DE60022164D1 - Verfahren und Einrichtung zur Verbesserung der Bildqualität in einem Druckgerät - Google Patents
Verfahren und Einrichtung zur Verbesserung der Bildqualität in einem DruckgerätInfo
- Publication number
- DE60022164D1 DE60022164D1 DE60022164T DE60022164T DE60022164D1 DE 60022164 D1 DE60022164 D1 DE 60022164D1 DE 60022164 T DE60022164 T DE 60022164T DE 60022164 T DE60022164 T DE 60022164T DE 60022164 D1 DE60022164 D1 DE 60022164D1
- Authority
- DE
- Germany
- Prior art keywords
- image quality
- improving image
- printing device
- printing
- improving
- Prior art date
- Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
- Expired - Fee Related
Links
Classifications
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B41—PRINTING; LINING MACHINES; TYPEWRITERS; STAMPS
- B41J—TYPEWRITERS; SELECTIVE PRINTING MECHANISMS, i.e. MECHANISMS PRINTING OTHERWISE THAN FROM A FORME; CORRECTION OF TYPOGRAPHICAL ERRORS
- B41J2/00—Typewriters or selective printing mechanisms characterised by the printing or marking process for which they are designed
- B41J2/005—Typewriters or selective printing mechanisms characterised by the printing or marking process for which they are designed characterised by bringing liquid or particles selectively into contact with a printing material
- B41J2/01—Ink jet
- B41J2/015—Ink jet characterised by the jet generation process
- B41J2/04—Ink jet characterised by the jet generation process generating single droplets or particles on demand
- B41J2/045—Ink jet characterised by the jet generation process generating single droplets or particles on demand by pressure, e.g. electromechanical transducers
- B41J2/04501—Control methods or devices therefor, e.g. driver circuits, control circuits
- B41J2/0451—Control methods or devices therefor, e.g. driver circuits, control circuits for detecting failure, e.g. clogging, malfunctioning actuator
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B41—PRINTING; LINING MACHINES; TYPEWRITERS; STAMPS
- B41J—TYPEWRITERS; SELECTIVE PRINTING MECHANISMS, i.e. MECHANISMS PRINTING OTHERWISE THAN FROM A FORME; CORRECTION OF TYPOGRAPHICAL ERRORS
- B41J11/00—Devices or arrangements of selective printing mechanisms, e.g. ink-jet printers or thermal printers, for supporting or handling copy material in sheet or web form
- B41J11/66—Applications of cutting devices
- B41J11/70—Applications of cutting devices cutting perpendicular to the direction of paper feed
- B41J11/706—Applications of cutting devices cutting perpendicular to the direction of paper feed using a cutting tool mounted on a reciprocating carrier
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B41—PRINTING; LINING MACHINES; TYPEWRITERS; STAMPS
- B41J—TYPEWRITERS; SELECTIVE PRINTING MECHANISMS, i.e. MECHANISMS PRINTING OTHERWISE THAN FROM A FORME; CORRECTION OF TYPOGRAPHICAL ERRORS
- B41J2/00—Typewriters or selective printing mechanisms characterised by the printing or marking process for which they are designed
- B41J2/005—Typewriters or selective printing mechanisms characterised by the printing or marking process for which they are designed characterised by bringing liquid or particles selectively into contact with a printing material
- B41J2/01—Ink jet
- B41J2/015—Ink jet characterised by the jet generation process
- B41J2/04—Ink jet characterised by the jet generation process generating single droplets or particles on demand
- B41J2/045—Ink jet characterised by the jet generation process generating single droplets or particles on demand by pressure, e.g. electromechanical transducers
- B41J2/04501—Control methods or devices therefor, e.g. driver circuits, control circuits
- B41J2/04536—Control methods or devices therefor, e.g. driver circuits, control circuits using history data
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B41—PRINTING; LINING MACHINES; TYPEWRITERS; STAMPS
- B41J—TYPEWRITERS; SELECTIVE PRINTING MECHANISMS, i.e. MECHANISMS PRINTING OTHERWISE THAN FROM A FORME; CORRECTION OF TYPOGRAPHICAL ERRORS
- B41J2/00—Typewriters or selective printing mechanisms characterised by the printing or marking process for which they are designed
- B41J2/005—Typewriters or selective printing mechanisms characterised by the printing or marking process for which they are designed characterised by bringing liquid or particles selectively into contact with a printing material
- B41J2/01—Ink jet
- B41J2/015—Ink jet characterised by the jet generation process
- B41J2/04—Ink jet characterised by the jet generation process generating single droplets or particles on demand
- B41J2/045—Ink jet characterised by the jet generation process generating single droplets or particles on demand by pressure, e.g. electromechanical transducers
- B41J2/04501—Control methods or devices therefor, e.g. driver circuits, control circuits
- B41J2/04558—Control methods or devices therefor, e.g. driver circuits, control circuits detecting presence or properties of a dot on paper
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B41—PRINTING; LINING MACHINES; TYPEWRITERS; STAMPS
- B41J—TYPEWRITERS; SELECTIVE PRINTING MECHANISMS, i.e. MECHANISMS PRINTING OTHERWISE THAN FROM A FORME; CORRECTION OF TYPOGRAPHICAL ERRORS
- B41J2/00—Typewriters or selective printing mechanisms characterised by the printing or marking process for which they are designed
- B41J2/005—Typewriters or selective printing mechanisms characterised by the printing or marking process for which they are designed characterised by bringing liquid or particles selectively into contact with a printing material
- B41J2/01—Ink jet
- B41J2/015—Ink jet characterised by the jet generation process
- B41J2/04—Ink jet characterised by the jet generation process generating single droplets or particles on demand
- B41J2/045—Ink jet characterised by the jet generation process generating single droplets or particles on demand by pressure, e.g. electromechanical transducers
- B41J2/04501—Control methods or devices therefor, e.g. driver circuits, control circuits
- B41J2/04561—Control methods or devices therefor, e.g. driver circuits, control circuits detecting presence or properties of a drop in flight
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B41—PRINTING; LINING MACHINES; TYPEWRITERS; STAMPS
- B41J—TYPEWRITERS; SELECTIVE PRINTING MECHANISMS, i.e. MECHANISMS PRINTING OTHERWISE THAN FROM A FORME; CORRECTION OF TYPOGRAPHICAL ERRORS
- B41J2/00—Typewriters or selective printing mechanisms characterised by the printing or marking process for which they are designed
- B41J2/005—Typewriters or selective printing mechanisms characterised by the printing or marking process for which they are designed characterised by bringing liquid or particles selectively into contact with a printing material
- B41J2/01—Ink jet
- B41J2/015—Ink jet characterised by the jet generation process
- B41J2/04—Ink jet characterised by the jet generation process generating single droplets or particles on demand
- B41J2/045—Ink jet characterised by the jet generation process generating single droplets or particles on demand by pressure, e.g. electromechanical transducers
- B41J2/04501—Control methods or devices therefor, e.g. driver circuits, control circuits
- B41J2/0458—Control methods or devices therefor, e.g. driver circuits, control circuits controlling heads based on heating elements forming bubbles
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B41—PRINTING; LINING MACHINES; TYPEWRITERS; STAMPS
- B41J—TYPEWRITERS; SELECTIVE PRINTING MECHANISMS, i.e. MECHANISMS PRINTING OTHERWISE THAN FROM A FORME; CORRECTION OF TYPOGRAPHICAL ERRORS
- B41J2/00—Typewriters or selective printing mechanisms characterised by the printing or marking process for which they are designed
- B41J2/005—Typewriters or selective printing mechanisms characterised by the printing or marking process for which they are designed characterised by bringing liquid or particles selectively into contact with a printing material
- B41J2/01—Ink jet
- B41J2/015—Ink jet characterised by the jet generation process
- B41J2/04—Ink jet characterised by the jet generation process generating single droplets or particles on demand
- B41J2/045—Ink jet characterised by the jet generation process generating single droplets or particles on demand by pressure, e.g. electromechanical transducers
- B41J2/04501—Control methods or devices therefor, e.g. driver circuits, control circuits
- B41J2/04581—Control methods or devices therefor, e.g. driver circuits, control circuits controlling heads based on piezoelectric elements
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B41—PRINTING; LINING MACHINES; TYPEWRITERS; STAMPS
- B41J—TYPEWRITERS; SELECTIVE PRINTING MECHANISMS, i.e. MECHANISMS PRINTING OTHERWISE THAN FROM A FORME; CORRECTION OF TYPOGRAPHICAL ERRORS
- B41J2/00—Typewriters or selective printing mechanisms characterised by the printing or marking process for which they are designed
- B41J2/005—Typewriters or selective printing mechanisms characterised by the printing or marking process for which they are designed characterised by bringing liquid or particles selectively into contact with a printing material
- B41J2/01—Ink jet
- B41J2/135—Nozzles
- B41J2/165—Prevention or detection of nozzle clogging, e.g. cleaning, capping or moistening for nozzles
- B41J2/16579—Detection means therefor, e.g. for nozzle clogging
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B41—PRINTING; LINING MACHINES; TYPEWRITERS; STAMPS
- B41J—TYPEWRITERS; SELECTIVE PRINTING MECHANISMS, i.e. MECHANISMS PRINTING OTHERWISE THAN FROM A FORME; CORRECTION OF TYPOGRAPHICAL ERRORS
- B41J29/00—Details of, or accessories for, typewriters or selective printing mechanisms not otherwise provided for
- B41J29/38—Drives, motors, controls or automatic cut-off devices for the entire printing mechanism
- B41J29/393—Devices for controlling or analysing the entire machine ; Controlling or analysing mechanical parameters involving printing of test patterns
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B41—PRINTING; LINING MACHINES; TYPEWRITERS; STAMPS
- B41J—TYPEWRITERS; SELECTIVE PRINTING MECHANISMS, i.e. MECHANISMS PRINTING OTHERWISE THAN FROM A FORME; CORRECTION OF TYPOGRAPHICAL ERRORS
- B41J2202/00—Embodiments of or processes related to ink-jet or thermal heads
- B41J2202/01—Embodiments of or processes related to ink-jet heads
- B41J2202/17—Readable information on the head
Applications Claiming Priority (1)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
---|---|---|---|
EP00108056A EP1147910B1 (de) | 2000-04-20 | 2000-04-20 | Verfahren und Einrichtung zur Verbesserung der Bildqualität in einem Druckgerät |
Publications (2)
Publication Number | Publication Date |
---|---|
DE60022164D1 true DE60022164D1 (de) | 2005-09-29 |
DE60022164T2 DE60022164T2 (de) | 2006-08-17 |
Family
ID=8168460
Family Applications (1)
Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
---|---|---|---|
DE60022164T Expired - Fee Related DE60022164T2 (de) | 2000-04-20 | 2000-04-20 | Verfahren und Einrichtung zur Verbesserung der Bildqualität in einem Druckgerät |
Country Status (4)
Country | Link |
---|---|
US (1) | US6652064B2 (de) |
EP (2) | EP1577108A3 (de) |
JP (1) | JP2002011871A (de) |
DE (1) | DE60022164T2 (de) |
Families Citing this family (37)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
US6863361B2 (en) | 2001-10-30 | 2005-03-08 | Hewlett-Packard Development Company, L.P. | Method to correct for malfunctioning ink ejection elements in a single pass print mode |
JP4266583B2 (ja) * | 2002-07-16 | 2009-05-20 | キヤノン株式会社 | インクジェット記録装置およびインクジェット記録システムおよびインクジェット記録装置の制御方法 |
US20060111807A1 (en) * | 2002-09-12 | 2006-05-25 | Hanan Gothait | Device, system and method for calibration in three-dimensional model printing |
JP3867792B2 (ja) * | 2003-03-27 | 2007-01-10 | セイコーエプソン株式会社 | 液滴吐出装置及びインクジェットプリンタ |
JP3867787B2 (ja) * | 2003-03-12 | 2007-01-10 | セイコーエプソン株式会社 | 液滴吐出装置およびインクジェットプリンタ |
JP3867788B2 (ja) * | 2003-03-12 | 2007-01-10 | セイコーエプソン株式会社 | 液滴吐出装置およびインクジェットプリンタ |
JP3867791B2 (ja) * | 2003-03-27 | 2007-01-10 | セイコーエプソン株式会社 | 液滴吐出装置、及びインクジェットプリンタ |
JP3867794B2 (ja) | 2003-04-16 | 2007-01-10 | セイコーエプソン株式会社 | 液滴吐出装置、インクジェットプリンタ及びヘッド異常検出・判定方法 |
JP3867793B2 (ja) * | 2003-03-28 | 2007-01-10 | セイコーエプソン株式会社 | 液滴吐出装置、インクジェットプリンタ及び液滴吐出ヘッドの吐出異常検出方法 |
JP2005238641A (ja) * | 2004-02-26 | 2005-09-08 | Konica Minolta Holdings Inc | インクジェットプリンタ及びその制御方法 |
US7364254B2 (en) * | 2004-01-20 | 2008-04-29 | Konica Minolta Holdings, Inc. | Inkjet printer and inkjet printer controlling method |
US20050225588A1 (en) * | 2004-04-12 | 2005-10-13 | King David G | Method and apparatus for nozzle map memory storage on a printhead |
JP4670291B2 (ja) * | 2004-09-21 | 2011-04-13 | 富士ゼロックス株式会社 | インクジェット記録ヘッド故障予測システム |
JP4935029B2 (ja) * | 2004-10-22 | 2012-05-23 | コニカミノルタホールディングス株式会社 | インクジェットプリンタ |
JP4529878B2 (ja) * | 2005-11-18 | 2010-08-25 | セイコーエプソン株式会社 | 光学センサ、インクカートリッジ及びインクジェット装置 |
EP2103432B1 (de) * | 2008-03-10 | 2014-08-20 | Océ-Technologies B.V. | Verfahren und Vorrichtung zur Erkennung einer Medienberührung eines Druckkopfes |
US8757909B2 (en) * | 2010-06-18 | 2014-06-24 | Canon Kabushiki Kaisha | Image forming apparatus with cutting unit |
ES2671646T3 (es) | 2014-01-30 | 2018-06-07 | Hewlett-Packard Development Company, L.P. | Cartucho de tinta tri-color |
PL3099502T3 (pl) * | 2014-01-30 | 2018-06-29 | Hewlett-Packard Development Company, L.P. | Obudowa trójkolorowego wkładu tuszu |
JP6158726B2 (ja) * | 2014-02-26 | 2017-07-05 | パナソニック株式会社 | 塗布製品の量産方法 |
WO2015191060A1 (en) | 2014-06-11 | 2015-12-17 | Hewlett-Packard Development Company, L.P. | Managing printhead nozzle conditions |
JP6589469B2 (ja) * | 2015-09-04 | 2019-10-16 | カシオ計算機株式会社 | 描画装置及び描画装置の描画方法 |
JP6701853B2 (ja) * | 2016-03-18 | 2020-05-27 | カシオ計算機株式会社 | 描画装置及び描画装置の描画方法 |
WO2018190874A1 (en) * | 2017-04-14 | 2018-10-18 | Hewlett-Packard Development Company, L.P. | Fluid actuator registers |
US11305535B2 (en) | 2018-03-21 | 2022-04-19 | Hewlett-Packard Development Company, L.P. | Print masks with disabled sections |
DE102018211463B3 (de) * | 2018-07-11 | 2019-08-22 | Heidelberger Druckmaschinen Ag | Stochastische Druckkopfüberwachung |
CN109285146B (zh) * | 2018-08-30 | 2021-12-10 | 南京邮电大学 | 基于恰可觉察失真的全参考图像质量评价方法 |
WO2020122859A1 (en) * | 2018-12-10 | 2020-06-18 | Hewlett-Packard Development Company, L.P. | Patterning for selective ejections of printable ammonium-based chalcogenometalate fluids |
JP7243367B2 (ja) * | 2019-03-26 | 2023-03-22 | ブラザー工業株式会社 | 液体吐出装置 |
JP7047812B2 (ja) * | 2019-05-16 | 2022-04-05 | セイコーエプソン株式会社 | 情報処理装置、印刷装置、学習装置及び情報処理方法 |
US11273636B2 (en) * | 2019-12-12 | 2022-03-15 | Ricoh Company, Ltd. | Adaptive printhead cleaning |
US11840077B2 (en) | 2020-05-19 | 2023-12-12 | Canon Kabushiki Kaisha | Ejection apparatus and ejection speed calculation method |
JP7471936B2 (ja) | 2020-07-02 | 2024-04-22 | キヤノン株式会社 | 吐出装置及び吐出速度の算出方法 |
WO2022015288A1 (en) * | 2020-07-14 | 2022-01-20 | Hewlett-Packard Development Company, L.P. | Printhead monitoring |
US11314465B1 (en) | 2021-02-23 | 2022-04-26 | Ricoh Company, Ltd. | Dynamic scan quality control management for print jobs |
US11305552B1 (en) | 2021-02-23 | 2022-04-19 | Ricoh Company, Ltd. | Dynamic scan quality control management for print jobs |
US11310379B1 (en) | 2021-03-08 | 2022-04-19 | Ricoh Company, Ltd. | Printhead state GUI for printers |
Family Cites Families (15)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
US4683481A (en) | 1985-12-06 | 1987-07-28 | Hewlett-Packard Company | Thermal ink jet common-slotted ink feed printhead |
DE69123615T2 (de) * | 1990-02-23 | 1997-04-24 | Canon Kk | Bildübertragungsgerät |
DE69219180T2 (de) * | 1991-02-12 | 1997-10-02 | Canon Kk | Tintenstrahlaufzeichnungssystem und Verfahren |
US5276970A (en) | 1991-10-30 | 1994-01-11 | Hewlett-Packard Company | Codestrip in a large-format image-related device |
US5278584A (en) | 1992-04-02 | 1994-01-11 | Hewlett-Packard Company | Ink delivery system for an inkjet printhead |
US5455608A (en) * | 1993-04-30 | 1995-10-03 | Hewlett-Packard Company | Pen start up algorithm for black and color thermal ink-jet pens |
US5614930A (en) | 1994-03-25 | 1997-03-25 | Hewlett-Packard Company | Orthogonal rotary wiping system for inkjet printheads |
FR2722714B1 (fr) | 1994-07-21 | 1996-08-30 | Hugot Pierre | Machine a mouler pour la realisation de pieces moulees sous pression ou par poussee d'un materiau, et equipement destine a de telles machines a mouler |
US5627571A (en) * | 1994-10-13 | 1997-05-06 | Xerox Corporation | Drop sensing and recovery system for an ink jet printer |
AUPN232795A0 (en) * | 1995-04-12 | 1995-05-04 | Eastman Kodak Company | Detection of faulty nozzles in printing heads |
EP0767067B1 (de) * | 1995-10-02 | 2002-12-11 | Canon Kabushiki Kaisha | Drucker mit abnehmbarem Druckkopf |
US6283572B1 (en) | 1997-03-04 | 2001-09-04 | Hewlett-Packard Company | Dynamic multi-pass print mode corrections to compensate for malfunctioning inkjet nozzles |
US6364442B1 (en) * | 1997-10-16 | 2002-04-02 | Seiko Epson Corporation | Printing apparatus, and a control method for resetting the printing apparatus |
DE69931134T2 (de) | 1999-02-12 | 2007-04-19 | Hewlett-Packard Development Company, L.P., Houston | Verfahren zur Tintentropfenerfassung in einem Druckgerät |
ES2194397T3 (es) * | 1999-02-19 | 2003-11-16 | Hewlett Packard Co | Metodo de impresion que compensa automaticamente los defectos de funcionamiento de las toberas para los chorros de tinta. |
-
2000
- 2000-04-20 EP EP05103848A patent/EP1577108A3/de not_active Withdrawn
- 2000-04-20 EP EP00108056A patent/EP1147910B1/de not_active Expired - Lifetime
- 2000-04-20 DE DE60022164T patent/DE60022164T2/de not_active Expired - Fee Related
-
2001
- 2001-04-20 JP JP2001122261A patent/JP2002011871A/ja not_active Withdrawn
- 2001-04-20 US US09/839,268 patent/US6652064B2/en not_active Expired - Fee Related
Also Published As
Publication number | Publication date |
---|---|
JP2002011871A (ja) | 2002-01-15 |
EP1577108A2 (de) | 2005-09-21 |
EP1147910A1 (de) | 2001-10-24 |
US6652064B2 (en) | 2003-11-25 |
US20020027575A1 (en) | 2002-03-07 |
EP1577108A3 (de) | 2007-08-08 |
EP1147910B1 (de) | 2005-08-24 |
DE60022164T2 (de) | 2006-08-17 |
Similar Documents
Publication | Publication Date | Title |
---|---|---|
DE60022164D1 (de) | Verfahren und Einrichtung zur Verbesserung der Bildqualität in einem Druckgerät | |
DE69931134D1 (de) | Verfahren zur Tintentropfenerfassung in einem Druckgerät | |
DE60308104D1 (de) | Vorrichtung und Verfahren zur adaptiven Farbverbesserung in Farbbildern | |
DE69925449D1 (de) | Verfahren und Gerät zur Änderung eines Bildteils in Übereinstimmung mit kolorimetrischen Parametern | |
DE60136249D1 (de) | Vorrichtung und Verfahren zur LIeferung eines Inhaltserzeugungsdienstes | |
DE60043200D1 (de) | VERFAHREN UND APPARAT ZUR STENORUNG EINES SCHLAGWERKEZEUGS UND DEREN VERWENDUNG IN EINEM SCHLAGGERäT | |
DE60032689D1 (de) | Verfahren und Vorrichtung zur Bildkompression | |
DE60213511D1 (de) | Verfahren und Gerät zur Verbesserung der Tintenstrahldruckqualität | |
DE60220458D1 (de) | Gerät und Verfahren zum Tintenstrahldrucken | |
DE69940797D1 (de) | Verfahren und Gerät zum digitalen Wasserzeichnen von Bildern | |
DE60138990D1 (de) | Tintenstrahldruckapparat und Verfahren zum Vorausstossen | |
DE69821216D1 (de) | Gerät und Verfahren zur Farbflächenausrichtung in einem Farbdruckgerät mit einem Umlauf | |
DE60141314D1 (de) | Vorrichtung und Verfahren zum Bestimmen eines seltenen Kurzschlusses | |
DE50110488D1 (de) | Verfahren und Vorrichtung zur Registrierung von Bildern | |
DE69900396T2 (de) | Verfahren und Vorrichtung zum Drucken | |
DE60222729D1 (de) | Verfahren und System zur Kalibrierung von Tintenausstosselementen in einer Bilderzeugungsvorrichtung | |
DE60116955D1 (de) | Verfahren und Gerät zur Tintenstrahlbilderzeugung | |
DE60128641D1 (de) | Verfahren und Gerät zur Bilderzeugung | |
DE60218585D1 (de) | Verfahren und Gerät zur Verbesserung der Bildqualität in digitalen Kameras | |
DE69929408D1 (de) | Verfahren und Vorrichtung zur Bildqualitätsveränderung | |
DE69841597D1 (de) | Verfahren und vorrichtungen zur verbesserung der bildqualität in einem bildsensor | |
DE60110953D1 (de) | Tintenstrahlgerät und Verfahren zur Herstellung und zum Testen von Druckplatten | |
DE60121134D1 (de) | Vorrichtung und Verfahren zur Tintentropfenerfassung in einem Druckgerät | |
DE60141494D1 (de) | Vorrichtung und Verfahren zur Erfassung der Kommunikationsqualität | |
DE60139097D1 (de) | Verfahren und Vorrichtung zur Bildaufzeichnung und -wiedergabe |
Legal Events
Date | Code | Title | Description |
---|---|---|---|
8327 | Change in the person/name/address of the patent owner |
Owner name: HEWLETT-PACKARD DEVELOPMENT CO., L.P., HOUSTON, TE |
|
8364 | No opposition during term of opposition | ||
8339 | Ceased/non-payment of the annual fee |