alloys are very hard.
  • the magnetic induction is high as 7,000 to 15,800 and the coercive force is relatively low, and the alloys show the soft magnetic property.
  • the amorphous alloy having the composition of Fe 45 Co 36 Cr 9 Zr 10 in Table 3 was heated at 465°C for 10 minutes to remove the strain, and then heated at 100°C for 1,000 minutes.
  • the coercive force was 0.03 Oe and no variation was found. This shows that the alloy of the present invention is more magnetically stable than a prior metal-metalloid amorphous alloy, for example, Fe 5 Co 70 Si 15 B 10 .
  • the alloy Fe 5 Co 70 Si 15 B 10 was heated at 100°C for 1,000 minutes, the coercive force varied from 0.01 Oe to 0.06 Oe.
  • Ribbon-formed samples of the alloys of the present invention were immersed in aqueous solutions of 1 N-H 2 S0 4 , 1 N-HCI and 1 N-NaCI at 30°C for one week to carry out a corrosion test.
  • the obtained results are shown in the following Table 4 together with the results of stainless steels.
  • the amorphous alloys have corrosion resistance equal to or higher than that of stainless steels. That is, the amorphous alloys consisting of iron group elements and Zr, for example, Fe 54 Co 36 Zr 10 are inferior to 13% Cr steel in the corrosion resistance against H 2 SO 4 and HCI but possess 40 times higher corrosion resistance against NaCI than 13% Cr steel. Furthermore, when Mo is added, the alloy has more excellent properties than 304 steel and 316 L steel.
  • the alloys of the present invention are completely novel amorphous alloys, the composition range of which has been generally considered not to form amorphous alloys, and which are completely different from the previously known metal-metalloid amorphous alloys and also metal-metal amorphous alloys.
  • the alloys wherein Fe and/or Co is rich are high in the magnetic induction and relatively low in the coercive force and are very excellent in the thermal stability, so that these alloys also have the characteristics that the magnetic and mechanical properties are thermally stable.
  • the crystallizing temperature is raised, the thermal stability is improved and the corrosion resistance can be noticeably improved.
  • the amorphous alloys of the present invention can greatly improve the thermal stability, which has not been satisfied in the well known metal-metalloid amorphous alloys and have the high strength and toughness which are the unique properties of amorphous alloys. Accordingly, these alloys can be used for various applications which utilize effectively these properties, for example, materials having a high strength, such as composite materials, spring materials, and a part of the alloys can be used for materials having a high magnetic permeability and materials having a high corrosion resistance.

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Claims (4)

1. Amorphe Legierungen, enthaltend Elemente der Eisengruppe und Zirkonium mit der durch folgende Formel angegebene Zusammensetzung
Figure imgb0012
in der XQ zeigt, daß zumindest ein Element aus der Gruppe bestehend aus Fe, Co und Ni in einer Menge von a Atom-% enthalten ist, Z" zeigt, daß Zr in einer Menge von y Atom-% enthalten ist, wobei die Summe von a und y beträgt, und a 80 bis 92 und y 8 bis 20 ist.
2. Gegenstände, bestehend aus einem Pulver und dessen Formkörper, Drähte oder Platten aus den in Anspruch 1 beanspruchten Legierungen.
3. Amorphe Legierungen, enthaltend Elemente der Eisengruppe und Zirkonium entsprechend der in der folgenden Formel angegebenen Zusammensetzung
Figure imgb0013
in der Xα, anzeigt, daß mindestens ein Element ausgewählt aus Fe, Co und Ni in einer Menge von α' Atom-% vorhanden ist,
Yß, zeigt, daß zumindest ein Element ausgewählt aus Cr, Mo. W, Ti, V, Nb, Ta, Mn, Cu, Be, B, Al, Si, In, C, Ge, Sn, N, P, As, Sb und Elementen der Lanthangruppe in einer Menge von β' Atom-% vorhanden ist, und
Zγ, anzeigt, daß Zr in einer Menge von γ' Atom-% vorhanden ist, wobei die Summe von α', β' und γ' 100 ist, und wobei
(A) Y mindestens ein Element aus der Gruppe, bestehend aus Cr, Mo und W ist, α' 60 bis 92, β' nicht mehr als 20 und γ' 5 bis 20 ist, mit der Maßgabe daß die Summe von β' und γ' nicht weniger als 8 ist, oder
(B) Y mindestens ein Element aus der Gruppe, bestehend aus Ti, V, Nb, Ta, Cu und Mn ist, a' 60 bis 92, β' nicht mehr als 20 und γ' 5 bis 20 ist, mit der Maßgabe, daß die Summe von β' und γ' nicht weniger als 8 ist, oder
(C) Y mindestens ein Element aus der Gruppe, bestehend aus Be, B, AI und Si ist, α' 67 bis 90, β' weniger als 13 und y' mehr als 10 und nicht mehr als 20 ist, oder
(D) Y mindestens ein Element aus der Gruppe, bestehend aus C, N, P, Ge, In, Sn, As und Sb ist, a' 70 bis weniger als 90, β' nicht mehr als 10 und γ' mehr als 10 und nicht mehr als 20 ist, oder
(E) Y mindestens ein Element aus der Lanthangruppe ist, α' 70 bis 92, β' nicht mehr als 10 und γ' 8 bis 20 ist, oder
(F) Y mindestens ein Element aus der Gruppe, bestehend aus Be, AI und Si ist, α' 77 bis 92, β' weniger als 13, γ' 3 bis 10 ist, mit der Maßgabe, daß die Summe von β' und γ' nicht weniger als 8 ist, oder
(G) Y mindestens ein Element aus der Gruppe, bestehend aus N, Ge, In, Sn, As und Sb ist, a' 80 bis 92, β' nicht mehr als 10 und γ' 5 bis 10 ist, mit der Maßgabe, daß die Summe von β' und γ' nicht weniger als 8 ist, oder
(H) Y=B ist, α' 85 bis 92, β' nicht mehr als 5 und γ' 3 bis 10 ist, mit der Maßgabe, daß die Summe von β' und y' nicht weniger als 8 ist, oder
(I) Y mindestens ein Element aus der Gruppe, bestehend aus C und P ist, α' 82 bis 92, β weniger als 7 und γ' 5 bis 10 ist, mit der Maßgabe, daß die Summe von β' und γ' nicht weniger als 8 ist, oder
(J) Y aus Elementen aus mindestens 2 Gruppen, ausgewählt aus Kombinationen der oben beschriebenen Gruppen, ist, β' in dem für β' in jeder der ausgewählten Gruppen angegebenen Bereich liegt, und der Gesamtwert von β' nicht mehr als 20 ist, α' 60 bis 92, γ' 5 bis 20 und die Summe von β' und γ' nicht weniger als 8 ist, mit der Maßgabe, daß wenn y' mehr als 10 und nicht mehr als 20 ist, die Elemente Y eine Kombination von Elementen aus mindestens 2 Gruppen sind, ausgewählt aus den Gruppen (A), (B), (C), (D) und (E), aber die Summe der Elemente Y aus den Gruppen (C) und (D) weniger als 13 ist, und wenn y' 5 bis 10 ist, die Elemente Y eine Kombination sind von Elementen aus mindestens zwei Gruppen, ausgewählt aus den Gruppen (A), (B), (E), (F), (G), (H) und (1), aber die Summe der Elemente Y aus den Gruppen (F) und (G) weniger als 13 ist, die Summe der Elemente Y aus den Gruppen (H) und (I) weniger als 7 ist, und die Summe der Elemente Y aus der Gruppe (F) und/oder (G) und der Elemente Y aus der Gruppe (H) und/oder (I) weniger als 7 ist.
4. Gegenstände, bestehend aus einem Pulver und dessen Formkörper, Drähte oder Platten aus den in Anspruch 3 beschriebenen Legierungen.
EP19800900728 1979-04-11 1980-10-23 Amorphes metall, das ein element der eisenfamilie und zirkonium enthält, und daraus erhaltene artikel Expired EP0026237B1 (de)

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JP4384879A JPS55147481A (en) 1979-04-11 1979-04-11 Protector for arc welding
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US8075712B2 (en) 2005-11-14 2011-12-13 Lawrence Livermore National Security, Llc Amorphous metal formulations and structured coatings for corrosion and wear resistance

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DE102011001784B4 (de) 2011-04-04 2018-03-22 Vacuumschmelze Gmbh & Co. Kg Verfahren zur Herstellung einer Feder für ein mechanisches Uhrwerk und Feder für ein mechanisches Uhrwerk
DE102011001783B4 (de) * 2011-04-04 2022-11-24 Vacuumschmelze Gmbh & Co. Kg Feder für ein mechanisches Uhrwerk, mechanisches Uhrwerk, Uhr mit einem mechanischen Uhrwerk und Verfahren zur Herstellung einer Feder

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US8075712B2 (en) 2005-11-14 2011-12-13 Lawrence Livermore National Security, Llc Amorphous metal formulations and structured coatings for corrosion and wear resistance
US8778460B2 (en) 2005-11-14 2014-07-15 Lawrence Livermore National Security, Llc. Amorphous metal formulations and structured coatings for corrosion and wear resistance

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