EA002650B1 - Method of growing and harvesting cereal crops and an arrangement therefor - Google Patents

Abstract

1. A method for growing cereal crops, comprising at least one cycle, providing separation biologically valuable grain, sowing said biologically valuable grain as seeds, harvesting plants by a combing method, characterized in that said biologically valuable grain is selected in the process of combing. 2. The method according to claim 1, characterized in that said method provides for at least two cycles, wherein a part of biologically valuable grain of the first cycle is used as biologically valuable grain in a subsequent cycle. 3. The method for harvesting cereal crops, comprising combing of plants, separating grain after combing, further conveying and treating the remaining grain mass, characterized in that the separated during the combing step grain is collected separately from the rest of the grain mass. 4. The method according to claim 3, characterized in that the separated before collecting grain is treated separately from the rest of grain mass. 5. A unit for harvesting cereal crops according to claim 3, comprising a combing header, a separator of the combed remaining grain mass, a conveyor for the separated grain and an arrangement for treating and transporting the remaining grain mass and a collecting bin, characterized in that the unit comprises an additional bin for grain separated after combing. 6. The unit according to claim 5, characterized in that the unit comprises an additional bin to which a conveyor is connected for grain separated after combing. 7. The unit according to claim 5, characterized in that a device is provided between the separator of the grain threshed during combing and the conveyor for treating the separated grain.

Description

The invention relates to agriculture, in particular to methods of growing and harvesting grain crops and devices for their implementation.

The traditional method of growing crops includes tillage, planting, maintenance, harvesting, post-harvest processing with the selection of seeds for planting. Then the cycle repeats. The method of growing crops is sustainable and changes quite rarely, and, as a rule, the way of performing a single technological operation varies.

The most significantly affects the method of growing grain crops is the method of harvesting. Of the practical methods of cleaning known previously stationary sheaf peasant farms that had come to common place and the combine which had replaced him are known. In the stationary method of harvesting and post-harvest processing, the plants are cut with a sickle or oblique, tied up in sheaves, placed on the field as headstock for drying and then transported to a stationary treatment center (current, barn, riga, etc.), where threshed and grain processed. Most of the operations of the method were performed manually. When combining the way the plants are also cut off at the root, threshed, the grain is cleaned, collected in a bunker. Then this grain is transported to the current, where post-harvest handling operations are carried out. The non-grain part of the harvest is harvested by the combine into the stacks, the trailers are either crushed and scattered over the field surface. Combine harvester in one pass performs all the cleaning operations. Combine harvesting of grain crops is currently the most common way. However, the combine method and all combines have a number of significant drawbacks.

First, the high cost of combine cleaning. This is due to the fact that the combine is a complex and expensive self-propelled machine, working only 1-2 months a year. In the same short period, heat dryers and cleaning machines operate.

Secondly, the combine mows all the plants, whereas the grain is contained only in the apex part of them. Up to 70% of the energy is expended on the useless deformation of straw in the threshing machine. The threshing machine injures almost all grain during threshing, so the seeding rate increased 1.5-2 times.

Thirdly, the use of combine harvesters for grain caused significant changes in the way grain was grown. These changes concerned, in particular, the technology of obtaining seed grain. It turned out that during sowing with seeds obtained from combine harvesting, within 4-5 years, the variety degenerates and its productivity decreases. Therefore, frequent replacement of varieties and a costly system for the production of elite seeds and seed grain became necessary. Combine method of harvesting required the creation of an expensive system of industrial seed production.

The present invention is directed to solving the problem of reducing costs in growing and harvesting grain crops, simplifying the design of harvesting machines and obtaining biologically valuable grain directly during the harvesting process.

Known previously widespread peasant method of growing crops, including tillage, sowing, care, harvesting, post-harvest processing with the selection of seeds for sowing, in which sowing from year to year was performed only biologically valuable grain. In this method, during post-harvest processing, there was a special operation to obtain a biologically valuable grain, which was then used for sowing. After delivery from the field and drying, the sheaves were thrashed against the deck before the threshing or the preliminary soft threshing was performed. In the case of a soft threshing of sheaves, the seed was hit by a flail not on the ears, but on the middle and butt part of the plants. Due to this, as well as in the sheeting of sheaves, only biologically valuable grains were isolated, they were selected, cleaned and used for sowing [1]. Biologically valuable grains have higher germination, vitality, yield when sown, they have better baking qualities than the other grains in the ear. The isolation of such a grain and the use of its high biological properties made it possible to have a low consumption of seeds during sowing, to obtain ever higher yields, using the laws of natural selection. Such a selection allowed the peasants from year to year to sow the seeds of the same variety, gaining ever higher yields. The disadvantage of this method is the manual execution of all operations of the selection of biologically valuable grain.

There is a method of growing grain crops, in which the separation of grain into seed and fodder fractions is carried out with combine harvesting (Russian Patent No. 2102858 MKI (6) Α 01Ό 91/04). In the described method of combine harvesting, mowing of plants, their threshing, separation and purification of grain are carried out, the seed fraction is released and fed to the bunker, the feed fraction is fed together with the ears to the transport cart, straw is placed in the swath or chopped and spread around the field. This method of harvesting has the main drawbacks of the combine method: first, high energy consumption during threshing, secondly, macro and microtrauma of grain. In principle, the threshing drum of a combine does not allow a qualitatively separate biologically valuable grain from the rest. With a soft threshing in the trunk, the plants are pulled through a narrow gap between the drum and the concave grating. At the same time, both the biologically valuable and the remaining grains are threshed, the grain is damaged. Thus, the described method, based on threshing of plants in the thresher, does not allow for the separation of biologically valuable grains with proper quality, and therefore this method has not become widespread.

The closest to the proposed invention according to the method of growing crops (prototype) is a method of producing and harvesting grain crops and grass seedlings, in which the biologically valuable grain is allocated at the stationary processing point (USSR author's certificate No. 1516055 MKI (4) Α 01Ό 91/04) . The non-combo method involves stripping the ears, mowing the stalks into a swath, pressing the straw, transporting and storing bales, transporting the combed heap to a stationary site and post-harvest processing, including drying the heap, separating from the pile of biologically valuable grain, cleaning it, threshing ears and editing. A device for field harvesting operations is a field harvester. She produces towing, loading the pile into the trailer and mows the combed stalks.

The disadvantages of this non-combine cleaning method are as follows.

Firstly, the grain that is threshed when towed off during transport wakes to the bottom of the trailer and the heap, due to heterogeneity, is poorly separated during further processing.

Secondly, when a heap is separated at a hospital, low-valuable grains are threshed from the heap due to the impact of the working organs of the feeder-dismantler of stacks. They are mixed with biologically valuable grains, which reduces the quality of the obtained seeds.

Thirdly, canopies used at the stationary point, drying equipment, stationary thresher, stack feeder increase the cost of cleaning.

The disadvantage of the device for cleaning is that a special machine is used for cleaning, equipped with a combing heder, a pneumatic conveying system and a cutting unit with a swather. This machine is intended only for harvesting operations and can be used, like the combine, only a few months a year.

Closest to the proposed invention according to the method of harvesting and the grain harvesting device (prototype) is the harvesting method and grain harvesting device (US Patent No. 5111645 MKI (5) Α01Ό43/02). The combining method involves stripping the apex plant part on the vine, separating the grain threshed when it is stripped, threshing the leaves with the remaining grain, cleaning the whole grinded grain, transporting it to the bunker. In one of the options, the harvester is a stripper heder attached to the tractor. He delivers the entire heaped pile into a container (trailer), which is then transported to a stationary point for further processing.

The method thanks to the towing of plants allows you to significantly reduce the cost of energy and money when cleaning, to get low-impact grain. But at the same time he has all the disadvantages of the combine harvesting method described above.

The specific disadvantages of this method are as follows.

First, there is no separation of the biologically valuable grain from the rest. Biologically valuable grain, threshed from the ears when weaning and separated in the heder from the pile, is then mixed with the threshed thresher and collected in one bunker. At stationary cleaning, the biologically valuable grain is not separated from the pile at all.

Secondly, the non-grain part after threshing is thrown on the soil, although it is a good fodder.

Combine harvester with combing heder is presented in several versions. Closest to the proposed invention are the variants shown in FIG. 20, 21, 22. In them, the header of the header is connected to the threshing machine and cleaning. The header comprises a housing, a stripper drum, a chute and a screw for collecting a drummed comb. From the heaped heap in the heder, free grain is separated using guide ribs or wires on the back of the roof. This grain with the help of a small additional screw is fed to the cleaning, bypassing the threshing drum. The grain remaining in the pile is threshed with a tape or threshing drums. After cleaning all the grain is collected in one bunker.

The disadvantages of the prototype grain harvesting device, in addition to the shortcomings of all the combines, can be attributed, firstly, the complexity and bulkiness of the threshing apparatus, consisting of two threshing drums and one or more beaters.

Secondly, the compact version with a tape threshing machine has low reliability due to abrasion of the tape. In addition, there is no pre-threshing separation of biologically valuable grains.

Thirdly, the presence of an additional screw 56, its drive, flexible curtain 55 and a chute for moving the separated biologically valuable grain on the rear wall of the chamber increases the size, complicates and weights the design of the device.

The invention is directed to solving the problem of reducing costs in growing and harvesting grain crops, simplifying the design of harvesting machines and obtaining biologically valuable grain directly in the harvesting process.

The essence of the invention: grain crops are grown using biologically valuable grain for sowing. Biologically valuable grain is isolated and selected when harvesting plants directly in the process of towing plants. At the same time, part of the biologically valuable grain, isolated during the removal in the previous cycle, is used as a seed in the subsequent one.

The method of harvesting grain crops includes flushing of plants at the root, separating the grain separated from stripping directly after the towing, and collecting this grain separately from the rest of the mass. This grain is collected in a separate additional capacity, and before harvesting it can be processed, for example cleaned. The heap after separation can be collected in another container or processed in a threshing machine and cleaning the combine. A device for harvesting grain crops contains a combing device, a separator of combed heaps, an additional tank for the separated grain. In addition, in various versions, the harvesting device may have a conveyor for supplying the grain separated from the towing into the container, devices for processing this grain and devices for transporting and processing the rest of the heap. The device may contain a biologically valuable grain cleaning, as well as a thresher and a separator for threshing and cleaning of grain from the pile.

The prototypes and the claimed invention have the following significant similar features.

According to the method of grain production: the selection and selection of biologically valuable grain;

sowing biologically valuable seeds; cleaning by the method of towing plants on the vine. By way of cleaning:

cleaning is done by stripping the ears of plants;

from the heap is separated grain threshed when towing;

the separated biologically valuable grain is collected in a container;

heap after separation is threshed, the grain is cleaned and collected in a container;

the heap after separation is transported and processed.

By harvesting device:

the harvesting device comprises a stripping head;

battered separator;

devices for transporting a pile;

devices for processing the separated heap;

cumulative capacity for grain.

In relation to the prototype of the claimed invention has the following distinctive features.

According to the method of growing grain crops:

the selection and selection of biologically valuable grain produced in the process of towing;

At least two cycles are provided for, and a part of the biologically valuable grain obtained by stripping in the previous cycle is used as a seed for the subsequent one.

By way of cleaning:

grain separated by stripping is collected separately from the rest of the mass;

separated grain before harvesting is processed separately from the rest of the mass.

By harvesting device:

additional capacity for the separated grain;

additional capacity for the separated grain, with which the conveyor is connected;

a device for processing the separated grain, installed between the separator of the grain threshed when the grain is drained and the conveyor.

These differences ensure the achievement of new technical results - reducing costs when harvesting crops, obtaining biologically valuable grain directly in the process of harvesting.

In the proposed method of growing grain crops, the biologically valuable grain, isolated during towing in the previous cycle, is used as a seed for subsequent sowing. The use of high biological properties of grain allows to reduce the consumption of seeds during sowing (new technical result). The method of growing crops using biologically valuable grains allows obtaining higher and higher yields using biological selection laws. The selection of biologically valuable grain allows you to get seeds directly on the farm and from year to year to use the seeds of the same variety, getting higher yields (new technical result).

In the proposed method, the grain crops are harvested by stripping the apical part of the plants on the vine. From the heaped heap, the biologically valuable grain is threshed when oiled. This grain is separated from the pile immediately after towing and during transportation of the pile. Biologically valuable grain is transported, processed and collected separately. This allows you to reduce the cost of its receipt and cleaning in general (new technical result).

Biologically valuable grain has a high germination rate, vitality, yield, it has the best baking quality by you. The selection of such a grain and the use of its high biological properties allows to reduce seed consumption during sowing, to obtain higher and higher yields, using the laws of natural selection, to significantly reduce the cost of obtaining seed grain (new technical result).

Biologically valuable grain is separated and processed directly in the harvesting machine in the process of combining. Technological processes of crop processing occur consistently, continuously and at relatively low feeds (volumes) of grain and heaps. This allows us to simplify the technology of selection of biologically valuable grain and a sweeper (a new technical result).

A device for harvesting grain crops according to the proposed method comprises a stripping heder, a separator of combed heaps, a conveyor for separated grain, a device for processing and transporting the rest of the pile, a separate container with which the conveyor for the separated grain is connected. Such a device harvester allows you to get biologically valuable grain directly in the process of harvesting, which reduces the cost of harvesting crops (new technical result).

The grain in the proposed harvesting device is not separated using guide ribs and strings on the back of the roof, but on the net bottom of the gutter. This allows you to improve the separation of the pile by increasing the time of separation of the pile when it is moved by the screw. The completeness of the selection of biologically valuable grain from the combed heap increases (new technical result).

A collection of biologically valuable grain and auger, for its longitudinal transportation, are located under the mesh bottom of the chute and the main screw. This allows you to reduce the size and weight of the cleaning device, to simplify the drive (new technical result).

Thus, the technical economic and biological result of the invention is to reduce costs when harvesting grain crops and obtaining biologically valuable seeds directly in the process of harvesting.

The invention is illustrated graphics.

FIG. 1 shows the scheme of the method of cleaning.

FIG. 2 shows a variant of the method of implementation of the cleaning.

FIG. 3 shows a device for harvesting grain crops with a stripping conveyor and an additional capacity for biologically valuable grain.

FIG. 4 shows a device for harvesting grain crops with a stripping conveyor, additional capacity and a conveyor for biologically valuable grain.

FIG. 5 shows a device for harvesting grain with a combing drum, additional capacity and a conveyor for biologically valuable grain.

FIG. 6 shows a device for harvesting grain in the form of a mounted combine with additional capacity and a conveyor for biologically valuable grain.

The method (Fig. 1) includes the removal of ears of corn or panicles 1, separation from a pile of biologically valuable grain 2 that has been milled at towing and its transportation 3 and collection into a separate container 4. The pile after separation is transported 5 and processed 6.

A variant is provided (Fig. 2) in which the grain after separation 2 before feeding 3 into the tank is processed 7.

Devices for towing plants on the vine (Figs. 3, 4, 5, 6) include a stem-feeding device or a movable visor 1, a stripping conveyor or a drum 2 with teeth, a roof 3, a chute 4, a screw 5. A device for separating and collecting watered by towing the grain may include ribs and strings on the back of the roof 6, a mesh bottom of the chute 7, or a mesh bottom of an inclined chamber (not shown in the figure) for separating the harvested crop that has been threshed when stripped. Separated grain can enter the additional container 8 or the collector 9 to the screw 10. The screw moves the grain and supplies it to the conveyor 11, which is connected to the additional container 8. The screw 4 supplies the pile to the conveyor 12, which moves the pile to the container or for further processing to the thresher . The heap after separation can be threshed in the threshing apparatus 16, and the grain is cleaned and loaded into the container 20.

The method of cleaning is as follows.

Example 1

The unit consisting of a stripper mounted on or attached to the tractor (not shown in the figure) moves along the field. The steeloporiosis device 1 tilts the stems with spikes forward to the conveyor stripper 2. The comb conveyor teeth comb the plants, tear off the ears and panicles from them, threshing the biologically valuable grain. The teeth are thrown up a heap, and it, guided by the roof 3, enters the chute 4. Screw 5 moves the heap on the mesh bottom 7 from the edges to the center, while the grain, grinded from the pile, is sifted and goes into additional capacity 8. The separated heap is fed by a conveyor 12 in a trailer or bunker.

Example 2

The unit consisting of a stripper mounted on a combine harvester (not shown in the figure) moves across the field.

The steeloporiosis device 1 tilts the stems with spikes forward to the conveyor stripper 2. The comb conveyor teeth comb the plants, tear off the ears and panicles from them, threshing the biologically valuable grain. The teeth are thrown up a heap, and it, guided by the roof 3, enters the chute 4. Screw 5 moves the heap on the mesh bottom 7 from the edges to the center, while the grain threshed out of the pile is sifted and goes into collection 9 to the screw 10. Screw and the conveyor 11 serves this grain in an additional capacity 8. The separated heap is fed by the conveyor 12 into the threshing machine of the combine, where it is threshed, the threshed grain is cleaned and fed into the bunker.

Example 3

The unit consisting of a drum-type combing device and a combine harvester (not shown in the figure) moves across the field. The movable visor 1 deflects the stems, and they enter the combing drum 2. The teeth of the drum 2 comb the stems, tear off the ears and panicles from them, threshing the biologically valuable grain from them. A heap with grinded grain is thrown up by the teeth and guided by the roof 3 into the chute 4 to the auger 5. The grain threshed during stripping by means of guide ribs or strings 6 on the back of the roof is separated from the rest of the heap and fed to the collector 9 to the screw 10. Then this grain is fed the conveyor 11 in the additional capacity 8. The screw 5 moves the separated pile to the conveyor 12, which feeds it to the threshing machine of the combine (not shown in the figure). The heap is threshed, the grain is cleaned and fed into the bunker.

Example 4

The unit consisting of a mounted or semi-mounted combing combine attached to a tractor or a forage harvester (not shown in the figure) moves across the field. The steedravodnaya device 1 tilts the stems with ears forward to the combing device 2. The combing teeth of the conveyor comb the plants, tear off the ears and panicles from them, threshing the biologically valuable grain. The teeth throw the pile up and it, guided by the roof 3, enters the chute 4. Screw 5 moves the heap on the mesh bottom 7 from the edges to the center, while the grinded grain is sifted and falls onto the conveyor 13, which feeds it to the first half of the wind-ridge cleaning 14. Purified biologically valuable grain enters the collection 9 to the screw 10 and is fed by the conveyor 11 to the additional tank 8. The rest of the pile is fed by the screw 4 and the conveyor 15 to the threshing machine 16, which threshes and separates the grain. This grain wakes up to the second half of the wind-sieve cleaning 14, where it is cleaned, and from the collection 17 by the screw 18 and the conveyor 19 is fed to the collection tank 20.

The application of the proposed method of growing and harvesting grain crops and grain harvesting device allows to reduce costs in the production of grain. Obtaining biologically valuable grain allows you to abandon the existing system of seed production and get high-quality seeds directly on farms. This eliminates the cost of buying seeds, and also increases the yield of grain crops. The design of the cleaning device is simplified, there is a reduction in energy costs for cleaning.

Claims (7)

CLAIM 1. The method of growing crops, including at least one cycle, providing for the isolation of biologically valuable grain, sowing as seeds of biologically valuable grain, harvesting plants at the root by stripping, characterized in that the selection and selection of biologically valuable grain is produced in the process batons 2. The method according to claim 1, characterized in that the method provides for at least two cycles, moreover, part of the biologically valuable grain obtained during towing in the previous cycle is used as seed for the subsequent one. 3. The method of harvesting grain crops, including the flow of plants at the root, the separation of the grain released during the towing immediately after the towing, the further transportation and processing of the remaining heap, characterized in that the grain separated out at the harvesting is collected separately from the rest of the mass. 4. The method according to p. 3, characterized in that the separated grain before harvesting is processed separately from the rest of the mass. 5. A device for harvesting grain crops according to the method of harvesting (claim 3), comprising a stripper header, a separator of combed heaps, a conveyor for the separated grain and a device for processing and transporting the rest of the heap, as well as a storage tank for grain, characterized in that the device includes additional capacity for the grain separated after stripping. 6. The device according to claim 5, characterized in that it includes an additional capacity, to which the conveyor is connected for the grain separated from the towing. 7. The device according to claim 5, characterized in that it includes between the separator of the grain milled at the weaning of the grain and the conveyor a device for processing the separated grain.