DK142065B - Plate type valve, preferably for internal combustion engines. - Google Patents

Plate type valve, preferably for internal combustion engines. Download PDF

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Publication number
DK142065B
DK142065B DK492076AA DK492076A DK142065B DK 142065 B DK142065 B DK 142065B DK 492076A A DK492076A A DK 492076AA DK 492076 A DK492076 A DK 492076A DK 142065 B DK142065 B DK 142065B
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DK
Denmark
Prior art keywords
valve
refrigerant
head
cross
chamber
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DK492076AA
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Danish (da)
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DK142065C (en
DK492076A (en
Inventor
Albert Haug
Original Assignee
Semt
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Filing date
Publication date
Priority claimed from FR7533197A external-priority patent/FR2329848A1/en
Priority claimed from FR7628993A external-priority patent/FR2365694A2/en
Application filed by Semt filed Critical Semt
Publication of DK492076A publication Critical patent/DK492076A/da
Publication of DK142065B publication Critical patent/DK142065B/en
Application granted granted Critical
Publication of DK142065C publication Critical patent/DK142065C/da

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Classifications

    • FMECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F01MACHINES OR ENGINES IN GENERAL; ENGINE PLANTS IN GENERAL; STEAM ENGINES
    • F01LCYCLICALLY OPERATING VALVES FOR MACHINES OR ENGINES
    • F01L3/00Lift-valve, i.e. cut-off apparatus with closure members having at least a component of their opening and closing motion perpendicular to the closing faces; Parts or accessories thereof
    • F01L3/12Cooling of valves
    • F01L3/16Cooling of valves by means of a fluid flowing through or along valve, e.g. air
    • F01L3/18Liquid cooling of valve

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  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
  • Fluid Mechanics (AREA)
  • Mechanical Engineering (AREA)
  • General Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Lift Valve (AREA)
  • Compressor (AREA)
  • External Artificial Organs (AREA)
  • Details Of Valves (AREA)

Description

142065142065

Opfindelsen angår en ventil af tallerkentypen, fortrinsvis til forbrændingsmotorer, og som er cirkulationskølet af et kølemiddel, såsom olie, og som omfatter en ventilspindel, der er sammenføjet med et ventilhoved og med to i ventilspindelen 5 udformede, praktisk taget langsgående kølemiddelkanaler, hen holdsvis til fremløb og tilbageløb, der er forbundet med to i ventilhuset udformede, praktisk taget tværgående kølemiddelkanaler, henholdsvis til fremløb og tilbageløb, hvilke sidstnævnte kanaler er forbundet med et i ventilhovedet udformet, ringfor-10 met kammer.The invention relates to a plate type valve, preferably for internal combustion engines, which is circulated cooled by a refrigerant such as oil, and comprising a valve spindle which is joined to a valve head and with two substantially longitudinal refrigerant ducts formed in the valve spindle 5, respectively. flow and reflux connected to two substantially transverse refrigerant ducts formed in the valve housing, respectively to flow and reflux, the latter ducts being connected to a valve head annular chamber formed.

Der kendes en ventil af denne art fra beskrivelsen til dapsk patentansøgning nr. 1219/74. Ved denne kendte ventil udgøres de langsgående kølemiddelkanaler af en midterboring i ventil-spindelen og et deri indsat og med mindre diameter end boringen 15 udformet rør. Røret udmunder i et kammer i ventilhovedet,· og dette kammer er ved hjælp af tværgående kølemiddelkanaler forbundet med et i ventilhovedet udformet ringformet kammer, pette sidstnævnte har et tværsnit, som er langt større end det ring-formede kammer. Tilbageløbet sker fra det ringformede kanoær 20 og til mellemrummet mellem boringen og røret ved hjælp af tværgående kanaler. Som følge af, at midterkammeret, hvortil kølemidlet ledes, har langt større tværsnit end de kanaler, som forbinder dette med det ringformede kammer, og scan følge af, at de kanaler, som forbinder dette sidste med tilbagfløbs-25 kanalen i spindelen, har langt mindre tværsnit end det ringformede kammer, fremkommer der en ujævn cirkulation af kølemidlet gennem ventilen, idet både midterkammeret og det ringformede kammer har dele, som befinder sig i højere niveau end de steder, hvor midterkammeret er forbundet med det ringformede 30 kammer. En ventil af den indledningsvis angivne art kendes endvidere fra tysk offentliggørelsesskrift nr. 2303699. Ifølge det sidstnævnte eksempel på den kendte teknik består kølemiddelkanalerne i ventilspindelen af to ved siden af hinanden forløbende langsgående kanaler, og disse er ved hjælp af tværgående 35 sidekanaler forbundet med et ringformet kammer. Dette ringformede kammer har langt større tværsnit end de siderettede kanaler, og følgelig vil der også ifølge dette eksespel på den kendte _ teknik fremkomme en ujævn strømning gennem ventilen og navnlig 2 142065 gennem de dele af det ringformede kammer, som befinder sig oven over de steder, hvor de tværgående kanaler udmunder. Endelig skal der, hvad angår den kendte teknik, henvises til dansk fremlæggelsesskrift nr. 131.388, som imidlertid stort set svarer 5 til konstruktionen i henhold til den tidligere omtalte beskri velse til dansk patentansøgning nr. 1219/74.A valve of this kind is known from the specification for Dapsk Patent Application No. 1219/74. In this known valve, the longitudinal refrigerant ducts are constituted by a central bore in the valve spindle and a smaller diameter inserted therein than the bore 15 formed. The tube opens into a chamber in the valve head, and this chamber is connected by means of transverse refrigerant channels to an annular chamber formed in the valve head, the latter having a cross-section much larger than the annular chamber. The return is effected from the annular canoe 20 and to the space between the bore and the pipe by means of transverse channels. Because the center chamber to which the refrigerant is directed has far greater cross sections than the channels connecting this to the annular chamber, and scanning follows that the channels connecting the latter to the reflux channel in the spindle have long smaller cross-section than the annular chamber, an uneven circulation of the refrigerant is obtained through the valve, with both the middle chamber and the annular chamber having parts which are at a higher level than the places where the middle chamber is connected to the annular chamber. Furthermore, a valve of the type mentioned initially is known from German publication specification 2303699. According to the latter example of the prior art, the refrigerant channels in the valve stem consist of two longitudinally extending longitudinal channels, which are connected by a transverse side channel. annular chamber. This annular chamber has far greater cross-sections than the lateral channels, and consequently, according to this example, in the prior art, an uneven flow through the valve and in particular through the parts of the annular chamber which are above the places will also appear. , where the transverse channels open. Finally, as far as the prior art is concerned, reference is made to Danish Patent Specification No. 131,388, which, however, broadly corresponds to the construction according to the previously mentioned description of Danish Patent Application No. 1219/74.

Ifølge den foreliggende opfindelse er ventilen ejendommelig ved, at det frie gennemstrømningstværsnit for kølemidlet i de langsgående kølemiddelkanaler, i de tværgående kølemiddel-10 kanaler og i det ringformede kammer er det samme i hele ventilen såvel i dens spindel som i dens hoved. Herved sikres der en ensartet strømning af kølemidlet gennem ventilen. Navnlig det forhold, at det frie gennemstrømningstværsnit for kølemidlet i de tværgående kølemiddelkanaler er det samme som i det ring-15 formede kammer, indebærer, at tværsnittet af dette sidste er mindre end tværsnittet af de ringformede kamre i henhold til de i det foregående forklarede eksemplar på den kendte teknik, hvilket indebærer, at der kan opnås en forøget stivhed af ventilen samt en større anlægsflade mellem ventilhovedet og ventilspinde-20 len, hvilket også har stor betydning, hvad angår opnåelse af en ventil med stor stivhed. Stivheden af ventilen er navnlig af betydning for opnåelse af et fuldstændigt tæt anlæg af ventilhovedet mod dettes sæde. Ventilen ifølge opfindelsen løser endvidere et problem i det tilfælde, hvor kølemidlet er olie.According to the present invention, the valve is characterized in that the free flow cross-section of the refrigerant in the longitudinal refrigerant ducts, in the transverse refrigerant ducts and in the annular chamber is the same throughout the valve as well as in its spindle and in its head. This ensures a uniform flow of the refrigerant through the valve. In particular, the fact that the free flow cross-section of the refrigerant in the transverse refrigerant ducts is the same as in the annular chamber implies that the cross-section of the latter is smaller than the cross-section of the annular chambers according to the previous example. in the prior art, which means that an increased stiffness of the valve and a greater contact surface between the valve head and the valve spindle can be obtained, which is also of great importance in obtaining a valve with high stiffness. The stiffness of the valve is particularly important for achieving a completely dense abutment of the valve head against its seat. The valve according to the invention further solves a problem in the case where the refrigerant is oil.

25 Når dette nemlig er tilfældet, er det hensigtsmæssigt, at strømningen af kølemidlet gennem ventilen er ensartet, idet der i tilfælde af stillestående eller langsomt strømmende køleolie i visse dele af kanalsystemet kan opstå overophedning af olien, hvilket på sin side medfører krakning og oliekoksafsæt-3Q ninger, som yderligere kan bidrage til en uens strømning af kølemidlet og denned en selvforstærkning af denne ulempe. Denne risiko er især til stede i de tilfælde, hvor det ringformede kammer har et tværsnit, som er væsentligt større end tværsnittet for de kanaler, gennem hvilke kølemidlet strømmer til 35 det ringformede kammer, henholdsvis bort fra dette. Ifølge den foreliggende opfindelse løses der således to problemer, idet opfindelsen indebærer en formindskelse af tværsnittet af det ringformede kammer, hvilket på sin side bevirker, at den indbyrdes forbindelsesflade mellem ventilhovedet og ventilspindelen 3 142065 forøges, hvorved stivheden øges, og samtidigt sikres der en ensartet kølemiddelcirkulation. Hertil kcamner, at i det tilfælde, hvor man ønsker at forbinde ventilspindelen og hovedet ved lodning, er det for ventilens stivhed og styrke af stor betydning, 5 at anlægsfladen mellem ventilhovedet og ventilspindelen bliver størst muligt.When this is the case, it is desirable that the flow of refrigerant through the valve is uniform, since in the case of stagnant or slow flowing cooling oil in some parts of the duct system, the oil may overheat, which in turn causes cracking and oil coke deposition. 3Q, which can further contribute to uneven flow of the refrigerant and thus a self-amplification of this disadvantage. This risk is particularly present in cases where the annular chamber has a cross section substantially greater than the cross section of the channels through which the refrigerant flows to the annular chamber, respectively, away from it. Thus, according to the present invention, two problems are solved, the invention involving a reduction of the cross-section of the annular chamber, which in turn causes the interconnecting surface between the valve head and valve spindle 3 to increase stiffness while ensuring uniformity. coolant circulation. To this end, in the case where one wishes to connect the valve stem and head by soldering, it is of great importance for the stiffness and strength of the valve that the contact surface between the valve head and the valve stem is as large as possible.

Det skal i sidstnævnte sammenhæng bemærkes, at der frå beskrivelsen til USA patent nr.2407561 kendes en ventil, hvor ventilspindelen og ventilhovedet er samlet alene ved lodning.In the latter context, it should be noted that from the specification of US Patent No. 2407561 a valve is known in which the valve stem and valve head are assembled by soldering only.

10 Her drejer det sig imidlertid om en hul ventil. Også i det tilfælde, hvor ventilhovedet og ventilspindelen ifølge den foreliggende opfindelse er sammenføjet ved hjælp af gevind, eventuelt sikret ved lodning, således som det kendes fra dansk fremlæggelsesskrift nr. 131.388, har det stor betydning, at der kan opnås 16 en så stor anlægsflade som muligt mellem ventilhovedet og ventilspindelen til forøgelse af ventilens stivhed.10 However, this is a hollow valve. Also, in the case where the valve head and valve spindle of the present invention are joined by threads, possibly secured by soldering, as is known from Danish Patent Specification No. 131,388, it is of great importance that 16 such a large contact surface can be obtained. as possible between the valve head and the valve stem to increase valve stiffness.

Opfindelsen skal herefter forklares nærmere under henvisning til tegningen, hvor fig. 1 viser et længdesnit gennem en første udførelsesform 20 for ventilen ifølge opfindelsen, som er samlet ved gevind og lodning, og fig. 2 et længdesnit gennem en anden udførelsesform for ventilen ifølge opfindelsen samlet ved lodning alene.The invention will now be explained in more detail with reference to the drawing, in which fig. 1 shows a longitudinal section through a first embodiment 20 of the valve according to the invention, which is assembled by thread and soldering; and FIG. 2 is a longitudinal section through another embodiment of the valve according to the invention assembled by soldering alone.

I fig. 1 har en ventil 1 ifølge opfindelsen en ventilspindel 25 2 og et ringformet ventilhoved 3, der er påsat den ene ende af ventilspindelen 2. Ventilspindelen 2 har ved den ende, der skal forbindes med ventilhovedet 3, et cylindrisk parti 4, forsynet med et udvendigt gevind 5 og afsluttet med et cylindrisk parti 6 af større diameter afgrænset af en skulder 7 mellem de to cy-30 lindriske partier.In FIG. 1, a valve 1 according to the invention has a valve stem 25 2 and an annular valve head 3, which is mounted on one end of the valve stem 2. At the end to be connected to the valve head 3, the valve stem 2 has a cylindrical portion 4 provided with an external thread 5 and terminated with a larger diameter cylindrical portion 6 bounded by a shoulder 7 between the two cylindrical portions.

Ventilhovedet 3 er keglestubformet og har en aksial med indvendigt gevind forsynet udboring 8, scaa afsluttes af en udboring 9 af større diameter. Der er udformet en frigang 10 i udboringen 9's indervæg i fortsættelse af ventilspindelen 2*s skulder 7, 35 således at der efter samlingen af ventilspindelen 2 og ventilhovedet 3 afgrænses et ringformet kølekaæmer 11. Kølekammeret 11 står i forbindelse med to langsgående kanaler 12 og 13 i spindelen 2 for ventilen 1 via to tværkanaler 14, henholdsvis 15. De langsgående kanaler 12 og 13 står i forbindelse med hver sin af 4 142065 to radiale åbninger for kølemidlet, nemlig en kølemiddeltilgangsåbning 16 og en kølemiddelafgangsåbning 17, som munder ud til omgivelserne. De langsgående kanaler 12 og 13 er spærret af en del 18, som er påsat ved lodning på enden af ventilspindelen 2 5 modsat ventilhovedet 3 for ventilen 1, og denne del 18 står i forbindelse med en ikke vist ventilløfter for ventilen 1.The valve head 3 is cone-shaped and has an axially threaded bore 8 which is terminated by a larger diameter bore 9. A clearance 10 is formed in the inner wall of the bore 9 in the shoulder 7, 35 of the valve stem 2 *, so that after the assembly of the valve stem 2 and the valve head 3, an annular cooling chamber 11. The cooling chamber 11 communicates with two longitudinal channels 12 and 13. in the spindle 2 of the valve 1 via two cross-channels 14 and 15 respectively. The longitudinal channels 12 and 13 communicate with each of two coolant openings for the refrigerant, namely a refrigerant inlet opening 16 and a refrigerant outlet opening 17, which open to the surroundings. The longitudinal channels 12 and 13 are blocked by a portion 18 which is applied by soldering at the end of the valve stem 25 opposite the valve head 3 of the valve 1, and this portion 18 communicates with a valve lifter not shown for the valve 1.

Ventilhovedet 3 på ventilen 1 er forsynet med et ringformet tætningsbryst 2Q, som ved ventilens lukning ligger an mod et ikke vist sæde i motorens topstykke.The valve head 3 of the valve 1 is provided with an annular sealing chest 2Q which, when the valve is closed, abuts against a seat not shown in the motor head.

10 Samlingen af ventilspindelen 2 og ventilhovedet 3 sker dels ved at skrue ventilhovedets gevindforsynede udboring 8 på det med udvendigt gevind 5 forsynede cylindriske parti 4 på ventilspindelen 2 og dels ved lodning langs hele de to deles indbyrdes anlægsflade for derved at sikre en veldefineret anbringelse af 15 ventilspindelen 2 og ventilhovedet 3, d.v.s. samtidigt omkring det cylindriske parti 4 og det cylindriske parti 6 på ventilspindelen 2. Når delene er samlet, befinder endefladen for ventilspindelen 21 s cylindriske parti 6, der udgør endefladen for ventilspindelens yderste parti, sig flugtende i niveau med ventil-20 hovedet 3's tilsvarende flade på ventilen og udgør en central del af denne.The assembly of valve spindle 2 and valve head 3 is accomplished partly by screwing the threaded bore 8 of the valve head onto the cylindrical portion 4 provided with the external thread 5 and partly by soldering along the entire abutment surface of the two parts thereby ensuring a well-defined placement of 15 valve spindle 2 and valve head 3, ie simultaneously around the cylindrical portion 4 and the cylindrical portion 6 of the valve stem 2. When the parts are assembled, the end surface of the cylindrical portion 6 of the valve stem 21, which constitutes the end surface of the outer portion of the valve stem, is flush with the corresponding surface of the valve head 3 on the valve and forms a central part of it.

Lodningen sker på kendt vis ved hjælp af lodderinge 21, som opvarmes efter montage.The soldering is done in a known way by means of solder rings 21, which are heated after mounting.

I fig. 2 ses en ventil 1, som afviger fra den i fig. 1 viste 25 ved, at delene er samlet alene ved lodning. I dette tilfælde har ventilspindelen 2's cylindriske parti 4 intet udvendigt gevind 5, og i ventilhovedet 3 er kun udformet to udboringer 22 og 23 af forskellig diameter til afgrænsning af en skulder 7', som den i dag viste ventils skulder 7.In FIG. 2 shows a valve 1 which differs from that of FIG. 1 shows that the parts are assembled by soldering alone. In this case, the cylindrical portion 4 of the valve stem 2 has no external thread 5, and in the valve head 3 only two bores 22 and 23 of different diameter are formed for defining a shoulder 7 'such as the shoulder 7 of the valve presently shown.

30 Det ringformede kammer 11 er desuden afgrænset af en ringfor met udsparing 24, der er udformet i indersiden af det cylindriske parti 6 i enden af ventilspindelen 2 og af et tilsvarende parti i skulderen 7', når ventilhovedet 3 er påsat ventilspindelen 2.The annular chamber 11 is further defined by an annular recess 24 formed on the inside of the cylindrical portion 6 at the end of the valve stem 2 and by a corresponding portion of the shoulder 7 'when the valve head 3 is attached to the valve stem 2.

Samlingen sker alene ved lodning, og det skal bemærkes, at 35 grænsefladerne mellem ventilhovedet og ventilspindelen kan være af vilkårlig form, fortrinsvis den, der er lettest at fremstille industrielt.The assembly is by soldering only, and it should be noted that the interfaces between the valve head and the valve stem may be of any shape, preferably that which is easiest to manufacture industrially.

142065 5142065 5

En ventil, scam vist i fig.l eller 2, er fordelagtig som følge af, at ventilspindelen 2 og ventilhovedet 3 praktisk taget ligger indbyrdes an langs hele deres grænseflade, hvilket gør det muligt at opnå en fuldstændig stiv forbindelse, som bevirker en god be-5 standighed under ventilens stød mod sit sæde. Desuden sikres takket være skuldrene 7 og 7' en veldefineret anbringelse og en god understøtning af ventilhovedet 3 på ventilspindelen 2.A valve, scam shown in Figs. 1 or 2, is advantageous because the valve spindle 2 and valve head 3 are practically interconnected along their entire interface, which makes it possible to obtain a completely rigid connection which produces a good -5 standing under the shock of the valve against its seat. In addition, thanks to the shoulders 7 and 7 ', a well-defined placement and a good support of the valve head 3 on the valve stem 2 is ensured.

Desuden har kølemiddelkanaleme 12, 13, 14, 15 og det ringformede kammer 11, som det fremgår af de to udførelsesformer, 10 et praktisk taget ensartet tværsnit, hvilket gør det muligt at sikre en fortræffelig oliecirkulation i kølemiddelsystemet. Der er således vished for, at hele ventilens hule indre, der udgør køleoliens rumfang, altid er 100% oliefyldt, således at man undgår enhver risiko for krakning eller spaltning, der er til-15 bøjelig til at ske ved overophedning af stillestående olie, og som bevirker en forkoksning, der er tilbøjelig til at spærre køle-middelpassagen, især i det ringformede kølemiddelkammer» Følgelig tillader formindskelsen af tværsnittet i ventilens kølemiddelkammer at forøge den indbyrdes forbindelsesflade mellem 20 ventilspindelen og ventilhovedet, og ligeledes at forøge den samlede enheds stivhed. Ved at ændre kølemiddelkammerets tværsnit praktisk taget til tilførselskanalemes tværsnit, sikres en bedre oliecirkulation,og risikoen fjernes for en overophedning af stillestående olie i kølemiddelsystemets dele. Omvendt for-25 øger en bedre kølemiddelcirkulation ved formindskelse af det ringformede kølekammers tværsnit den Indbyrdes forbindelsesflade mellem ventilspindelen og ventilhovedet og derved opnås en bedre stivhed for forbindelsen mellem ventilhovedet og ventilspindelen.In addition, as shown in the two embodiments, the refrigerant ducts 12, 13, 14, 15 and the annular chamber 11 have a substantially uniform cross-section, which allows for excellent oil circulation in the refrigerant system. Thus, it is ensured that the hollow interior of the entire valve, which makes up the volume of the cooling oil, is always 100% oil-filled, thus avoiding any risk of cracking or cleavage which is liable to occur by overheating of stagnant oil, and which causes a coking which tends to block the coolant passage, especially in the annular refrigerant chamber. "Accordingly, the reduction of the cross section of the refrigerant chamber of the valve allows to increase the interconnecting surface between the valve stem and the valve head, and also to increase the overall unit stiffness. Changing the cross-section of the refrigerant chamber virtually to the cross-section of the supply channels ensures better oil circulation and eliminates the risk of overheating of stagnant oil in the refrigerant system parts. Conversely, a better refrigerant circulation by reducing the cross section of the annular cooling chamber increases the Interconnection between the valve stem and the valve head, thereby achieving a better stiffness for the connection between the valve head and the valve stem.

DK492076AA 1975-10-30 1976-10-29 Plate type valve, preferably for internal combustion engines. DK142065B (en)

Applications Claiming Priority (4)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
FR7533197A FR2329848A1 (en) 1975-10-30 1975-10-30 COOLED MUSHROOM TYPE VALVE BY CIRCULATION OF A REFRIGERANT FLUID
FR7533197 1975-10-30
FR7628993 1976-09-27
FR7628993A FR2365694A2 (en) 1976-09-27 1976-09-27 IC engine poppet valve - has longitudinal and radial passages in stem with enlarged portion seating head

Publications (3)

Publication Number Publication Date
DK492076A DK492076A (en) 1977-05-01
DK142065B true DK142065B (en) 1980-08-18
DK142065C DK142065C (en) 1981-01-12

Family

ID=26219127

Family Applications (1)

Application Number Title Priority Date Filing Date
DK492076AA DK142065B (en) 1975-10-30 1976-10-29 Plate type valve, preferably for internal combustion engines.

Country Status (16)

Country Link
JP (1) JPS5941005B2 (en)
AU (1) AU511323B2 (en)
CH (1) CH600141A5 (en)
CS (1) CS201038B2 (en)
DD (1) DD127866A5 (en)
DE (1) DE2648866C2 (en)
DK (1) DK142065B (en)
ES (1) ES452872A1 (en)
FI (1) FI763105A (en)
IN (1) IN146869B (en)
IT (1) IT1071048B (en)
NL (1) NL182012C (en)
NO (1) NO147454C (en)
PL (1) PL108924B1 (en)
SE (1) SE427205B (en)
YU (1) YU265876A (en)

Families Citing this family (1)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US4559967A (en) * 1983-03-09 1985-12-24 Xomox Corporation Valve and method of making same

Family Cites Families (2)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
CH476914A (en) * 1967-06-29 1969-08-15 Sulzer Ag Process for the production of a liquid-cooled valve of a piston internal combustion engine as well as a liquid-cooled valve produced according to the process
FR2171656A5 (en) * 1972-02-10 1973-09-21 Semt

Also Published As

Publication number Publication date
NO147454B (en) 1983-01-03
DK142065C (en) 1981-01-12
NL182012B (en) 1987-07-16
SE427205B (en) 1983-03-14
PL108924B1 (en) 1980-05-31
DK492076A (en) 1977-05-01
DE2648866A1 (en) 1977-05-12
CS201038B2 (en) 1980-10-31
JPS5941005B2 (en) 1984-10-04
ES452872A1 (en) 1977-12-01
SE7611874L (en) 1977-05-01
IT1071048B (en) 1985-04-02
AU1922576A (en) 1978-05-11
YU265876A (en) 1982-02-28
AU511323B2 (en) 1980-08-14
JPS5267435A (en) 1977-06-03
NL182012C (en) 1987-12-16
CH600141A5 (en) 1978-06-15
DD127866A5 (en) 1977-10-19
NO147454C (en) 1983-04-13
FI763105A (en) 1977-05-01
DE2648866C2 (en) 1983-10-27
NL7611877A (en) 1977-05-03
NO763690L (en) 1977-05-03
IN146869B (en) 1979-10-13

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