EP0022116B1 - Gerät zum Messen der mechanischen Eigenschaften eines Körpers, besonders eines Bodens - Google Patents

Gerät zum Messen der mechanischen Eigenschaften eines Körpers, besonders eines Bodens Download PDF

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Publication number
EP0022116B1
EP0022116B1 EP80870030A EP80870030A EP0022116B1 EP 0022116 B1 EP0022116 B1 EP 0022116B1 EP 80870030 A EP80870030 A EP 80870030A EP 80870030 A EP80870030 A EP 80870030A EP 0022116 B1 EP0022116 B1 EP 0022116B1
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EP
European Patent Office
Prior art keywords
axis
elements
cylinder
probe
cursor
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EP80870030A
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English (en)
French (fr)
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EP0022116A1 (de
Inventor
Victor Dufey
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Individual
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Individual
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Priority claimed from BE0/195472A external-priority patent/BE876648A/fr
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Priority to AT80870030T priority Critical patent/ATE3316T1/de
Publication of EP0022116A1 publication Critical patent/EP0022116A1/de
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Publication of EP0022116B1 publication Critical patent/EP0022116B1/de
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    • E—FIXED CONSTRUCTIONS
    • E02—HYDRAULIC ENGINEERING; FOUNDATIONS; SOIL SHIFTING
    • E02D—FOUNDATIONS; EXCAVATIONS; EMBANKMENTS; UNDERGROUND OR UNDERWATER STRUCTURES
    • E02D1/00—Investigation of foundation soil in situ
    • E02D1/02—Investigation of foundation soil in situ before construction work
    • E02D1/022—Investigation of foundation soil in situ before construction work by investigating mechanical properties of the soil

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  • the present invention relates to an apparatus for measuring the mechanical characteristics of a body or of a medium, in particular, of mechanical characteristics of the soil, which makes it possible to measure and, if desired, to record the following characteristics of the body or medium analyzed: the resistance to compression under the action of a force, the linear deformation under the effect of this force and the resistance to shearing, cutting or friction under the action of a couple combined with a force exerted along an axis substantially perpendicular to the lever arm of the couple and cutting the latter substantially in the middle.
  • BEVAMETER The well-known device, called BEVAMETER, illustrates in particular this category of equipment.
  • the two pairs of measurements are provided by a remarkable mechanism of simplicity, reliability and precision. Measurements can be saved in Cartesian coordinates and five polychrome graphics can be superimposed on the same support.
  • said device comprises, as in patent US-A-31 16 633, two elements aligned along their axis, first means arranged between the two elements and arranged to join the latter and for, d on the one hand, to oppose the displacements of the elements relative to each other along their axis when a force is exerted, along this axis, at the free end of one of the elements and directed towards the other element and, on the other hand, to oppose the rotation of the elements relative to each other about their axis, a probe fixed to the free end of one of the elements, of the second means arranged at the 'free end of the other element to allow exerting the above force along the axis of the elements and to exert a torque on the elements relative to their axis.
  • a cursor arranged to move on the element carrying the probe, parallel to the axis thereof, from the free end of the probe towards the other element when the probe s' inserted into the body or medium to be measured
  • third means arranged on the one hand to simultaneously measure the above-mentioned force along the axis of the elements and the movement of the cursor on the element carrying the probe, and on the other hand, to simultaneously measuring said force along the axis of the elements and the aforementioned torque, the passage from one type of measurement to the other being ensured by means of a blocking device securing said third means to the element carrying the probe .
  • the apparatus comprises, associated with said third means arranged to measure the above-mentioned force, displacements and torque, means for recording these three quantities.
  • the subject of the invention is also, on the one hand, a device for calibrating the above-mentioned device and, on the other hand, probes intended to be associated with the latter.
  • the apparatus according to the invention and shown in Figures 1A and 1B comprises two coaxial tubular elements 1 and 2 arranged telescopically so that they can move relative to each other along their common axis 3 and rotate one relative to the other around this axis, first means 4 disposed between the elements 1 and 2 and arranged to oppose the displacements of the elements 1 and 2 relative to each other, according to their axis 3, when the distance separating the free opposite ends 5 and 6 of the elements decreases and in order to oppose the rotation of the elements relative to each other around their common axis 3, a probe 7 fixed to the free end 6 of element 2, second means 8 arranged at free end 5 of element 1 to allow a force to be exerted along the axis 3 of the elements to reduce the above distance and to make them rotate l relative to each other around their axis 3, a cursor 9 arranged to move on the element 2 pa parallel to the axis thereof, from the free end 10 of the probe 7 towards the element 1 when the aforementioned distance decreases, third means 11 arranged
  • This spring is mounted between said elements so as to be compressed when the aforementioned distance decreases, the end 14 of the spring being fixed to element 1 while the other end 15 of the spring is fixed to element 2.
  • the second means 8, for exerting the above-mentioned force and torque, consist of two articulated handles 16, as shown in FIG.
  • a spherical level 117 being advantageously arranged between the two handles 16 to allow the axis 3 of the elements 1 to coincide and 2 with the vertical.
  • the third means 11, arranged to measure the displacements of the elements 1 and 2 and of the cursor 9 along the axis 3 as well as the rotation of these elements relative to each other, comprise a cylinder 17, the axis of which coincides with the axis 3 of the elements, mounted on the element 2 and externally to it, opposite the probe 7, by means of ball bearings 30 so as to be able to rotate freely around the axis 3 and around the element 2 and so as to be secured axially to this element, a spiral spring 18 mounted between the cylinder 17 and the element 2, one end. of the spring 18 being fixed to the cylinder 17 while its other end is fixed to the element 2 (these fastenings are visible in FIG.
  • a cable 19 whose end 20 is fixed to the slider 9 and whose other end 21 is fixed to the cylinder 17, the latter having a peripheral groove 22, in which the cable 19, recalled by the spiral spring 18, can be wound when the slider 9 moves, on element 2, from the probe 7 to the cylinder 17, the spring 18 and the cursor 9 being balanced so that the rotation of the cylinder 17 about its axis 3 is linked to the movement of the cursor 9 along the element 2 without the wire becoming loose, pulleys 23 and 24 being provided on element 2 to guide the cable 19.
  • the pulley 24 is mounted on a triaxial support making it possible to adjust its position in all directions.
  • the cylinder 17 has, at its periphery, means for fixing a sheet 25 (see FIG.
  • the apparatus according to the invention works, when it is used to measure the resistance of the body or of the abovementioned medium to compression under the action of a force as well as the linear deformation of said body or medium under the effect of this force, in the following way: one makes coincide, thanks to level 17, the axis 3 with the vertical, one exerts, on the handles 16, a force along the axis 3 and directed towards the body or the medium, this which has the effect of sliding, against the spring 13, the element 1 on the element 2 so that the distance between the ends 5 and 6 of the elements 1 and 2 decreases.
  • the cylinder 17 being free to move in rotation around the axis 3 and of the element 2 and the probe 7 sinking into the body under the effect of the pressure on the handles 16, said cylinder 17 is driven in rotation about the axis 3 by the spiral spring 18 since the cursor 9, resting on said body or said medium moves on the element 2, in the direction of the cylinder 17, the same distance as the penetration distance of the probe 7 in the body.
  • the spiral spring 18 and the cursor 9 being balanced, the cylinder 17, linked to the cursor 9 by the cable 19 will interrupt its rotational movement as soon as the cursor 9 comes to a standstill.
  • the spiral spring 18 connecting the element 2 to the cylinder 17 will be placed in equilibrium tension by the distance of the cursor 9 from said cylinder.
  • One of the advantages of the apparatus according to the invention lies in the fact that the two aforementioned tests, with the cylinder 17 free in rotation on the element 2 and with the cylinder 17 locked on the element 2, can be carried out successively at same location on the body tested.
  • the device according to the invention could be provided with a cylinder 17 directly carrying the graduations 26 and 27, the stylus 28 then being replaced by an index allowing direct reading of the measurements.
  • the apparatus according to the invention and illustrated in FIG. 4 is, as regards elements 1 and 2, identical to the apparatus described above and is provided with recording means 12 arranged to allow simultaneous recording the compression force exerted on the handles 16, the penetration depth of the probe 7 and the torque exerted on said handles.
  • These means 12 comprise two cylinders 33 and 34 independent of each other, of equal external diameters and axes coinciding with the axis 3 of the elements 1 and 2, these cylinders being mounted in the extension of one of the other, outside the element 2 and opposite the probe 7, so as to be able to rotate freely, thanks to the ball bearings 30, about their axis and around the said element 2 and so as to be motionless along axis 3 of this element.
  • These means 12 also include a spiral spring 18 mounted between the cylinder 34 and the element 2, one end of the spring being fixed to said cylinder 34 while its other end is fixed to the element 2, a cable 19, one end of which is fixed. to the aforementioned cursor 9 and the other end of which is fixed to the cylinder 34, this cylinder having a peripheral groove 22 and in which the cable 19, recalled by the spiral spring 18, can be wound when the cursor moves on the element 2 from the probe 7 towards the cylinder 34, the spring 18 and the cursor 9 being balanced so that the rotation of the cylinder 34 about its axis is linked to the movement of the cursor 9 along the element 2 , pulleys 23 and 24, as described above, being provided on the element 2 to guide the cable 19.
  • the two cylinders 33 and 34 have, at their periphery, means for fixing sheets 35, 36 of recording of measurements, on sheet 35 being carried over from first graduations 26 distributed along generatrices of the cylinders and second graduations 27 perpendicular to the first, a stylet 37, of adjustable position, being provided to cooperate with the sheet 36 of the cylinder 34 is fixed to the element 2, while a stylet 28 is provided to cooperate with the sheet 35 of the cylinder 33 and is fixed to the element 1, a pressure screw 38 being further provided for immobilizing the cylinders 33 and 34 relative to each other as well as a pressure screw 39 for immobilizing the cylinder 33 relative to the element 2.
  • the cylinder 33 is first immobilized, using the screw 39, on the element 2 so that it can no longer rotate around the latter and the pressure screw 38 so that the cylinder 34 is free relative to the cylinder 33 and can be driven in rotation, around the element 2, by the spiral spring 18, when the cursor 9 moves, along the element 2, when the probe 7 sinks into the body under test.
  • the stylus 28 will then trace on the sheet 35 the diagram 47 of the probe insertion work similar to the diagram 31 described above, the segment which will be reported by the stylus 37 on the sheet 36, during the rotation of the cylinder 34 , will give a superfluous indication because it will double the indication of the depth of insertion of the probe 7 provided by diagram 47.
  • This variant of device shown in FIG. 4 is of particular interest for recording combined compression measurements. and torsional, at determined depths.
  • the apparatus shown in FIG. 4 could be provided with cylinders 33 and 34 directly carrying the above-mentioned graduations, the styli 28 and 37 being therefore replaced by indexes allowing direct reading of the measures.
  • This calibration device comprises a lever 48 fixed on one of the cages 49 of a ball bearing 50, a housing 51, located near the end 52 of the lever, being provided in this cage and intended to receive a part 53, of dimensions corresponding to those of the housing 51, mounted on the device to replace the probe 7, the axis 54 of the housing being vertical and coinciding with the axis of the element 2 and the axis of the ball bearing 50, the latter being intended, during the application of the torque to the device to be calibrated, to minimize the friction resistance generated by the compression imposed on the device along the axis of elements 1 and 2 and directed towards the calibration device.
  • This calibration device also includes a ring dynamometer 55, aligned on the axis 54 and fixed to the cage 56 of the ball stop 50, making it possible to measure the above compression.
  • the device also comprises, near the end 57 of the lever 48, means 58 making it possible to associate said lever with a dynamometer 59, fixed at 60, arranged to be energized when the lever 48 is rotated, around of the axis 54 and in the direction of the arrow 61, when the above-mentioned torsion is imposed on the device to be calibrated, the moment of the torque being determined by the product of the force indicated by the dynamometer 59 by the length of the lever arm 62.
  • the invention also relates, in addition to the mechanical spring device 13 described above, an apparatus provided with an electronic measurement system arranged to capture and measure simultaneously and independently, with analog recording or digital display, a force and the movement of the cursor 9 along the axis 3 and a torque around this axis.
  • This system which equips the device shown schematically in Figures 6 and 7 includes a sensor 84, known per se (such as the device "2-component load washer (F z , Mz) produced by the company KISTLER INSTRUMENTE in Winter- thur / Switzerland), which is rigid or deformable and which is aligned with respect to elements 1 and 2 constituting the device, this sensor being disposed between these two elements and fixed to each of the latter, said system also comprises an electronic circuit, connected to the sensor 84 and to the cursor 9, provided with an amplifier, housed in the element 1, and intended to amplify the signals emitted, on the one hand, by the sensor 84 when a force is exerted on the handle 16 ( pressure along the axis 3 and / or torsion exerted around this axis) and, on the other hand, by the cursor 9 during its movements on the element 2, this electronic circuit having three digital display dials 85 indicating the value of the force along axis 3, that of the torque around this axis and that of the
  • the end of the element 2 to which the probe 7 is fixed is arranged to allow the rapid fixing of various types of probe used according to the tests to be carried out.
  • the probe 7 according to the invention and shown in FIG. 10 is intended to test the friction or the adhesion of a support and is composed of an annular body 63, having a flat base 64 intended to bear on the support above, immobilized in a yoke 65 arranged so that the axis of the annular body coincides with the axis 3 of the elements 1 and 2 of the device, a universal joint 66 being provided on the yoke in order to reduce the incidence defects of plumbness and parallelism of the surfaces in contact, namely flat base 64 and support, and from there, the measurement errors that may arise from these defects.
  • a cylindrical body is used to test the lift of a deformable support.
  • the probe 7 is intended to allow the evaluation of the shear or cut resistance.
  • This probe comprises a yoke 65 having a circular flat base 67 intended to rest on the ground, four radial grooves 68 distributed regularly and produced in the yoke from the base 67, removable removable fins 69 intended to be fixed each in a grooves 68 to project relative to said base 67, these fins having an extension 69 'intended to penetrate into the corresponding groove and the section of which is a regular polygon, such as a square, or even a circle, so that 'by rotating the extension, one can adjust the position of the fins to arrange them radially with respect to the base 67 or transversely with respect to the spokes of the latter, means for fixing 70 of the extensions 69' in the grooves 68 arranged so that said extensions can be moved and fixed over a large part of the length of the grooves.
  • the means 71 for assembling the yoke to the element 2 are arranged so that the axis 3 of the elements 1 and 2 passes through the center of the base 67, these means 71 comprising a universal joint 66 in order to reduce the incidence the aforementioned plumb and parallelism defects.
  • the fins 69 are interchangeable and the profile of the part of these fins intended to protrude relative to the surface 67 will be chosen according to the capacities of the device and the torque that the user of the device can exert.
  • the method of fixing the fins 69 by the extensions 69 ′ allows them to be offset with respect to their fixing axis, which allows the probe to function as a drill bit.
  • the probe 7, according to the invention and shown in FIGS. 12 and 13, is intended for the combined measurement of compressive and shear strengths and is particularly well suited to exploit the characteristics of the devices described above to the maximum.
  • This probe comprises a cylinder 72, the end 73 of which is provided with a thread 74 for fixing the probe to the element 2.
  • This cylinder 72 has, regularly distributed around its periphery, grooves 75 extending along generators of the cylinder and each intended to receive a removable fin 76, the cylinder further having, at its other end 77, a thread 78 for fixing a cone 79 whose axis coincides with the axis of the cylinder and whose base is substantially equal to the bases of the cylinder.
  • the cylinder is provided at its two ends with truncated cones 80 in which the grooves 75 extend.
  • the fins 76 extend, in the grooves 75, over the entire length of the latter and are profiled, in their zones located in line with the truncated cones 80, in order to be flush with the lateral surface of said truncated cones 80 when they are completely engaged in the grooves 75, the cone 79 and a clamping nut 81, cooperating with the threads 78 and 74, being internally arranged to be applied on the truncated cones 80 and block the fins 76 in their grooves, as shown in Figure 13.
  • the zones 82 of said fins are sharpened. It is understood that various types of cone and fins can be adapted on the cylinder 72, depending on the tests to be performed.
  • the probe shown in Figure 14 is a simplified variant of the fin probe shown in Figures 12 and 13 and is intended for the same use as this fin probe.
  • this simplified probe can only be used, for example, for soil tests, in sand or light silt and this, because the shear, caused by the edges 83, takes place in an area of the soil having undergone compression and backflow when the probe was inserted.
  • the device according to the invention will normally be used so that its axis 3 coincides with the vertical, the probe 7 being directed downwards. However, there is nothing to prevent the said device from being used in another position, for example, in an oblique position with respect to a vertical, in a horizontal position or in an oblique position with respect to a horizontal or else with the probe 7 directed upwards and the apparatus centered on a vertical or arranged obliquely with respect to the latter. It goes without saying that, for the calibration of the device, account must be taken of the position in which it will be used.
  • the apparatus according to the invention also makes it possible, as shown in FIG. 15, to measure the flexural strength of a light structure 86.
  • the structure 86 is placed on two knives 87 and 88 spaced apart. 'from each other by a determined distance 89.
  • a rigid rod 90 fitted with two knives 91 and 92 is then placed on this structure 86, the spacing of which has been adjusted so that it corresponds to the distance 89, in order to that these knives are located opposite the knives 87 and 88, this rod 90 having an opening 93, intended for the passage of the probe 7 of the device, located at equal distances from said knives 87 and 88.
  • the cursor 9 of the device bears on the rod 90 and when a pressure is exerted on the device, along the axis 3 and directed towards the structure 86, this structure is flexed, the device d registration of the device described above will then make it possible to record, in coordinates, the value of the pressure exerted on the device and, from there, on the structure 86 as well as the value of the deformation arrow 94 undergone by this structure.
  • the apparatus according to the invention makes it possible in particular to determine the mechanical properties of agricultural and forest soils in order to set criteria for development, agricultural work, irrigation projects, drainage, erosion control; the specification and delimitation of soil or physical profiles, the evaluation of the stabilized and transient characteristics of the land, with a view to earthworks, various movements, for the forecast of certain site constraints, such as time, power, energy, l evaluation of the resistance and the lift of the grounds for locomotion, the construction and the exercise of various activities, the evaluation of the performances in traction, on deformable tracks (lift, shear) of tractors and machines to tires and tracks, the evaluation of the surface adhesion of a surface, of a track, of materials, adhesion conditioning, in locomotion, in handling, and in construction, performance,

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  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Life Sciences & Earth Sciences (AREA)
  • Mining & Mineral Resources (AREA)
  • Soil Sciences (AREA)
  • Analytical Chemistry (AREA)
  • General Life Sciences & Earth Sciences (AREA)
  • Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
  • Paleontology (AREA)
  • Civil Engineering (AREA)
  • General Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Structural Engineering (AREA)
  • Investigating Strength Of Materials By Application Of Mechanical Stress (AREA)
  • A Measuring Device Byusing Mechanical Method (AREA)
  • Investigating Or Analyzing Materials By The Use Of Ultrasonic Waves (AREA)
  • Investigation Of Foundation Soil And Reinforcement Of Foundation Soil By Compacting Or Drainage (AREA)

Claims (16)

1. Gerät zum Messen der mechanischen Eigenschaften eines Körpers oder eines Mediums, besonders der mechanischen Eigenschaften eines Bodens, wobei das besagte Gerät aus zwei, nach ihrer Achse aufgesetzten Elementen (1, 2), aus ersten Mitteln (4) zwischen beiden Elementen (1, 2) eingerichtet und angeordnet, um diese letzten zu verbinden und um, einerseits, ein Verschieben der Elemente eines zu dem anderen nach ihrer gemeinsamen Achse (3) zu verhindern, wenn eine Kraft nach dieser Achse, am freien Ende eines der Elemente ausgeübt wird, die nach dem anderen Element gerichtet ist, und, anderseits, eine Drehbewegung um ihre Achse zwischen beiden Elementen zu verhindern, aus einer Sonde (7) die am freien Ende (6) eines der Elemente (2) befestigt ist, aus zweiten Mitteln (8), die am freien Ende (5) des anderen Elementes (1) angeordnet sind, um es zu ermöglichen die vorerwähnte Kraft nach der Achse (3) der Elemente (1, 2) auszuüben, und um auf die Elemente ein Drehmoment in Beziehung zu ihrer Achse (3) auszuüben, dadurch gekennzeichnet, dass es ebenfalls einen Schiebring (9), angeordnet um sich auf dem die Sonde (7) tragenden Element (2) gleichlaufend zu dessen Achse ausgegangen von dem freien Ende (10) der Sonde (7) zu dem anderen Element (1) zu bewegen, wenn die Sonde (7) in den Körper eindringt, und dritte Mittel (11), einerseits angeordnet, um gleichzeitig die vorerwähnte Kraft nach der Achse (3) der Elemente (1, 2) und die Verschiebung des Schriebrings (9) auf dem die Sonde (7) tragenden Element (2) zu messen, und andererseits, um gleichzeitig die vorerwähnte Kraft nach der Achse (3) der Elemente (1, 2) und das vorerwähnte Drehmoment zu messen, wobei der Übergang einer Messart zur anderen durch eine Blockiervorrichtung gesichert wird, welche die vorerwähnten dritten Mittel mit dem die Sonde tragenden Element verbindet.
2. Gerät nach Anspruch 1, dadurch gekennzeichnet, dass die ersten, zwischen den beiden vorerwähnten Elementen (1, 2) angeordneten Mittel (4) aus einem Aufnehmer (84) bekannter Art bestehen, der in Richtung der vorerwähnten Elemente angeordnet und an diesen befestigt ist, wobei dieser Aufnehmer gegen eine Druckkraft und ein nach der Achse ausgeübtes Drehmoment messempfindlich ist.
3. Gerät nach Anspruch 2, dadurch gekennzeichnet, dass es eine elektronische Schaltung enthält, die am obengenannten Aufnehmer (84) und am Schiebring (9) angeschlossen ist und mit einem Verstärker ausgestattet ist, zum Verstärken der durch den Aufnehmer und den Schiebring während dessen Bewegungen auf dem ihn tragenden Element abgegebenen Signale, wobei diese elektronische Schaltung drei numerische Anzeigen aufweist und so angeordnet ist, dass diese Anzeigen den Wert der Kraft, des Drehmomentes und den Weg des vorerwähnten Schiebrings angeben.
4. Gerät nach Anspruch 1, dadurch gekennzeichnet, dass die Elemente (1, 2) teleskopisch angeordnet sind.
5. Gerät nach einem der Ansprüche 1 bis 4, dadurch gekennzeichnet, dass es, in Verbindung mit den vorerwähnten dritten Mitteln (11), ein Aufnahmegerät (12) für die Axialverschiebungswerte und Drehbewegungswerte aufweist.
6. Gerät nach dem einen oder anderen Anspruch 4 oder 5, dadurch gekennzeichnet, dass die ersten Mittel (4) ; die zwischen den Elementen (1, 2) angeordnet sind, um eine Verschiebung nach ihrer Achse und eine Drehbewegung um letztere zu verhindern, aus einer geeichten Schraubenfeder (13) bestehen, die koaxial zu den Elementen und zwischen ihnen so angeordnet ist, dass sie zusammengedrückt wird, wenn die vorerwähnte Entfernung abnimmt, wobei eines der Enden der Feder an einem Element und das andere Ende der Feder am anderen Element angebracht ist.
7. Gerät nach einem der Ansprüche 1 bis 6, dadurch gekennzeichnet, dass die zweiten Mittel (8), die es erlauben die vorerwähnte Kraft auszuüben, aus wenigstens einem Griff (6) bestehen, der an dem freien Ende (5) des dem die Sonde (7) tragenden Element entgegengesetzten Elementes (1) angebracht ist und symetrisch zu der Ebene der Achse der erwähnten Elemente (1, 2) angeordnet ist.
8. Gerät nach einem der Ansprüche 4 bis 7, dadurch gekennzeichnet, dass die dritten Mittel (11), die für die Messung der Verschiebungen der Elemente (1, 2) und des Schiebrings (9) parallel zur Achse der Elemente (1, 2), sowie der Drehbewegung zwischen beiden Elementen angeordnet sind, einen Zylinder (17), dessen Achse mit der Achse (3) der Elemente (1, 2) übereinstimmt, wobei der Zylinder ausserhalb des die Sonde (7) tragenden Elementes (2) und diesem gegenüberliegend so angebracht ist, dass es frei um seine Achse sowie um das erwähnte Element (2) drehen kann und dass er parallel zur Achse dieses Elementes unbeweglich ist, eine Spiralfeder (18), die zwischendem Zylinder (17) und dem ihn tragenden Element (2) angebracht ist, wobei ein Ende (118') der Feder (18) am Zylinder (17) und das andere Ende (118) am Element (2) befestigt ist, und ein Kabel (19) aufweist, dessen eine Ende (20) am Schiebring (9) und das andere Ende (21) am Zylinder (17) befestigt ist, wobei dieser letztere eine umlaufende Rille (22) aufweist, in welcher das Kabel (19), durch eine Spiralfeder zurückgezogen, sich aufrollen kann, sobald der Schiebring (9) auf dem erwähnten Element (2) von der Sonde (7) zu dem Zylinder (17) bewegt wird, wobei die Feder (18) und der Schiebring (9) so ausgeglichen sind, dass die Drehbewegung des Zylinders (17) um seine Achse (3) in Verbindung mit der Verschiebung des Schiebrings (9) entlang dem Element (2), mit welchem er zusammen wirkt, steht und wobei Rollen (23, 24) auf dem die Sonde (7) tragenden Element (2) vorgesehen sind, um das Kabel (19) zu leiten.
9. Gerät nach Anspruch 8, dadurch gekennzeichnet, dass der Zylinder (17) Befestigungsmittel aufweist, um ein Registrierpapier (25) zu befestigen, auf dem erste Einteilungen (26) nach den Generatrixen des Zylinders (17) und zweite Einteilungen (27) senkrecht zu den ersten aufgetragen sind, wobei ein Registrierstift (28) am Element (1) befestigt ist, welches die die erwähnte Kraft ausübende Mittel trägt.
10. Gerät nach einem der Ansprüche 4 bis 7, dadurch gekennzeichnet, dass die dritten Mittel (11) zwei von einander unabhängige Zylinder (33, 34), die den gleichen Druchmesser und mit der Achse (3) der Elemente (1, 2) übereinstimmende Achsen aufweisen, wobei die Zylinder an einander anliegen und ausserhalb des die Sonde (7) tragenden Elementes (2) und der Sonde entgegengesetzt so angeordnet sind, dass sie frei um ihre Achse und um das erwähnte Element (2) drehen können und parallel zur Achse (3) des Elementes (2) unbeweglich sind, eine Spiralfeder (18) die zwischen einem der Zylinder (34) und dem den Zylinder tragenden Element (2) angebracht ist, wobei ein Ende der Feder am erwähnten Zylinder (34) befestigt und das andere Ende am Element (2) befestigt ist, und ein Kabel (19) aufweist, dessen eine Ende am vorerwähnten Schiebring (9) und das andere Ende am Zylinder (34) befestigt ist, der in Verbindung mit der Spiralfeder steht, wobei dieser Zylinder eine umlaufende Rille (22) aufweist, in welcher das Kabel (19), zurückgezogen durch die Spiralfeder (18), sich aufrollen kann, sobald der Schiebring (9) sich auf dem Element (2) von der Sonde (7) aus zu dem Zylinder (34) bewegt, wobei die Feder (18) und der Schiebring (9) zo ausgeglichen sind, dass die Drehbewegung des Zylinders (34) um seine Achse in Verbindung mit der Verschiebung des Schiebrings (9) entlang dem Element (2), mit welchem er zusammenwirkt, steht und wobei Rollen (23, 24) auf dem Element (2) vorgesehen sind, um das Kabel (19) zu leiten.
11. Gerät nach Anspruch 10, dadurch gekennzeichnet, dass jeder der zwei Zylinder (33, 34) auf seinem Umkreis Befestigungsmittel aufweist, um Registrierpapier (35, 36) zu befestigen, auf dem erste Einteilungen (26) nach den Generatrixen der Zylinder aufgezeichnet sind und, für eines dieser Papiere (35), zweite Einteilungen (27) senkrecht zu den ersten aufgezeichnet sind, wobei ein einstellbarer Registrierstift (37) vorgesehen ist, um mit der Spiralfeder und dem vorerwähnten Kabel zusammenzuwirken, wobei dieser Registrierstift an dem die Sonde tragenden Element befestigt ist, während ein Registrierstift (28) vorgesehen ist, um mit den Einteilungen des anderen Zylinders zusammenzuwirken, wobei dieser Registrierstift an das Element befestigt ist, welches die Mittel trägt, die es erlauben, die vorerwähnte Kraft auszuüben, wobei das Blockiersystem die Zylinder fest untereinander verbindet sowie den nicht mit der Spiralfeder (18) und dem vorerwähnten Kabel zusammenwirkenden Zylinder, fest mit dem die Sonde tragenden Element verbindet.
12. Gerät nach einem der Ansprüche 1 bis 11, dadurch gekennzeichnet, dass es eine kugelförmige Richtwaage (117) aufweist die in der Nähe der zweiten Mittel (8) angebracht ist.
13. Gerät nach einem der Ansprüche 4 bis 12, dadurch gekennzeichnet, dass es aus einem Kalibriersystem, mit einem Hebel (48) in der Nähe eines der Enden (52), in welchem eine Einlagerung (51) mit senkrechter Achse zum Einsetzen eines Stückes (53) mit den mit der Einlagerung übereinstimmenden Massen vorgesehen ist, wobei das genannte Stück auf dem vorerwähnten Element (2) des Gerätes anstatt der Sonde angeordnet ist, aus einem der Gehäuse (49) eines Kugelanschlages (50), dessen Achse mit der senkrechten Achse (54) der Einlagerung (51) übereinstimmt, und auf welcher der Hebel (48) befestigt ist, aus einem Dynamometer (55), das gleichlaufend mit der erwähnten senkrechten Achse ist und mit welchem das andere Gehäuse (56) des Kugelanschlages (50) zusammenwirkt, und aus einem Dynamometer (59) besteht, das mit dem Ende (60) des Hebels zusammenwirkt, das dem die Einlagerung (51) aufweisenden Ende entgegengesetzt ist, wobei das Dynamometer so angeordnet ist, um unter Spannung gesetzt zu werden, wenn der Hebel (48) um die senkrechte Achse (54) schwenkt.
14. Gerät nach einem der Ansprüche 1 bis 12 dadurch gekennzeichnet, dass die Sonde einen Zylinder (72) aufweist, dessen eines der Enden (73) mit Befestigungsmitteln (74) versehen ist, um an dem die Sonde tragenden Element (2) befestigt zu werden, wobei der vorerwähnte Zylinder (72) auf seinem Umkreis gleichmässig verteilte Rinnen (75) aufweist, die sich nach den Generatrixen des Zylinders erstrecken und dazu vorgesehen sind, jede einen abnehmbaren Flügel (76) zu erhalten, wobei der Zylinder ausserdem an seinem Ende (77), Befestigungsmittel (78) aufweist, um einen Kegel (79), dessen Achse mit der Achse des Zylinders übereinstimmt und dessen Grundfläche mindestens den Grundflächen des Zylinders gleich ist, fest zu verbinden, wobei die Grundfläche dieses Kegels so angeordnet ist, dass, wenn sie auf die entsprechende Grundfläche des Zylinders ruht, die Flügel in ihre Einlagerungen festgehalten werden.
15. Gerät nach einem der Ansprüche 1 bis 12, dadurch gekennzeichnet das die Sonde einen ringförmigen Teil (63) mit einer flachen Grundfläche (64) aufweist, die zum Abstützen auf den Boden vorgesehen ist, ein Gehäuse (65), in welchem dieser vorerwähnte Teil feststeht sowie Mittel (66), die es erlauben, das Gehäuse am vorerwähnten die Sonde tragenden Element zu befestigen, und die so angeordnet sind, dass die Achse des ringförmigen Teils mit der Achse des Elementes übereinstimmt.
16. Gerät nach einem der Ansprüche 1 bis 12, dadurch gekennzeichnet, dass die Sonde von einem Gehäuse umgeben ist, das eine kreisförmige, flache Grundfläche (67) aufweist, die dazu vorgesehen ist, sich auf den Boden abzustützen, dass die besagte Sonde radiale, in dem Gehäuse gleichmässig verteilte, von der Grundfläche (67) ausgehende Schnittfugen, gleiche abnehmbare Flügel (69), wobei jeder Flügel dazu vorgesehen ist, in eine Schnittfuge (68) befestigt zu werden, um aus der besagten Grundfläche (67) hervorzustehen, wobei diese Flügel eine Verlängerung (69') aufweisen, die in die entsprechende Schnittfuge hineinragt und deren Querschnitt eine gleichmässig vieleckige Form aufweist, die so angeordnet ist, dass man, durch Drehen der Verlängerung, die Stellung der Flügel so einstellen kann, dass sie radial zur Grundfläche (67) oder quer zu den Radien dieser Grundfläche stehen, Befestigungsmittel (70) zum befestigen der Verlängerungen (69') in den Schnittfugen (68), wobei die besagten Befestigungsmittel so angeordnet sind, .dass die besagten Verlängerungen auf einen grossen Teil der Länge der Schnittfugen bewegt und festgemacht werden können, und Mittel (71) aufweist, die es erlauben, das Gehäuse mit dem die Sonde tragenden Element (2) zu verbinden, wobei die besagten Mittel so angeordnet sind, dass die Achse (3) der Elemente (1, 2) durch das Zentrum der Grundfläche (67) verläuft.
EP80870030A 1979-05-30 1980-05-28 Gerät zum Messen der mechanischen Eigenschaften eines Körpers, besonders eines Bodens Expired EP0022116B1 (de)

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AT80870030T ATE3316T1 (de) 1979-05-30 1980-05-28 Geraet zum messen der mechanischen eigenschaften eines koerpers, besonders eines bodens.

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BE0/195472A BE876648A (fr) 1979-05-30 1979-05-30 Appareil de mesure de caracteristiques mecaniques d'un corps, dispositif de calibrage et sondes pour cet appareil
BE195472 1979-05-30

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EP0022116A1 EP0022116A1 (de) 1981-01-07
EP0022116B1 true EP0022116B1 (de) 1983-05-11

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US5297440A (en) * 1992-10-09 1994-03-29 United States Surgical Corporation Method and apparatus for testing the bending characteristics of surgical needles
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US5471868A (en) * 1994-11-14 1995-12-05 Nolan; Donald E. Instrument for measuring the relative resiliency of golf greens
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GB0028645D0 (en) * 2000-11-24 2001-01-10 Univ Cranfield A handheld measurement device for the determination of racecourse going
GB2392988A (en) * 2002-09-13 2004-03-17 Graham Douglas Mulford Device for measuring the going of a race course
CZ20032084A3 (cs) * 2003-07-31 2005-03-16 Jindřich Ing. Zeman Souprava pro měření délkových deformací materiálů
US20060186874A1 (en) * 2004-12-02 2006-08-24 The Board Of Trustees Of The University Of Illinois System and method for mechanical testing of freestanding microscale to nanoscale thin films
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KR101918348B1 (ko) * 2016-07-13 2018-11-13 고려대학교 산학협력단 말뚝기초 굴착공의 공벽유지 유체 내 부유물 및 저면 슬라임 두께 측정 장치
FR3069324B1 (fr) * 2017-07-18 2019-08-16 Equatech.R&D Penetrometre statique et procede de mesure associe
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DE3063081D1 (en) 1983-06-16
EP0022116A1 (de) 1981-01-07
ATE3316T1 (de) 1983-05-15
US4302967A (en) 1981-12-01
JPS55161110A (en) 1980-12-15

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