EP0000773B1 - Mehrkammer-Photoreaktor, Mehrkammer-Bestrahlungsverfahren - Google Patents

Mehrkammer-Photoreaktor, Mehrkammer-Bestrahlungsverfahren Download PDF

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Publication number
EP0000773B1
EP0000773B1 EP78100585A EP78100585A EP0000773B1 EP 0000773 B1 EP0000773 B1 EP 0000773B1 EP 78100585 A EP78100585 A EP 78100585A EP 78100585 A EP78100585 A EP 78100585A EP 0000773 B1 EP0000773 B1 EP 0000773B1
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Prior art keywords
radiation
flow
medium
flow reactor
chamber
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EP78100585A
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German (de)
English (en)
French (fr)
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EP0000773A1 (de
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Günther Otto Prof. Dr. Schenck
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    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C02—TREATMENT OF WATER, WASTE WATER, SEWAGE, OR SLUDGE
    • C02F—TREATMENT OF WATER, WASTE WATER, SEWAGE, OR SLUDGE
    • C02F1/00—Treatment of water, waste water, or sewage
    • C02F1/30—Treatment of water, waste water, or sewage by irradiation
    • C02F1/32—Treatment of water, waste water, or sewage by irradiation with ultraviolet light
    • C02F1/325—Irradiation devices or lamp constructions
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A23—FOODS OR FOODSTUFFS; TREATMENT THEREOF, NOT COVERED BY OTHER CLASSES
    • A23B—PRESERVATION OF FOODS, FOODSTUFFS OR NON-ALCOHOLIC BEVERAGES; CHEMICAL RIPENING OF FRUIT OR VEGETABLES
    • A23B2/00—Preservation of foods or foodstuffs, in general
    • A23B2/50—Preservation of foods or foodstuffs, in general by irradiation without heating
    • A23B2/53—Preservation of foods or foodstuffs, in general by irradiation without heating with ultraviolet light
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61L—METHODS OR APPARATUS FOR STERILISING MATERIALS OR OBJECTS IN GENERAL; DISINFECTION, STERILISATION OR DEODORISATION OF AIR; CHEMICAL ASPECTS OF BANDAGES, DRESSINGS, ABSORBENT PADS OR SURGICAL ARTICLES; MATERIALS FOR BANDAGES, DRESSINGS, ABSORBENT PADS OR SURGICAL ARTICLES
    • A61L2/00—Methods or apparatus for disinfecting or sterilising materials or objects other than foodstuffs or contact lenses; Accessories therefor
    • A61L2/02—Methods or apparatus for disinfecting or sterilising materials or objects other than foodstuffs or contact lenses; Accessories therefor using physical phenomena
    • A61L2/08—Radiation
    • A61L2/10—Ultraviolet radiation
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C02—TREATMENT OF WATER, WASTE WATER, SEWAGE, OR SLUDGE
    • C02F—TREATMENT OF WATER, WASTE WATER, SEWAGE, OR SLUDGE
    • C02F2201/00—Apparatus for treatment of water, waste water or sewage
    • C02F2201/32—Details relating to UV-irradiation devices
    • C02F2201/322—Lamp arrangement
    • C02F2201/3221—Lamps suspended above a water surface or pipe
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C02—TREATMENT OF WATER, WASTE WATER, SEWAGE, OR SLUDGE
    • C02F—TREATMENT OF WATER, WASTE WATER, SEWAGE, OR SLUDGE
    • C02F2201/00—Apparatus for treatment of water, waste water or sewage
    • C02F2201/32—Details relating to UV-irradiation devices
    • C02F2201/322—Lamp arrangement
    • C02F2201/3227—Units with two or more lamps
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C02—TREATMENT OF WATER, WASTE WATER, SEWAGE, OR SLUDGE
    • C02F—TREATMENT OF WATER, WASTE WATER, SEWAGE, OR SLUDGE
    • C02F2201/00—Apparatus for treatment of water, waste water or sewage
    • C02F2201/32—Details relating to UV-irradiation devices
    • C02F2201/322—Lamp arrangement
    • C02F2201/3228—Units having reflectors, e.g. coatings, baffles, plates, mirrors

Definitions

  • the invention relates to a method for cleaning, in particular for disinfection and disinfection using a radiation source for ultraviolet radiation in the wavelength range from 240 to 320 nm, in which a flowable medium for maintaining a predetermined minimum dose of ultraviolet radiation with a certain flow through a flow reactor, the is subdivided by at least one partition that is permeable to ultraviolet radiation into at least two radiation chambers perpendicular to the direction of radiation, and in which in the radiation chambers arranged one behind the other in relation to the radiation direction determined by the radiation source, a certain proportion in all radiation chambers and in that a portion of the ultraviolet radiation entering the flow reactor is absorbed by the radiation source immediately adjacent to the radiation chamber.
  • the invention also relates to a device for carrying out the method according to one of the preceding claims, consisting of a radiation source with at least one emitter which emits ultraviolet radiation in the wavelength range from 240 to 320 nm, from at least one partition transparent to the ultraviolet radiation in at least flow reactor divided into two radiation chambers with a feed line and a discharge line for the medium to be irradiated, the radiation chambers of which are arranged one behind the other in relation to the radiation direction determined by the radiation source, a certain proportion in all radiation chambers and part of the radiation chamber directly adjacent to the radiation source the ultraviolet radiation entering the flow reactor can be absorbed by the medium, and from a flow control device for setting a specific flow in order to maintain a predetermined minimum est dose of ultraviolet radiation.
  • Methods and devices for cleaning, in particular for disinfection or disinfection by ultraviolet rays are advantageously used instead of chemical agents in order to remove pathogenic, toxic or otherwise disruptive components which are sensitive to ultraviolet rays from water.
  • These can be microorganisms such as bacteria, spores, yeasts, fungi or algae, but also viruses or bacteriophages. It can also be pollution that pollutes the environment, such as carcinogenic aromatics, various halogen compounds, especially chlorine compounds, e.g. Chlorophenols.
  • Irradiation can be used in drinking water treatment and is particularly useful in connection with ion exchange or reverse osmosis systems. It can also disinfect swimming pool water for drinking water quality.
  • the UV radiation process can also be used for circulating water, for example in air conditioning systems in hospitals, and can lead to significantly higher degrees of disinfection than are required for drinking water, which is e.g. a prerequisite for use in ophthalmic preparations or when used as a detergent in the operating room.
  • Further areas of application can be found e.g. in the brewery and beverage industry, in the food, pharmaceutical and cosmetics industry, in the purification of waste water or in the production of the purest sea water for biotechnical purposes.
  • Photochemical disinfection, disinfection and detoxification reactions follow the known basic principles of photochemical reactions.
  • the concentration of pathogenic and other contaminants to be removed by UV radiation is very low.
  • the absorption of the medium to be irradiated is determined by other ingredients whose absorption competes with that of the microorganisms etc.
  • the highest possible utilization of the available photon current should be aimed for.
  • Layer thicknesses in which 90% of the incident photons are absorbed are generally sufficient for this purpose, since if this layer thickness is doubled, only a further 9% of the incident photons can be additionally absorbed.
  • the layer thickness characterized by 90% absorption is referred to as the “effective penetration depth”. At a wavelength of 254 nm, this can be many decimeters in particularly pure water, but also only a fraction of a millimeter in milk.
  • a photoreactor with approximately parallel radiation in which the radiation source is arranged in a reflector above the surface of the medium to be irradiated (M. Luckiesh, Applications of germicidal, erythemal and infrared energy, Van Nostrand, New York, 1946. p 257-265; company publication “Germicidal lamps and applications”, LS-179, General Electric Company).
  • photoreactors of this type can only be used in connection with free-flowing media, but not in connection with printing systems in which the medium to be irradiated is conveyed through the photoreactor under pressure.
  • the source of radiation is a high-pressure mercury lamp (W. Buch, water disinfection device “Uster”, AEG-Mitteilungen 1936, No. 5, pp. 178-181), but also a low-pressure mercury lamp (K. Wuhrmann, "Disinfection of water using ultraviolet radiation") , Gas / Wasser / réelle 1960, Vol. 14, pp. 100-102) or bundles of low-pressure mercury lamps (P. Ueberall, “The chemical-free drinking and process water disinfection with ultraviolet rays”, Dieforce 1969, Vol. 21, Pp. 321-327).
  • the photoreactors with a radiation source with radial radiation also include those whose emitters are accommodated in a suitable flow-through container, one or more times like a diving lamp (L. Grün, M. Pitz, «UV rays in nozzle chambers and air ducts of air conditioning systems in Hospitals » Zbl. For hygiene, I. department Orig. 1974, vol. B 159, pp. 50-60).
  • the known photoreactors generally have such layer thicknesses that only make up a fraction of the effective penetration depth.
  • Multi-chamber photoreactors are also known, in which the medium to be irradiated is conveyed in succession through a plurality of irradiation chambers which are assigned to a radiation source.
  • a central radiation chamber which contains a radiation source consisting of several parallel UV lamps, is surrounded by lateral radiation chambers which are segment-shaped in cross section; UV-transparent partitions are located between the middle and the side radiation chambers.
  • the UV lamps are arranged in this way and the layer thicknesses of the radiation chambers are dimensioned such that practically all of the UV radiation is absorbed solely by the medium to be irradiated and not on the inner surface of the outer wall of the reactor (US Pat. No. 3,637,342).
  • the degree of disinfection is inhomogeneous, which is from 10- 9 in the first shift up to 10- 1 in the last shift.
  • One of sterilization is achieved by the order 10- 2 as the mean result is what little satisfied, considering that the non-sloping theoretically assuming a logarithmic, but average irradiance ereichbare of sterilization is in the order of 10 fourth
  • the object of the present invention is accordingly to provide a method and a device for its exercise, which allow optimal utilization of the UV radiation emanating from the radiation source with the highest possible power.
  • the object is achieved in relation to the method in that the medium in all radiation chambers does not exceed (1-0.5n) in total. 100% of the radiation entering the flow reactor is absorbed, where n is the number of radiation chambers.
  • the object is achieved in that the total layer thickness of the flow-through reactor, determined by the number n of the radiation chambers and by the UV permeability of the medium to be irradiated, is dimensioned such that the total absorption does not exceed (1-0.5 •) ⁇ 100% of the radiation entering the flow reactor lies.
  • the invention is based on the finding that when the photoreactor is subdivided, the layer thickness of the radiation chambers in each case can be chosen so that the change in the irradiance in the layer thickness does not have an unfavorable effect on the irradiation economy. This results in a less inhomogeneous distribution of the degree of disinfection in each irradiation chamber. With a layer thickness for 90% absorption, a four to five-fold subdivision can result in the differences in the degree of disinfection within each irradiation chamber being less than 3 orders of magnitude, while the differences in the non-subdivided photoreactor are over 8 orders of magnitude.
  • the principle is based on the fact that the efficiency of the photoreactor, which goes through an optimum with increasing layer thickness and then again sharply decreases, is set in such a way that one works with a layer of only partial absorption and the photons leaving this layer are then similar or identical in subsequent layers. uses only partial absorption.
  • the favorable effect achieved by the subdivision is largely independent of the radiation geometry of the respective photoreactor. It is found both in photoreactors in which the radiation source is formed by diving lamps, and in ring-shaped photoreactors in which the radiation source is mounted inside and / or outside; it is also found in photoreactors, the radiation source of which is arranged above the surface of the medium.
  • the optical absorption behavior of a medium is usually specified by the optical permeability, the transmission, at 1 cm layer thickness, abbreviated T (1 cm).
  • the total layer thickness of the flow-through reactor which is determined by their number and the UV permeability of the medium, should likewise not exceed a certain maximum value.
  • the absorption of the ultraviolet radiation in the radiation chamber immediately adjacent to the radiation source should be at most in the range of 50% of the radiation entering the flow reactor.
  • the efficiency of cleaning or disinfection is determined by the gradient of the irradiance between the entrance and exit of the respective irradiation chamber.
  • the oxidizing agent can be oxygen, ozone, halogen or a hypohalite.
  • the sensitivity of microorganisms to ultraviolet radiation is very different; for example, the sensitivity of fungi or algae is more than 2 orders of magnitude lower than the sensitivity of bacteria.
  • flow reactors for disinfection this results in a wide dose range, the full extent of which cannot be determined simply by increasing the radiation flow of the radiation source and / or reducing the flow of the medium to be irradiated.
  • it is therefore provided that at least a partial stream of the irradiated medium is returned to the flow reactor after the passage. In this way, the medium to be irradiated is passed through the reactor several times and thus irradiated to the corresponding multiple of the dose of the single pass. This procedure is also recommended in cases where the sterilized medim is removed from an ultraviolet sterilization system in varying amounts.
  • the medium is advantageously conveyed successively through the radiation chambers of the flow-through reactor.
  • the flow reactor can then be operated with a larger flow, so that the flow velocities in the irradiation chambers of the multi-chamber photoreactor are increased compared to the flow velocity in the single-chamber photoreactor.
  • Such an increase in the flow velocities and the reduction in the cross sections of the radiation chambers prevent flow short circuits which occur in single-chamber photoreactors with high layer thicknesses and low flow velocities.
  • the flow reactor in the device according to the invention consists of a trough-like vessel which is divided into a lower and an upper radiation chamber by a partition made of quartz glass panes.
  • the radiation source is located above the trough-like vessel in a reflector system which directs the radiation emanating from the radiation source in parallel into the trough-like vessel.
  • the seawater enters one of the two chambers and, after passing through the first chamber, passes through the second chamber.
  • the vessel subdivided by quartz glass panes in radiation chambers can itself consist of quartz glass, the radiation source being formed by emitters mounted in pairs on opposite sides of the vessel in a system of individual reflectors.
  • each cladding tube is surrounded by at least one quartz glass tube to form at least one inner radiation chamber and that the inner radiation chambers are jointly connected either on the input side to the feed line or on the output side to the discharge line of the flow reactor.
  • the irradiation takes place with the desired minimum dose irrespective of the direction of flow through the inner irradiation chambers. If the inner radiation chambers are connected to the inlet on the input side, radiation in the presence of oxygen or other gases is facilitated in this way; If you connect the inner radiation chambers on the outlet side to the discharge of the flow-through reactor, you get optimally sterilized water at the spray nozzle of the climate washer.
  • a device in which the radiation source and the flow-through reactor are arranged in a ring with respect to one another is constructed in such a way that the flow-through reactor consists of two closure parts provided with connecting means, which delimit the radiation chambers at the end, and different tube pieces attached to the latter from the closure parts Diameter exists, which are arranged coaxially one inside the other and limit the radiation chambers on the long side.
  • the closure parts for each radiation chamber can have a connection piece which is connected to the associated radiation chamber via at least one inner channel.
  • the mean flow rate in an m-chamber photoreactor is approximately m times the average flow rate of a single-chamber photoreactor.
  • a volume part of the medium passes through all the radiation chambers in succession from the highest to the lowest average radiation intensity or vice versa, which results in a much more uniform distribution of the energy supplied to the flowing medium is achieved.
  • the pipe sections are alternately sealingly held and guided at their ends, and adjacent radiation chambers are connected to each other at the guided ends of the pipe sections. This simplifies the construction of the multi-chamber photoreactor with radiation chambers connected in series, since the connection between the radiation chambers is located within the flow-through reactor and only internal channels to the connection pieces that serve as input and output connections have to be provided in the closure parts.
  • Multi-chamber photoreactors of the type described above with an outer piece of quartz glass can, in a known manner (DT-OS 2119961), be surrounded concentrically by a plurality of radiators, each of which has its own paraboloid reflector, which enables an optimal efficiency of the irradiation.
  • a single-chamber photoreactor of this type can only function properly if short-circuit phenomena in the flow are reliably avoided.
  • the inner tube piece can be guided at both ends through corresponding openings in the closure parts and can be held in a sealing manner in the openings. This enables the attachment of a radiation source inside the multi-chamber photoreactor, which can be provided in addition to the radiators surrounding the outside of the multi-chamber photoreactor.
  • the radiation losses which occur when the radiation passes through the photoreactor are compensated for to a considerable extent, and a suitable approximation to an equally high irradiance in all volume elements of the photoreactor is achieved if the layer thickness is matched appropriately to the transmission factors of the medium.
  • the outer tube section can be radiation-impermeable, have an observation opening and be flanged to the closure parts in a sealing manner. This enables a more stable and further simplified construction of the photoreactor, in the interior of which the radiation source is attached.
  • the outer pipe section can be mirrored, preferably in such a way that the medium flowing through cannot act on the mirroring.
  • each of the second tube sections that follow to the outside and are closed at one end can be provided with passage openings near the closure part.
  • the one-sided mounting of the pipe sections can facilitate the assembly and disassembly of the multi-chamber photoreactor.
  • an irradiation chamber facing away from the radiation source advantageously has a layer thickness which is at least twice the layer thickness of the irradiation chamber immediately adjacent to the radiation source.
  • the two radiation chambers with a low layer thickness are mainly effective, while with drinking water with a high transmission factor the radiation chamber with a greater layer thickness facing away from the radiation source is also included with good effectiveness.
  • Such a multi-chamber photoreactor can thus be used for the disinfection of drinking water in the entire range of transmission factors, without additional measures being necessary in its construction.
  • the addition of the radiation chamber with a large layer thickness when using drinking water with high transmission results in a high output which cannot be achieved with photoreactors with smaller layer thicknesses or with a single-chamber photoreactor with a larger total layer thickness.
  • a pressure compensation device is expediently provided in the multi-chamber photoreactor according to the invention.
  • This can have a cover which is provided with pressure-tight feedthroughs and is pressure-tightly connected to the closure part holding the pipe pieces and connected to a barostat, the setpoint of the barostatic pressure control being determined by the inlet pressure of the medium at the flow reactor.
  • Such a device compensates for the pressure acting on the tube sections made of quartz glass during operation of the multi-chamber photoreactor. This prevents mechanical stresses from occurring on the stress-sensitive quartz glass tubes that could lead to breakage.
  • An embodiment of the device according to the invention in which a partial flow of the irradiated medium is returned to the flow reactor after the passage, is characterized in that the flow reactor is provided on the output side with a flow divider, one outlet of which is connected to the extraction line and the second outlet of which is intermediate circuit of a return feed pump and a check valve is connected to the input of the flow reactor.
  • the flow rate of the return feed pump can be adjustable in order to bring about a change in the return ratio; however, the return line can also have an adjustable flow restrictor.
  • the radiation source is formed by at least one antimony-doped xenon high-pressure lamp which has a strong emission in the wavelength range from 260 to 280 nm.
  • a lamp has a bactericidal dose rate per cm of emission length, which is at least an order of magnitude higher than the corresponding radiation power of conventional low-pressure mercury quartz lamps. With the same flow rate, it is therefore possible to increase the dose range by an order of magnitude; For today's needs in drinking water disinfection, it follows that with a radiation source from antimony-doped xenon high-pressure lamps, much higher space-time yields can be achieved than was previously possible.
  • Another advantage of using the antimony-doped xenon high-pressure lamps is that, due to the minimal volatility and toxicity of the antimony, the possibility of dangerous environmental pollution if the lamp breaks is significantly less than with the otherwise customary mercury vapor lamps.
  • the radiation source can be useful for the radiation source to have at least one mercury vapor lamp in addition to the antimony-doped xenon high-pressure lamp having.
  • the radiation source In order to increase the radiation flow emanating from the radiation source per unit length of the flow reactor, it can be expedient for the radiation source to contain at least one coiled radiator.
  • the radiation source can be arranged in the interior of the flow reactor in a position close to the axis. Such an arrangement of the radiation source brings about the best radiation distribution in the radial direction.
  • the radiation source can be held independently of the flow reactor; in other versions, e.g. in the case of a pressure flow reactor, on the other hand, the radiation source is in the flow reactor housing.
  • the arrangement of the radiation source inside the flow reactor is preferred for flow reactors of smaller volume.
  • the radiation source can have at least 4 axially parallel and symmetrical arranged between the flow reactor and a reflector system surrounding it.
  • each radiator is expediently located in a separate, preferably paraboloid, reflector of the reflector system in order to ensure optimum optical efficiency of the radiation into the flow-through reactor.
  • a further improvement in the radiation distribution can be achieved in the flow reactor according to the invention in that some of the radiators forming the radiation source are arranged inside the flow reactor and another part of the radiators, at least 4, are arranged axially parallel and symmetrically between the flow reactor and a reflector system surrounding it.
  • the emitters, as described above, are located in separate reflectors.
  • an antimony-doped xenon high-pressure lamp at least in the interior of the flow-through reactor; this avoids the reflection losses that are unavoidable with reflectors and makes better use of the rays emanating from the highly effective antimony-doped xenon high-pressure lamp; at the same time, special water cooling is not necessary for this heater.
  • the devices described above for carrying out cleaning, disinfection or disinfection of flowable media in the flow by means of ultraviolet radiation require flow control means in order to comply with a predetermined minimum dose of the ultraviolet radiation, by means of which it is ensured that the medium penetrating the radiation chambers is irradiated in any case with the required minimum dose.
  • the flow control means according to the invention can have a flow restrictor, preferably an adjustable flow restrictor. With constant pressure at the inlet or outlet of the flow reactor, the flow can be set to the required value.
  • the flow restrictor can consist of a constriction in the inlet or outlet of the flow-through reactor, but it can also be formed by an adjustable valve that is unchangeable in time.
  • the flow control means according to the invention can also have a flow limiter that is independent of the inlet pressure.
  • Such flow restrictors are known, and their use in connection with the flow reactors described here is particularly advantageous because they prevent a given flow from being exceeded in any case. In the flow reactors for photo-disinfection, such exceeding of the predetermined flow rate must be avoided, since an increase in the flow rate must necessarily lead to the predetermined minimum dose being fallen below.
  • the flow control means can also have a pump with an adjustable delivery rate.
  • a pump allows the flow to be adapted to the desired radiation dose to the greatest extent possible.
  • a control device for the pump with adjustable delivery capacity can be provided, which is acted upon by a control signal originating from the monitoring device with setpoint adjustment.
  • the control device can have a power amplifier and a tachogenerator driven by the pump motor, and the tachogenerator signal can be connected in opposition to the control signal of the monitoring device at the input of the power amplifier.
  • Known monitoring devices for flow reactors for photo disinfection contain a radiation detector which is arranged on the flow reactor and responds to the radiation passing through the flow reactor.
  • the detector If the value falls below a preset target value, the detector emits a signal which controls a valve, by means of which the medium to be irradiated is passed to a second flow reactor, by which an alarm signal is triggered and by which a cleaning device for the first photoreactor is actuated can (US-PS 3182193). It is also known a monitoring device (US-PS 3462597) that closes a solenoid valve in the feed for the medium to be irradiated in the event of failure of the lamp, the lamp transformer or an inadmissibly large drop in the mains voltage. However, these known monitoring devices are only suitable and used to interrupt the operation of the flow-through reactor in an emergency immediately and with an emergency signal or to switch to a second reactor.
  • the device according to the invention connects the pump with adjustable delivery capacity to a control device, the output signal of which depends on the radiation intensity measured in each case on the monitoring device.
  • a control device the output signal of which depends on the radiation intensity measured in each case on the monitoring device.
  • One of the photoreactors is put into operation with a new set of lamps, while the second continues to operate for half the life of its lamps.
  • both are optimally operated in accordance with the respective lamp outputs, and the total output fluctuation due to aging is only half of the previous size.
  • better use of lamps and electricity is guaranteed and, at the same time, better use of apparatus is achieved.
  • Fig. 1 shows a two-chamber photoreactor 1 from a flow reactor in the form of a trough-like vessel 2 with a lid 3 which is pivotally hinged to the trough-like vessel 2 and is held in the closed position by a snap lock.
  • the vessel 2 is made of metal such as stainless steel, but can also meet any other UV-resistant and other requirements, e.g. food law provisions, sufficient material (stoneware, enamelled sheet metal, etc.).
  • the lid 3 carries a series of mutually parallel paraboloid reflectors with a particularly good UV reflecting surface. Within the reflectors, UV lamps 6 are arranged perpendicular to the direction of flow so that the flow cross section of the trough-like vessel 2 is irradiated uniformly, including the edge areas.
  • Water-cooled, antimony-doped xenon high-pressure lamps are used for the purpose of disinfection; alternatively, low-pressure mercury quartz lamps of known design are also suitable for this. High-pressure mercury lamps or other emitters of suitable emission ranges can also be used for cleaning in the presence or absence of oxidizing agents.
  • the snap lock is connected to a safety circuit by means of which the radiators 6 are automatically switched off when the snap lock is opened.
  • the trough-like vessel 2 is divided into two radiation chambers 8 and 9 in the direction of flow by quartz glass panes 7; the radiation chamber 9, as the lower radiation chamber, is limited by the quartz glass panes 7 to a fixed layer thickness of 2 cm, while the layer thickness of the medium in the radiation chamber 8 can be varied with the aid of the level controller 17 described below.
  • the quartz glass panes 7 are mounted on a removable bracing frame 10 made of stainless steel; the quartz glass panes 7 are fastened to the face frame 10 and the latter itself is fastened in a sealing manner to the inner wall of the trough-like vessel 2 by means of a cement which is resistant to UV radiation. Instead of cementing, the seal can also be made using preformed and UV-resistant seals.
  • the radiation chambers 8, 9 communicate with one another at their end facing away from the entrance and exit of the trough-like vessel 2.
  • the upper radiation chamber 8 is connected to a flow limiter 12 via a feed line 11.
  • the flow limiter serves to limit the flow to the permissible maximum value even when the inlet pressure is increased; such flow restrictors are available, for example, from Eaton Corp., Controls Division, 191 East North Ave. Carol Stream, Illinois 60 187, USA.
  • the feed line 11 opens into the radiation chamber 8 via a perforated plate 13, which represents a compensation element for the flow profile and extends over the entire width of the radiation chamber 8.
  • the irradiation chamber 9 opens via a similar perforated plate 15, which also acts as a compensating element for the flow profile, into a discharge line 16 with a level regulator 17, which has an air-permeable cover 18, e.g. from cotton, wears.
  • the perforated plates 13, 15 consist of material which is resistant to UV radiation and the medium flowing through and does not itself emit any disturbing impurities to the medium flowing through (stainless steel, coated metals, plastic, ceramic, quartz, glass).
  • the width of the holes is so large that the flow is not significantly hindered, but a flow profile that is uniform over the passage area is nevertheless generated.
  • the holes can also be replaced by openings of a different shape, such as slots.
  • the perforated plates 13, 15 are sealed with the trough-like vessel 2 on the one hand and the transition piece of the supply line 11 or the discharge line 16 on the other hand in a suitable manner.
  • the level controller 17 has an inner tube 19, which is guided in a sealed manner in an overflow vessel 20, and which forms the outlet of the trough-like vessel 2.
  • an inner tube 19 By vertical displacement of the inner tube 19 in the level controller 17, different layer thicknesses can be set in the upper radiation chamber 8 in adaptation to the optical density of the medium entering the flow reactor through the feed line 11.
  • the two-chamber photoreactor 1 has perpendicular to the flow direction 20 low-pressure mercury quartz lamps (15 W, NN 15/44 Original Hanau Quarzlampen GmbH, Hanau), which are distributed equally over the radiation chambers 8, 80 cm in length, each radiator in an assigned reflector and the lamp-reflector combinations are each arranged at the smallest possible distance from one another.
  • the two-chamber photoreactor is suitable for the range of transmission factors T (1 cm) from 0.95 to 0.5; with T (1 cm) ⁇ 0.9 the layer thickness of the upper layer should be 4 cm and more, with T (1 cm) Z 0.6 approx. 1 cm.
  • the two-chamber photoreactor 1 is optimally adaptable to the transmission areas which occur when sterilizing waste water. The losses of effective UV radiation caused by the use of reflectors are more than compensated for by the subdivision of the photoreactor, as a result of which a more energetically favorable result for disinfection is achieved in comparison with the single-chamber photoreactor. Two-chamber photoreactors of this type are also used for the disinfection of sea water.
  • 2 to 8 show the design of a multi-chamber photoreactor in which the radiation source is designed in the manner of a diving lamp.
  • Fig. 2 shows in longitudinal section a first embodiment of a partial arrangement of the multi-chamber photoreactor with a radiator 24 in a cladding tube 25 made of quartz glass, which is inserted into a separating tube 35 also made of quartz glass.
  • the radiator 24 is an antimony-doped xenon high-pressure lamp for the purpose of disinfection; alternatively, low-pressure mercury quartz lamps of known design are also suitable for this. High-pressure mercury lamps or other emitters of suitable emission ranges can also be used for cleaning in the presence or absence of oxidizing agents.
  • the radiator 24 rests on a support 27 at the lower end of the cladding tube 25, which can be made of glass wool, for example.
  • the cladding tube 25 and the separating tube 35 are connected to one another via cuts 26, 36, which are held in tight engagement by suitable, known securing means (from Schott & Gen., Mainz).
  • the separating tube 35 carries two diametrically opposite connections 37 near its upper end.
  • a spacer is provided, by means of which the cladding tube 25 and the separating tube 35 are held at the same distance from one another over their length.
  • the spacer consists of two concentrically arranged spring washers 29, which are connected by three webs 30 made of resilient material offset at an angle of 120 ° (see FIG. 3).
  • the spring rings 29 are held between small projections 28, 38, which are arranged at angular intervals of approximately 120 ° and at an axial distance adapted to the corresponding dimension of the spring ring 29 on the outside of the cladding tube 25 or on the inside of the separating tube 35.
  • This spacer can also be provided with a perforated plate 5 for setting a flow profile which is uniform over the passage area, as will be explained in connection with FIG. 5.
  • FIG. 4 shows a modified partial arrangement similar to FIG. 2.
  • a cladding tube 45 made of quartz glass there is a radiator 24 of the aforementioned type. It is surrounded by a separating tube 55 made of quartz glass, which has a constriction at its upper end that is slightly wider than the cladding tube 45, and near its upper end carries two diametrically opposite connections 57.
  • the cladding tube 45 and the separating tube 55 are arranged concentrically to one another and are sealingly connected to one another at their upper ends by an overlapping sealing sleeve 46 made of an elastic plastic, which is resistant to the UV radiation and the medium flowing through.
  • the sealing sleeve 46 is secured by ligatures 48, which are designed in the manner of hose clips.
  • a spacer 67 is provided, by means of which the cladding tube 45 and the separating tube 55 are held at the same distance from one another over their length.
  • the spacer 67 (FIG. 5) is arranged according to FIG. 2 between projections 28 on the cladding tube 45 and projections 68 on the separating tube 55 and initially consists of a double spring ring 29 with resilient webs 30.
  • the outer spring ring 29 is axially circumferential Provided above beams 69, the ends 70 are bent radially inward and thereby hold a plate 71, which has through openings 72, in contact with the spring ring 29.
  • the passage openings 72 in the plate 71 are assigned to the radiation chamber 49 formed by the cladding tube 45 and the separating tube 55 and are distributed uniformly over the respective passage area.
  • the plate 71 consists of material which is resistant to UV radiation and the medium flowing through and which does not give off impurities to the medium flowing through (stainless steel, coated metals, plastic, ceramic, glass, quartz).
  • the width of the passage openings 72 which can have a circular or other cross section, is so large that they do not substantially impede the flow, but nevertheless produce a flow profile which is uniform over the passage area.
  • the whole arrangement is such that the supports 69 are located between the projections 68 on the inner wall of the separating tube 55. A number of modifications are possible compared to the embodiments described above. In the embodiment shown in FIG.
  • the open end of the separating tube 35A is fused to the cladding tube 25A to form a unitary component, which is complex to manufacture and sensitive to handling.
  • the spacer can also be formed solely by the plate 71 provided with through openings 72; the upper rim of the projections 28 and 68 then falls away, and the plate 71 is held in contact with the lower rim of the projections 28 and 68 by a snap ring.
  • an additional quartz glass tube 52 (see FIG. 4A) is arranged coaxially to the quartz glass tubes 45 and 55.
  • the quartz glass tube 52 is closed at the lower end; the upper open end tapers and is sealingly connected to the quartz glass tube 55 by an overlapping sleeve 51 secured with ligatures 50 in a manner similar to the quartz glass tubes 45 and 55.
  • the tapered end is fastened to the separating tube 55 just below the connections 57.
  • At least two through openings 53 in the wall of the quartz glass tube 52 near its tapered end are evenly distributed over its circumference.
  • the separating tube 55 extends as far as a holder lying on the inside of the bottom of the quartz glass tube 52 and consists of a ring 59, from which a number of leaf springs 60 which receive and hold the end of the separating tube 55 protrude. There is sufficient space between the edge of the separating tube 55 and the ring 59 and the leaf springs 60 for the unhindered flow of the medium between the radiation chambers separated by the separating tube 55. However, the edge of the separating tube 55 can also be provided with cutouts for the connection between the radiation chambers and then lie directly on the ring 59.
  • the ring 59 and the leaf springs 60 are made of material which is resistant to UV radiation and the medium flowing through and does not itself emit any disturbing impurities to the medium flowing through (stainless steel, coated metals, preferably with fluorinated hydrocarbon polymers, plastics, ceramics, quartz , Glass).
  • the partial arrangements for the radiator 24 shown in FIGS. 2, 2A, 4 and 4A together with a tank 21 form the flow reactor 41 of the two-chamber photoreactor 20.
  • the tank 21 has supports 22 on its longitudinal walls, each of which has one the subassemblies shown in Fig. 2 is attached.
  • the tank 21 and the carrier 22 are made of stainless steel and are welded together.
  • the tank 21 and the carrier 22 can, however, also consist of different materials which are suitably firmly connected to one another; the tank 21 is made of a material that is UV-resistant and meets all other requirements, e.g. food regulations.
  • the outlet (not shown) of a source for the medium to be irradiated opens into the tank 21 which is open at the top; the tank 21 can, however, optionally also be connected to the source of the medium to be irradiated via a connecting piece and a connecting line.
  • the outflow expediently consists of an overflow pipe extending from the bottom of the tank 21, which extends to the height of the passage openings 53. This ensures the desired constant fill level of the tank 21.
  • a sleeve 31 is provided with a locking screw 32, which carries a chain 33, possibly covered with a protective coating, which surrounds the partial arrangement and is suspended on the sleeve 31 in accordance with its circumference.
  • a protective coating which surrounds the partial arrangement and is suspended on the sleeve 31 in accordance with its circumference.
  • Such holders in connection with radiation devices are known and commercially available, so that they do not have to be described in detail here.
  • the sub-arrangement is shown only schematically in FIG. 6. At the bottom of the tank 21 there are supports 34, on which the sub-assembly is seated, whereby additional security of the holder is achieved.
  • the connections 37 and 57 of the subassemblies held on the carriers 22 according to one of FIGS. 2 to 4 become a common one (not shown) ten) derivation connected.
  • the entering medium first passes through the tank 21 forming the first radiation chamber 23; it then emerges through the inner radiation chamber 39 or 49 formed by the cladding tube 25 or 45 and the separating tube 35 or 55 and its connection 37 or 57 into the discharge line (not shown).
  • FIG. 7 and 8 show a further embodiment of the flow reactor 41 for a two-chamber photoreactor 40 corresponding to FIG. 6, in which the tank 21, which carries a connecting piece 91, is closed by a cover 80 which is provided with passages 81 and brackets 82 on which the sub-arrangement shown in Fig. 2 is held sealed.
  • the brackets 82 each consist of a collar 83 projecting from the cover 80, in which the respective outer quartz glass tube 35 is guided.
  • the quartz glass tube 35 carries an O-ring 84 which abuts an inclined surface 85 on the upper inner edge of the collar 83 and is secured by a pressure ring 88 held by screws 86 which engage in threaded bores 87 on the top of the collar 83.
  • the open arrangement of the multi-chamber photoreactor 20 is advantageously used, for example, in climate washers, the outlet of which is located directly above the tank 21;
  • the closed arrangement of the multi-chamber photoreactor 40 enables other applications in which the medium is to be irradiated in a circulation process without excess pressure.
  • a flow limiter of the type described above is also expediently installed in the feed line here.
  • the disadvantage of the inhomogeneity of the irradiance distribution in the first irradiation chamber 23 formed by the tank 21 is compensated for by the fact that the medium is passed through the inner irradiation chamber 39 or 49, in which, under defined conditions, it is mixed with a lower gradient of the irradiance is exposed to a high minimum irradiance.
  • a smaller or larger number of subassemblies according to FIGS. 2 and 4 can be used in the multi-chamber photoreactor 20, 40.
  • the direction of flow is not critical for the function of the multi-chamber photoreactor 20, 40. If you want to achieve high levels of sterilization with certainty, it should be expedient to pass the medium through the inner radiation chamber 39 or 49 last. However, if you want to fumigate the medium with e.g. If oxygen is used, the reverse flow direction is recommended.
  • a flow reactor for the cleaning, in particular for the disinfection or disinfection of media which are to be conveyed at high power through a flow reactor with a UV radiation source emitting predominantly in the range between 240 and 320 nm, devices in which the flow reactor and the Radiation source are arranged in a ring to each other.
  • An annular flow reactor can surround a radiation source arranged inside; however, it is also possible to provide an external radiation source in the form of a series of emitters in respectively assigned reflectors, which surround the flow-through reactor in a ring shape, or both types of radiation sources.
  • the flow reactor can also be tubular and is then combined with an external radiation source.
  • T (1 cm) 0.9; 0.8; 0.7 flows
  • Q-40 2.56; 1.42; Obtained 0.73 m 3 / h.
  • the first 6 columns of Table 3 contain the same information as Table 2.
  • Columns V k enter the volumes of the individual radiation chambers and column Q-40 (k) the flow rates for which the minimum radiation dose of 40 in each individual radiation chamber mWsfcm 2 acts.
  • the last column of Table 3 shows the radiation doses E. t (k) in mWs / cm 2 , which the medium flowing through all the radiation chambers successively receives at a flow of 1.61 m 3 / h in each individual radiation chamber.
  • Table 4 shows the advantages of the multi-chamber photoreactor compared to the known single-chamber photoreactors.
  • the series connection of the radiation chambers thus offers significantly increased security against flow short-circuits and, in addition, significantly improved mixing of the medium to be irradiated in the entire radiation field.
  • the flowing medium is guided through the radiation zone in alternating directions, the liquid particles being reoriented on the way through the radiation chambers by the forced reversal of the flowing layers.
  • the series connection also works with relatively higher flow speeds, particularly in the inner radiation chambers, flow conditions with significantly higher Reynolds numbers are possible compared to the single-chamber photoreactors. In addition to the better mixing, this has a favorable effect in suppressing precipitation.
  • Table 4 also shows in particular that the increase factors F increase sharply with decreasing transmission factors but constant layer thickness. This results from the fact that the single-chamber photoreactor has an optimal layer thickness for each transmission factor, i.e. such photoreactors are only slightly adaptable to media with variable or different transmission factors. In contrast, a multi-chamber photoreactor has the great advantage that it also performs favorably with media with highly variable or different transmission factors.
  • the irradiation result in the multi-chamber photoreactor is therefore not impaired by the fact that significant portions of the total layer receive only minimal radiation doses, and on the other hand the multi-chamber photoreactor allows the given radiation flow to be exploited due to the high total layer thickness of all radiation chambers with a high transmission factor of the medium .
  • Multi-chamber photoreactors with an annular arrangement of radiation source and flow reactor are constructed from several tube pieces made of quartz glass, which are arranged one inside the other and whose diameters are selected such that coaxial radiation chambers of the desired layer thickness are formed.
  • quartz glass tubes can be produced with the desired accuracy of the dimensions and are commercially available with suitable diameters and wall thicknesses.
  • the quartz glass tubes are centered to one another in a known manner and held between closure parts (see below) which close off the flow reactor at the end.
  • the closure parts have e.g. mounting grooves for the quartz glass tubes sealed by stuffing box packings and are provided with internal channels and connecting pieces through which the supply and discharge of the medium is effected when the radiation chambers are connected in parallel and in series connection.
  • Figures 9 to 12 show examples of ring-shaped multi-chamber photoreactors with internal radiation, with a pressure compensation device and with external radiation.
  • a three set up for indoor radiation Chamber photoreactor 100 is shown half in longitudinal section in Figure 9. It contains a radiator 24 of the aforementioned type, which can be single or multiple turns to increase the irradiance in the photoreactor 100.
  • the radiator 24 is arranged near the axis in the interior of a flow reactor 101, which is formed by a radiation-impermeable outer jacket 102, by a first closure part 103 and a second closure part 104 and by a radiation-permeable inner cladding tube 105 which is held in the first closure part 103.
  • the inner cladding tube 105 is a quartz glass tube which is closed on one side and at the closed end of which the radiator 24 rests on a glass wool packing 27.
  • the flow reactor 101 is divided into three radiation chambers 109, 110, 111 by a quartz glass tube 106 and a quartz glass tube 107 closed on one side with through openings 108 in the wall at its open end, both of which are likewise held in the first closure part 103.
  • the outer jacket 102 is provided at both ends with ring flanges 112 which have bores 113 distributed along their circumference. On the outside of the ring flanges 112 there are recesses 114 for receiving sealing O-rings 115.
  • the closure parts 103 and 104 carry flanges 116 with holes 117 distributed along their circumference, the number and diameter of which correspond to the holes 113 in the ring flanges 112 of the outer casing 102.
  • the outer jacket 102 and the closure parts 103, 104 are arranged with the ring flanges 112 and the flanges 116 such that the bores 113 and 117 are aligned so that these parts are threaded bolts 118 which extend through the bores 113 and 117 and nuts 119 can be firmly connected.
  • the outer jacket 102 is provided with an opening 120 in the area of the radiation field of the radiator 24 for observation or control purposes, into which an aperture 121 with an outer ring flange 122 is fitted.
  • the tube 121 is sealed by a tight and tight, e.g. closed by screwing, cover 123 connected to ring flange 122.
  • the tube 121 is connected via a quartz window to the photodetector of a monitoring device for the radiation passing through the flow reactor 101.
  • the outer jacket 102 can be provided with a material reflecting the UV rays into the medium in order to utilize the UV power radiated onto the outer jacket 102 when the medium has a high transmission factor.
  • the reflective surface can also be arranged on the outer set, which prevents the medium from influencing the reflectivity.
  • the outer jacket 102 and the closure parts 103, 104 consist of metal such as stainless steel, of metals with a protective coating of glass, enamel or plastic, of galvanized iron sheet, of ceramic; Any material of suitable mechanical strength can be used for this, which is resistant to UV radiation and does not release any foreign substances or pollutants into the medium flowing through.
  • the cladding tube 105 and the quartz glass tubes 106, 107 can be provided with extension pieces in the areas outside the radiation field of the radiator 24, e.g. made of sintered quartz.
  • the closure part 103 is generally ring-shaped and has an inner diameter which is closely matched to the outer diameter of the cladding tube 105.
  • the annular closure part 103 carries two axial parts 124, 125, which extend on both sides of the flange 116 on its inner edge and serve to hold the cladding tube 105 or the quartz glass tubes 106 and 107.
  • the first axial part 124 is provided on its outer end with a counterbore 126 into which a stuffing box packing 127 is inserted.
  • the stuffing box packing 127 consists of two O-rings 128, 130 separated by a guide ring 129, which are formed by a pressure ring 131 with an annular flange 132, which is fastened by screws 133 to the outer surface of the first axial part 124, against the one formed at the end of the counterbore 126 Shoulder 134 are pressed. As a result, the cladding tube 105 is held firmly and sealed on the first axial part 124.
  • the second axial part 125 is provided from the inside with three concentric annular grooves 135, 136 and 137, the depth of which decreases from the inside to the outside and form the annular webs 138, 139, 140 and 141.
  • the webs 138 and 139 have a small and different axial depth and delimit the innermost, deepest ring groove 135.
  • the middle ring groove 136 is delimited by the web 139 and the longer web 140, while the outermost, shallowest ring groove 137 by two webs 140 of the same depth. 141 is included.
  • the central annular groove 136 serves to receive the quartz glass tube 106, the end of which lies against the bottom of the annular groove 136 via an O-ring 142; a bushing 143 surrounds the O-ring 142 and the upper end of the quartz glass tube 106.
  • the quartz glass tube 106 is held firmly and sealed in the central annular groove 136 by a stuffing box packing 127, which is fastened to the outer surface of the web 140 with screws 133.
  • the outer annular groove 137 serves to receive the quartz glass tube 107, which is closed on one side, the open end of which rests against the bottom of the annular groove 137 via an O-ring 144; a bushing 145 surrounds the O-ring 144 and the open end of the quartz glass tube 107 which is closed on one side.
  • the quartz glass tube 107 is tightly and sealed above the passage openings 108 in the through a stuffing box packing 127, which is fastened to the outer surface of the web 141 with screws 133 outer ring groove 137 tert.
  • the closure part 103 has two radial channels 146 which open diametrically opposite in the peripheral surface of the flange 116 and which end in connection pieces 147. At its inner end, the radial channels 146 are connected to an axial channel 148 which branches off at a right angle and opens into the bottom of the annular groove 135. This creates a connection between the connection piece 147 and the inner radiation chamber 109.
  • the flange 116 additionally has an axially extending ventilation channel 149, which connects the outer radiation chamber 111 to a ventilation valve 150 on the outside of the flange 116.
  • the closure part 104 consists of a plate 151 with a central connecting piece 152.
  • the inner surface of the plate 151 is supported by a ring 153 which lies circumferentially against the inner wall of the outer casing 102.
  • the flow through the three-chamber photoreactor 100 takes place between the connection pieces 147 and 152 through the radiation chambers 109, 110 and 111, the radiation chambers 110 and 111 communicating with one another through the through openings 108 in the wall of the quartz glass tube 107 closed on one side.
  • Annular perforated plates 154, 155 are provided to produce a uniform flow profile.
  • the perforated plate 154 is fastened to the web 139 of the second axial part 125 of the first closure part 103 and acts on the flow passing through the inner radiation chamber 109.
  • the perforated plate 155 lies against the ring 153 lying on the inner surface of the plate 151 of the second closure part 104 and acts on the flow passing through the outer radiation chamber 111; the quartz glass tube 107 bears on its inner edge, which is additionally guided at its closed end.
  • the perforated plates 154, 155 consist of material which is resistant to UV radiation and the medium flowing through and does not itself emit any foreign or harmful substances to the medium (stainless steel, coated metals, plastic, ceramic, quartz, glass).
  • the width of the holes is so large that the flow is not significantly hindered, but a flow profile that is uniform over the passage area is generated.
  • the holes can also be replaced by openings of another suitable shape, such as slots.
  • the direction of flow plays hardly any role for the continuous operation of the three-chamber photoreactor 100.
  • the same flow direction can ensure that the disruptive effect is initially restricted to the outer radiation chambers and does not quickly question the overall result.
  • the direction of flow from the inside to the outside will generally be preferred, likewise in the case of fumigation.
  • the three-chamber photoreactor 100 shown in FIG. 9 has an inner radiation chamber 109 with a layer thickness of 0.8 cm, a central radiation chamber 110 with a layer thickness of 1 cm and an outer radiation chamber 111 with a layer thickness of 3.4 cm.
  • the cladding tube 105 there is a low-pressure mercury quartz lamp (G 36 T g; General Electric) with an effective arc length of 75 cm, the radiation flux of which gives a power of 11 W UV-254 nm to the medium on the irradiated inner surface of the cladding tube 105.
  • G 36 T g General Electric
  • Table 5 the values given in Table 5 below are standardized to a radiation flow of 15 W UV-254 nm over an effective length of the irradiation area of 1 m in the radiation chamber 109.
  • the three-chamber photoreactor 100 shown in FIG. 9 is preferably used in all those cases in which high degrees of disinfection are to be achieved even with relatively low transmission factors, and is therefore not restricted to the disinfection of drinking water or the like.
  • the three-chamber photoreactor 100 described in FIG. 9, see row 1 in Table 5, shows superior performance and adaptability in the range of the transmission factors T (1 cm) 0.9 to 0.1.
  • Fig. 9 is suitable for the entire area of drinking water disinfection, but also reaches the area of biologically pre-treated wastewater with transmission factors T (1 cm) between 0.6 and 0.25, and thus also that of sugar solutions, colorless vinegar, light wines .
  • the three-chamber photoreactor 100 described by Fig. 9 is also for special purposes, e.g. water purification with significantly increased radiation doses is well suited.
  • FIG. 10 shows a modification of the three-chamber photoreactor 100 with a pressure compensation device. Only the parts that have been changed compared to the three-chamber photoreactor 100 are shown in accordance with FIG. 9 and are provided with special reference numerals.
  • the flow reactor 171 consists of an outer tube 172, a first closure part 173 and a second closure part 174.
  • the radiator 24 (not shown) and the quartz glass tubes 105, 106, 107, also not shown, are designed as in the flow reactor 101 and arranged.
  • the outer jacket 172 is provided at both ends with ring flanges 182 which have reinforcements 181 running along their inner circumference and bores 183 distributed along their outer circumference.
  • ring flanges 182 On the outside of the ring flanges 182 there are ridges 184 which interact with seals 185 in recesses 190 on the respective counter flanges 186.
  • the counter flanges 186 of the closure parts 173, 174 have reinforcements 181 running along their inner circumference and bores 187 distributed along their outer circumference, the number and diameter of which correspond to the bores 183 in the ring flanges 182 of the outer jacket 172.
  • the outer casing 172 and the closure parts 173, 174 are arranged in such a way that the bores 183 and 187 are aligned so that they are firmly and pressure-tightly connected to one another by threaded bolts 188 which extend through the bores 183 and 187 and nuts 189.
  • the closure part 173 is provided on the counter flange 186 like the closure part 103 with axial parts, of which only the axial part 124 is shown in a hint. These axial parts are identical to the axial parts 124, 125 of the flow reactor 101 and, like these, serve to hold quartz glass tubes 105, 106, 107; these parts are therefore not shown in detail in FIG. 10.
  • the counter flange 186 also has two diametrically opposed radial channels 146, which end in its circumferential surface and end in the connecting piece 147.
  • the counter flange 186 On the side facing away from the outer tube 172 the counter flange 186 carries an attachment 191 which is fixedly connected to it or formed from a single piece, to which a rounded cover 192 with a counter flange 186 is flanged in a pressure-tight manner in the manner already described above via an annular flange 182.
  • the cover 192 has a central, pressure-tight, high-voltage and arcing-proof bushing 193 for connecting the radiator 24 (not shown).
  • a connection piece 194 is provided for connection to a barostat, which is designed commercially and is therefore not described in detail here.
  • the closure part 174 consists of a rounded cover 195 with a central connecting piece 196 and with a counter flange 186 for connection to the other ring flange 182 of the outer tube 172 in the manner already described above.
  • a ring 153 is supported within the cover 195 and has a perforated plate 155, as in the flow reactor 101.
  • a pressure gas preferably an inert gas such as nitrogen, argon or carbon dioxide, is supplied from the barostat to the flow-through reactor 171 via the connection piece 194.
  • a pressure is generated and maintained by the barostat which is equal to the internal pressure of the flow reactor 171. This prevents pressure differences occurring on the quartz glass tubes 105, 106, 107, which can lead to mechanical stresses and breakage of the quartz glass tubes.
  • FIG. 11 shows a further embodiment of a multi-chamber photoreactor, which differs from the three-chamber photoreactor 100 essentially in the number of radiation chambers and in the design of the cladding tube.
  • FIG. 11 shows a two-chamber photoreactor 200 in the same representation as the three-chamber photoreactor 100 in FIG. 9.
  • a flow reactor 201 is formed by a radiation-impermeable outer jacket 202, by a first closure part 203 and a second closure part 204 and by a radiation-permeable inner cladding tube 205 which is held by both closure parts 203 and 204.
  • the inner cladding tube 205 is a quartz glass tube that is open on both sides.
  • the flow reactor 201 is divided into two irradiation chambers 209, 211 by a quartz glass tube 207, the ends of which are held on the closure parts 203 and 204, respectively.
  • the outer jacket 202 is provided at both ends with ring flanges 212 which have bores 213 distributed along their circumference. On the outside of the ring flanges 212 there are recesses 214 for receiving sealing O-rings 215.
  • the closure parts 203, 204 carry flanges 216 with bores 217 distributed along their circumference.
  • the outer jacket 202 and the closure parts 203, 204 are secured by threaded bolts 218 which extend through the bores 213 and 217 and are secured by nuts 219, firmly and sealingly connected together.
  • the outer jacket 202 like the outer jacket 102 of the three-chamber photoreactor 100 according to FIG. 9, is provided with an opening 220 and a tube 221 with an annular flange 222 and cover 223 for observation or control purposes. Furthermore, the outer jacket 202 carries a lateral connecting piece 224 near the end which is adjacent to the closure part 203.
  • the outer jacket 202, the closure parts 203, 204 and the quartz glass tubes 205, 207 are made of the same material as the corresponding parts of the three-chamber photoreactor 100 .
  • the closure parts 203, 204 are generally ring-shaped and have an inner diameter which is closely matched to the outer diameter of the cladding tube 205.
  • the closure part 203 has an axial part 225, which extends from the flange 216 on its inside into the interior of the flow reactor 201 and serves to hold the cladding tube 205 or the quartz glass tube 207 at one end of the flow reactor 201.
  • the closure part 203 is provided with a counterbore 226, into which a stuffing box packing 127 is inserted, which is fastened with screws 133 to the outer surface of the closure part 203 and holds the cladding tube 205 firmly and sealingly at this end of the flow reactor 201.
  • the axial part 225 is provided with an annular recess 235, which is delimited on the outside by an annular web 237.
  • the axial part 225 has an outer diameter which is closely matched to the inner diameter of the quartz glass tube 207, so that one end is pushed onto the axial part 225.
  • a sealing sleeve 240 which is optionally secured by ligatures in the manner of hose clamps, surrounds the free part of the axial part 225 and the end of the quartz glass tube 207 pushed onto the remaining part. This end of the quartz glass tube 207 is thereby held firmly and sealingly on the closure part 203.
  • the closure part 203 has a channel 246 opening in its outer surface, which ends in a connection piece 247.
  • the channel 246 is connected at its inner end to an axial channel 248 which extends through the axial part 225 and opens into the bottom of the annular recess 235. This creates a connection between the connection piece 247 and the inner radiation chamber 209.
  • the closure part 204 has an axial part 265, which extends from the flange 216 on the inside thereof, facing away from the flow reactor 201, and serves to hold the cladding tube 205 at the other end of the flow reactor 201.
  • the closure part 204 is provided with a counterbore 266 into which a stuffing box packing 127 is inserted, which is fastened with screws 133 to the outer surface of the closure part 204 and the cladding tube 205 firmly and sealingly at this end of the flow reactor 201.
  • a ring 268 is fastened to the closure part 204 with screws 267, from which project leaf springs 269 which protrude outward like a ring, between which a protective sleeve 270 surrounding the other end of the quartz glass tube 207 is guided.
  • the closure part 204 has an axially extending emptying channel 249, which connects the outer radiation chamber 211 to an emptying valve 250 on the outside of the flange 216.
  • the flow through the two-chamber photoreactor 200 takes place between the connection pieces 224 and 247 through the radiation chambers 209 and 211, which communicate with one another through the gaps (not shown) between the leaf springs 269 projecting from the inner surface of the closure part 204 into the flow reactor 201.
  • perforated plates 254, 255 are provided, which are designed as in the three-chamber photoreactor 100.
  • the perforated plate 254 is fastened to the web 237 of the axial part 225 projecting from the annular recess 235 of the closure part 203 and acts on the flow passing through the inner radiation chamber 209.
  • the perforated plate 255 bears against a ring 251 fastened to the inner surface of the outer casing 202 near the connecting piece 224, which ring can thus also be formed in one piece; on the inside it lies against the end of the sealing sleeve 240.
  • the perforated plate 255 is secured against displacement by locking rings 256; it acts on the flow passing through the outer radiation chamber 211.
  • the outer diameter of the cladding tube 205 is 7.2 cm
  • the wall thickness of the quartz glass tubes 205 and 207 is in each case 0.4 cm
  • the cladding tube 205 there is an antimony-doped xenon high-pressure lamp (Original Hanau Quarzlampen GmbH, Hanau), whose radiation flow in the range from 260 to 280 nm with an effective length of 80 cm of the irradiation area at the radiation chamber 209 has a power of 10 W to the medium emits the irradiated inner surface of the cladding tube 205.
  • an antimony-doped xenon high-pressure lamp (Original Hanau Quarzlampen GmbH, Hanau)
  • whose radiation flow in the range from 260 to 280 nm with an effective length of 80 cm of the irradiation area at the radiation chamber 209 has a power of 10 W to the medium emits the irradiated inner surface of the cladding tube 205.
  • the data in the table are given for the transmission of the quartz glass at 254 nm, in order to facilitate comparison with the flow values Q-40 of the same photoreactors when using low-pressure mercury quartz lamps.
  • the transmission of the quartz glass is higher in the range from 260 to 280 nm, which results in an increase in the Q-40 values given in the table.
  • the two-chamber photoreactor 200 is particularly suitable for the purposes of water disinfection in the beverage industry and for UV disinfection in the drinking water supply.
  • the direction of flow hardly plays a role.
  • the direction of flow from the inner radiation chamber 209 through the outer radiation chamber 211 will generally be preferred, likewise in the case of fumigation. Because of the high flow rates, there are practically no disruptive start-up phenomena even when the two-chamber photoreactor 200 is interrupted. Only if there is a risk of precipitation will the reverse flow direction be selected if necessary.
  • FIG. 12 Another embodiment of a two-chamber photoreactor is shown in FIG. 12.
  • the two-chamber photoreactor 300 is provided for irradiation from the outside with a radiation source (not shown) consisting of 14 emitters (low-pressure mercury quartz lamps NN 30/89 Original Hanau Quarzlampen GmbH, Hanau).
  • the emitters are located in a reflector system made of parabolic reflectors, which is arranged concentrically with a flow reactor 301, each of which is assigned to one emitter.
  • the entire arrangement is surrounded by a radiation-impermeable housing, which also houses the ballast and operating elements as well as the monitoring device for the operation of the two-chamber photoreactor 300.
  • FIG. 12 otherwise corresponds to the representation of the three-chamber photoreactor 100 in FIG. 9.
  • the flow reactor 301 is formed by a radiation-permeable outer tube 302 made of quartz glass, a holder 303, a closure part 304 and an inner tube 305 made of quartz glass.
  • the inner tube 305 divides the flow reactor 301 into two radiation chambers 309, 311.
  • the outer tube 302 is connected to the holder 303 or the closure part 304 via ring flange pieces 312, which are arranged near its ends, with bores 313 distributed along its circumference.
  • the holder 303 and the closure part 304 carry ring flanges 316 with holes 317 distributed along their circumference, the number and diameter of which correspond to the holes 313 in the ring flange pieces 312.
  • the ring flange pieces 312 and the holder 303 or the closure part 304 are arranged such that the bores 313 and 317 are aligned and the parts are connected to one another by threaded bolts 318 secured with nuts 319.
  • the flange parts 312 and 316 have an inner diameter which is closely matched to the outer diameter of the outer tube 302; on the inside they are provided with annular recesses 320 facing each other, against the bottom of which O-rings 321 are pressed by a guide sleeve 322. In this way, the outer tube 302 is held firmly and in a sealing manner.
  • the holder 303, the closure part 304 and the inner tube 305 are made of the same material as the corresponding parts of the two-chamber photoreactor 20.
  • the holder 303 is in the form of an axially stepped ring which in its first step 323 is closely matched to the outside diameter of the outer tube 302 and with a shoulder 358 is closely matched to the inside diameter of the outer tube 302 and is provided with connecting pieces 324; a second step 325 is closely matched in the inner diameter to the outer diameter of the inner tube 305 and carries a counterbore 326, into which a stuffing box packing 127 is inserted, which is fastened with screws 133 to the outer surface of the holder 303 and the inner tube 305 firmly and sealingly in the Bracket 303 holds.
  • a transition piece 328 provided with a ring flange 316 is fixedly and sealingly connected by threaded bolts 318 secured with nuts 319 by incorporating O-rings 321.
  • the transition piece 328 has a clear width which is closely matched to the outer diameter of the inner tube 305; it extends a little beyond one end of the inner tube 305 and then narrows to a connecting piece 329.
  • the closure part 304 consists of an axially extending ring 340 which carries the flange 316 and which is fixedly connected to or integrally formed with a plate 341 which closes the flow reactor 301.
  • the plate 341 carries on its inside an attached ring 342, which is fixedly connected to it or consists of one piece therewith and ends in a raised double ring 343 of U-shaped cross section.
  • the ring 342 runs below the inner tube 305 concentrically thereto; the double ring 343 is adapted to its dimensions, so that the inner tube 305 is guided at its other end in the double ring 343 (with the insertion of an elastic protective ring 344).
  • the ring 342 has through openings 345 distributed over its circumference, via which the radiation chambers 309, 311 communicate.
  • the plate 341 is provided with an axially extending emptying channel 349 which connects the outer radiation chamber 311 to an emptying valve 350 on the outside of the plate 341.
  • perforated plates 354, 355 are provided which are designed in accordance with the three-chamber photoreactor 100.
  • the perforated plate 354 lies within the transition piece 328, which is connected to the holder 303, the melting edge of the inner tube 305 and is secured by a snap ring 356.
  • a storage space 357 is formed between the connection piece 329 of the transition piece 328 and the perforated plate 354, which acts on the flow passing through the inner radiation chamber 309.
  • the perforated plate 355 is held between the melting edge at one end of the outer tube 302 and the shoulder 358, which is formed in the first stage 323 of the holder 303, and acts on the flow passing through the outer radiation chamber 311.
  • the wall thickness of the quartz glass tubes 302 and 305 is in each case 0.4 cm
  • the performance comparison of the two-chamber photoreactor 300 is carried out with a tried and tested cylindrical single-chamber photoreactor with external radiation, since such single-chamber photoreactors are not built with larger diameters because of the risk of flow short-circuits.
  • external radiation offers the possibility of significantly increased space-time yields, i.e. to achieve higher flow rates Q-40 with the same apparatus volume.
  • the multi-chamber photoreactor principle also offers considerable increases in performance.
  • the flow direction does not play an important role in the practical operation of the two-chamber photoreactor 300.
  • An emulsion of approx. 10 g of an aromatic tar oil in 70 m 3 of water corresponding to the water content of a swimming pool contains approx. 0.13 mg / I aromatics, which are detected by their characteristic UV absorption.
  • the water is circulated through a sand filter system with a delivery rate of 25 m 3 / h.
  • the aromatic content (UV absorption) does not change. If a two-chamber photoreactor 300 is connected downstream of the sand filter system, no aromatic contaminants can be detected in the outlet of the photoreactor (UV absorption, 5 cm cell).
  • a further increase in output in the two-chamber photoreactor 300 can be achieved if internal radiation is also provided.
  • a photoreactor of this type is obtained in a simple manner by combining the corresponding elements from FIGS. 11 and 12, so that its construction need not be described in detail here.
  • An antimony-doped Xenon high-pressure lamp serves as the internal radiation source, which can also be single or multiple coils to increase the irradiance; as external radiation sources serve mercury vapor lamps of suitable emission ranges. Such radiators are commercially available and therefore do not need to be shown and explained in detail.
  • FIGS. 9 to 12 schematically shows a flow diagram for the irradiation operation with return for the three-chamber photoreactor 200; however, a multi-chamber photoreactor 20, 100 or 300 can also be used instead.
  • the flow diagram contains the three-chamber photoreactor 200, the connecting piece 224 of which is connected to the supply line of the medium to be irradiated via a supply line 401 and a supply valve 402.
  • the connection piece 247 is connected via a flow divider 403 with a vent valve 424 and connecting lines 404, 405, each of which carries a flow indicator 406, to a return 407 or a removal valve 408.
  • a flow limiter 12 is connected downstream of the feed valve 402.
  • the return 407 consists of a return feed pump in the form of a one-way feed pump 409 with constant delivery rate, a downstream check valve 410 and a connecting line 411 with flow indicator 406, which opens downstream of the valve 402 into the feed line.
  • the return 407 can instead of the one-way feed pump 409 also contain a return feed pump which is adjustable in its delivery capacity; if necessary, the return 407 can also be equipped with an adjustable flow restrictor.
  • the total volume of the return 407 is small compared to the volume of the respective multi-chamber photoreactor.
  • the flow divider 403 shown in FIG. 14 is constructed in the manner of a pressure overflow regulator.
  • the sectional view according to FIG. 14 shows a vessel 420, which is provided at the top with a vent valve 424 and whose inlet connection 421 is provided for connection to the two-chamber photoreactor 200.
  • the inlet connector 421 protrudes beyond the bottom of the vessel 420 and into the interior thereof.
  • a first outlet 422 runs from the bottom of the vessel 420 and leads to the return line 407 for connection to the connecting line 404.
  • a second outlet 423 is arranged clearly above the mouth of the inlet connection 421 on the vessel 420 and is used for connection to the connecting line 405 to the removal valve 408.
  • the arrangement shown in FIGS. 13 and 14 works as follows, it being assumed that the system is also used the medium is charged and vented and that the valves 402 and 408 are initially closed: when the dispensing valve 408 is closed and the disposable feed pump 409 is running, there is a self-contained circuit of the medium which is connected via the connecting lines 411, 401 and the connection piece 224 of the two-chamber Photoreactor 200 enters the radiation chamber 211 and leaves it again after passing through the inner radiation chamber 209 via the connection piece 247. From there it reaches the interior of the vessel 420 of the flow divider 403 via the inlet connection 421, which it leaves via the first outlet 422, which is connected on the input side to the one-way feed pump 409 via the connecting line 404.
  • the opening of the removal valve 408 is synchronously coupled to the opening of the supply valve 402, through which medium to be irradiated is fed to the two-chamber photoreactor 200 via the supply line 401.
  • the coupling is done by known mechanical, electrical, hydraulic, pneumatic means or the like.
  • the irradiated medium is now displaced out of the irradiation circuit system by the opened removal valve 408. Since the medium supplied is already diluted by the medium which has already been sterilized in the return line before it enters the two-chamber photoreactor 200, a medium with a lower number of input bacteria now passes through the photoreactor and a lower number of final bacteria results.
  • the medium to be sterilized is expediently added discontinuously in a small amount and passed through. This is done by batch-wise displacement of a large part of the reactor contents with simultaneous stopping of the return operation, followed by a period of irradiation development in the circuit, which, depending on the desired doses, can amount to several circulations of the reactor volume.
  • a further controlled valve 412 (see FIG. 13A) is provided in the return line 407, which is coupled synchronously in a push-pull manner to the removal valve 408 or the supply valve 402 by one of the aforementioned means.
  • the two last-mentioned coupled valves remain open until the intended portions of the unirradiated medium have filled the photoreactor and the irradiated medium has left the photoreactor.
  • the valve 412 in the return 407 is opened synchronously and the radiation is carried out in the circuit until the next loading period.
  • a continuous removal of the sterilized medium can then be achieved in that the removal valve 408 is connected to an intermediate container with level control and an extraction point equipped with a flow limiter.
  • the easiest way to carry out the discontinuous supply of the medium is with the aid of a controlled metering pump, the respective metering portions of which must remain just below the reactor volume.
  • the further controlled valve 412 in the return 407 is coupled synchronously in push-pull to the metering pump by one of the aforementioned means, so that the medium is supplied only when the return 407 is closed.
  • the removal valve 408 and the supply valve 402 can then be omitted.
  • the level control of the above-mentioned continuous removal device with an intermediate container can also be used to vary the period of the metering and thus the average of the flow rate if the need changes within the limits of the performance of the apparatus. In this way it is possible to achieve intended increases in dose while fully maintaining the function of a given photoreactor.
  • Multi-chamber photoreactors with the simple type of return operation are particularly suitable for water disinfection on seagoing ships.
  • the process of portionwise return radiation is particularly suitable for the application of high doses and thus for achieving the highest levels of cleaning and disinfection.
  • flow control means which ensure that a certain, maximum permissible flow rate of the medium in the multi-chamber photoreactors according to FIGS. 1 to 12 cannot be exceeded.
  • a flow restrictor in the feed line to the respective flow reactor is sufficient as a safety element. If the inlet pressure changes, an adjustable flow restrictor is recommended e.g. in the form of a valve, but the more reliable flow limiter 12 is preferably used here. For safety reasons, its interposition is also carried out when a pump with an adjustable delivery rate is used, in which the delivery rate can be set directly and also monitored.
  • the multi-chamber photoreactors described above are provided with conventional, known monitoring devices of the type mentioned at the outset. This ensures that an alarm is triggered and the entire radiation system is switched off if the irradiance drops below a predetermined target value. In addition, the radiation flow of the emitters decreases over time. Because of the exponential dependency of the irradiation result discussed above and thus also the performance of the multi-chamber photoreactor on the irradiance, a constant adaptation of the flow rate to the instantaneous irradiance is necessary for optimal use of the radiation emitted by the radiation source.
  • a feed pump 450 with an adjustable delivery rate is connected on the input side to a flow reactor 101, 201 or 301, and its delivery rate is adjusted by a controller, which is shown in the block diagram in FIG. 15, in accordance with the respective irradiance.
  • the controller consists of a tachometer generator 452 connected to the pump motor 451 and a radiation-sensitive detector 453, which is connected to earth via a discharge resistor 456 and on the tube 121, 221 of a flow reactor 101 or 201 or on the inner tube 302 of the flow reactor 301 (with a suitable implementation) is attached and its output signal is applied to an amplifier 454.
  • the output signals of the tachometer generator 452 and the amplifier 454 are connected in opposition to one another at the input of a power amplifier 455, and the amplified differential voltage present at the output of the power amplifier 455 is used to supply the pump motor 451.
  • the control capacity of the commercially available components is the delivery rate of the Pump 450 adapted to the respective irradiance.
  • the respective radiation chambers are connected in series with respect to the flow direction.
  • This circuit has its particular advantages in the better mixing and the passage of the medium through all the radiation chambers of the photoreactor. In special cases, however, it may also be advantageous to connect radiation chambers in parallel, specifically when media with high transmission factors are to be processed.
  • Flow reactors in the manner of FIGS. 11 and 12 can easily be modified so that the radiation chambers 209 and 211 or 309 and 311 are suitable for parallel flow according to FIGS. 16 and 17.
  • the modified version of the two-chamber photoreactor 200 consists of a flow reactor 501 which surrounds a UV radiation source 24 and essentially contains two radiation chambers 509 and 511, each of which is provided with inlet and outlet connections.
  • 16 shows a longitudinal section through one half of the flow-through reactor 501, the other half of which is mirror-inverted, very similar to this.
  • the flow reactor 501 consists of an outer jacket 202A, which differs from the outer jacket 202 of the flow reactor 201 only in that a further pair of opposing connecting pieces 224 is provided close to the other ring flange 212, not shown in FIG. 16. However, only one observation opening 220 is provided, into which a tube 221 with an annular flange 222 and a cover 223 is inserted.
  • the flow reactor 501 is closed by identically designed closure parts 503 with an intermediate flange member 504, to which the closure parts 503 are fastened, for example by screw bolts 506, which extend through the flanges 516 of the closure parts 503.
  • the intermediate flange members 504 have flanges 216 with bores 217 which are distributed over the flange 216 near the circumference thereof.
  • the outer jacket 202 and the intermediate flange members 504 are firmly and sealedly connected to one another by bolts 218, which extend through the bores 217 and are secured by nuts 219, with sealing rings 215 being arranged in annular recesses 214.
  • the closure parts 503 are generally ring-shaped and extend axially from an outer end that is closely matched to the outer diameter of the cladding tube 205 to an inner end that is closely matched to the outer diameter of the quartz glass tube 207. At the outer end there is a counterbore 526, into which a stuffing box packing 127 is inserted, which are fastened to flange-like parts by means of bolts 533 and serve to hold the cladding tube 205 firmly and sealingly. In an intermediate area between the axial ends, the axial parts of the closure parts 503 expand to accommodate the quartz glass tube 207.
  • connection pieces 524 are arranged on the enlarged axial part in order to introduce the medium to be irradiated into the inner irradiation chamber 509.
  • a shoulder 552 which bears a perforated plate 554, which is secured by a locking ring 553, is formed on the inner wall of the enlarged axial part, close to the connecting piece 524.
  • the axial inner end of the closure part 503 extends in each case beyond the flange 516 for a purpose explained below.
  • Each intermediate flange member 504 is also generally ring-shaped and consists of a flange part and an axial part 537, the inside diameter of which is closely matched to the outside diameter of the quartz glass tube 207.
  • the axial part 537 is provided with a counterbore 536, which extends over a length such that the axial inner end of the closure part 503 and a stuffing box packing of two sealing rings 538, 540 and a guide bush 539 can be received therein.
  • This arrangement together with the flange 516 of the closure part 503, which is fastened by bolts 506 to the flange of the intermediate flange member 504, serves for the firm and sealing holding of the quartz glass tube 207 in a similar manner as the cladding tube 205 is held by the gland packing 127.
  • the end face of the axial part 537 is chamfered inwards in order to facilitate the centered insertion of the quartz glass tube 207 when assembling the flow reactor 501.
  • the parts of the flow reactor 501 are made of the same material as the corresponding parts of the flow reactor 201.
  • FIG. 17 shows a longitudinal section through one half of a flow reactor 301A, which is used in connection with an external radiation source.
  • the two halves of the flow reactor 301A are essentially mirror images of one another and are identical in structure to the part of the flow reactor 301 which is shown in FIG. 12 above the break line. No further explanation is therefore necessary at this point, except that two diametrically opposed pairs of connecting pieces 324 form the connections for the inlet and outlet of the radiation chamber 311, while the central connecting pieces 329 form the inlet and outlet of the radiation chamber 309.
  • Such flow reactors are used in connection with reverse osmosis systems, which are used in numerous areas for the production of pure water, for example in the production of drinking water from sea water, for special purposes in clinics, electronics laboratories and pharmaceutical companies, and in the food industry.
  • reverse osmosis various types of membranes, often based on organic materials, are used, which have been shown to be susceptible to growth by microorganisms, which makes the systems operational and the hygienic quality of the water produced is endangered.
  • the reverse osmosis system is often followed by UV disinfection.
  • the medium introduced into the reversible osmosis is expediently subjected to UV disinfection in order to minimize the microorganism attack on the membranes from the outset.
  • the two-chamber photoreactor with radiation chambers connected in parallel offers a particularly inexpensive technical solution for simultaneously disinfecting both the starting medium and the product water by means of a flow reactor and a radiation source.

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EP78100585A 1977-08-06 1978-08-03 Mehrkammer-Photoreaktor, Mehrkammer-Bestrahlungsverfahren Expired EP0000773B1 (de)

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DE2735550 1977-08-06
DE19772735550 DE2735550A1 (de) 1977-08-06 1977-08-06 Mehrkammer-photoreaktor

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EP0000773B1 true EP0000773B1 (de) 1981-01-28

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EP (1) EP0000773B1 (enrdf_load_stackoverflow)
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AT (1) AT377961B (enrdf_load_stackoverflow)
AU (1) AU523883B2 (enrdf_load_stackoverflow)
CA (1) CA1113221A (enrdf_load_stackoverflow)
DE (2) DE2735550A1 (enrdf_load_stackoverflow)
DK (1) DK149323C (enrdf_load_stackoverflow)
ES (1) ES471983A1 (enrdf_load_stackoverflow)
IE (1) IE46938B1 (enrdf_load_stackoverflow)
IT (1) IT1097691B (enrdf_load_stackoverflow)
NO (1) NO147471C (enrdf_load_stackoverflow)
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IT1097691B (it) 1985-08-31
CA1113221A (en) 1981-12-01
US4317041A (en) 1982-02-23
EP0000773A1 (de) 1979-02-21
IT7826476A0 (it) 1978-08-04
US4255383A (en) 1981-03-10
PT68390A (en) 1978-09-01
NO782669L (no) 1979-02-07
IE781237L (en) 1979-02-06
DK315678A (da) 1979-02-07
DE2735550A1 (de) 1979-02-08
DE2860373D1 (en) 1981-03-19
JPS5436092A (en) 1979-03-16
AU523883B2 (en) 1982-08-19
NO147471B (no) 1983-01-10
DK149323C (da) 1986-10-06
IE46938B1 (en) 1983-11-02
AU3775878A (en) 1980-01-10
DK149323B (da) 1986-05-05
ES471983A1 (es) 1979-02-16
AT377961B (de) 1985-05-28
ATA457578A (de) 1984-10-15
JPS6140480B2 (enrdf_load_stackoverflow) 1986-09-09
NO147471C (no) 1983-04-20

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