DE9404640U1 - Prefabricated structure made of reinforced concrete or a substitute - Google Patents

Description

U 986 Ma

Prefabricated building made of reinforced concrete or a substitute material

The invention relates to a prefabricated building made of reinforced concrete or a substitute material with the features of the generic terms of claim 1 or claim 5. Such buildings are known from EP-Bl-O 209 833. A similar state of the art is also shown in DE-Ul-85 20 976.7.

Both previously known structures are designed as prefabricated, transportable room cells and are used in particular as garages. Their special feature is that the structures have an intermediate floor that serves as a cover plate for another chamber of the structure located below the garage, in which the ground below the garage is made usable for an additional purpose. This additional purpose in both of the previously known structures is to make the garage itself usable in a closed circuit for generating energy using a heat storage system. A storage tank for heat transfer fluid is installed specifically in the lower chamber, possibly also concreted onto the inside of the chamber wall, which is provided with an inlet and an outlet that are included in the closed circuit of the heat transfer fluid. Other areas of the lower chamber can be provided with additional devices of the energy storage device mentioned.

The invention is based on the object of

The invention is based on the object of expanding the area of use of a building with the generic features. This object is achieved in a building with the features of the generic term of claim 1 by its characterizing features and in a building with the generic term of claim 5 by its characterizing features.

The invention builds on what is already known, for example from EP-A2-0 565 921. Rainwater, especially that which comes from the roofs of buildings, can be treated, temporarily stored and reused or drained away in an environmentally friendly manner.

The invention is based on the knowledge that the ground beneath garages, other room cells or parking spaces has not yet been used intensively enough. Accordingly, claim 1 specifies a solution for parking spaces, while claim 5 refers to a solution for garages or other similarly large room cells which, in addition to being used as parking spaces for motor vehicles, can also be used as storage sheds, other utility rooms and, if necessary, living and office spaces. It is not only intended that these structures be erected individually, but they can also be erected in series. It should also not be ruled out that further garage cells or other room cells can be erected on such structures in the sense of claim 5, with the structure according to the invention then serving as the foundation for this additional room cell or a plurality of them.

The water reservoirs provided according to the invention are not normally included in a closed circuit, but in an open circuit. In this case, on the inlet side in addition to rainwater, water that has already been

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previously used wastewater can be fed in, which can be used after further treatment. The further treatment does not only have to concern the possibility of reusing it as process water, but can also consist solely of environmentally friendly disposal, for example through infiltration.

When used as domestic water, the primary idea is to use it for watering gardens and other open spaces. It can also be used by consumers who do not require drinking water quality and for whom modern construction often already provides their own water supply, such as for filling washing machines or flushing toilets. The borderline case of regenerating the water to drinking water quality should not be ruled out, but in normal cases this is less likely to be considered in view of the effort required.

From DE-A 1 39 27 042 it is known per se to design foundations, walls, ceilings, etc. in new buildings erected on site as hollow bodies in such a way that a single or double-chamber storage tank is formed in them for storing pre-cleaned rainwater, which is intended for extraction in particular in times of low precipitation. The hollow body system should be designed to be watertight so that it supports the building structure.

Claims 2 to 4 indicate preferred possibilities for forming an open parking space on the top of the cover plate (10) in the structure according to the invention, whereby alternatively a direct use of the cover plate as a parking area (16) or a coating of the cover plate with parking area-forming elements (19) is possible and it is also considered to form a drainage layer (20) between the parking area and the top of the cover plate.

The invention does not exclude the possibility that, as previously with known liquid containers for heat transfer fluid, the water reservoir according to the invention is also additionally built into the actual structure of the building. However, the available space is increased if the wall structure (32) of the building itself forms the supporting body of the water reservoir.

The construction effort can also be reduced. This is particularly evident if the supporting body of the water reservoir is made of waterproof material from the building wall. However, the effort is also relatively small if the supporting body of the water reservoir is made of water-permeable concrete, but is provided with a waterproof inner layer (34) that does not need to be self-supporting.

Full use of the garage area is achieved when the water tank takes up the entire internal floor space of the building. Sometimes, however, there is a need for a small additional use of the floor space, be it as a standing and working space for maintenance personnel, or as a space for additional equipment to promote and/or control the open water cycle through the water tank. In general, however, a maximum of 25%, preferably even a maximum of 10%, and in extreme cases even a maximum of only 5% of the floor space is required.

Claims 11 to 15 relate to various preferred constructions of the building according to the invention. It is of particular interest that, in contrast to the known buildings from which the invention is based, the space (12) made usable under the cover plate (10) does not need to occupy the same floor space as a garage (30) or other room cell (31) built above the cover plate.

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It is certainly conceivable to make the lower room larger than the garage or room cell, for example in order to achieve maximum storage volume. However, it has been shown that the floor area of a garage has so much capacity that it is even possible to get by with a smaller floor area for the lower room of the building than for a garage cell or other room cell, which significantly reduces the required manufacturing effort.

If the garage or room cell only partially overlaps with the area below, at least the area below can continue to be used as a foundation (50) of the garage or room cell.

It has been shown that the structure according to the invention, when its upper area is used as a garage or other room unit, does not need to be larger in size than a conventional prefabricated double parking garage to form the lower area that accommodates at least one water reservoir, in which only the cover plate (10) provided according to the invention is to be provided instead of the usual pivoting fittings. A particular advantage of this construction is that the same manufacturing equipment and processes can be used as in the manufacture of the double parking garage mentioned.

As mentioned, the invention primarily uses rainwater and/or suitable wastewater, although in special cases groundwater or surface water from rivers or lakes can also be introduced if the local conditions allow it. There is no intention to temporarily store pure drinking water, but in the borderline case mentioned, it can be processed into drinking water and temporarily stored, as is also required, for example, to fill swimming pools.

Nevertheless, it is preferred that the water reservoir is additionally provided with a fresh water supply (52), namely for special cases to refill the stored water above predetermined minimum levels in dry periods when no water to be treated is available from other sources.

The lower area (12) of the structure provided with the water reservoir should also be accessible for various purposes, such as inspection, maintenance or repair, in particular from the upper area of the structure itself through the cover plate (10). In this case, it is preferable, in particular if the upper area is used as a vehicle storage room, to seal the passage (58) in the cover plate so that the water reservoir is not contaminated with oil or petrol from vehicle use and, conversely, the water vapor pressure in the garage is not increased by the water reservoir beyond the climatically predetermined limits, which could lead to accelerated rusting of the vehicles.

When the water level in the reservoir (12) changes, the air in the lower part of the structure is subjected to piston-like thrust and suction. If this cannot otherwise communicate with the outside atmosphere, for example if the passage (60) through the cover plate is hermetically sealed, it is recommended to install a venting device (64), which can also be used as a ventilation device when the water level drops. At the same time, climatic advantages are gained in the lower part.

Structurally, the ventilation system with coaxial pipe design can be combined with a drainage pipe (68) for rainwater on the roof of a garage or other

A design with separate ventilation lines (65) and vent lines (67) is particularly advantageous, as set out in claims 90 to 95, the vent line utilizing the external radiation incidence and the resulting chimney effect to circulate the gas volume in the storage tank.

Normally, the idea is to create only one water reservoir in the lower part of the building, which can be used either for domestic water or for disposal purposes. Domestic water is used primarily in the private sector, while disposal is primarily in the municipal sector. However, borderline cases can also be imagined in which the lower, i.e. underground, area of the garage is sufficient for double or multiple use. In this case, the water reservoir, or at least the lower room (12) of the building if several water reservoirs are used, is divided into at least two sections for different uses, with the different uses primarily being intended for domestic water use (264) and the other for disposal (268). When treating wastewater from the domestic sector, the treatment of grey water (266), i.e. wastewater not contaminated with faeces, as domestic water is also particularly important. Two compartments can therefore be provided for the use of service water, depending on whether the grey water mentioned above or other rainwater, surface water or even groundwater is used. In such a case, a three-chamber design of the lower part of the structure is also possible. Other types of use are possible, although these differ primarily in the type of treatment before intermediate storage and/or the required quality in use or disposal.

By means of a level indicator (74) of the respective water reservoir and/or the respective filter chamber, at least one piece of information can be sent to people in the area above the lower part of the structure, for example to prompt them to take manual control measures. There are many such manual control options. Just to mention a few are changes in the water level by supplying fresh water or pumping measures, which can be carried out not only for the purpose of secondary use, but also simply to change the water level. Another measure would be to arrange for a filter to be cleaned. A manual change in the water level by pumping can, for example, also be carried out when the frost line in the ground drops as winter approaches and you want to prevent stored water from freezing.

Preferably, however, switching (86) between summer (108) and winter levels (110) is carried out automatically. If a hydromechanical element is used as the floor temperature sensor, no external energy is required. Instead of a hydromechanical element, any other temperature sensor element (98) that does not require external energy can be used. As a control device, i.e. a combination of sensor and valve, you can even use thermostat valves (102) with remote sensors that are common in heating technology and use expansion elements.

In order to prevent damage to the structure due to freezing water even in the event of a water level error or an exceptionally harsh winter, the storage chamber can be tapered in cross-section from top to bottom in order to divert the ice pressure onto the structure or chamber wall (32) with a force component parallel to the wall surfaces, in order to force the ice layer to move upwards.

The level indicator (74) can also be used to automatically ensure that the water tank does not fall below a certain minimum target volume and in any case to avoid emptying the water tank in dry periods, which could lead to damage to a pump (104) for pumping the water out of the water tank by running dry.

Conversely, the previously mentioned desired filling of the volume in the water reservoir by supplying drinking water is impractical if there are already peak periods for drinking water consumption. The needs of waterworks are better met if such a supply of drinking water only takes place during off-peak periods. It is also not practical if the water reservoir is completely filled when it is filled with drinking water. Automatic measures can also be taken against this (106).

A switchover between a maximum filling of the water reservoir in summer (90) and a lower filling of the water reservoir in winter (92), when the surrounding ground is frozen, can, as already mentioned, take place on the side of the normal water pumping for the purpose of lowering the level or on the side of the drinking water supply for raising the level. However, control by an overflow device is preferred, whereby a lower second overflow (110) assigned to winter operation is optionally put out of operation during summer operation by shutting off (114).

Lowering the level in the water reservoir for winter operation is not necessary if the structure according to the invention is designed from the outset with its lower area so high that the water reservoir or its maximum level is below the frost level in all seasons.

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border (88) in the ground. However, this requires an unreasonable amount of construction work in many cases, e.g. when designed in the format of a double parking garage. In addition, practical needs are taken into account within the framework of the necessary construction work. In summer, there are often heavy rains, e.g. during thunderstorms, but there are often longer breaks between them, so that a larger volume of water available in the water reservoir is desirable for this reason alone. In addition, there is a particular need for service water for soil irrigation in summer during periods of drought. This need is much less present in winter. In addition, rainwater precipitation with a lower yield is high in winter.

Claims 39 to 49 deal with preferred features for the special application of using the water reservoir as an intermediate storage facility (268) for disposal purposes. Water to be disposed of could indeed be fed directly into the sewer system. However, such a sewer system is not available in many places. Due to the existing overloading of wastewater disposal channels in many places, there is also an increasing tendency to solve the disposal of rainwater locally, also in order to promote the recharge of groundwater. Furthermore, with such a local solution, it is also possible to avoid the wastewater to be treated being diluted, as has previously been the case with mixed systems, or the receiving water being unnecessarily polluted.

The invention therefore provides for various measures in the area of prefabrication and in the area of construction of the structure in order to allow waste water, which is temporarily stored in a water tank in the structure according to the invention, to seep directly into the ground area outside the structure after cleaning, which is carried out inside the structure by additional facilities. As far as waste water is concerned,

If it is domestic water that does not require any pre-treatment, the water reservoir present in the structure according to the invention can at least serve for intermediate storage for the purpose of metered delivery. The invention takes into account the fact that even when the domestic water reservoir is full, for example due to a lack of consumption during the holiday season, an additional buffer volume is available above the maximum filling level of the domestic water caused by the overflows.

The invention takes into account that a direct discharge of water into the groundwater body is undesirable and therefore, depending on the maximum groundwater level (95) prevailing at the construction site, optionally provides for infiltration in the soil area near the top edge of the ground (94) and/or below the structure.

The invention also includes measures to allow the water to rise outside the side and/or front walls of the structure when the groundwater or backwater level rises and/or to take countermeasures to prevent the structure from floating on the water rising beneath it. It is also appropriate to ensure that the water to be seeped away is distributed around the base of the structure to be erected in the ground.

As part of the problem of direct infiltration or use after treatment of wastewater, there is also the problem that in certain areas the amount of water that is to be infiltrated, e.g. from precipitation, varies greatly from place to place. In the case of rainwater from traffic or roof areas, there is also the problem of locally uneven distribution of the runoff water, e.g. due to uneven gradients or different extents of the catchment areas. For this purpose, a composite system (Fig. 12) of various structures according to the invention is also used within the scope of the invention.

intended with the aim of making neighbouring structures in which the water reservoirs or water buffers are not yet filled to their maximum level usable as additional storage volume for those structures whose water reservoirs are already filled to the highest permissible level. It is also intended to drain off remaining excess water, even if only into a municipal system, and, if necessary, to be able to isolate, shut off (184/186), individually inspect and, if necessary, maintain or repair individual connecting lines between pairs of neighbouring structures. The connecting lines in this interconnected system can themselves be designed in part or in full as infiltration lines (174) in order to achieve maximum infiltration performance. For example, such lines can be arranged adjacent to traffic routes (192) in the same street ditches that are created anyway for other supply lines when the traffic routes are developed. It is also possible to connect street gullies (180) directly to a water supply line to a structure according to the invention and/or to use other water gullies connected to a sewer system as an open connection to the sewer system according to the invention for residual water drainage.

When removing water from the water reservoir, it is advisable to take countermeasures to prevent, for example, the strong discharge of water during heavy rain in the water reservoir causing such unrest that dirt particles deposited in the water reservoir are stirred up and thus enter the flow of the withdrawn water in excess. An effective measure for cleaning the water by sedimentation is the separation of water that has already been stored and water that is newly flowing in. The invention provides for this by stratifying the incoming water into the upper reservoir area by discharging it with the flow direction upwards, for example via a pipe bend (217). This leads in

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In summer, due to the temperature and density conditions in the body of water, stable stratification in the reservoir occurs. Claim 50 provides for a further decoupling of the water extraction from the state in the water reservoir, with claims 51 or 52 and 53 taking countermeasures against the entry of floating substances into the volume of water extracted. The design according to claim 51 is useful when the chamber housing (202) separating the water extraction from the stored volume of water has a sufficiently thick wall, while the use of pipe bends (206) is particularly suitable when the chamber housing is thin. Both inlet designs have in common that the inlet (205) of the water to be extracted into the chamber housing is lower than the outlet (207) from the wall of the chamber housing into its interior, and that the inflow direction into the chamber housing is preferably directed upwards. Water only enters through such a channel when its external opening (205) is below the skin formed by floating matter on the water volume. In order to stratify the water in the chamber housing, a perforated baffle (211) is also provided in the area of the inlet channels, which guides the inlet flow upwards into the container.

If disinfection of the water is desired, a radiation source (179) can preferably be installed inside the chamber housing (178) and/or the chamber wall and/or the inlet area of the pump or pumping line can have a bactericidal surface. For oxygen enrichment and to generate nascent oxygen, electrodes can also be installed, which are preferably connected to a solar power source. The resulting hydrogen is preferably generated at an electrode located outside the chamber housing and discharged with the venting flow.

If the chamber housing (178) used for water extraction does not itself house the pump for water extraction, which is possible, but only houses the intake opening of a pumping line, the pump of which is arranged further out, possibly even outside the structure according to the invention, it is recommended that the pumping line is provided with a foot valve. Preferably, the pump or the pumping line is led through an opening in the wall of the chamber housing, whereby the pump or pumping line can be inserted into a sleeve (209) with a seal in the chamber wall (202) for easy disassembly from outside the chamber.

The structure according to the invention is functionally provided not only with various connections for water supply, but also with electrical and/or mechanical devices in the lower area, which require the passage of at least one electrical line and/or at least one compressed air line. Claims 55 to 59 describe preferred measures for arranging these various line connections in a single passage (210) through the wall of the structure.

The water inlet into the water reservoir of a structure according to the invention is also expediently separated from the remaining storage volume of the water reservoir, for which claims 60 to 82 specify preferred measures. At least one separation of sediment, so-called sludge, is expediently carried out in the separated area, whereby in addition to such sludge, which is usually subsumed under the word term, other solids that are fed in are also possible, including pieces of brick chippings and the like. The separation is promoted when a cyclone-like flow is generated within the inlet chamber, either through tangential introduction or through additional guidance measures.

in the chamber, whereby preferably in the case of tangential introduction, a downward-directed circulation along the inner wall surface of the chamber is also intended. This circulation should be guided by appropriate guide surface design (228) and arrangement so that it has already come to rest above the actual sludge trapping zone (229) and does not stir up additional sludge. Various options are possible for removing the sludge, for example a removable sludge bucket (231) or a floor flushing device which draws the sludge from a depression (235) in the chamber floor using a water jet pump (233).

The inlet chamber (218) can also be used to treat the water flowing into the water reservoir. For simple cases, a simple sieve is sufficient. For more complicated cases, filter technology must be used, whereby all known techniques can in principle be used, including the use of bactericidal surfaces. A practical limit is given by the available filter pressures.

Known filter regeneration techniques can also be used, with particular emphasis on backwashing or even self-cleaning using water taken from the water reservoir. In particular, the trickling filter technique known from wastewater treatment can also be used in the context of percolation, whereby the difference to the known trickling filter technique is that the filter acts primarily mechanically as a fast-flow filter during inflow events and after the inflow flow subsides, the deposited substances are exposed to slow biological degradation. Watering the filter ensures that it cannot dry out completely and thus the population of microorganisms in the filter material desired for biological degradation of the filtered substances is achieved.

will hold. The aeration ensures an oxygen supply that promotes the growth of these microorganisms. This can, for example, achieve a breakdown of nitrogen-containing compounds, such as bird droppings, by converting ammonium into nitrate and then into molecular nitrogen. In addition, a desired constant circulation of the water in the water reservoir with constant oxygen enrichment is also achieved in the actual reservoir volume outside the inlet and outlet zones. The aerated water supply to the filter is preferably carried out via a nozzle or shower device (237), which sucks in air in front of its outlet cross-section like a venturi.

Claims 103 to 106 relate to a design for irrigating the filter only partially in sections and/or in bursts, thereby creating a temporal and spatial gradient of the oxygen partial pressure in the filter, in order to force a metabolic change in the microorganisms that promotes denitrification.

As already mentioned, when switching the level in the water reservoir between summer and winter operation, at least two overflows, namely the first (108) and the second (110), are expediently provided. Within the scope of the invention, a third overflow (112) is preferably arranged when filtration is provided via a sieve tube or a filter, which represents a flow resistance that can be measured in a water column. A filter present in the inlet chamber, preferably a ring filter (236), is thereby flowed through, in the case of a ring filter, preferably from radially outside to radially inside, so that the water column located in front of the filter in the flow direction, i.e. the water column in the inlet chamber around the filter resistance, measured as a liquid column, is higher than the water column in the area of the actual storage volume in the flow direction behind the inlet chamber or behind the filter, from which, in the case of a ring filter, preferably from its core area, the

Water is transferred to the actual storage volume. The third overflow (112) arranged in the inlet chamber (218) is therefore arranged higher by the amount corresponding to the filter resistance than the first overflow (108) arranged in the area of the actual storage volume behind the inlet chamber. The arrangement of the first overflow together with the third overflow ensures that if there is an excessive accumulation of water in the inlet area of the structure, excess water together with floating matter in the storage is evenly removed from the inlet chamber and from the actual storage volume of the water storage tank.

Finally, claims 83 to 88 deal with a filtration of the water taken from the water reservoir, which is particularly geared to the conditions of waste water treatment, but is also suitable for industrial water extraction. When used as a solid filter, filter plates or filter fleeces can be used, for example. Components combined, e.g. sintered filter elements, are also possible. Their material preferably has an organic or mineral structure. On the other hand, bulk materials can also be used in bulk filters. Organic materials are also considered here for the sorption of organic pollutants. Their removal for regeneration or renewal purposes is made easier if the bulk filter material is collected in wrappings such as sacks, bags or the like. The same type of collection of bulk filter material can also take place in a ring filter (236) arranged in an inlet chamber on the inlet side. A ring filter is generally understood to be a filter which has an outer space and an inner space, whereby the filter-effective flow takes place between the outer and inner space, or vice versa if necessary. The combination of the bulk material in casings enables easy replacement or external regeneration by easy removal from the boundary walls of the filter.

Claims 109 to 118 relate to an additional use of the external surfaces of the building, possibly also those lying in the ground, as a support for at least one further filter or storage, for example designed as a planted soil body (274). To improve the climate, a radiation-permeable, preferably ventilated casing for the filter is considered. The irrigation preferably takes place by capillary rise in one of the supply lines, using the evaporation from the filter and the transpiration of the plants.

The invention is explained in more detail below using schematic drawings of several embodiments, some of the features of which have already been mentioned in brackets in the introduction to the description. They show:

Fig. 1 shows an example of the design of the structure as a parking area for motor vehicles with a storage tank underneath. The storage tank is manufactured monolithically with the floor 8 with the lateral boundaries 32/33. In this embodiment, the cover plate 10 carries lateral boundary walls 7/9, which are either manufactured monolithically with the plate 10 7, or are prefabricated and attached to it 9. At the bottom, the floor plate carries an insulating layer 11, which is only partially shown. The layer 20 lying on the plate is designed to be permeable to water and works together with a channel system 22/23, which is either open 22 or closed 23. The supporting storage wall is designed to be permeable to water 32 and provided with a waterproof layer 34, or is itself waterproof 33. An intermediate layer 13 lies below a covering layer 18, which in turn is covered by the layer 19 forming the traffic area. This layer is seamlessly integrated into a traffic area. The figure shows

furthermore a water extraction chamber 178, which is flat here and extends far horizontally above the floor 8. The upper chamber wall is limited by an edge 17 to hold the sediment 72. Elevations 25 are provided in the chamber floor to improve the separation of sediment. The inflow channel 204 is designed as a floating matter barrier. The chamber is obviously closed for cleaning purposes by a cover (not shown). The inlet 14 into the reservoir opens into the elbow 217, with the elbow opening pointing upwards and being approximately at the height of the minimum water level 91 in the reservoir or slightly below it.

Fig. 2 shows an alternative typical design, made from the components that are otherwise used to make a double-parking garage. The floor 10 of the garage is connected to the superstructure of the garage in prefabrication. The storage tank 12 shows a typical equipment for the use of domestic water; a coaxial ring filter is integrated in the inlet chamber 218, with radial flow from the outside to the inside. The inlet takes place via the elbow 217, which is aligned tangentially to the cylindrical filter. The elbow is plugged into a sleeve (not shown) in the chamber wall. The ring filter is plugged into a sleeve of the standpipe 223 and is supported by it. The standpipe 223 is plugged into the elbow 230 of the water outlet, which opens into the inlet elbow 217, preferably at or below the level of the minimum water level 91, in order to avoid turbulence of the indicated sediment 72. A concentric sludge bucket is arranged on the bottom of the chamber, which can be removed from the chamber upwards using a pull connection (not shown). In this simple design, ventilation and deaeration takes place via a common line 64, which is secured at the top with a hat 66 to prevent foreign bodies from entering. The line is concentric

in the roof drainage pipe 68. Fig. 2 also shows a removal chamber 178 in which a submersible pump with a subsequent backflow preventer is mounted. The cover of the chamber is removable. The inflow takes place via channels directed from the outside bottom to the inside top. A partially perforated baffle 211 directs the inflow flow upwards into the chamber, especially when the fill levels in the reservoir are above the chamber cover. A collar 105 surrounding the pump prevents sediment deposited on the floor from penetrating the suction openings of the pump or an alternative foot valve (not shown), without these having to be installed above the floor. A further collar (not shown) around the pump permanently covers the outer surface of the pump with water at low water levels, so that the cooling of the pump is guaranteed even at low water levels.

The fresh water supply line 52, the service water drain 26, and the electrical lines 56 are led through a common plug-in part that can be plugged in and inserted with a sealing ring into the sleeve 210, which is inserted into the building wall 32 during prefabrication when it is manufactured. A backflow preventer is built into the fresh water supply line to prevent backflow from the storage tank into the supply line. Drinking water is fed into this line via a so-called free inlet (not shown), which can also be located outside the building. The drinking water connection 52 is led down to the chamber floor with the inflow direction upwards, but can also flow into the inlet line in a variant not shown, or in another variant water the filter 236 from above via a nozzle device (not shown). A so-called aerator from building technology can be used as a nozzle device in particular.

Fig. 3 shows an example in which the area of the structure located below the level of the cover plate has a different horizontal extension from the garage or room cell, namely a smaller one. The storage area 12 located in the ground does not extend over the entire floor area of the garage 30 or room cell 31 located above. A passage 58 that can be closed off with the cover 60 is shown, below which a climbing aid is attached. The foundation 50 can be prepared as a prefabricated component for receiving the upper part of the structure.

Fig. 4 shows a preferred embodiment of the storage overflow system within the storage space located under the cover plate. The inlet chamber 218 contains the overflow 112, which is approximately higher than the storage overflow 108 by the height of the resistance of the filter (not shown) in the filter chamber, measured as the height of a liquid column. Both flow into a common drain, which is led into an adjacent compartment via an odor trap 122 with an integrated grid, especially to protect against rats, or flows into a municipal disposal line. The height of the overflow 108 determines the maximum summer target level, the height of the overflow 112 determines the maximum filter overflow in the inlet chamber. The overflow 110 regulates the automatic winter reduction to the maximum winter target level 92 by hydromechanical actuation of a thermostat valve via a remote sensor 100, which is connected to the valve via a capillary line. In the direction of flow upstream of the thermostat valve, another shut-off valve is arranged, followed by a backflow preventer 116. Dirt traps upstream of 120 and downstream of 118 of the valve assembly protect the device against failure due to improperly penetrating foreign matter. The inlet opening of the overflow 110 is designed as an immersion pipe, as a barrier against floating matter. The dimensioning of the cross-section of the summer overflows 108 and 112 and the further drainage takes place when precipitation is to be discharged.

water after a design rainfall, while the winter overflow 110 is designed with a much smaller cross-section. As fittings, therefore, well-known molded parts and valves from drinking water technology are preferably used.

Fig. 5 shows the structural features of the building. The upper boundary 42 of the storage tank is manufactured monolithically with the side walls 44, the base part is prefabricated and combined with the side part 44, with or without a permanent joint 43. One variant is the loose installation of the side part 44 on the base part 46 with a joint 45.

Fig. 6 shows one version of the structure with an integrated buoyancy protection device. The inside of the reservoir communicates with the outside of the base part via a line 142, a backflow preventer and another line and the outlet opening 146. The base part has webs 150 and recesses 152 between them for better water distribution below the base area. The recesses can also take the form of channels 148. The structure is surrounded in a ring by a drainage line 156, which in a variant design can also be located below the ground. The backflow preventer is supported in its closing movement by an additional force dependent on the water level, which in this example is generated by the buoyancy force of a float 138. A loop 137 of the line 142 determines the external minimum water level in the ground, which is necessary to achieve the introduction of the water pressing from the outside into the reservoir. Below this critical water level 139, the weight of the structure should exceed the hydrostatic buoyancy of the structure. The line 142 has a ventilation 144 to prevent suction through the pipe loop and to exclude an unwanted effect from trapped air. To check the function of the backstop, it has a remote control device 140 that can be operated from above the cover plate, which is preferably connected to the

The channel 144 is designed in such a way that the backflow preventer can be removed from above for maintenance purposes using a device not shown, without having to empty the reservoir. Excess water can be fed via a line 128 either into the water-conductive substructure 132 or into the ring seepage line 156. The structure is therefore founded on water-conductive ground 130.

Fig. 7 shows a construction method that is used for special subsurface conditions. This can be, for example, a high maximum groundwater level that reaches close to the base of the building, or a subsurface 130 with unfavorable filter properties. In this case, the infiltration of excess water takes place via a ring infiltration line 156 laid close to the top edge of the ground 94, which lies in a conductive layer 132. A bulk material 160 with favorable filter properties is introduced between the surface and this layer. The webs 150 on the underside of the ground have channels for better isotropic water distribution. The buoyancy protection via a backflow stop 136 is designed in a modified manner in this case. The buoyancy stop is connected to a gauge channel 170, which has a level measuring and switching device and via which sampling is possible from the subsurface for analysis purposes. The discharge of excess water from the reservoir is carried out via a pump 168, which either fills an outlet chamber 163 or, in the case of insufficient seepage speed and a full reservoir, discharges the excess water to the outside via another line provided with a valve 169, whereby the valve is normally closed and only opens when a maximum filling level in the reservoir and chamber is simultaneously exceeded, controlled by two filling level measuring devices 171/172.

Fig. 8 shows a preferred arrangement for controlling the level in the building. A rod 76 with a float 82 attached to it is guided through a sleeve 78 through the cover plate 10 upwards into the garage or room cell, and possibly also outside. The rod carries a pointer 77, which shows the water level in the float compartment on a scale 80. The rod actuates electrical switches or valves (not shown) directly mechanically or contactlessly, for example by means of magnetic fields. A variant of the overflow control 86 is also shown, which here enables a continuous lowering of the water level in winter via a variable overflow opening that is actuated from above via a device 85. The device 85 can also be controlled or driven automatically by a temperature sensor 98. The fresh water supply 52 is controlled in this application example via a float valve 106.

Fig. 9 shows a three-part design of the storage structure for domestic water use 264, for grey water use 266 and for disposal of excess water 268. A cylindrical sieve filter with a concentric baffle is installed in the inlet chamber 218. Guide devices 228 are provided on the chamber walls to ensure better separation of sediment upstream of the filter. The extraction pump 104 is inserted in a socket 209 in the extraction chamber wall. The chamber 178 is flat and elongated in order to hold as large a volume of water as possible in the chamber even when the water level in the storage tank is low. The longer residence time and the separation of newly incoming water in the storage tank also enable the separation of fine particles, so that no further filtration is required in the pressure line after the pump 104. If there are increased hygiene requirements for the service water, the chamber must be irradiated with a radiation source, such as a mercury vapor lamp.

thought. The excess water is passed on to the grey water chamber via the overflow devices already described, which are not shown here. In the inlet chamber for grey water there is a coaxial ring filter which acts both as a mechanical depth filter when waste water is introduced into the chamber and as a trickling filter which is occasionally irrigated by a circulation device 239 via a nozzle 237.

The excess water is led in a known manner via overflows into the buffer tank 268. Under the influence of gravity, the water flows through the filter 203, which is, for example, a sand filter with vertical flow from top to bottom. The backwash can take place via the extraction channels 258, with the backflow through the inlet opening of the chamber being prevented by a valve. The top of the chamber is recessed to hold sediment. The filtrate flows via the drain 24 either for infiltration or can be used as process water. Depending on the intended use of the process water, the filter 203 described can also be arranged inside or in the flow direction after the extraction chamber 178 in the process water compartment 264. The entry of substances into the filter is greatly reduced by the encapsulation.

Fig. 10 shows an example of a low-maintenance, three-shell, concentric ring filter with two different filter fills 248/250. The design shown is useful when there is a large water requirement, for example in combined systems that supply several users with service water. The outer screen wall 240, the intermediate screen wall 246 and the inner screen wall 242 are not permeable in the entire area, but are sealed in the upper area. The filter can be regenerated via backwash lines arranged in the lower area of the filter. The respective bulk material in the filter therefore does not fill the entire hollow cylindrical chamber volume, but leaves in the upper area,

at the level of the tight sieve tubes, a free volume to allow movement of the filter bed during the rinsing process. The rinsing water is drained off via the permeable upper limit of the filter, which is surrounded by a collar on the outer edge. The rinsing water is supplied either via a detachable plug connection under the filter housing or via a line that is detachably inserted into the filter from above. The rinsing water can be drawn off together with the bottom sludge from a recess 235 in the chamber floor using a water jet pump. The ring filter is surrounded on the outside by an additional sieve 252, which is located in a groove on the filter floor, which is flange-shaped and leads outwards. A significantly improved separation of sediments is provided by the baffle 234, which, together with the guide devices 228 on the chamber wall, creates a downward circular flow. The water enters the filter from the bottom of the filter via an annular gap around the standpipe 222. The irrigation water is fed via a nozzle device 237 and a rocker 256 with two chambers, which is mounted so that it can be tilted about the axis of rotation 257. As already explained, this arrangement results in a forced, surge-like discharge of the rocker contents alternately to two sides. The tipped-out water collects in the trough-shaped upper part of the filter and then percolates through a perforation in the filter housing through the filter bed. The trough-shaped upper part has webs (not shown) that feed the percolation water fed into the filter in sections.

Fig. 11 shows the floor plan of an example structure with two storage compartments, one for domestic water use with an inlet-side ring filter and one for buffering and cleaning waste water for infiltration, which is connected in conjunction with similar structures. Excess domestic water from a neighboring plant flows via line 188 into the domestic water storage tank of the structure,

while excess water flows to the next structure via the service water pipe 190 or the waste water pipe 186. The inlet and outlet pipes each lead into a standpipe 183/185 and can be shut off individually. The shut-off can be done from above the cover plate above the storage area using a device not shown. The combined pipe duct 212 is also shown in detail. The plug-in part 212, the sleeve 210 and the seal 213 are made from commercially available molded parts from drainage technology. If the structure is made of concrete, the sleeve is inserted into the formwork when the structure wall is made and vibrated into the wall with the concrete.

The drainage from the buffer chamber 268 takes place via a cylindrical depth filter, for example a sand filter or a sintered filter. The drainage from the filter takes place via a channel system 258 on the chamber floor to the outside into the drainage ring line 156.

Fig. 12 gives an example of the connection between several structures of the same type. Excess service water is passed on to neighboring structures via pipe loops 176. In the case of waste water that needs to be drained away, individual pipe sections 174 are designed as drainage pipes. The sealed surface 192 is led via surface connections 180 into the buffer storage 196 of the respective structures, where it is cleaned by a filter device and drains away beneath the structure. The further pipes 174/176 are introduced into the respective storage tanks via standpipes, so that the water is only discharged into the next structure when the storage tank and possibly the drainage pipe are full. The end of the last drainage is designed as a surface outlet.

28 *: '* &id;&id; *

Fig. 13 shows a design that also uses the outside surfaces of the building for filtering purposes. Prefabricated soil bodies with plants are placed in the troughs 270 and on the roof of the building. The soil filter uses the ability of the plant roots to keep the soil body permanently permeable so that no silting occurs and to aerate the soil. This design is preferably used for grey water treatment and disposal, whereby in summer the increased transpiration of the plants increases water consumption so that no runoff occurs. In winter a radiation-permeable cover ensures rapid heating during the day so that permanent freezing does not occur even in winter. In very dry conditions the soil bodies are supplied with water from the storage tank via capillary action via line 259. In the simplest case the line is filled with sand with a defined grain size. The maximum flow rate can be determined by choosing the grain size. When planting, the idea is not only to use the filtering properties of the soil, but also to plant buildings for aesthetic and climatic reasons.

Fig. 14 shows a particularly preferred design of a withdrawal chamber. The chamber is made in the format of a rain barrel with a removable lid 187. The water is introduced via double-knee elbows, with the lowest elbow 199 being turned upwards by 180° with its outside. The minimum water level in the reservoir is above this elbow, so that no floating matter can be expected to migrate into the chamber through this elbow. The upward-facing opening means that the elbow can be installed at the very bottom, close to the bottom of the chamber, so that the reservoir can be emptied down to a smaller residual volume. The withdrawal pump is located inside a cup 105 on the bottom, so that no deposited sediment gets into the intake opening 107. The chamber also contains

prefabricated built-in float switches to control the fresh water supply line 103 and to protect the pump against running dry 101. The connecting cables of the float switches and the pump as well as the extraction line are led through cable ducts screwed to the chamber wall, whereby these simultaneously act as a mechanical fastening of the float switches and the pumping line. The lid of the chamber has a vent opening which also acts as a water inlet. This prevents the domed lid 187 from floating up.

Claims (117)

ELISABETH JUNG dr. phil., dipl.-chem. _# j .**..**.'**! . * 8Q8J)3 Munich JÜRGEN SCHIRDEWAHN dr. rer. nat., diSl-ri^S.. . '. I * . . * . Pfcilgfisstrasse 30 CLAUS GERNHARDT ^ .:.·..'·..··..' _(Q , _ll/ln) Patent Attorneys Telex: 5 29 686 EUROPEAN PATENT ATTORNEYS Telegram/Cable: !NVENT MUNICH U 986 Ma (Dr.S/ib/k) 18 March 1994 Werner Zapf KG D-95448 Bayreuth Prefabricated building made of reinforced concrete or Substitute Expectations 1. Prefabricated structure made of reinforced concrete or a substitute material with a floor, side walls and end walls as well as a cover plate (10) running above the floor, whereby the cover plate forms the basis of a parking space for at least one motor vehicle and the area of the structure located below the cover plate is intended for installation in the ground and whereby a liquid reservoir with inlet and outlet is formed below the cover plate within the structure, characterized in that that the cover plate (10) is intended for inclusion in a parking area (16), that the liquid reservoir (12) is a water reservoir , that the inlet (14) of the water reservoir (12) is an inlet connection for rainwater and/or wastewater and/or groundwater or surface water, and that the outlet (24) of the water tank is provided as a service water connection (26) and/or disposal connection (28). POSTAL GIRO ACCOUNT: MUNICH 5O1*^foI*^äKK£>WTO:«D£ijf|GH€jBAWK XG MUNICH, LEOPOLDSTR. 71, ACCOUNT NO. 60/35794 ."•2 2. Structure according to claim 1, characterized in that the cover plate (10) is provided directly as a parking area (16). 3. Structure according to claim 1, characterized in that the cover plate (10) serves as a carrier plate for a the traffic surface layer forming the parking area, which is to be constructed on site (18), is prepared. 4. Structure according to claim 3, characterized in that the upper side of the carrier plate alone or in Cooperation with a support layer (20) is designed as a horizontal drainage (22). 5. Prefabricated building made of reinforced concrete or a substitute material with a floor, side walls and end walls as well as a cover plate running above the floor, wherein the cover plate forms a floor plate (10) of a room cell (30), in particular a garage cell, and the area of the building located below the cover plate is intended for installation in the ground, and wherein a liquid reservoir (12) with inlet and outlet is formed below the cover plate within the building, characterized in that that the liquid reservoir (12) is a water reservoir, that the inlet (14) of the water reservoir is an inlet connection of rainwater and/or wastewater and/or groundwater and/or surface water, and that the outlet (24) of the water tank is intended as a service water connection (26) or disposal connection (28). 6. Structure according to one of claims 1 to 5, in which the liquid reservoir is incorporated in prefabrication into the wall structure of the structure, characterized in that the wall structure (32) of the structure itself forms the supporting body of the water reservoir (12). 7. Structure according to claim 6, characterized in that the supporting body (32) of the water reservoir consists of waterproof material of the structure wall. 8. Structure according to claim 6, characterized in that the supporting body of the water reservoir consists of water-permeable material, preferably concrete, the structure wall with a waterproof inner layer (34). 9. Structure according to one of claims 1 to 8, characterized in that the water reservoir occupies the entire inner floor area of the structure. 10. Structure according to one of claims 1 to 8, characterized in that the water reservoir takes up at least 75%, preferably at least 90%, most preferably at least 95%, of the total internal base area of the structure and in the dry residual volume (36) above the ground, devices for conveying and/or controlling are arranged. 11. Structure according to one of claims 1 to 10, characterized in that the floor, the side walls and the end walls form an integrally prefabricated shell that is open at the top and is combined with the cover plate, which is also integrally prefabricated, to form a structure. 12. Structure according to one of claims 5 to 10 and claim 11, characterized in that the cover plate (10) is an integral part of a prefabricated garage or room cell (38). 13. Structure according to one of claims 1 to 10, characterized in that the cover plate (42) and the side walls (44) are monolithically prefabricated and combined with a prefabricated floor (46). 14. Structure according to one of claims 11 to 14, characterized in that the cover plate (10) or the floor (46) are loosely connected to the rest of the structure. 15. Structure according to one of claims 11 to 13, characterized in that the cover plate (10) and the floor (46) can be connected to one another on site. 16. Structure according to one of claims 5 to 15, characterized in that the area (48) of the structure located below the level of the cover plate has a different, preferably smaller, horizontal extension than the garage or room cell. 17. Structure according to one of claims 5 to 16, characterized in that in the region (48) in which the garage or room cell overlaps the deeper region of the structure, this deeper region is provided as a foundation (50) of the garage or room cell (30). 18- Structure according to one of claims 1 to 17, characterized in that at least partial areas of the wall of the structure located below the cover plates, and possibly also the cover plate or even wall areas of the structure located above it, consist of a bound recyclate. 19. Structure according to one of claims 5 to 18, characterized in that it has the format of a double parking garage with the cover plate as an intermediate floor. 20. Structure according to one of claims 1 to 19, characterized in that the water reservoir is additionally provided with a fresh water supply (52). 21. Structure according to one of claims 1 to 20, characterized in that at least one walkable, preferably drivable in the closed state, passage (58) for maintenance personnel to the area of the structure located below the cover plate is formed in the cover plate (10). 22. Structure according to claim 21, characterized in that the closure (60) of the passage is designed to be gas- and liquid-tight. 23. Structure according to claim 21 or 22, characterized in that an entry aid (62) is prefabricated below the passage, preferably as a ladder. 24. Structure according to one of claims 1 to 23, characterized by a ventilation device (64) for the space of the structure located below the cover plate, preferably using a pipe guided through the cover plate. 25. Structure according to claim 24 in conjunction with one of claims 5 to 23, characterized in that the pipe (64) serving for ventilation is arranged coaxially with a pipe (68) intended for drainage of the upper side of the roof of the garage or room cell. 26. Structure according to one of claims 1 to 25, characterized in that the water reservoir is divided into at least two compartments for different water use and treatment. 27. Structure according to one of claims 1 to 26, characterized by a level indicator of the water reservoir or a level indicator (74) in the case of claim 26 of the different water reservoirs and chamber housings arranged in the different compartments. 28. Structure according to one of claims 1 to 27, characterized by a switching device (86) for switching the maximum water level in the respective water reservoir between a summer and a winter operation, taking into account the depth of frost (88) in the surrounding soil (96) of the structure that is to be expected at the installation site. 29. Structure according to claim 28, characterized by an automatic control of the switching device guided by a temperature sensor (98). 30. Structure according to claim 29, characterized in that a hydromechanical element (100) is provided as the soil temperature sensor. 31. Structure according to one of claims 27 to 30, characterized in that the level indicator has an indicator rod (76) which is connected by the cover plate to a float (82) on the water filling of the water reservoir, wherein preferably the indicator rod interacts with two limit contacts (84), of which the upper one actuates the drinking water inlet (52) according to claim 20 when the water reservoir falls below a minimum target volume in order to fill the volume, and the lower one is provided as a safety contact of a pump (104) provided for removing water from the water reservoir against running dry by switching off the operating voltage of the pump. 32. Structure according to one of claims 20 to 31, characterized by a control of the drinking water inlet, which allows its opening only during low-load periods, preferably at night. 33. Structure according to one of claims 20 to 32, characterized by an automatic limitation (106) of the drinking water inlet (52) to the water reservoir below its maximum target level. 34. Structure according to one of claims 1 to 33, characterized by an overflow device, in the case of different levels during summer and winter operation at least one overflow each, for the discharge of excess water. 35. Structure according to claim 34, characterized in that a first overflow (108) is arranged at the maximum target level for summer operation (90) and a second overflow (110) is arranged at the maximum target level for winter operation (92), and that the second overflow (110) is combined with a shut-off device (114) effective during summer operation. 36. Structure according to claim 35, characterized in that the second overflow is provided with a valve (124), which is preferably controlled by the temperature sensor (98) according to claim 29 and a return valve (116) is located downstream of this valve in the flow direction. 37. Structure according to claim 35 or 36, characterized by a first dirt trap (120) between the second overflow and the shut-off device (114) and a second dirt trap (118) in the flow direction behind the shut-off device, in the case of claim 36 behind the check valve (116). 38. Structure according to one of claims 34 to 37, characterized by a common outlet (128) of the overflow device, preferably with an odor trap (122) and a grid against intruding animals, e.g. rats. 39. Structure according to one of claims 1 to 38, characterized by erection at a location with water-conductive ground (130) and with introduction of excess water, preferably by carrying out the outlet (128) of the overflow device through the structure body, most preferably through its floor, into the water-conductive ground (130). 40. Structure according to claim 39, characterized by at least one non-return valve (136) installed in a connection between the floor or wall of the structure and the water-conductive ground as a means of preventing the structure from floating up. 41. Structure according to claim 40, characterized by an additional force effective depending on the water level in the water reservoir for the restoring force of the check valve and/or an actuating device for functional testing and maintenance of the check valve, which preferably allows the valve to be operated from the area above the cover plate. 42. Structure according to one of claims 1 to 41, characterized by being supported on a water-permeable bulk material, preferably a layer of gravel (132). 43. Structure according to one of claims 39 to 42, characterized in that the underside of the floor is formed with drainage channels (148) or at least one pattern of webs (150) serving as support and at least one recess (152) arranged between them. 44. Structure according to one of claims 39 to 43, characterized by a water-permeable layer (134) erected on the outside of the side walls and/or end walls. 45. Structure according to claim 44, characterized in that the water-permeable layer is connected to the structure in prefabrication. 46. Structure according to claim 44, characterized in that the water-permeable layer is connected to the structure and backfilled on site in the excavation pit. 47. Structure according to one of claims 39 to 46, characterized by connection (154) of the drainage of excess water with a ring seepage pipe (156) laid in the ground area around the structure, which is designed with passages over its length or with a completely water-permeable wall to the water-permeable layer in the ground. 48. Structure according to one of claims 39 to 47, characterized by connection with other structures of the same type via at least one common pipe system (174/176), which preferably connects the structures in pairs and which is effective for the transfer of excess water to a structure adjacent in the direction of flow. 49. Structure according to claim 48, characterized by shut-off devices (184/186) that can be operated in sections, preferably from the space above the cover plate (10), in the inlet and outlet area of excess water of the respective structure and/or at least one open outlet for the excess water from the pipe system. 50. Structure according to one of claims 1 to 49, characterized in that a pump (104) or a suction opening (200) of a pumping line is arranged in the water reservoir within a chamber housing (178) which is tightly connected to the ground or is itself provided with its own closed ground, in which a water inlet from the water reservoir which repels floating matter is formed. 51. Structure according to claim 50, characterized in that the water inlet which repels floating matter is provided by several channels distributed over the height of the chamber housing (178). (204) is formed with an inclination from the outside bottom to the inside top. 52. Structure according to claim 51, characterized in that the channels are formed in the wall of the chamber housing (202). 53. Structure according to claim 51, characterized in that the channels are formed by pipe bends (206) leading through the wall of the chamber housing, preferably double pipe bends. 54. Structure according to one of claims 51 to 53, characterized in that the pumping line is provided with a foot valve (200), preferably a combination of a check valve and an upstream strainer basket. 55. Structure according to one of claims 20 to 49 and 50 to 54, characterized in that in the wall of the structure a common passage (208) is provided for at least one electrical line, the fresh water supply according to claim 20 and the pumping line arranged before or after a pump according to claim 50. ft *, · · Qs &iacgr;· · 56- Structure according to one of claims 20 to 55, characterized in that the passage is arranged in a side wall or an end wall below the cover plate. 57. Structure according to claim 55 or 56, characterized in that a sleeve (210) is prefabricated and integrated into the wall of the structure, into which a plug-in part (212) having the cable feedthroughs is inserted in a sealed manner. 58. Structure according to claim 57, characterized in that the plug-in part has a carrier plate for the cable feedthroughs, from which an annular collar (214) projects inwards, with an annular seal (216) being inserted between its outer circumference and the inner circumference of the sleeves. 59. Structure according to claim 57 or 58, characterized in that the plug-in part is secured against tension from the inside by a detachable anchor. 60. Structure according to one of claims 1 to 59, characterized in that the inlet connection of rainwater Iv LV — ■ water and/or waste water flows into the water reservoir in an inlet chamber (218) extending upwards from the bottom area of the water reservoir with a closed bottom part and closed wall part and preferably with an open or openable end at the top, that a separation zone (220) for suspended matter is provided on the top side of the bottom part and that a water outlet pipe (222) projects upwards within the inlet chambers and communicates with the bottom area of the water reservoir on the outlet side. 61. Structure according to claim 60, characterized in that a removable sludge trap (224) is arranged in the separation zone. 62. Structure according to claim 60 or 61, characterized in that the bottom of the inlet chamber is formed by the bottom of the housing. 63. Structure according to one of claims 60 to 62, characterized in that the water outlet pipe (222) is arranged centrally in the preferably cylindrical inlet chamber. 64. Structure according to one of claims 60 to 63, characterized in that the water outlet pipe is composed of a pipe bend (230) passed through the wall part and of a standpipe releasably inserted into this. 65. Structure according to one of claims 60 to 63, characterized in that the inlet connection (226) opens tangentially into the inlet chamber. 66. Structure according to one of claims 60 to 65, characterized in that the top open end of the water outlet pipe is arranged at the level of the mouth of the inlet connection in the inlet chamber. 67. Structure according to claims 65 and 66, characterized by guide surfaces (228) arranged on the inside of the wall part of the inlet chamber, which are arranged and designed so that they divert the tangential inflow into a downwardly directed circular flow. 68. Structure according to one of claims 60 to 67, characterized in that a sieve pipe (232) extends upwards from the upper inlet opening of the water outlet pipe, which is preferably plug-connected to the water outlet pipe. 69. Structure according to one of claims 60 to 67, characterized in that a ring filter (236) extends upwards from the upper inlet opening of the water outlet pipe, the interior of which communicates with the water outlet pipe and the outer surface with the interior of the inlet chamber. 70. Structure according to claim 69, characterized in that the ring filter is cylindrical. 71. Structure according to claim 69, characterized in that the ring filter is a pleated filter (238). 72. Structure according to claim 69, characterized in that the ring filter is polygonal. 73. Structure according to one of claims 69 to 72, characterized in that the ring filter has an outer (240) and an inner (242) screen wall and a removable, preferably replaceable or regenerable, filter insert (244) arranged therebetween. 74. Structure according to claim 73, characterized in that the filter insert is formed from a filter-effective bulk material. 75. Structure according to one of claims 69 to 74, characterized in that the ring filter is carried by the water outlet pipe (222), preferably connected to it in a plug-in manner. 76. Structure according to one of claims 69 to 75, characterized in that the ring filter has at least one circumferential water-permeable intermediate screen wall (246) and the radially inner (248) and radially outer (250) compartments filled with different filter materials. 77. Structure according to one of claims 69 to 76, characterized in that the ring filter is surrounded by an additional sieve (252), which is preferably detachably carried by the ring filter, for repelling coarse materials against radial migration to the ring filter. 78. Structure according to one of claims 69 to 77, characterized in that the ring filter is provided with a backwash device (254). 79. Structure according to one of claims 69 to 77, characterized in that the ring filter is provided with a self-cleaning device which can be operated temporarily, preferably periodically, whereby preferably aerated water from the water reservoir is applied to the ring filter or at least dripped onto it. 80. Structure according to claim 70, characterized in that the water used for self-cleaning is supplied from a branch of the pumping line behind the pump via a controllable valve device. 81. Structure according to one of claims 35 to 80, characterized by a third overflow (112) which is arranged with its mouth in the inlet chamber above the ring filter and which is arranged higher than the first overflow (108) by approximately the height of the resistance of the ring filter, measured as the height of a water column. 82. Structure according to claim 81, characterized in that the outlets of the first (108) and third overflow (112) are connected together, with an odor trap (122) arranged in front of it. 83. Structure according to one of claims 1 to 82, characterized in that a rubble or solids filter (203) is provided as the water outlet from the water reservoir, which communicates on the outlet side with water-conductive ground below the structure or a service water extraction line. 84. Structure according to claim 83, characterized in that the rubble or solids filter has, preferably forms, a filter layer on the bottom of the water reservoir. 85. Structure according to claim 83 or 84, characterized in that the rubble or solids filter has a filter layer within a filter chamber (202) through which flow flows from top to bottom and/or is located within a chamber designed according to claims 50 to 53. 86. Structure according to claim 84 or 85, characterized in that the bottom of the water reservoir and/or the filter chamber is formed with a removal channel system (258) which preferably also serves as a backwash line. 87. Structure according to claim 85 or 86, characterized in that the filter chamber has its own closed bottom part. 88. Structure according to claim 85 or 86, characterized in that the floor of the structure simultaneously forms the floor of the filter chamber, which is preferably designed to be water-permeable. 89. Structure according to one of claims 69 to 88, characterized in that the filter material described in the aforementioned claims 73 to 76 and 83 to 85 is combined in water-permeable casings. 90. Structure according to one of claims 24 to 88, characterized in that at least one line is provided for the ventilation and de-ventilation of the area located under the cover plate (10). 91. Building according to claim 90, characterized by a ventilation line (64) which runs at least partially outside the building wall or the roof of the garage or room cell and is exposed to atmospheric radiation, preferably located on the south side of the building. 92. Structure according to claim 91, characterized in that the ventilation line is provided with an outer coating with radiation-absorbing properties, preferably selectively absorbing. 93. Structure according to claim 91 or 92, characterized by a radiation-permeable layer installed at a distance from the outer boundary of the ventilation line. 94. Structure according to claims 91 to 93, characterized by a wall of the ventilation line that is at least partially permeable to radiation. 95. Structure according to claims 91 to 94, characterized by an insulating layer, preferably permeable to radiation, applied to the outside of at least parts of the ventilation line. 96. Structure according to one of claims 48 to 95, characterized in that in the case of a network according to claim 48, individual or all line sections of the connecting lines for excess water between several structures are designed to be water-permeable as a drainage line (174). 97. Structure according to one of claims 50 to 96, characterized in that the pump or the suction opening of the pumping line or drain line are arranged in the flow direction after a filter (203) which is installed in a chamber housing (178) according to claims 50 to 53. 98. Structure according to claim 97, characterized in that the filter (203) is designed according to claims 69 to 76 or 83 to 89. 99. Structure according to one of claims 50 to 98, characterized in that the pump (104) or the foot valve is guided through the chamber boundaries (202), preferably insertable from the outside of the chamber, through a sleeve (209). 100. Structure according to one of claims 66 to 99, characterized in that the apex of the inlet connection (14) in the inlet chamber according to claim 66 lies below the maximum frost depth (88) in the ground, the filter (138) is preferably mounted with a larger proportion of its outer inlet surface (240) above the maximum frost depth, and most preferably the base of the inlet connection (14) lies approximately at the same height as the lowest inlet area of the filter. 101- Structure according to one of claims 68 to 101, characterized in that the sieve tube (232) is surrounded by a preferably cylindrical, most preferably concentric, baffle wall (234) which is attached to the sieve tube, preferably in a plug-in manner. 102. Structure according to claims 79 to 101, characterized by a rocker (256) formed with at least two chambers and tiltably mounted above the ring filter. 103. Structure according to claim 102, characterized in that the outflow opening of the water (237) for filter self-cleaning according to claim 79 is mounted above the pivot point or the axis of rotation (257) of the rocker. 104. Structure according to claim 103, characterized in that the center of gravity of the seesaw (256) lies above its pivot point or its axis of rotation, in such a way that when at least one chamber of the seesaw is filled, the seesaw assumes a stable equilibrium position. 105. Structure according to claim 103, characterized in that the chambers of the rocker (256) are designed in such a way that in a stable equilibrium position at least one of the chambers which in this position is not below the outflow opening empties, and at the same time the opposite chamber lies with respect to the pivot point or the axis of rotation below the outflow opening (237) and in this position is filled by the water fed in, in such a way that the rocker carries out a periodic pendulum movement due to the alternating emptying and full filling of the chambers and the resulting shift in the center of gravity. 106. Structure according to one of claims 1 to 105, characterized in that at least one rubble or solids filter (203) is provided as a water outlet from the water reservoir or from at least one section of the water reservoir in the case of different use and/or from a chamber housing of the reservoir, which on the outlet side communicates with water-conductive ground (103) or soil outside the structure in the case of seepage or is connected to another line for the drainage or removal of the filtrate, which opens into another section of the reservoir or leads out of the structure. 107. Structure according to one of claims 83 to 106, characterized by a chamber located in the flow direction upstream of the bulk or solid filter, which is provided with a barrier against floating matter according to claims 51 to 53. 108. Structure according to one of claims 5 to 107, characterized by a filter layer (260) located on the roof of the room cell or garage. 109. Structure according to claim 108, characterized by a drainage system (262) mounted on the upper side of the roof within the filter layer. 110. Structure according to claim 108, characterized by a design of the roof plate as a drainage (262) alone or in cooperation with a filter layer (260). 111. Structure according to one of claims 5 to 108, characterized by at least one prefabricated trough-like protuberance (270) attached to the outer wall of the structure. 112. Structure according to claim, characterized by connection of the protuberances via channels (272). 113. Structure according to claim 112, characterized by a filter layer introduced into the recesses of the protuberances (260). 114. Structure according to one of claims 109 to 113, characterized by factory planting (274) of the filter layer (260). 115. Structure according to one of claims 109 to 114, characterized by a factory preparation of the filter layer (260) for on-site planting. 116. Structure according to one of claims 110 to 115, characterized by at least one supply line (265) and one discharge line (267) to the roof surface and to each trough-shaped protuberance, preferably running inside the structure, most preferably inside the structure wall. 117. Structure according to claims 116 and 113, characterized in that at least one line to the roof of the structure and/or to a trough and/or the channels according to claim 113 are filled with a capillary water-conducting material (259).