DK172140B1 - Feeds and methods of making them - Google Patents
Feeds and methods of making them Download PDFInfo
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- DK172140B1 DK172140B1 DK101693A DK101693A DK172140B1 DK 172140 B1 DK172140 B1 DK 172140B1 DK 101693 A DK101693 A DK 101693A DK 101693 A DK101693 A DK 101693A DK 172140 B1 DK172140 B1 DK 172140B1
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- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A23—FOODS OR FOODSTUFFS; TREATMENT THEREOF, NOT COVERED BY OTHER CLASSES
- A23K—FODDER
- A23K50/00—Feeding-stuffs specially adapted for particular animals
- A23K50/80—Feeding-stuffs specially adapted for particular animals for aquatic animals, e.g. fish, crustaceans or molluscs
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- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A23—FOODS OR FOODSTUFFS; TREATMENT THEREOF, NOT COVERED BY OTHER CLASSES
- A23K—FODDER
- A23K40/00—Shaping or working-up of animal feeding-stuffs
Description
i DK 172140 B1in DK 172140 B1
Den foreliggende opfindelse angår et foder fremstillet af fiskemel og navnlig et berigelsesfoder til byttedyr (levende foder såsom artemia-krebs og rotatorier), som skal gives til fiskeyngel eller afvænningsfoder til fiskeyngel.The present invention relates to a feed made from fishmeal and in particular to a prey enrichment feed (live feed such as artemia crayfish and rotatories) to be fed to fish fry or fish fry weaners.
5 Opfindelsen angår endvidere et blødt afvænningsfoder til fiskeyngel ved overgang fra levende foder til formuleret foder.The invention further relates to a soft weaning feed for fish fry by transitioning from live feed to formulated feed.
Desuden angår opfindelsen en fremgangsmåde til fremstilling af tørfoder til brug som afvænningsfoder til fiskeyngel ved overgang fra levende foder til formuleret foder.In addition, the invention relates to a process for the preparation of dry feed for use as fish fry for weaning by transition from live feed to formulated feed.
10 Laks og ørred er blevet opdrættet i Norge i mange år, og sådant opdræt er blevet et betydeligt erhverv. I de senere år har man også interesseret sig for opdræt af marine fiskearter, dvs. fiskearter, som kun lever i havvand, såsom helleflynder, pighvar og torsk. Problemerne med fodring af larver og yngel af sådanne marine fiskearter er imidler-15 tid væsentligt større end problemerne med fodring af larver og yngel af laks og ørred.10 Salmon and trout have been farmed in Norway for many years, and such farming has become a significant profession. In recent years there has also been an interest in the breeding of marine fish species, ie. fish species that live only in seawater, such as halibut, turbot and cod. However, the problems of feeding larvae and fry of such marine fish species are considerably greater than the problems of feeding larvae and fry of salmon and trout.
Yngel af helleflynder og andre marine fiskearter fodres den første tid med byttedyr såsom artemiakrebs og rotatorier. Efter en tids fodring med levende foder går man over til et formuleret foder, som i branchen 20 ofte kaldes "weaning"-foder.The breeding of halibut and other marine fish species is fed for the first time by prey such as artemis and rotatoria. After a period of feeding with live feed, one switches to a formulated feed, which in the industry 20 is often called "weaning" feed.
I den tekniske litteratur findes eksempler på foder fremstillet af fiskemel og metoder til fremstilling af foder af fiskemel. I EP-A2-292 052 beskrives et foder fremstillet af fiskemel med et fedtindhold på 0-15 vægt%, et proteinindhold på 80-100 vægt% indeholdende 0-20 vægt% af 25 et bindemiddel. Ligeledes beskrives en fremstillingsmetode, som bevirker, at man under fremstilling af foderet opnår en partikelstørrelse på under 0,35 mm. I DE 29 03 448 Al beskrives et fiskefoder og med en partikelstørrelse på under 300 /wn. Dette fiskefoder fremstilles under anvendelse af et polymermateriale til opnåelse af et slutprodukt, som 30 har karakter af at være et agglomerat, som udviser et fugtindhold på højst 15 vægt%.In the technical literature there are examples of feed made from fishmeal and methods for making feed from fishmeal. EP-A2-292 052 describes a feed made from fishmeal with a fat content of 0-15% by weight, a protein content of 80-100% by weight containing 0-20% by weight of a binder. Also described is a manufacturing method which results in a particle size of less than 0.35 mm being obtained during the preparation of the feed. DE 29 03 448 A1 discloses a fish feed and having a particle size of less than 300 / wn. This fish feed is prepared using a polymeric material to obtain a final product having the character of an agglomerate having a moisture content not exceeding 15% by weight.
Foder fremstillet af fiskemel ifølge den foreliggende er kendetegnet ved de træk, som fremgår af krav l's kendetegnende del.Feeds made from fishmeal according to the present invention are characterized by the features shown in the characterizing part of claim 1.
I forhold til den kendte teknik sikres det, at det anvendte fiske-35 mel ikke er termisk beskadiget, og at melet i det færdige produkt har en sand biologisk fordøjelighed, som er højere end 92 vægt%. Foderstoffet er mikroniseret til forskellige partikelstørrelser, hvorved partiklerne kan agglorneres til rognagtige partikler uden tilsætning af fremmed- 2 DK 172140 B1 stoffer. Hverken i EP 292 052 A2 eller i DE 29 03 448 Al omtales problemet med hensyn til termisk beskadigelse af fiskemel under fremstilling af foder, eller at dette har betydning for den sande biologiske fordøjelighed. Som omtalt ovenfor tilsættes i DE 29 03 448 Al en polymer 5 for at opnå et agglorneret slutprodukt, hvilket kan undlades under fremstillingen af foder af fiskemel til rognagtige aggl ornerede partikler ifølge den foreliggende opfindelse.In relation to the prior art, it is ensured that the fish meal used is not thermally damaged and that the flour in the finished product has a true biological digestibility which is higher than 92% by weight. The feed material is micronized to different particle sizes, whereby the particles can be agglomerated into roach-like particles without the addition of foreign substances. Neither in EP 292 052 A2 nor in DE 29 03 448 A1 does the issue of thermal damage to fishmeal during feed production be mentioned, or that this has any bearing on true biological digestibility. As discussed above, in DE 29 03 448 A1 a polymer 5 is added to obtain an agglomerated final product which can be omitted during the preparation of feed of fishmeal for roe-like agglised particles of the present invention.
Et blødt afvænningsfoder ("weaning"-foder) til fiskeyngel ved overgang fra levende foder til formuleret foder er ejendommeligt ved de 10 træk, som fremgår af krav 5's kendetegnende del.A soft weaning feed for fish fry when transitioning from live feed to formulated feed is peculiar to the 10 features shown in the characteristic portion of claim 5.
Fremgangsmåden til fremstilling af tørfoder til brug som afvænningsfoder til fiskeyngel er ejendommelig ved de træk, som fremgår af krav 8.The process for producing dry feed for use as fish fry weaning is peculiar to the features of claim 8.
For at opnå de ønskede effekter med berigelsesfoder til brug til 15 artemia, må der stilles specielle krav til følgende faktorer: a) mikroniseringsteknikken for, b) partikelstørrelsen af, og c) kvaliteten af det mel, som skal mikroniseres.In order to achieve the desired effects of enrichment feed for use in 15 artemia, special requirements must be made for the following factors: a) the micronization technique of, b) the particle size of, and c) the quality of the flour to be micronized.
20 a) Mikroniserinasteknik:A) Micronization technology:
Fiskemel er et medium, som bevirker stor slitage i bearbejdningsapparaturet. En mikroniseringsteknik, som er baseret på, at metalliske 25 knusningsorganer skal nedbryde mel parti kl erne til mindre end 10 μιτι, kan give uheldige kvalitetsforringelser såsom metal kontaminering og varme-skader på produktet.Fishmeal is a medium that causes great wear in the processing equipment. A micronization technique, which is based on the fact that metallic crushing means break down the flour particles to less than 10 µιτι, can cause adverse quality degradation such as metal contamination and heat damage to the product.
En metal kontaminering vil let kunne give uønsket høje koncentrationer af metaller i foderet. Desuden vil metallerne virke pro-oxiderende 30 på fedt og protein. Friktionsvarme, som lokalt opstår ved kontaktfladen mellem metal og mel, vil let forringe proteinkvaliteten og/eller oxidere fedtet. Fedt-protein interaktioner er også uheldige virkninger, som kan følge af forekommende kontaminering i kombination med forekommende lokal friktionsvarme.A metal contamination can easily cause undesirably high concentrations of metals in the feed. In addition, the metals will act pro-oxidizing on fat and protein. Heat friction, which occurs locally at the metal-flour contact surface, will easily degrade the protein quality and / or oxidize the fat. Fat-protein interactions are also adverse effects that can result from occurring contamination in combination with local frictional heat.
35 Den eneste kommercielle mølletype, som i øjeblikket kan opfylde de krav, der må stilles til mikroniseringen, er den såkaldte jet-mølle eller pulver/pulver-kollisionsmølle (f.eks. Alpines mølle AFG). Denne formalingsteknik er baseret på, at trykluft eller tryknitrogen (eventuelt i 3 DK 172140 B1 kombination med flydende nitrogen) får mel parti kl erne til at kollidere med hinanden. På denne måde reduceres faren for metal kontaminering, og desuden vil en tilførsel af store mængder ekspanderende trykluft/nitrogen hindre lokal opvarmning af pulveret.35 The only commercial type of mill that can currently meet the requirements for micronisation is the so-called jet mill or powder / powder collision mill (eg Alpine mill AFG). This milling technique is based on the fact that compressed air or compressed nitrogen (possibly in combination with liquid nitrogen) causes the flour parts to collide with each other. In this way, the danger of metal contamination is reduced, and in addition, the supply of large amounts of expanding compressed air / nitrogen prevents local heating of the powder.
5 b) Partikelstørrelse:B) Particle size:
Syv til otte timer før fodringen tilføres byttedyrene, dvs. det levende foder, berigelsesfoder for derved at bedre næringsværdien for fi-10 skeynglen. Mikroniseret sildemel (fiskemel) af høj kvalitet med gennemsnitlig partikelstørrelse d^ = 7 μχη og dgg = 25 /zm har vist sig at være et udmærket berigelsesfoder til artemia.Seven to eight hours before feeding the prey animals, ie. the live feed, enrichment feed, thereby improving the nutritional value of the five-inch broiler. High quality micronized herring flour (fish meal) with average particle size d ^ = 7 μχη and dgg = 25 / zm has proven to be an excellent enrichment feed for artemia.
Det er konstateret, at kvaliteten af artemiakrebs blev meget god ved brug af det mikroniserede kvalitetsmel som berigelsesfoder.It has been found that the quality of artichoke cancer became very good by using the micronized quality flour as enrichment feed.
15 En anden væsentlig effekt, som blev iagttaget, var, at antallet af helleflynderyngel med pigmenteringsfejl var ubetydeligt ved brug af krebs, som var beriget med det mikroniserede mel. Den ernæringsmæssige kvalitet af berigelsesfoder fandtes også at have betydning for pigmenteringen. Det blev desuden konstateret, at partiklerne skulle være ti 1 -20 strækkel igt små, for at næringskvaliteten kunne udnyttes.Another significant effect that was observed was that the number of halibut fry with pigmentation defects was negligible using crayfish enriched with the micronized flour. The nutritional quality of enrichment feed was also found to be important for pigmentation. In addition, it was found that the particles had to be ten to 20 extensively small in order for the nutritional quality to be utilized.
c) Mel kvalitet:c) Flour quality:
Kvaliteten af melet blev fundet afgørende for et vellykket berigel-25 sesfoder. For det første skal fisken, hvoraf melet fremstilles, være frisk. Indholdet af flygtigt nitrogen i fisken skal derfor være lavere end 40 mg N/100 g.The quality of the flour was found to be essential for a successful enrichment feed. First, the fish from which the flour is made must be fresh. The volatile nitrogen content of the fish must therefore be lower than 40 mg N / 100 g.
For det andet skal kvaliteten af fiskeproteinerne bevares bedst muligt under fremstillingen af melet. Dette kan opnås ved at hindre auto-30 lyse i fiskemassen før og under fremstilling af melet samt ved at undgå, at der opstår høje temperaturer i kritiske faser af fremstillingsprocessen, noget som ellers vil skade proteinet.Secondly, the quality of the fish proteins must be preserved as best as possible during the preparation of the flour. This can be achieved by preventing auto-lysis in the fish stock before and during the preparation of the flour, and by avoiding the occurrence of high temperatures during critical phases of the manufacturing process, which would otherwise damage the protein.
En proces, som giver mel af tilfredsstillende kvalitet, kendetegnes ved: 35 at limvandet, som bliver en del af melet, danner en gel, når det opbevares ved +2 til +4°C, at den vandopløselige del af proteinet i melet holdes lav, at indholdet af biogene aminer i melet holdes lavt, 4 DK 172140 B1 at den biologiske sande fordøjelighed af melet holdes høj, at pH i melet holdes forholdsvis højt, og at fedtindholdet i melet holdes lavt.A process which provides satisfactory quality flour is characterized by: 35 the glue water which becomes part of the flour forms a gel when stored at +2 to + 4 ° C keeping the water-soluble portion of the protein in the flour low that the content of biogenic amines in the flour is kept low, that the biological true digestibility of the flour is kept high, that the pH of the flour is kept relatively high and that the fat content in the flour is kept low.
Mel parti kl erne elasticitet øges med stigende fedtindhold. For at 5 mikroniseri ngen skal foregå tilfredsstillende, må elasticiteten imidlertid være tilstrækkelig lav. Dette betyder, at fedtindholdet i melet ikke bør være højere end 10%.Flour at elasticity increases with increasing fat content. However, for the 5 micronization to take place satisfactorily, the elasticity must be sufficiently low. This means that the fat content of the flour should not be higher than 10%.
Dersom fisken, der anvendes som råmateriale, gives mulighed for at autolysere før eller under fremstilling af melet, vil dette medføre en 10 pH-sænkning. Relativt højt pH i melet, dvs. et pH på 6 til 7,5, og særligt et pH på 6,5 til 7, er derfor en indikation for ringe autolyse og at proteinopbygningen i melet er mere lig udgangspunktet for proteinopbygningen i fisken.If the fish used as raw material is given the opportunity to autolyze before or during the preparation of the flour, this will result in a 10 pH reduction. Relatively high pH of the flour, ie A pH of 6 to 7.5, and in particular a pH of 6.5 to 7, is therefore an indication of poor autolysis and that the protein build-up in the flour is more similar to the starting point of the protein build-up in the fish.
Det er også vigtigt, at proteinerne ikke bliver påført termisk 15 beskadigelse under kritiske faser af fremstillingsprocessen. Sådanne skader sænker den biologiske fordøjelighed af proteinet. Dette er en kendt metode til karakterisering af melets kvalitet. En høj kvalitetsværdi, dvs. en kvalitetsværdi på over 92%, indikerer lille varme-beskadigelse af proteinet.It is also important that the proteins are not subjected to thermal damage during critical phases of the manufacturing process. Such damage lowers the biological digestibility of the protein. This is a known method for characterizing the quality of the flour. A high quality value, ie a quality value of over 92% indicates little heat damage to the protein.
20 Marine fiskearter, som i hovedsagen indtager levende foder som næring, er meget følsomme over for biogene aminer, der repræsenterer bakterielle nedbrydningsprodukter af aminosyrer. Indholdet af biogene aminer vil følgelig være en indikation for autolytisk og bakteriel nedbrydning af proteinerne før og under fremstilling af melet. Indholdet 25 af hver af de biogene aminer, histamin, putresin og tyramin, bør ikke overstige 0,04 g/kg mel, mens indholdet af cadavarin ikke bør være over 0,4 g/kg mel.20 Marine fish species, which mainly consume live feed as nourishment, are very sensitive to biogenic amines representing bacterial degradation products of amino acids. Accordingly, the content of biogenic amines will be an indication for autolytic and bacterial degradation of the proteins before and during the preparation of the flour. The content of 25 of each of the biogenic amines, histamine, putresin and tyramine, should not exceed 0.04 g / kg flour, while the cadavarin content should not exceed 0.4 g / kg flour.
Hvor stor en del af melets protein som er vandopløselig, er også en indikation for autolysegrad eller proteolytisk aktivitet før eller under 30 fremstilling af melet. Lavt indhold af vandopløselige komponenter i foderet giver mindre lækage af foder, bedre udnyttelse af foder og dermed mindre miljøbelastning i opdrætningsanlægget. Indholdet af vandopløseligt protein i melet fra hel fisk anses for at være lavt, når det er mindre end 25%.Also, how much of the flour's protein is water-soluble is an indication of degree of autolysis or proteolytic activity before or during the preparation of the flour. Low content of water-soluble components in the feed results in less leakage of feed, better utilization of feed and thus less environmental impact in the breeding plant. The water-soluble protein content of whole fish meal is considered to be low when it is less than 25%.
35 En yderligere indikation for lav autolysegrad under fiskemel proces sen er limvandets konsistens. Hvis limvandet danner gel ved nedkøling til +2 til +4°C, betyder dette, at fiskens bindeproteiner (kollagener) er bevaret gennem kogeprocessen. Limvand, som danner en sådan gel ved 5 DK 172140 B1 nedkøling, udgør en vigtig bestanddel under fremstillingen af det bløde tørfoder.35 Another indication of a low degree of autolysis during the fish meal process is the consistency of the glue water. If the glue water forms gel upon cooling to +2 to + 4 ° C, this means that the fish's binding proteins (collagens) are preserved throughout the cooking process. Adhesive water which forms such a gel upon cooling is an important component in the preparation of the soft dry feed.
Nødvendigheden af god proteinkvalitet begrundes med, at det kan se ud til, at visse typer af larver og yngel på et tidligt stadium må 5 absorbere en del proteiner direkte for intracellulær omdannelse. De er med andre ord ikke i stand til at nedbryde proteinerne til mindre peptider og aminosyrer i fordøjelseskanalen for så at bygge dem op igen.The necessity of good protein quality is justified by the fact that at some early stage certain types of larvae and fry may absorb some proteins directly for intracellular transformation. In other words, they are unable to break down the proteins into smaller peptides and amino acids in the digestive tract and then rebuild them.
Dette kan muligvis forklare, at helleflynderyngel må fodres med byttedyr det første stykke tid.This may explain that the halibut brood must be fed to prey for the first time.
10 Når helleflynderyngel eller andre marine arter skal vænnes fra fodring med byttedyr på yngel stadiet, må der stilles bestemte krav til afvænningsfoderet bestemt ud fra art og udviklingstrin. Det vil sige, at afvænningsfoderet bør have rigtigt indhold af protein, fedt og carbo-hydrat, have rigtigt mineral- og vitaminindhold og have egnet parti kel-15 størrelse, og at partiklerne bør være bløde og fri for skarpe partikler, som kan skade fordøjelsessystemet. Endvidere bør partiklerne beholde deres form under fodring, give den ønskede lave lækage til omgivelserne og have tilfredsstillende synkehastighed.10 When halibut brood or other marine species are to be weaned from feeding prey at the breeding stage, certain requirements for weaning feed must be set based on species and developmental stages. That is, the weaning feed should have proper protein, fat and carbohydrate content, proper mineral and vitamin content, and suitable particle size, and the particles should be soft and free of sharp particles that can damage the digestive system . Furthermore, the particles should retain their shape during feeding, provide the desired low leakage to the environment and have satisfactory sinking speed.
Med udgangspunkt i berigelsesfoderet blev der fremstillet et blødt 20 tørfoder, som tilfredsstillede ovennævnte krav.Based on the enrichment feed, a soft 20 dry feed was prepared which satisfied the above requirements.
Foderet bestod af følgende bestanddele: a) Mikroniseret mel af tilsvarende type og kvalitet som det, der blev benyttet til berigelsesfoder, b) Marint fedt (tran og fiskeolier) eller marint fedt kombineret 25 med vegetabilsk fedt, c) Vitaminer og mineraler, d) Limvandskoncentrat af høj kvalitet (geldannende i området +4 til +20C).The feed consisted of the following ingredients: a) Micronized flour of the same type and quality as that used for enrichment feed, b) Marine fat (fish oil and fish oils) or marine fat combined with vegetable fat, c) Vitamins and minerals, d) High quality glue water concentrate (gel forming in the range +4 to + 20C).
Der blev også gjort forsøg med at blande smagsattraktanter uden at 30 dette havde negativ indvirkning på foderfremstillingen.Attempts were also made to mix flavor attractants without this adversely affecting feed production.
Med disse bestanddele blev der fremstillet flere typer blødt tørfoder indeholdende mindre end 12 vægt-% vand, uden carbohydrater og i form af rognagtige partikler i størrelsesordenen 0,2 til 1,5 mm.With these constituents, several types of soft dry food containing less than 12% by weight of water were prepared without carbohydrates and in the form of roach-like particles in the range of 0.2 to 1.5 mm.
Det blev bestemt eksperimentelt, at fedtindholdet i foderet kunne 35 varieres frit i området 15 til 35%. Det blev endvidere konstateret, at når der kun anvendes rå fiskeolie, bør indholdet af frie fedtsyrer være lavere end 1,5%.It was determined experimentally that the fat content of the feed could be varied freely in the range of 15 to 35%. It was further found that when using only crude fish oil, the content of free fatty acids should be lower than 1.5%.
Foderet beholdt sin form i opdrætningskarrene og gav lille lækage 6 DK 172140 B1 til omgivelserne (10 til 20 vægt-% efter 30 minutter i vand).The feed retained its shape in the breeding vessels and gave little leakage to the environment (10 to 20% by weight after 30 minutes in water).
Forsøg viste, at helleflynderyngel i to opdrætningsanlæg klart foretrak dette foder frem for kommercielt "weaning"-foder.Experiments showed that halibut brood in two breeding plants clearly preferred this feed over commercial "weaning" feed.
Under fodringen snappede helleflynderyngel en det bløde tørfoder 5 umiddelbart i modsætning til kommercielt "weaning"-foder, som blev spyttet ud igen flere gange, før helleflynderyngelen til sidst klarede at synke det.During feeding, halibut fry snapped a soft dry feed 5 immediately unlike commercial "weaning" feed which was spit out again several times before the halibut fry finally managed to sink it.
For at opnå den ønskede parti kel form og blødhed, blev der anvendt en såkaldt agglomereringsteknik. Denne går ud på at opbygge mindre par-10 tikler til større partikler ved hjælp af skærekræfter og bindemidler, som enten tilføres separat eller er til stede i parti klerne/pulveret.To obtain the desired particle shape and softness, a so-called agglomeration technique was used. This involves building smaller particles into larger particles using cutting forces and binders, which are either applied separately or present in the batch of powder / powder.
Følgende faktorer er af betydning for, om agglomereringsteknikken lykkes: 15 - Partikelstørrelse og form af primær partikel kontra agglomereret partikelThe following factors are important for the success of the agglomeration technique: 15 - Particle size and shape of primary particle versus agglomerated particle
Hvilke bindemidler der naturligt er til stede eller må tilføres partiklerne under agglomereringen Hvordan og med hvilken styrke skærekræfterne tilføres 20 pulvermassen, som skal agglomereresWhich binders are naturally present or allowed to be applied to the particles during agglomeration How and with what strength the cutting forces are applied to the powder mass to be agglomerated
Af kendte agglornereringsmetoder kan nævnes roterende tallerken, roterende knive og luft/gasophvirvlingsteknik (fluidisering).Known methods of agglomeration include rotating plate, rotating blades and air / gas turbidity (fluidization) technique.
Den vigtigste forudsætning er, at valg af mikroniseringsmåde, 25 partikelstørrelse og kvalitet af mel og limvandskoncentrat samt nødvendig fedtmænge giver en agglomererbar masse uden tilsætning af fremmedstoffer. Dette opnås ved at bevare fiskens naturlige kollagener gennem fi skemelsprocessen.The most important prerequisite is that the choice of micronization mode, 25 particle size and quality of flour and glue water concentrate, as well as the necessary fat content, gives an agglomerable mass without the addition of foreign substances. This is achieved by preserving the fish's natural collagen throughout the molding process.
Forsøg viser, at det agglomererede bløde tørfoder kunne reformes 30 efter mekanisk belastning. Deformering af det bløde foder ved tryk krævede blot lidt omrøring i pulvermassen, hvorved de rognagtige agglo-merator blev gendannet.Tests show that the agglomerated soft dry feed could be reformed after mechanical loading. Deformation of the soft feed at pressure required only a little stirring in the powder mass, thus recovering the roe-like agglomerator.
Agglomereringsteknikken fungerede bedre, jo finere melet var mikroniseret. Det viste sig, at pulver med en gennemsnitlig partikel-35 størrelse, d^, på over 50 μπι gav dårligere agglomerering.The agglomeration technique worked better the finer the flour was micronized. It was found that powders with a mean particle size, d 2, above 50 μπι gave worse agglomeration.
Fordelene ved brug af det bløde tørfoder, f.eks. som afvænnings-foder, kan opsummeres som følger: Hélleflynderyngelen foretrak det bløde tørfoder frem for kom- 7 DK 172140 B1 mercielt foder ved forsøg foretaget hos to forskellige opdrættere. Eftertørring, som er nødvendig ved brug af kendte foderprodukter, giver hårdere partikler samt fare for oxidation og/eller interaktion mellem fedt og proteiner. Det bløde tørfoder behøver derimod ikke at blive 5 eftertørret.The benefits of using the soft dry food, e.g. as a weaning feed can be summarized as follows: The whole butterfly fry preferred the soft dry feed over commercial feed when tested by two different breeders. Post-drying, which is necessary with the use of known feed products, results in harder particles as well as the risk of oxidation and / or interaction between fat and proteins. The soft dry food, on the other hand, does not have to be post-dried.
Overlevelsen og kvaliteten af helleflynderyngelen viste sig at være meget god hos den opdrætter, der benyttede det bløde tørfoder som "weaning"-foder. Den opnåede høje overlevelse af helleflynderyngel må tilskrives foderets kvalitet. Der var ingen skarpe benpartikler i 10 foderet, noget, som ellers kunne have skadet yngelens fordøjelsessystem, og dette kan være en af årsagerne til den høje grad af overlevelse.The survival and quality of the halibut fry were found to be very good in the breeder who used the soft dry feed as "weaning" feed. The high survival rate of halibut brood has to be attributed to the quality of the feed. There were no sharp bone particles in the feed, something that might otherwise have damaged the digestive system of the fry, and this may be one of the reasons for the high degree of survival.
Foderet indeholdt ikke carbohydrater.The feed did not contain carbohydrates.
Fedtet blev blandet i foderet ved lav temperatur. Herved kan faren for fedt-protein interaktion og oxidation reduceres betydeligt.The fat was mixed in the feed at low temperature. This can significantly reduce the risk of fat-protein interaction and oxidation.
15 Det er vigtigt, at den eller de partikler, som yngelen fortærer, indeholder de rette næringsstoffer. Statistisk set vil en agglomereret partikel af et fin-mikroniseret mel indeholde et rigere udvalg af næringsstoffer end en tilfældig melpartikel med agglomeratets størrelse. Begge partikeltyper vil fortrænge samme volumen i yngelens fordøjelses-20 system. Fordøjelsessystemets volumen begrænser fiskeyngelens foder-indtagelse.15 It is important that the particle (s) consumed by the fry contains the proper nutrients. Statistically, an agglomerated particle of a finely micronized flour will contain a richer range of nutrients than a random flour particle of the size of the agglomerate. Both types of particles will displace the same volume in the fry's digestive system. The volume of the digestive system limits the feed intake of the fish fry.
Claims (8)
Applications Claiming Priority (4)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| NO911008A NO172472C (en) | 1991-03-14 | 1991-03-14 | PROCEDURE AND PROCEDURE FOR MANUFACTURING THEREOF |
| NO911008 | 1991-03-14 | ||
| NO9200043 | 1992-03-11 | ||
| PCT/NO1992/000043 WO1992016115A1 (en) | 1991-03-14 | 1992-03-11 | Feed and process for production thereof |
Publications (3)
| Publication Number | Publication Date |
|---|---|
| DK101693A DK101693A (en) | 1993-09-10 |
| DK101693D0 DK101693D0 (en) | 1993-09-10 |
| DK172140B1 true DK172140B1 (en) | 1997-11-24 |
Family
ID=19893955
Family Applications (1)
| Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
|---|---|---|---|
| DK101693A DK172140B1 (en) | 1991-03-14 | 1993-09-10 | Feeds and methods of making them |
Country Status (5)
| Country | Link |
|---|---|
| AU (1) | AU1447792A (en) |
| DK (1) | DK172140B1 (en) |
| GB (1) | GB2273032B (en) |
| NO (2) | NO172472C (en) |
| WO (1) | WO1992016115A1 (en) |
Families Citing this family (12)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| NO179731C (en) * | 1994-07-01 | 1998-04-02 | Sildolje & Sildemelind Forsk | Process for the preparation of a nutritional product based on fish feed |
| GR1001987B (en) * | 1994-12-09 | 1995-10-11 | Antonios Komis | Liquid nutrition of planktonic organisms, rotifers (branchius plicatilis) and artemiae (artemia sp.) in the form of a pre-emulsion for the cultivation and enrichment of the said organisms before their consumption by the larvas of sea fish or canceroids.. |
| WO1997042836A1 (en) * | 1996-05-10 | 1997-11-20 | Aquatic Feeds Aps | Dry fish feed and method of preparing same |
| SE507743C2 (en) * | 1996-11-07 | 1998-07-06 | Alfa Laval Ab | Procedure for continuous production of dry food for seafood |
| GB9904162D0 (en) * | 1999-02-23 | 1999-04-14 | Austevoill Fiskef R As | Process |
| FR2793114B1 (en) | 1999-04-21 | 2002-11-29 | Agronomique Inst Nat Rech | COMPLETE FEED FOR FISH LARVAE AND PROCESS FOR PREPARING SAME |
| US6645536B2 (en) | 2001-03-29 | 2003-11-11 | Mississippi State University | Micro-particulate microbound diet for the culture of larval fish and crustaceans |
| DE10118979A1 (en) * | 2001-04-18 | 2002-11-14 | Markus Miller | Process for the production of easily soluble agglomerates from a particularly poorly soluble bulk material |
| CA2480028A1 (en) * | 2002-03-22 | 2003-10-02 | Biomar Group | Feed pellets and a method for manufacture of said pellets |
| GB0225503D0 (en) * | 2002-11-01 | 2002-12-11 | Zoolife Internat Ltd | Gel feed |
| TW200911131A (en) * | 2007-01-10 | 2009-03-16 | Blue Limit As | Feed composition for aquatic organisms |
| DE102011104444A1 (en) * | 2011-06-17 | 2012-12-20 | Mars Incorporated | Animal feed for animals |
Family Cites Families (3)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| DE2903448A1 (en) * | 1979-01-30 | 1980-08-07 | Unilever Nv | Foodstuff for very small fish - is granulated with an aq. soln. of a polymer on an agitated bed of premix |
| NO156814C (en) * | 1985-08-08 | 1987-12-02 | Akva As | MIXING AND PELLETING MACHINE. |
| FI872147A (en) * | 1987-05-15 | 1988-11-16 | Suomen Sokeri Oy | FISKFODER, FOERFARANDE FOER FRAMSTAELLNING AV DETSAMMA OCH UTFODRINGSFOERFARANDE. |
-
1991
- 1991-03-14 NO NO911008A patent/NO172472C/en not_active IP Right Cessation
-
1992
- 1992-03-11 WO PCT/NO1992/000043 patent/WO1992016115A1/en active Application Filing
- 1992-03-11 AU AU14477/92A patent/AU1447792A/en not_active Abandoned
- 1992-03-11 GB GB9318906A patent/GB2273032B/en not_active Expired - Fee Related
- 1992-06-18 NO NO922385A patent/NO174794B/en not_active IP Right Cessation
-
1993
- 1993-09-10 DK DK101693A patent/DK172140B1/en not_active IP Right Cessation
Also Published As
| Publication number | Publication date |
|---|---|
| WO1992016115A1 (en) | 1992-10-01 |
| AU1447792A (en) | 1992-10-21 |
| NO174794B (en) | 1994-04-05 |
| NO911008D0 (en) | 1991-03-14 |
| GB2273032A (en) | 1994-06-08 |
| NO172472B (en) | 1993-04-19 |
| DK101693A (en) | 1993-09-10 |
| NO172472C (en) | 1993-07-28 |
| NO922385D0 (en) | 1992-06-18 |
| NO174794C (en) | 1994-07-13 |
| GB9318906D0 (en) | 1994-03-09 |
| GB2273032B (en) | 1995-09-06 |
| NO922385L (en) | 1992-09-15 |
| DK101693D0 (en) | 1993-09-10 |
| NO911008L (en) | 1992-09-15 |
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| B1 | Patent granted (law 1993) | ||
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