EP0025041A1 - Device for drawing wires, bars, pipes or the like - Google Patents

Device for drawing wires, bars, pipes or the like

Info

Publication number
EP0025041A1
EP0025041A1 EP80900432A EP80900432A EP0025041A1 EP 0025041 A1 EP0025041 A1 EP 0025041A1 EP 80900432 A EP80900432 A EP 80900432A EP 80900432 A EP80900432 A EP 80900432A EP 0025041 A1 EP0025041 A1 EP 0025041A1
Authority
EP
European Patent Office
Prior art keywords
channel
lubrication
inclination
pipes
pressure
Prior art date
Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
Withdrawn
Application number
EP80900432A
Other languages
German (de)
French (fr)
Inventor
Bertwin Langenecker
Current Assignee (The listed assignees may be inaccurate. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation or warranty as to the accuracy of the list.)
Elektroinstallation und -Gerate Pvl-Physikalische Versuchsanstalt Dr Bertwin Langenecker
Original Assignee
Elektroinstallation und -Gerate Pvl-Physikalische Versuchsanstalt Dr Bertwin Langenecker
Priority date (The priority date is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the date listed.)
Filing date
Publication date
Application filed by Elektroinstallation und -Gerate Pvl-Physikalische Versuchsanstalt Dr Bertwin Langenecker filed Critical Elektroinstallation und -Gerate Pvl-Physikalische Versuchsanstalt Dr Bertwin Langenecker
Publication of EP0025041A1 publication Critical patent/EP0025041A1/en
Withdrawn legal-status Critical Current

Links

Classifications

    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B21—MECHANICAL METAL-WORKING WITHOUT ESSENTIALLY REMOVING MATERIAL; PUNCHING METAL
    • B21C—MANUFACTURE OF METAL SHEETS, WIRE, RODS, TUBES OR PROFILES, OTHERWISE THAN BY ROLLING; AUXILIARY OPERATIONS USED IN CONNECTION WITH METAL-WORKING WITHOUT ESSENTIALLY REMOVING MATERIAL
    • B21C9/00—Cooling, heating or lubricating drawing material
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B21—MECHANICAL METAL-WORKING WITHOUT ESSENTIALLY REMOVING MATERIAL; PUNCHING METAL
    • B21C—MANUFACTURE OF METAL SHEETS, WIRE, RODS, TUBES OR PROFILES, OTHERWISE THAN BY ROLLING; AUXILIARY OPERATIONS USED IN CONNECTION WITH METAL-WORKING WITHOUT ESSENTIALLY REMOVING MATERIAL
    • B21C3/00—Profiling tools for metal drawing; Combinations of dies and mandrels
    • B21C3/02—Dies; Selection of material therefor; Cleaning thereof
    • B21C3/12—Die holders; Rotating dies
    • B21C3/14—Die holders combined with devices for guiding the drawing material or combined with devices for cooling heating, or lubricating

Definitions

  • Pressure lubrication has been increasingly used in wire drawing technology in recent years. There are several principles, the best known of which are: a) generating pressure using external pumps; b) generating the pressure with the aid of a lubrication channel in which the pressure builds up as a function of the length and diameter of the tube in relation to the diameter of the wire, rod or tube to be drawn; c) Suitably shaped double or multiple drawing blocks.
  • the object of the invention is to further improve these known drawing devices.
  • the improvement according to the invention makes it possible to achieve increased cross-sectional reductions and / or increased drawing speeds, in particular in the case of materials which have poor drawing properties.
  • the object of the invention is achieved in that the nozzle-shaped drawing channel and the lubrication channel are each arranged in a single body and the inclination of the walls of the lubrication channel to the channel axis is 2-10 °.
  • the inclination is preferably 4-9 ° or 5-8 °.
  • the two channels Due to the separate arrangement of the lubrication channel and the draw channel in one body, it is possible to design the two channels independently of one another and to adapt them to the tasks on which they are based. So the choice of knife, the taper and the length of the drawing channel can be set entirely to the lubricant to be used and to the desired lubricant pressure at the end of the lubricating channel. This pressure depends on the material and the drawing speed.
  • the drawing channel is arranged in a separate component, it can be given the best shape for the deformation.
  • the high lubricant pressures in the drawing channel that can be achieved through the conical drawing channel did not make it seem favorable to have two bodies collide in this zone because sealing difficulties were feared.
  • the hydrodynamic pressure does not build up linearly, but can lead to a maximum pressure in the channel and thus in front of the drawing channel.
  • the viscosity of the lubricant and the drawing speed such high pressures can be achieved that the material to be drawn is deformed before it enters the drawing die.
  • the drawing tool itself then has to bring about a small deformation, so that when the deformation in the drawing die is fully utilized, a larger cross-sectional decrease is possible, namely by that which already occurs in the lubrication channel.
  • This deformation in the lubrication channel is not always uniform, so that the drawing tool also has the task of calibrating the drawing material.
  • the pressure that arises in the inlet duct can, with the correct choice of the angle of inclination, the inlet and outlet ducts of the duct, with the appropriate length and with appropriate selection of the viscosity of the lubricant, values up to 20,000 bar can be reached. Most of the materials used in practice are already deformed at such a pressure maximum.
  • the drawing die 1 is located in the bore 2 of a tool holder 3, which is provided with an internal thread, into which a nipple 4 is screwed, which presses the drawing die 1 against a shoulder 5 of the tool holder 3.
  • the nipple 4 is provided with a conical channel 6, which tapers towards the drawing die 1.
  • the tool holder 3 has a king channel 7, which is covered by an annular disk 8 which is screwed to the tool holder 3. Ring seals 9 are provided for sealing.
  • the coolant is supplied and discharged by means of lines 10 and 11.
  • the inclination of the duct wall to the duct axis depends on the viscosity of the lubricant used and thus on the material of the goods to be drawn.
  • an inclination of 4 - 5o has proven to be particularly favorable.

Landscapes

  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Mechanical Engineering (AREA)
  • Metal Extraction Processes (AREA)
  • Electric Cable Installation (AREA)

Abstract

Dispositif pour l'etirage de fils, barres, tuyaux ou analogues sous pression hydrodynamique au moyen d'une filiere a laquelle est associee un canal (6) de mise sous pression de forme conique, la filiere et le canal etant des corps independants (1, 4) et la paroi du canal faisant un angle avec l'axe de celui-ci compris entre 2 et 10 .Device for drawing wires, bars, pipes or the like under hydrodynamic pressure by means of a die with which is associated a conical pressurizing channel (6), the die and the channel being independent bodies (1 , 4) and the wall of the channel making an angle with the axis thereof between 2 and 10.

Description

VORRICHTUNG ZUM ZIEHEN VON DRÄHTEN, STANGEN, ROHREN OD. DGL. DEVICE FOR DRAWING WIRES, RODS, TUBES OD. DGL.
In der Technologie des Drahtziehens wird in den letzten Jahren in zunehmendem Maße von der Druckschmierung Gebrauch gemacht. Es gibt verschiedene Prinzipien, wovon die bekanntester, sind: a) Die Erzeugung des Druckes mit Hilfe externer Pumpen; b) Die Erzeugung des Druckes mit Hilfe eines Schmierkanals, in welchem sich der Druck als Funktion der Länge und des Durchmessers des Rohres in bezug auf den Durchmesser des Drahtes, der Stange oder des zu ziehenden Rohres aufbaut; c) Geeignet geformte Doppel- oder Mehrfachziehsteine.Pressure lubrication has been increasingly used in wire drawing technology in recent years. There are several principles, the best known of which are: a) generating pressure using external pumps; b) generating the pressure with the aid of a lubrication channel in which the pressure builds up as a function of the length and diameter of the tube in relation to the diameter of the wire, rod or tube to be drawn; c) Suitably shaped double or multiple drawing blocks.
Beim Ziehen unter Anwendung der hydrodynamischen Schmierung ist es bekannt, den Schmierkanal konisch auszubilden, wozu diese Kanal im Ziehwerkzeug angeordnet und der Verformungszone des Ziehkanals vorgeschaltet ist. Hiebei weist der Schmierkanal und die Verformungszone stufenlos ineinander übergehende koniscϊ Wände auf, welche die gleiche Neigung gegenüber der Kanalachse aufweisen. Solche einstückige Ziehwerkzeuge sind in den US-PS 2 34-3 118 und 3 763 680 beschrieben.When drawing using the hydrodynamic lubrication, it is known to make the lubrication channel conical, for which purpose this channel is arranged in the drawing tool and upstream of the deformation zone of the drawing channel. The lubrication channel and the deformation zone have continuously conical walls which merge into one another and have the same inclination with respect to the channel axis. Such one-piece drawing tools are described in U.S. Patents 2,343,318 and 3,763,680.
Die Erfindung stellt sich die Aufgabe, diese bekannten Ziehvorrichtungen weiter zu verbessern. Durch die erfindungsgemäße Verbesserung gelingt es, erhöhte Querschnittsabnahmen und bzw. oder erhöhte Ziehgeschwindigkeiten zu erreichen und dies im besonderen bei Werkstoffen, die schlechte Zieheigenschaften aufweisen.The object of the invention is to further improve these known drawing devices. The improvement according to the invention makes it possible to achieve increased cross-sectional reductions and / or increased drawing speeds, in particular in the case of materials which have poor drawing properties.
Das Erfindungsziel wird dadurch erreicht, daß der düsenförmige Ziehkanal und der Schmierkanal je für sich in einem Körper angeordnet sind und die Neigung der Wände des Schmierkanals zur Kanalachse 2 - 10° beträgt. Vorzugsweise beträgt die Neigung 4 - 9° bzw. 5 - 8°.The object of the invention is achieved in that the nozzle-shaped drawing channel and the lubrication channel are each arranged in a single body and the inclination of the walls of the lubrication channel to the channel axis is 2-10 °. The inclination is preferably 4-9 ° or 5-8 °.
Durch die getrennte Anordnung von Schmierkanal und Ziehkanal in je einem Körper, ist es möglich die beiden Kanäle unabhängig voneinander zu gestalten und den ihnen zugrunde liegenden Aufgaben anzupassen. So kann die Wahl des Durch- messers, der Konizität und der Länge des Ziehkanals ganz auf das zu verwendende Schmiermittel und auf den erwünschten Schmiermitteldruck am Ende des Schmierkanals eingestellt werden Dieser Druck hängt vom Werkstoff und von der Ziehgeschwindigkeit ab.Due to the separate arrangement of the lubrication channel and the draw channel in one body, it is possible to design the two channels independently of one another and to adapt them to the tasks on which they are based. So the choice of knife, the taper and the length of the drawing channel can be set entirely to the lubricant to be used and to the desired lubricant pressure at the end of the lubricating channel. This pressure depends on the material and the drawing speed.
Dadurch, daß der Ziehkanal in einem eigenen Bauteil angeordnet ist, kann ihm die für die Verformung beste Gestalt gegeben werden. Dadurch, daß bisher bei konischen Schmierkanälen sich die gleiche Konizität in den Ziehkanal hinein erstreckt, kann dem Ziehkanal nicht die für die Verformung des jeweiligen Werkstoffes beste Form gegeben werden. Die durch den konischen Ziehkanal erreichbaren hohen Schmiermitteldrücke im Ziehkanal ließen es nicht günstig erscheinen zwei Körper in dieser Zone aneinander stoßen zu lassen, weil Abdichtungsschwierigkeiten befürchtet wurden.Because the drawing channel is arranged in a separate component, it can be given the best shape for the deformation. The fact that the same conicity extends into the drawing channel in the case of conical lubrication channels, means that the drawing channel cannot be given the best shape for the deformation of the respective material. The high lubricant pressures in the drawing channel that can be achieved through the conical drawing channel did not make it seem favorable to have two bodies collide in this zone because sealing difficulties were feared.
Im konischen Schmierkanal baut sich der hydrodynamische Druck nicht linear auf,sondern kann zu einem Druckmaximum im Kanal und somit vor dem Ziehkanai führen. Bei geeigneter Wahl der Konizität und der Kanallänge, der Viskosität des Schmiermittels und der Ziehgeschwindigkeit, können so große Drücke erreicht werden, daß sich das zu ziehende Gut schon vor dem Eintritt in den Ziehstein verformt. Das Ziehwerkzeug selbst hat sodann eine kleine Verformung zu bewerkstelligen, so daß bei voller Ausnutzung der Verformung im Ziehstein eine größere Querschnittsabnahme möglich ist, nämlich um jene, die bereits im Schmierkanal eintritt. Diese Verformung im Schmierkanal ist, nicht immer gleichmäßig, so daß dem Ziehwerkzeug auch die Aufgabe der Kalibrierung des Ziehgutes zukommt.In the conical lubrication channel, the hydrodynamic pressure does not build up linearly, but can lead to a maximum pressure in the channel and thus in front of the drawing channel. With a suitable choice of the taper and the channel length, the viscosity of the lubricant and the drawing speed, such high pressures can be achieved that the material to be drawn is deformed before it enters the drawing die. The drawing tool itself then has to bring about a small deformation, so that when the deformation in the drawing die is fully utilized, a larger cross-sectional decrease is possible, namely by that which already occurs in the lubrication channel. This deformation in the lubrication channel is not always uniform, so that the drawing tool also has the task of calibrating the drawing material.
Je nach der Wahl der Ziehbedingungen ergeben sich somit größere Querschnittsabnahmen je Ziehwerkzeug,höhere Ziehgeschwindigkeiten oder bedeutend längere Standzeiten des Ziehwerkzeuges gegenüber den bekannten Vorrichtungen der eingangs erwähnten Art.Depending on the choice of drawing conditions, there are larger cross-sectional decreases per drawing tool, higher drawing speeds or significantly longer tool life compared to the known devices of the type mentioned at the beginning.
Der Druck, der sich im Einlaufkanal ergibt, kann bei richtiger Wahl des Neigungswinkels, des Eingangs- und Ausgangsdυrchrcessers des Kanals, bei entsprechender Länge und bei entsprechender Wahl der Viskosität des Schmiermittels, Werte bis zu 20 000 bar erreichen. Unter einem solchen Druckmaximum verformen sich bereits die meisten in der Praxis verwendeten Werkstoffe.The pressure that arises in the inlet duct can, with the correct choice of the angle of inclination, the inlet and outlet ducts of the duct, with the appropriate length and with appropriate selection of the viscosity of the lubricant, values up to 20,000 bar can be reached. Most of the materials used in practice are already deformed at such a pressure maximum.
In der Zeichnung ist die erfindungsgemäße Vorrichtung in einer treispielsweisen Ausführungsform im Schnitt - zum Teil schematisch - dargestellt. Der Ziehstein 1 befindet sich in der Bohrung 2 eines Werkzeughalters 3. der mit einem Innengewinde versehen ist, in das ein Nippel 4 eingeschraubt ist, der den Ziehstein 1 gegen eine Schulter 5 des Werkzeughalters 3 preßt. Der Nippel 4 ist mit einem konischen Kanal 6 versehen, der sich zum Ziehstein 1 hin verjüngt.In the drawing, the device according to the invention is shown in a partial embodiment in section - partly schematically. The drawing die 1 is located in the bore 2 of a tool holder 3, which is provided with an internal thread, into which a nipple 4 is screwed, which presses the drawing die 1 against a shoulder 5 of the tool holder 3. The nipple 4 is provided with a conical channel 6, which tapers towards the drawing die 1.
Auch wenn die Hauptverformung des Ziehgutes vor dem Ziehstein erfolgt, tritt dennoch bei großen Querschnittsabnahmen und/oder hohen Ziehgeschwindigkeiten eine starke Wärmeentwicklung auf, weshalb es notwendig sein kann, das Ziehwerkzeug zu kühlen. Zu diesem Zweck weist der Werkzeughalter 3 einen Kingkanal 7 auf, der durch eine Ringscheibe 8 abgedeckt ist, die mit dem Werkzeughalter 3 verschraubt ist. Zur Abdichtung sind Ringdichtungen 9 vorgesehen. Die Zu- und Ableitung des Kühlmittels erfolgt mittels Leitungen 10 bzw. 11.Even if the main deformation of the drawing material takes place in front of the drawing die, there is still a strong heat development with large cross-sectional decreases and / or high drawing speeds, which is why it may be necessary to cool the drawing tool. For this purpose, the tool holder 3 has a king channel 7, which is covered by an annular disk 8 which is screwed to the tool holder 3. Ring seals 9 are provided for sealing. The coolant is supplied and discharged by means of lines 10 and 11.
Die Neigung der Kanalwand zur Kanalachse hängt von der Viskosität des verwendeten Schmiermittels und damit vom Werkstoff des zu ziehenden Gutes ab. Beim Ziehen von Draht aus Kupfer oder Kupferlegierung hat sich eine Neigung von 4 - 5º als besonders günstig erwiesen.The inclination of the duct wall to the duct axis depends on the viscosity of the lubricant used and thus on the material of the goods to be drawn. When pulling wire made of copper or copper alloy, an inclination of 4 - 5º has proven to be particularly favorable.
Es ist bekannt, daß zwischen der Konizität des Ziehkanals, der Ziehkraft, der Querschnittsabnahme und dem Material aus dem das Ziehgut besteht, eine enge Abhängigkeit gegeben ist. Es kann daher für eine vorgegebene Querschnittsabnahme ein optimaler Öffnungswinkel des Ziehkanals ermittelt werden, dadurch, daß Ziehs-tein 1 und Schmierkanalkörper 4 getrennte Bauteile sind. Es ist erfinäungsgemäß möglich, für den Öffnungswinkel der beide: konischen Kanäle den jeweils günstigsten Wert anzuwenden. It is known that there is a close dependency between the taper of the drawing channel, the drawing force, the decrease in cross-section and the material from which the drawing material is made. It is therefore possible to determine an optimum opening angle of the drawing channel for a given decrease in cross-section, in that drawing die 1 and lubricating channel body 4 are separate components. According to the invention, it is possible to use the most favorable value for the opening angle of the two conical channels.

Claims

P a t e n t a n s p r ü ch e : Patent claims:
1. Vorrichtung zum Ziehen von Drähten, Stangen, Rohren od.dgl. unter hydrodynamischem Druck, mit einem dem Ziehkanal vorgeschalteten Schmierkanal, in dem sich der Druck des Schmier mittels aufbaut, wobei sich der Schmierkanal zum Ziehkanal hin konisch verengt, dadurch gekennzeichnet, daß der dusenformige Ziehkanal und der Schmierkanal je für sich in einen Körper angeordnet sind und die Neigung der Wände des Schmierkanals zur Kanalachse 2 - 10° beträgt.1. Device for pulling wires, rods, pipes or the like. under hydrodynamic pressure, with a lubrication channel upstream of the drawing channel, in which the pressure of the lubricant builds up, the lubricating channel narrowing conically towards the drawing channel, characterized in that the nozzle-shaped drawing channel and the lubricating channel are each arranged in a single body and the inclination of the walls of the lubrication channel to the channel axis is 2 - 10 °.
2. Vorrichtung nach Anspruch 1, dadurch gekennzeichnet, daß die Neigung der Wand des Schmierkanals zur Kanalachse 4 - 9° beträgt.2. Device according to claim 1, characterized in that the inclination of the wall of the lubrication channel to the channel axis is 4-9 °.
3. Vorrichtung nach Anspruch 1, dadurch gekennzeichnet, daß die Neigung der Wand des Schmierkanals zur Kanalachse 5 - 8° beträgt.3. Apparatus according to claim 1, characterized in that the inclination of the wall of the lubrication channel to the channel axis is 5-8 °.
4. Vorrichtung nach Anspruch 1, 2 oder 3, dadurch gekennzeichnet, daß die Form des düsenförmigen Ziehkanals den vom Material, aus dem das Ziehgut besteht, abhängigen Verformungsbedingungen entspricht. 4. Apparatus according to claim 1, 2 or 3, characterized in that the shape of the nozzle-shaped drawing channel corresponds to the deformation conditions dependent on the material from which the drawing material is made.
EP80900432A 1979-03-01 1980-09-10 Device for drawing wires, bars, pipes or the like Withdrawn EP0025041A1 (en)

Applications Claiming Priority (2)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
AT1561/79 1979-03-01
AT0156179A AT372022B (en) 1979-03-01 1979-03-01 DEVICE FOR DRAWING WIRE, RODS, TUBES OD. DGL.

Publications (1)

Publication Number Publication Date
EP0025041A1 true EP0025041A1 (en) 1981-03-18

Family

ID=3516063

Family Applications (1)

Application Number Title Priority Date Filing Date
EP80900432A Withdrawn EP0025041A1 (en) 1979-03-01 1980-09-10 Device for drawing wires, bars, pipes or the like

Country Status (16)

Country Link
EP (1) EP0025041A1 (en)
JP (1) JPS56500245A (en)
AR (1) AR222371A1 (en)
AT (1) AT372022B (en)
BE (1) BE882013A (en)
BR (1) BR8007227A (en)
CA (1) CA1147293A (en)
DE (1) DE3034315D2 (en)
ES (1) ES8100914A1 (en)
GB (1) GB2055656A (en)
IT (1) IT1128880B (en)
PL (1) PL222396A1 (en)
SE (1) SE8007645L (en)
WO (1) WO1980001765A1 (en)
YU (1) YU54580A (en)
ZA (1) ZA801190B (en)

Families Citing this family (9)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
FR2820661B1 (en) * 2001-02-14 2004-09-24 Roger Marcel Sabau DEVICE FOR DRAWING OR DRAWING FERROUS AND NON-FERROUS METALS (WIRES, BARS, TUBES) WITH NEARLY ZERO WEARING OF THE DIES AND TOTAL RESPECT OF THE SURFACE CONDITION OF ALL PRODUCTS MANUFACTURED
FR2820660B1 (en) * 2001-02-14 2003-04-04 Roger Marcel Sabau DEVICE FOR DRAWING OR DRAWING METALS, FERROUS AND NON-FERROUS (WIRES, BARS, TUBES) WITH NEARLY ZERO WEARING OF THE DIES AND TOTAL RESPECT OF THE SURFACE CONDITION OF ALL PRODUCTS MANUFACTURED
EP1388379A1 (en) * 2002-08-08 2004-02-11 Roger Sabau Device for drawing or stretching (wires, bars, tubes) with a quasi zero wear of the die and the reaching of optimal tribological conditions
US9635962B2 (en) 2012-04-12 2017-05-02 Cabeau, Inc. Travel pillow with lateral and rear support bar and a flat and thin back
US10321765B2 (en) 2014-03-11 2019-06-18 Cabeau, Inc. Travel pillow
US9968197B2 (en) 2014-03-11 2018-05-15 Cabeau, Inc. Travel pillow
USD762400S1 (en) 2014-10-20 2016-08-02 Cabeau, Inc. Travel pillow
CN206525873U (en) 2015-09-29 2017-09-29 卡布公司 For supporting the head of user or the pillow of neck and the closing organ of magnetic
USD790880S1 (en) 2015-09-29 2017-07-04 Cabeau, Inc. Neck pillow

Family Cites Families (6)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US1582434A (en) * 1926-02-08 1926-04-27 Simons Abraham Apparatus for drawing wire
US2029039A (en) * 1934-11-06 1936-01-28 Simons Aaron Process and apparatus for wire drawing
US2088040A (en) * 1936-08-07 1937-07-27 Simons Abraham Method of and apparatus for wiredrawing
FR1139790A (en) * 1954-11-30 1957-07-04 Nat Res Dev Wire drawing method and apparatus
US3080962A (en) * 1959-06-12 1963-03-12 Copperweld Steel Co Die drawing of clad rod or wire
US3413832A (en) * 1965-07-27 1968-12-03 Nat Standard Co Wire drawing method

Non-Patent Citations (1)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Title
See references of WO8001765A1 *

Also Published As

Publication number Publication date
AR222371A1 (en) 1981-05-15
WO1980001765A1 (en) 1980-09-04
YU54580A (en) 1983-01-21
BR8007227A (en) 1980-12-30
SE8007645L (en) 1980-10-30
JPS56500245A (en) 1981-03-05
IT1128880B (en) 1986-06-04
BE882013A (en) 1980-06-16
ES489069A0 (en) 1980-12-01
ES8100914A1 (en) 1980-12-01
GB2055656A (en) 1981-03-11
ZA801190B (en) 1981-05-27
ATA156179A (en) 1983-01-15
CA1147293A (en) 1983-05-31
AT372022B (en) 1983-08-25
IT8067320A0 (en) 1980-02-29
DE3034315D2 (en) 1981-04-23
PL222396A1 (en) 1980-11-17

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