DE69009432D1 - Verfahren zur Herstellung von Rohstoffen für einen Reformer durch Cracken und Entschwefeln von Petroleumbrennstoffen. - Google Patents

Verfahren zur Herstellung von Rohstoffen für einen Reformer durch Cracken und Entschwefeln von Petroleumbrennstoffen.

Info

Publication number
DE69009432D1
DE69009432D1 DE69009432T DE69009432T DE69009432D1 DE 69009432 D1 DE69009432 D1 DE 69009432D1 DE 69009432 T DE69009432 T DE 69009432T DE 69009432 T DE69009432 T DE 69009432T DE 69009432 D1 DE69009432 D1 DE 69009432D1
Authority
DE
Germany
Prior art keywords
reformer
cracking
production
raw materials
petroleum fuels
Prior art date
Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
Expired - Fee Related
Application number
DE69009432T
Other languages
English (en)
Other versions
DE69009432T2 (de
Inventor
Osamu Yamase
Tadayuki Miura
Hajime Kubota
Current Assignee (The listed assignees may be inaccurate. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation or warranty as to the accuracy of the list.)
Showa Shell Sekiyu KK
Japan Petroleum Energy Center JPEC
Original Assignee
Showa Shell Sekiyu KK
Petroleum Energy Center PEC
Priority date (The priority date is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the date listed.)
Filing date
Publication date
Application filed by Showa Shell Sekiyu KK, Petroleum Energy Center PEC filed Critical Showa Shell Sekiyu KK
Publication of DE69009432D1 publication Critical patent/DE69009432D1/de
Application granted granted Critical
Publication of DE69009432T2 publication Critical patent/DE69009432T2/de
Anticipated expiration legal-status Critical
Expired - Fee Related legal-status Critical Current

Links

Classifications

    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C01—INORGANIC CHEMISTRY
    • C01B—NON-METALLIC ELEMENTS; COMPOUNDS THEREOF; METALLOIDS OR COMPOUNDS THEREOF NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASS C01C
    • C01B3/00—Hydrogen; Gaseous mixtures containing hydrogen; Separation of hydrogen from mixtures containing it; Purification of hydrogen
    • C01B3/02—Production of hydrogen or of gaseous mixtures containing a substantial proportion of hydrogen
    • C01B3/32—Production of hydrogen or of gaseous mixtures containing a substantial proportion of hydrogen by reaction of gaseous or liquid organic compounds with gasifying agents, e.g. water, carbon dioxide, air
    • C01B3/34—Production of hydrogen or of gaseous mixtures containing a substantial proportion of hydrogen by reaction of gaseous or liquid organic compounds with gasifying agents, e.g. water, carbon dioxide, air by reaction of hydrocarbons with gasifying agents
    • C01B3/48—Production of hydrogen or of gaseous mixtures containing a substantial proportion of hydrogen by reaction of gaseous or liquid organic compounds with gasifying agents, e.g. water, carbon dioxide, air by reaction of hydrocarbons with gasifying agents followed by reaction of water vapour with carbon monoxide
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
    • H01M8/00—Fuel cells; Manufacture thereof
    • H01M8/06—Combination of fuel cells with means for production of reactants or for treatment of residues
    • H01M8/0606—Combination of fuel cells with means for production of reactants or for treatment of residues with means for production of gaseous reactants
    • H01M8/0612—Combination of fuel cells with means for production of reactants or for treatment of residues with means for production of gaseous reactants from carbon-containing material
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
    • H01M8/00—Fuel cells; Manufacture thereof
    • H01M8/06—Combination of fuel cells with means for production of reactants or for treatment of residues
    • H01M8/0662—Treatment of gaseous reactants or gaseous residues, e.g. cleaning
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C01—INORGANIC CHEMISTRY
    • C01B—NON-METALLIC ELEMENTS; COMPOUNDS THEREOF; METALLOIDS OR COMPOUNDS THEREOF NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASS C01C
    • C01B2203/00—Integrated processes for the production of hydrogen or synthesis gas
    • C01B2203/02—Processes for making hydrogen or synthesis gas
    • C01B2203/0205—Processes for making hydrogen or synthesis gas containing a reforming step
    • C01B2203/0227—Processes for making hydrogen or synthesis gas containing a reforming step containing a catalytic reforming step
    • C01B2203/0233—Processes for making hydrogen or synthesis gas containing a reforming step containing a catalytic reforming step the reforming step being a steam reforming step
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C01—INORGANIC CHEMISTRY
    • C01B—NON-METALLIC ELEMENTS; COMPOUNDS THEREOF; METALLOIDS OR COMPOUNDS THEREOF NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASS C01C
    • C01B2203/00—Integrated processes for the production of hydrogen or synthesis gas
    • C01B2203/02—Processes for making hydrogen or synthesis gas
    • C01B2203/0283—Processes for making hydrogen or synthesis gas containing a CO-shift step, i.e. a water gas shift step
    • C01B2203/0288—Processes for making hydrogen or synthesis gas containing a CO-shift step, i.e. a water gas shift step containing two CO-shift steps
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C01—INORGANIC CHEMISTRY
    • C01B—NON-METALLIC ELEMENTS; COMPOUNDS THEREOF; METALLOIDS OR COMPOUNDS THEREOF NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASS C01C
    • C01B2203/00—Integrated processes for the production of hydrogen or synthesis gas
    • C01B2203/04—Integrated processes for the production of hydrogen or synthesis gas containing a purification step for the hydrogen or the synthesis gas
    • C01B2203/0405—Purification by membrane separation
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C01—INORGANIC CHEMISTRY
    • C01B—NON-METALLIC ELEMENTS; COMPOUNDS THEREOF; METALLOIDS OR COMPOUNDS THEREOF NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASS C01C
    • C01B2203/00—Integrated processes for the production of hydrogen or synthesis gas
    • C01B2203/06—Integration with other chemical processes
    • C01B2203/066—Integration with other chemical processes with fuel cells
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C01—INORGANIC CHEMISTRY
    • C01B—NON-METALLIC ELEMENTS; COMPOUNDS THEREOF; METALLOIDS OR COMPOUNDS THEREOF NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASS C01C
    • C01B2203/00—Integrated processes for the production of hydrogen or synthesis gas
    • C01B2203/08—Methods of heating or cooling
    • C01B2203/0805—Methods of heating the process for making hydrogen or synthesis gas
    • C01B2203/0811—Methods of heating the process for making hydrogen or synthesis gas by combustion of fuel
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C01—INORGANIC CHEMISTRY
    • C01B—NON-METALLIC ELEMENTS; COMPOUNDS THEREOF; METALLOIDS OR COMPOUNDS THEREOF NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASS C01C
    • C01B2203/00—Integrated processes for the production of hydrogen or synthesis gas
    • C01B2203/08—Methods of heating or cooling
    • C01B2203/0805—Methods of heating the process for making hydrogen or synthesis gas
    • C01B2203/0811—Methods of heating the process for making hydrogen or synthesis gas by combustion of fuel
    • C01B2203/0816—Heating by flames
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C01—INORGANIC CHEMISTRY
    • C01B—NON-METALLIC ELEMENTS; COMPOUNDS THEREOF; METALLOIDS OR COMPOUNDS THEREOF NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASS C01C
    • C01B2203/00—Integrated processes for the production of hydrogen or synthesis gas
    • C01B2203/08—Methods of heating or cooling
    • C01B2203/0805—Methods of heating the process for making hydrogen or synthesis gas
    • C01B2203/0811—Methods of heating the process for making hydrogen or synthesis gas by combustion of fuel
    • C01B2203/0822—Methods of heating the process for making hydrogen or synthesis gas by combustion of fuel the fuel containing hydrogen
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C01—INORGANIC CHEMISTRY
    • C01B—NON-METALLIC ELEMENTS; COMPOUNDS THEREOF; METALLOIDS OR COMPOUNDS THEREOF NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASS C01C
    • C01B2203/00—Integrated processes for the production of hydrogen or synthesis gas
    • C01B2203/08—Methods of heating or cooling
    • C01B2203/0805—Methods of heating the process for making hydrogen or synthesis gas
    • C01B2203/0811—Methods of heating the process for making hydrogen or synthesis gas by combustion of fuel
    • C01B2203/0827—Methods of heating the process for making hydrogen or synthesis gas by combustion of fuel at least part of the fuel being a recycle stream
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C01—INORGANIC CHEMISTRY
    • C01B—NON-METALLIC ELEMENTS; COMPOUNDS THEREOF; METALLOIDS OR COMPOUNDS THEREOF NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASS C01C
    • C01B2203/00—Integrated processes for the production of hydrogen or synthesis gas
    • C01B2203/08—Methods of heating or cooling
    • C01B2203/0805—Methods of heating the process for making hydrogen or synthesis gas
    • C01B2203/0866—Methods of heating the process for making hydrogen or synthesis gas by combination of different heating methods
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C01—INORGANIC CHEMISTRY
    • C01B—NON-METALLIC ELEMENTS; COMPOUNDS THEREOF; METALLOIDS OR COMPOUNDS THEREOF NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASS C01C
    • C01B2203/00—Integrated processes for the production of hydrogen or synthesis gas
    • C01B2203/10—Catalysts for performing the hydrogen forming reactions
    • C01B2203/1041—Composition of the catalyst
    • C01B2203/1047—Group VIII metal catalysts
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C01—INORGANIC CHEMISTRY
    • C01B—NON-METALLIC ELEMENTS; COMPOUNDS THEREOF; METALLOIDS OR COMPOUNDS THEREOF NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASS C01C
    • C01B2203/00—Integrated processes for the production of hydrogen or synthesis gas
    • C01B2203/10—Catalysts for performing the hydrogen forming reactions
    • C01B2203/1041—Composition of the catalyst
    • C01B2203/1047—Group VIII metal catalysts
    • C01B2203/1052—Nickel or cobalt catalysts
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C01—INORGANIC CHEMISTRY
    • C01B—NON-METALLIC ELEMENTS; COMPOUNDS THEREOF; METALLOIDS OR COMPOUNDS THEREOF NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASS C01C
    • C01B2203/00—Integrated processes for the production of hydrogen or synthesis gas
    • C01B2203/10—Catalysts for performing the hydrogen forming reactions
    • C01B2203/1041—Composition of the catalyst
    • C01B2203/1047—Group VIII metal catalysts
    • C01B2203/1064—Platinum group metal catalysts
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C01—INORGANIC CHEMISTRY
    • C01B—NON-METALLIC ELEMENTS; COMPOUNDS THEREOF; METALLOIDS OR COMPOUNDS THEREOF NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASS C01C
    • C01B2203/00—Integrated processes for the production of hydrogen or synthesis gas
    • C01B2203/10—Catalysts for performing the hydrogen forming reactions
    • C01B2203/1041—Composition of the catalyst
    • C01B2203/1076—Copper or zinc-based catalysts
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C01—INORGANIC CHEMISTRY
    • C01B—NON-METALLIC ELEMENTS; COMPOUNDS THEREOF; METALLOIDS OR COMPOUNDS THEREOF NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASS C01C
    • C01B2203/00—Integrated processes for the production of hydrogen or synthesis gas
    • C01B2203/10—Catalysts for performing the hydrogen forming reactions
    • C01B2203/1041—Composition of the catalyst
    • C01B2203/1082—Composition of support materials
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C01—INORGANIC CHEMISTRY
    • C01B—NON-METALLIC ELEMENTS; COMPOUNDS THEREOF; METALLOIDS OR COMPOUNDS THEREOF NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASS C01C
    • C01B2203/00—Integrated processes for the production of hydrogen or synthesis gas
    • C01B2203/12—Feeding the process for making hydrogen or synthesis gas
    • C01B2203/1205—Composition of the feed
    • C01B2203/1211—Organic compounds or organic mixtures used in the process for making hydrogen or synthesis gas
    • C01B2203/1235—Hydrocarbons
    • C01B2203/1241—Natural gas or methane
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C01—INORGANIC CHEMISTRY
    • C01B—NON-METALLIC ELEMENTS; COMPOUNDS THEREOF; METALLOIDS OR COMPOUNDS THEREOF NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASS C01C
    • C01B2203/00—Integrated processes for the production of hydrogen or synthesis gas
    • C01B2203/12—Feeding the process for making hydrogen or synthesis gas
    • C01B2203/1205—Composition of the feed
    • C01B2203/1211—Organic compounds or organic mixtures used in the process for making hydrogen or synthesis gas
    • C01B2203/1235—Hydrocarbons
    • C01B2203/1247—Higher hydrocarbons
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C01—INORGANIC CHEMISTRY
    • C01B—NON-METALLIC ELEMENTS; COMPOUNDS THEREOF; METALLOIDS OR COMPOUNDS THEREOF NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASS C01C
    • C01B2203/00—Integrated processes for the production of hydrogen or synthesis gas
    • C01B2203/12—Feeding the process for making hydrogen or synthesis gas
    • C01B2203/1258—Pre-treatment of the feed
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C01—INORGANIC CHEMISTRY
    • C01B—NON-METALLIC ELEMENTS; COMPOUNDS THEREOF; METALLOIDS OR COMPOUNDS THEREOF NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASS C01C
    • C01B2203/00—Integrated processes for the production of hydrogen or synthesis gas
    • C01B2203/12—Feeding the process for making hydrogen or synthesis gas
    • C01B2203/1258—Pre-treatment of the feed
    • C01B2203/1264—Catalytic pre-treatment of the feed
    • C01B2203/127—Catalytic desulfurisation
    • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
    • Y02E—REDUCTION OF GREENHOUSE GAS [GHG] EMISSIONS, RELATED TO ENERGY GENERATION, TRANSMISSION OR DISTRIBUTION
    • Y02E60/00—Enabling technologies; Technologies with a potential or indirect contribution to GHG emissions mitigation
    • Y02E60/30—Hydrogen technology
    • Y02E60/50—Fuel cells
    • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
    • Y02P—CLIMATE CHANGE MITIGATION TECHNOLOGIES IN THE PRODUCTION OR PROCESSING OF GOODS
    • Y02P20/00—Technologies relating to chemical industry
    • Y02P20/10—Process efficiency

Landscapes

  • Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
  • Chemical Kinetics & Catalysis (AREA)
  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Life Sciences & Earth Sciences (AREA)
  • Sustainable Development (AREA)
  • General Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
  • Electrochemistry (AREA)
  • Organic Chemistry (AREA)
  • Sustainable Energy (AREA)
  • Manufacturing & Machinery (AREA)
  • General Health & Medical Sciences (AREA)
  • Health & Medical Sciences (AREA)
  • Inorganic Chemistry (AREA)
  • Combustion & Propulsion (AREA)
  • Production Of Liquid Hydrocarbon Mixture For Refining Petroleum (AREA)
  • Catalysts (AREA)
  • Fuel Cell (AREA)
DE69009432T 1989-12-27 1990-12-18 Verfahren zur Herstellung von Rohstoffen für einen Reformer durch Cracken und Entschwefeln von Petroleumbrennstoffen. Expired - Fee Related DE69009432T2 (de)

Applications Claiming Priority (1)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
JP1336485A JP2941323B2 (ja) 1989-12-27 1989-12-27 石油系燃料を分解脱硫し改質原料とする方法

Publications (2)

Publication Number Publication Date
DE69009432D1 true DE69009432D1 (de) 1994-07-07
DE69009432T2 DE69009432T2 (de) 1994-09-15

Family

ID=18299620

Family Applications (1)

Application Number Title Priority Date Filing Date
DE69009432T Expired - Fee Related DE69009432T2 (de) 1989-12-27 1990-12-18 Verfahren zur Herstellung von Rohstoffen für einen Reformer durch Cracken und Entschwefeln von Petroleumbrennstoffen.

Country Status (3)

Country Link
EP (1) EP0435736B1 (de)
JP (1) JP2941323B2 (de)
DE (1) DE69009432T2 (de)

Families Citing this family (12)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
CA2317992A1 (en) * 1999-11-08 2001-05-08 General Motors Corporation Down-sized water-gas-shift reactor
US6837909B2 (en) 2000-04-10 2005-01-04 Nippon Oil Corporation Fuel for use in a fuel cell system
WO2001077267A1 (fr) * 2000-04-10 2001-10-18 Nippon Oil Corporation Combustible destine a etre utilise dans un systeme de pile a combustible
EP1281748A4 (de) 2000-04-10 2004-10-06 Nippon Oil Corp Brennstoff zur nutzung in einem brennstoffzellensystem
WO2001077260A1 (fr) * 2000-04-10 2001-10-18 Nippon Oil Corporation Combustible destine a un systeme de piles a combustible
AU2001244743A1 (en) 2000-04-10 2001-10-23 Nippon Mitsubishi Oil Corporation Fuel for use in fuel cell system
WO2001077261A1 (fr) * 2000-04-10 2001-10-18 Nippon Oil Corporation Combustible destine a un systeme de piles a combustible
JP4830197B2 (ja) * 2000-09-13 2011-12-07 トヨタ自動車株式会社 燃料改質装置
US7037615B2 (en) * 2001-02-12 2006-05-02 Delphi Technologies, Inc. Trapping method and system for energy conversion devices
DE10143656B4 (de) * 2001-09-05 2005-10-13 Mahlendorf, Falko, Dr. rer.nat. Verfahren zur Erzeugung von Energie in einem Brennstoffzellen-Gesamtsystem mit Crackreaktor und Brennstoffzelle sowie Vorrichtung zur Durchführung des Verfahrens
AUPS014702A0 (en) * 2002-01-25 2002-02-14 Ceramic Fuel Cells Limited Desulfurisation of fuel
CN114515593A (zh) * 2020-11-20 2022-05-20 中国石油天然气股份有限公司 一种碳四烷基化催化剂、碳四烷基化制备高辛烷值汽油的方法

Family Cites Families (3)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
CA1080199A (en) * 1975-10-28 1980-06-24 Elroy M. Gladrow Hydrocarbon conversion catalyst and process utilizing the same
US4336130A (en) * 1980-11-28 1982-06-22 Union Oil Company Of California Desulfurization of hydrocarbons
US4816353A (en) * 1986-05-14 1989-03-28 International Fuel Cells Corporation Integrated fuel cell and fuel conversion apparatus

Also Published As

Publication number Publication date
EP0435736A1 (de) 1991-07-03
JPH03199294A (ja) 1991-08-30
EP0435736B1 (de) 1994-06-01
JP2941323B2 (ja) 1999-08-25
DE69009432T2 (de) 1994-09-15

Similar Documents

Publication Publication Date Title
DE69314879D1 (de) Verfahren zur Herstellung von Kohlenwasserstoffbrennstoffen
DE68920267D1 (de) Verfahren zur Herstellung von einem durch Keramik verstärkten Verbundmaterial.
DE69009432D1 (de) Verfahren zur Herstellung von Rohstoffen für einen Reformer durch Cracken und Entschwefeln von Petroleumbrennstoffen.
DE69229154T2 (de) Verfahren zur Herstellung von Naphtha
DE69005278D1 (de) Integriertes Verfahren zur Herstellung von Benzin und Ether.
DE68909819D1 (de) Verfahren zur Reformierung einer Kohlenwasserstofffraktion mit limitiertem C9+-Gehalt.
DE3854757D1 (de) Verfahren zur elektrokatalytischen Umsetzung von leichten Kohlenwasserstoffen in Synthesegas.
DE69018178D1 (de) Verfahren zur Herstellung von Disilan.
DE68916285D1 (de) Verfahren zur Dampfreformierung von Kohlenwasserstoffen.
DE68913922D1 (de) Verfahren zur Herstellung von niedrigen aliphatischen Kohlenwasserstoffen.
DE59400939D1 (de) Verfahren zur Herstellung von Mischoxidpulvern für Entstickungskatalysatoren
DE69030970D1 (de) Verfahren zur Herstellung von Produktölen mit niedrigem Polycycloaromatengehalt
ATE95809T1 (de) Verfahren zur herstellung von kohlenwasserstoffaminen.
DE59002819D1 (de) Verfahren zum Reinigen von Rohbrenngas aus der Vergasung fester Brennstoffe.
DE69006575D1 (de) Verfahren zur Umwandlung von Kohlenwasserstoffölen.
BR8406227A (pt) Processo para a producao de gas de sintese por combustao parcial de combustivel de hidrocarboneto no estado liquido ou semi-liquido
DE69014379D1 (de) Verfahren zur Herstellung von anorganischen Oxydteilchen.
DE69021780D1 (de) Verfahren zur Herstellung eines Mischvorrats für Benzin mit hoher Oktanzahl.
DE69229313D1 (de) Verfahren zur Herstellung von Kohlenwasserstoffbrennstoffen
DE68917253D1 (de) Verfahren zur Aufbereitung von Brennstoff aus Lignozellulose-Material.
DE69417607D1 (de) Verfahren zur Herstellung von Benzin mit hoher Oktanzahl
DE3873342D1 (de) Nicht-zylindrischer reaktor zur herstellung von furnace-russ.
DE69023562D1 (de) Verfahren zur Herstellung von Feinmustern.
DE69016273D1 (de) Verfahren zur Herstellung von aromatischen Kohlenwasserstoffen.
DE3884070D1 (de) Verfahren zur Herstellung von Harnstoffen.

Legal Events

Date Code Title Description
8364 No opposition during term of opposition
8339 Ceased/non-payment of the annual fee