DE3721543A1 - Electronic Mars globe - Google Patents

Abstract

The electronic Mars globe is a three-dimensional rotatable and tiltable precision instrument. The globe shows this planet over 10000 years on smaller scale, with REAL TIME PROCESSING and a continuous date and time display, in a way which is true to nature. The position of Mars is accurate to 1 angular second, surface finish with shadow relief, with daytime, night-time and transition zones. The extent of the polar caps is determined by the seasons and is also identical to natural conditions. The globe circuit shows the orbital movement of the moons of Mars in real time, their tracks taking into account the planetary shadow and three processing times. In addition: different networks of parallels and meridians, 3 magnifications (telescope) and three extensions of the sector of sky. The extension shows planets and stars near the orbit of Mars. Information on the planets, stars and phenomena via boards which can be switched from one to the other. When covered, concerning entry and emergence times, transit angles etc. with description of Martian volcanoes, labyrinths, craters, planes, Mars probe landing points etc. also by clicking on. The colour of the sky is adapted to the solar attitude in question. The SPACEGLOBE is self-explanatory. Determination of seasons, introduction to heliocentric motion, example of input data and much more in the accompanying booklet.

Description

The electronic Mars Globe is a three-dimensional, rotating and inclinable precision instrument. Over 10 000 years, from 1. 1. 5001 BC To 31. 12. 4999 n. Chr., Shows the globe in reduced dimension, with real-time expiry u. ongoing Date and time display, lifelike the planet. Mars position to 1 arcsec, surface in shadow Relief version with day, night side and twilight zone. The Extension of the polar caps are due to the age of the Play identical to the natural conditions.

The globe circuit shows the orbital motion of the Martian moons in Real time, three selectable expiration times including the lanes considering the planet shadow.

In addition: Various graticules, 3 magnifications (telescope) and three extensions of the sky section - also each with a continuous date and time. The cutout shows planets and stars near the orbit of Mars. Inform. To the planet, stars and phenomena by each switchable Panel. When covering over entry and exit time, passage angle u.a.m. Description of the Mars volcanoes, labyrinths, craters, Plains, landing sites of the Marssonden, etc., also by Click. The color of the sky is the respective position of the sun customized. The Spaceglobe is self-explanatory.

Time entry in world or dynamic time. After entering the date, the J / N / A buttons will be displayed. World time input key "A" with automatic internal calculation of the correction value Δ T to 1 minute minute exactly. The zone time differs 1 hour from the world time. To obtain world time, subtract 1 hour from the Central European Time (CET) (World Time = CET minus 1 hour, Summer Time: World Time = CET minus 2 hours).

Key "J" for entering the world time and the respective correction value Δ T , according to Tab. P. 22, for arc and time-second accuracy. All times are based on world time.

The correction value Δ T is the difference between the constant and uniform artificial dynamic time (TDT) and the nonuniform, irregular world time (UT). Key "N": Entering the Dynamic Time, where Δ T is omitted (page 21), so that all times are Dynamic Times.

Date, time and geogr. location entry Date: 1. 11. 1999 (key "N") time: 12:45 Geogr. Width: 50 Geogr. Length: 7 Height above sea level in meters: 200

- Complete each entry with Return or Enter key -
Geogr. Longitude, latitude and altitude above sea level according to a world or topographic map.

Hard copies to the given examples 1/3 reduced

globe Globe switch "G" button, then the "T" and "D" buttons are available. Key "D" Areographic width: 18.0109 Areographic length: 133.1509 Telescope level 0, 1, 2, 3: 3 Sequence level of the moons 0, 1, 2, 3: 0

Section: Click on the center of the globe.
By means of this circuit, the globe is rotatable and tiltable in all directions. Afterwards the place stands with 18 ° 1'9 "n. Br. And 133 ° 15'9" length in the center of the globe. After button "T" the terrestrial sight of the place entered appears again.

Expansion level 3 - "W" key Date: December 29, 1990 (button "A") time: 0 (UT) Geogr. Width: 50.0105 (50 ° 1'5 "n. Br.) Geogr. Length: 7 (7 ° east longitude) Height above sea level in meters: 200

Mars 2 ° below the star cluster M 45 (Pleiades).

Expansion level 3 - "W" key Date: 10. 12. 1975 (key "J" Δ T 46, n. Tab. P. 23) time: 2 (UT) Geogr. Width: 50 Geogr. Length: 7 Height above sea level: 200

Mars near the star 125 Tauri, 5.18 mag. bright.  

The red planet

Mars is the most earth-like planet in the solar system with sandstorms, Cloud formations, seasonal changes of the Climates, etc. Rotation (24 h 37 m 22.664 s) and axle inclination (24 °) also correspond to terrestrial conditions (earth 23 h 56 m 4.0905 s, 23 ° 27 ').

Mars is flattened like our earth: the polar is 32.2 km smaller than the equatorial diameter (6786.8 km - flattening 1-0.0051865) · 6786.8 km = 32.2 (Earth 43 km)). With 6786.8 km Diameter, Mars is slightly larger than the radius of the earth (6378.14 km). The gravitational acceleration at the surface is 3.76 m / s² (earth 9.8 m / s²), so that gravity only 38% of earthly amounts.

Mars has a desert-like surface with craters, ditches and Grooves. Craters were already in 1892 by E. E. Barnand with the 91.4 cm refractor of the Lick Observatory observed.

Dried rivers and similar geological formations show that once surface water (rivers and lakes) present was.

The Martian rocks give the red planet its typical color. For the rust-red color is probably a thin oxidation layer various minerals (iron and iron ore) responsible.

Some craters are of volcanic origin, such as Olympus Mons, the with its dimensions (height 27 km, diameter 600 km) in the solar system the highest known volcano is. The temperature is very different and depends heavily on Sun position from - at the poles -100 to -130 ° C, for places with the sun in the zenith + 30 ° C (falls off strongly after sunset). Mars is characterized by a thin atmosphere and a dry, cold, desert-like climate with dune fields and Sandstorms out.

The ice caps consist of water ice masses, which are also in the Do not completely melt summer months. In winter spreads by extremely low temperatures, carbon dioxide snow over large parts of the surface. The max. snowline runs between 40 ° and 50 ° north and south latitude.  

The favorable Mars Opposition 1877 led to sensational Discoveries. A. Hall found the moons of the moons Deimos and Phobos, while the Italian astronomer Schiaparelli (1835-1910) with a small telescope (lens diameter 20 cm) strange lines on of the planetary surface he called "canali" - accordingly the usual disposition, surface details after earthly To name formations. He did not think of a possible artificially created channel system of intelligent Martians; since then, however, there is much speculation about its existence. To Invention of the telescope, it was recognized that the planets own World bodies are on which are highly intelligent life could have developed. However, similar phenomena were already noticed by Mädler (1830-1840) and W.R. Dawens (1864). In 1802 the famous mathematician G. F. Gauss gave the first Stimulation, geometric figures in the Siberian tundra set up to signal the Martians. 1819 The astronomer J. Littrow made the suggestion, a signal fire to ignite in the Sahara.

Percival Lowell (1855-1916) built in Flagstaff, Arizona a famous private observatory, around 20 years old to dedicate intensively to Mars research. Lowell wanted to prove that the identified lines of intelligent residents of the Planetary irrigation systems are.

Close-ups of the Marssonde show that such channels and the along it suspected vegetation does not exist. Except Lower plants, such as moss or lichens, exist on the dreary and scant planetary surface no further Vegetation. It's probably coincidental Arrangements of dark spots and craters at the great distance of the planet and low optical resolution to linear Formations merge. The true physical nature of Phenomenon is not yet clear.

The distance of Mars from Earth is max. 400 000 000 km (2.67 AE), a minimum of 55 700 000 km. At a medium line speed of 24.13 km / s and 227.8 million km distance 1 orbit around the sun based on the stars (1 sidereal year) 686.98 Earth days (1,881 Earth years).  

surface formations

Typical surface formations of the planet are Mons (mountain), Ridge (Dorsum), arched mountain form (Tholus), mountains, Mountain Group (Montes), Bay (Sinus), Patera (Flat Area), Plateau (Planum), Lowlands (Vasitas), Plain (Planitia), Trenches, Grooves (Fossae), Valleys, Rift Valley Systems (Vallis), deep-cut trenches and valleys (Chasma), talc complexes (Labyrinthus) and craters.

The planet's zero meridian runs on the Mars cards of Schiaparelli, Beer and Mädler by the corresponding designated meridian bay (sinus meridianii). As a result of detailed recordings of various Marssonden was the Length of the zero meridian specified. He runs through the small crater Airy-0 of Meridian Bay (Sirg Georg Airy was Director of the observatory Greenwich - the Earth's zero meridian runs through the Airy meridian circle of the observatory).

Atonniadi noticed in 1916 and 1930 that the Mars region Syrtis Major Planitia (areogr. Length 283 ° -298 °, latitude + 20 ° to -1 °) between the areocentric sunlit 200 ° to Perihelion, a seasonal variation of its extension, subject.

Seasons

At 87 ° helioz. Length of Mars begins in the northern hemisphere of the planet of spring (southern hemisphere autumn beginning. Declination of the sun on Mars 0 °, solar length on the orbit of Mars 0 °).

At 177 ° heliozentr. Length starts on the one facing us Northern hemisphere the summer, in the southern hemisphere the winter (Sun declination by + 25 °, solar length on the orbit of Mars 90 °). At 267 ° helioz. Length starts autumn (declination of the sun 0 °, Solar length 180 °), in the southern hemisphere the spring. Reach Mars the length 359 °, is winter beginning, while in the southern hemisphere the summer begins (declination -25 °, solar length 270 °).  

The Mars axis moves within a large period of time around the Pol of the orbit of Mars, similar to the orbital motion of the Earth's axis around the Pole of Earth's orbit in 26 000 years. The seasons of the planet or the corresponding helioz. Length are therefore subject to temporal Changes. The exact values and lengths Tab. Key "T".

When Mars arrives in aphelion in its orbit and in opposition to the Sun ( Fig . 9), the northern hemisphere faces the Earth. The apparent angular diameter is 14 arc seconds due to the large distance, while the perihelion opposition faces the south pole. A cycle of aphelic and perihelional oppositions comprises 7 synodic circulations (1 synodic circulation lasts 779.84 days). The cheapest Oppostionen, where it reaches its smallest distance of 55.7 million km, can therefore only happen every 15 years. After 79 years, the oppositions repeat themselves with 4-5 days deviation. With a period of 284 years, the opposition takes place again to the day exactly.

The distance to Earth varies over 344 300 000 km, varies accordingly the apparent angular diameter over 22 "(3.5" -25 "), the Brightness +2 to -2.8 mag.

Length of Mars seasons in the northern hemisphere in terrestrial Days: Spring 200 days, Summer 182 days, Autumn 146, Winter 160 days. The opposite seasons on the Southern hemisphere are the same length. Because of the eccentricity of the orbit of Mars the distance between the sun and the perihelion is 46 000 000 km smaller. The solar radiation to the southern hemisphere is stronger accordingly.

Spring begins on Mars

360 ° -359.52 ° = 0.48 ° / 0.020833 ° = 23.04 h = 23 h 02 m DT-1 Min. Δ T = 23 h 1 m UT. Beginning of spring (equinox) on Mars on February 17, 1989 at 0.0 h CET and 4. 1. 1991 at 23.0 h CET.

Seasons of the earth

The earthly seasons begin at an ekl. sun length (Tab. Key "T"):  

Spring beginning 1990 20. 3. 1990 0 h DT 359.1164 ° = 359 ° 06'59 " 21. 3. 1990 0 h DT 0.1101 ° = 0 ° 06'36 " 0.9937 ° = 0 ° 59'37 "

359.1164 ° = [359 ° + (6 '+ 59/60) / 60']
Apparent solar movement in 1 hour: 0.9937 ° / 24 h = 0.041404166 °. 360 ° -359.1164 ° = 0.8836 ° / 0.041404166 ° = 21.340847h DT = 21h 20m (= 0.340847h x 60m) 27s (= 0.45082m x 60s). Spring begins in 1990 at March 20, 21 o'clock 20 min. 27 sec. DT or 22 h 19 m 26 s CET ( Δ T = 61 s).

Monde

Already Jonathan Swift described in his 1727 published Work "Gulliver's journey to Laputa" two moons of Mars, whose Distance and orbital period he stated almost correctly.

The first systematic astronomers were Marsmonden researchers W. Herschel 1783, Mädler 1830 in Berlin and H. D'Arrest in the Years 1862 and 1864. The search was unsuccessful, as the moons often very close to the bright planet and therefore smaller Scopes are difficult to observe objects. During the very close proximity to Mars Mars began in 1877 the astronomer Asaph Hall, with the new large refractor of the Navy Observatory in Washington, after the moons too to research. Like his predecessors, however, he searched far too far Distance from the planet and wanted to give up his plan, when his wife encouraged him, the search in lesser Continue angular distance. On August 11, 1877, Hall discovered finally the outer moon and on the 17th 8th the inner moon. Their names they were sent to Homer's Iliad at the suggestion of F. Madan, Phobos (fear) and Deimos (horror) - the two companions of the god of war Mars (Ares).

Expansion level 2 - key "V" Date: 1. 1. 1984 time: 20.1724 Geogr. Width: 50 Geogr. Length: 7 Height above sea level: 200

Central Meridian 256.04 °.

Expansion level 2 - key "V" Date: 21. 1. 1984 time: 22:42 (22 h 42 m UT) Geogr. Width: 50 Geogr. Length: 7 Height above sea level: 200

Central Meridian 99.29 °.

Distance Marsmond Phobos to the planet surface around 6000 km. The Max. apparent brightness, seen from Mars, equals -8 mag. ¹ / ₆₆ the brightness of our full moon. With 15 minutes of arc is the apparent angular diameter is half smaller than ours Moon.

The orbital period is much shorter than the period of rotation of the Planet. The phase sequence new moon, half moon, full moon Phobos goes through 39 m in 7 h. While all the other moons are in the East when Phobos precedes the revolution of the planet, go in the west, in the east below, twice in one Martian day.  

While Phobos at its highest level in the south about 6000 km removed and measures about 15 'in diameter, he is at his up or Downfall significantly further away and therefore also essential fainter and smaller than in the meridian.

The apparent angular diameter of the Deimos is around 2 minutes of arc. He is likely to be a star with double to triple Venus brightness appear (brightness Deimos at 1 AU distance 12.9 likes. Mean distance of Mars from the sun 1,524 AU; distance Deimos / Mars 23 459 km / 149 600 000 km = 0.000156811 AE. 12.9 likes. +5 log (1.524 · 0.000156811 AE) = brightness Deimos-5.2 mag.). The orbital period is 30 h 21 min. The rotation time of Mars is a bit smaller, so this moon rises in the east, but a very slow movement. Would the orbital period only 6 hours smaller, so that its orbital period with the rotation time of the planet would be the moon almost always over the same place. However, since his orbital period is greater, he remains About 2 days visible above the horizon while looking for his Decline in the west only after 3 days again on the eastern horizon shows up.

Seen from Phobos, Mars appears at an angle of 42 ° (From the earthly moon the earth appears under one Angle of 2 degrees - fourfold full moon diameter).

The distance is so small that of Phobos the polar regions of the Mars can not be seen; On the other hand, he dives for higher latitudes (from ± 69 °) never above the horizon. The train The Deimos also takes place very close to the equatorial plane, so that Deimos from a margin of Mars of ± 83 ° does not open (radius Mars: 3393.4 km; Removal of the deimos to the surface: 23 000 km. 3393.4 km / (3393.4 km + 23 000 km = arccos 83 ° latitude).

One consequence of the lunar cycle in the equatorial plane is that it is at each turn into the planet shadows occur and darkened - except during the summer and winter solstice. Phobos then passes north and south of the core shadow. Phobos from: Marsradius 3393.4 km / distance Phobos 9378 km = arcsin ± 21.2 ° Deklin. the sun. Deimos from ± 8.3 ° sun deviation from the Martian equator.  

If the moon runs through the shadow of the marshes, it is fictitious Observer on the night side of the planet a lunar eclipse while, on the other hand, for an observer on the moon the small, bright sun disc of the huge planetary disk is obscured. Total solar eclipses do not happen, only annular or partial.

Phobos measures in length 27 km, width 21.6 km and 18.8 km altitude (three-axial ellipsoid / Duxbury envelope). With 5 km diameter Stickney (Ms. A. Hall's maiden name) is the largest crater on Phobos, on Deimos the craters Swift and Voltaire.

Eastern elongation

Date, time, position angle (from north direction opposite to Clockwise 0 °. , , 360 °), apparent angular distance from the Martian center and the times of the greatest eastern elongation (largest eastern Angular distance) appear after clicking on the moons.

cardinal points

The cardinal directions, in relation to the earthly Horizon, are different from those of the planets. at Looking south, east is left, west is right.

The cardinal points of the planets are those in astronautics usual, like north top, east right etc. (according to the Map orientation).

Culmination of Mars in the local meridian Stuttgart on June 1, 1973, 5 h 59 m 55 s UT (48 ° 46'39 "n. Br./9°10'44" ö. L.) Date: 1. 6. 1973 (key "J" Δ T 43 Tab p. 23) time: 5.5955 Geogr. Width: 48.4639 Geogr. Length: 9.1044 Height above sea level: 200

Medium visibility conditions

At l - L = 180 ° or 390 days after the conjunction, the planet reaches the opposition to the sun. At sunset, Mars rises in the eastern sky and culminates at midnight in the south.

Heliocentric movement

Planetary orbit around the sun ( Fig . 9) for the period January 0, 1972 (= 31.12.1971). The sidereal, orbital, orbital period is 686.98 days. "P" = perihelion (planet near the sun), "A" = aphelion (outermost point of the trail). The planets move around the sun in elliptical orbits. The orbit of the orbit is 0.093, the mean distance to the Sun is 227 940 000 km, so Mars in the perihelion "P" is 227 940 000 km · (1-0.093) = 206.7 million km and in the aphelion 227 940 000 · ( 1 + 0.093) = 249.1 million km from the sun.

The planetarium ( Figure 9) serves to illustrate the geocentric and heliocentric motion, distance, elongation and phase angles of Mars. The mean distance earth-sun (1 AU = astronomical unit = 149 597 870 km) serves as a distance scale in the solar system.

Planet orbits have a slope ( i = inclination) against the ecliptic. Mars heliocentric width (b) is max. ± 1 ° 51 'and 0 ° in the ascending (or descending) railway knot ().

Data for the orbit of Mars

The railway elements (knots, perihelion, etc.) are subject to temporal Changes, so that the use to 100 years before and after the Epoch Jan. 0, 1972 is limited.  

Coordinates on 3/3/83, 0 o'clock?

Jan. 0, 1983-Jan. 0, 1972 = 11 years · 365 days = 4015 days +3 leap days (1972, 1976, 1980) +34 days (3rd 2nd) = 4052 days. 4052 days / 686.98 days (sid. Round trip time) = 5.8982794 = 5 rounds and 0.8982794 circulation · 686.98 days = 617.1 days.

The linear junction of mark 617, the orbit of Mars and the center of the planetarium (sun) intersects the outer ecliptic circle at 3 degrees. Heliocentric length of Mars l = 3 °. Under "Data on the Masquerade" one finds the associated heliocentric width b = 1 ° 20 ', r = 1.395 AU.

On March 3, 1983, the Earth has the heliocentric length 134 ° ( b = always 0 °). The radius vector "R" between perihelion "P" and aphelion "A" varies between 1 AU · (1-0.016) and 1 AU · (1 + 0.016). Earth's removal on the 3rd of 2nd from the sun?

The distance is 5.5 cm · 27 000 000 km = 148 000 000 km (= 0.9926 AU). R = 148.5 million km.

If the calculation date is Jan. 0, 1972, the remaining days are previously subtract from 686.98.

Geocentric ecl. Latitude and Longitude of Mars on March 3, 1983: Distance of Earth to 134 ° helioz. Length of Mars at 3 ° helioz. Length: 12.1 cm · 27 000 000 km = 326.7 million km (= 2.18 AU). However, the Earth / Mars line does not intersect the outer circle (ecliptic) at the geocentric length because the outer ecliptic circle does not have an infinitely large radius. This line should therefore be moved parallel to the Earth / Mars connecting line, so that it runs exactly through the center of the drawing (Sun); it then cuts the outer ecliptic circle at the geocentric length 343 °. The geocentric latitude of Mars is obtained from ( b · r ) / Δ = β ; r = 1.395 AU; Δ = 2.18 AU; b -1.333 ° · r 1.395 / Δ 2.18 AE = geocentric width = β -0.85 ° = -0 ° 51 '.
Earth: l = 134 °; R = 0.9926 AE.
Mars: l = 3 °; b = -1 ° 20 '; r = 1.395 AU; λ = 343 °; β = -0 ° 51 '; Δ = 2.18 AU.

Elongation and phase angle

The elongation angle (E) of the planet is its length difference to the sun [ E cos = cos (-) cos β = ekl. Length of the planet; = Ekl. Length of the sun; β = ekl. Width of the planet]. For larger geogr. ekl. Length of Mars is the Elongationswinkel east (Mars is east of the sun), otherwise west (Sun 210 °, Mars 195 ° = E 15 ° West). The sun culminates at 12 o'clock WOZ (true local time), Mars culminates at E 15 West 1 hour earlier, at 11 o'clock WOZ, as it is 15 degrees west of the sun (15 ° = 1 hour, 1 ° = 4 min.). The period of culmination premature with increase of the western Elongationswinkels.

Pos. 1:
Mars in solar conjunction ( E = 0 °).
Pos. 2:
Near his western quadrature ( E = 90 ° west).
At noon setting in the western sky, at midnight rising in the eastern sky.
Pos. 3:
In opposition to the sun ( E = 180 °).
Rising at sunset ( ill . P. 19).
Pos. 4:
In eastern quadrature to the sun ( E = around 90 ° east).
At lunchtime (12 o'clock WOZ) rising in the eastern sky, southern stand at sunset.

Planetarium: Earth l = 255 ° + 180 ° = 435 ° -360 ° = ekl. Sunshine 75 °; Mars = 120 °. Elongation of Mars 45 ° East. Mars culminates therefore 3 hours after the sun (45 ° / 15 ° = 3 St.). Sunculture 12 o'clock WOZ + 3 h = southern Marskulmination 15 o'clock WOZ. At E = 90 ° East a planet culminates at 6 o'clock in the morning, at E = 135 ° West at 3 o'clock in the night (135 ° = 9 hours = 12 h-9 h = 3 o'clock), at 135 o East at 21 o'clock, 12 o'clock h + 9 h = 21 clock).

Seen from Earth, the angle of elongation is the angular distance of the orb from the sun. From the planet Mars, the angle E is the phase angle (i) of the earth.

The angular distance of the earth from the sun, seen from the respective planet, is the phase angle of the planet. On the Fig . 10, position 4, the earth has an elongation angle of i = 41 ° in the Marsh sky (seen from Earth the phase angle of the Martian phase at the eastern edge of the planet). On Mars, the earth is morning star (Position 4: Elongation i 41 ° West). The brightness of the earth, seen from Mars, varies between -5.6 mag (brighter than Venus) and -1.4 mag (sirloin brightness).

Sight of the planet 16 6 1 952 23 h 18 m UT, 51 ° 30 '+ 6 ° 48' ö. L., NN 40 m, Δ T = 30 sec. (Fig. 12).

attachment

The Christian chronology calculates the calendar years Christ's birth. The one in charge of setting the calendar Monk Dionysius Exiguus (500-556) erred for 5 years. In addition, the number "0" between 1 v. And 1 AD except Eight left. The astronomical-mathematical count is therefore to be distinguished from the historical one.

1900 n. Chr. (Hist.) = 1900 (astronom.)
1 AD (hist.) = 1 (astronom.)
1 v. Chr. (Hist.) = 0 (astronom.)
2 v. Chr. (Hist.) = -1 (astronom.)
4000 BC (Hist.) = -3999 (astronom.)

Historical data v. Are to diminish by 1 and to enter negative.

Date entries from 15. 10. 1582 refer to the Gregorian, before on the Julian calendar.

A number of European countries used until the 19th century the Julian calendar. To transform into the new style the following differences apply:

1. 3. 1500 - 29. 2. 1700 = 10 days
1. 3. 1700 - 29. 2. 1800 = 11 days
1. 3. 1800 - 29. 2. 1900 = 12 days
1. 3. 1900 - 29. 2. 2000 = 13 days

The input accurate to 0.1 degrees is generally sufficient. For more precise inputs with arc minutes and seconds precision, use the following examples:
Geographical coordinates of the Cologne Cathedral (Dachreiter):
50 ° 56'33 "north latitude and 6 ° 57'33" east longitude.
Input in the form:
Geogr. Width: 50.5633
Geogr. Length: 6.5633

After the number of degrees, a separating decimal point (never use commas when entering the geographic latitude and longitude), followed by the values for arc minutes and arc seconds. Southern latitude of Cape Town: -33 ° 58'06 "
Input: Geogr. Width: -33.5806
South. geogr. Always enter width with a negative sign.
Fill in missing places: 56 ° 1'1 "= 56.0101; 1 ° 1'10 "= 1.0110; -0 ° 0'1 "= - 0.0001.

The longitude is counted from zero meridian in Greenwich: 180 degrees positive to the east (eg 139 ° 45 'east long Tokyo) and 180 degrees negative to the west (eg -73 ° 58 'westl. Length New York). The western longitude gets a negative one Sign. Always input in sexagesimal form: Degree, Arc minutes and arc seconds (°, ', ").

The Central European Time (CET) is reduced by 1 hour to obtain world time (in summer time 2 hours).
Input example: Time: 17.30095 (18 h 30 m 9.5 s CET).
Fill missing positions with zero: 2 h 30 m 1 s = 2.3001.

Button "A": input world time, automatic calculation of the Korrektionswertes Δ T 1 minute time (UT = TDT Δ T ).

Key "J": Enter world time and the correction value Δ T according to Tab. P. 23 for calculation to the second (UT = TDT- Δ T ).

Key "N": Each time input is terrestrial dynamical time (TDT = DT), which differs by the difference Δ T from the world time (TDT = UT + Δ T or TDT = TAI + 32.184 sec., TAI = international atomic time) ,

Both the input and the output length of a location of the Earth's surface then no longer refers to the geographical Greenwich meridian, but on the dynamic prime meridian, which refers to the longitude 0.00417825 ° · Δ T (Δ T in time second) east of true Zero meridians is located.

From dynamic length and time one obtains geographical length and world time by means of the following correction: UT = TDT- Δ T.
Geogr. Length = east dynamic length + 0.00417825 ° · Δ T.
Geogr. Length = west long dynamic length + 0.00417825 ° · Δ T.

Δ T = TDT - UT

The very precise time determination with quartz and atomic clocks promoted it is evident that the earth's rotation is slightly irregular Fluctuations and a slowdown due to tidal friction subject.

The course deviation of the Earth's rotation, which over time sums up considerably, was z. B. 1871 -0.005 sec. And 1907 +0.002 sec. These fluctuations probably have their cause in mass displacements in the Earth's interior and meteorological Operations. As a result of tidal friction the earth rotation decreases 0.0016 sec. Over the course of the century.

Time determination from astronomical observations is not very constant; one is therefore of a completely uniform running artificial time (Inertial Time TDT) is assumed as of today Atomic clocks is best reproduced.

The UT can not be foreseen because the fluctuations are not predictable. The exact correction value Δ T can therefore only be determined from purely astronomical observations of the moon (star coverings, eclipses), or with atomic clocks in comparison with meridian passages of the stars.

The difference (Δ T ) between UT and the atomic clock-controlled TDT sums up considerably over time and was z. B. 1951 years before Christ +11 h and 34 min.

To get the correction value Δ T for past and future centuries accurate to one minute, this approximation is: Δ T = 24,349 + 72,318 · T +29.95 · T ² + (fluctuations).

Δ T 1900 in centuries (2499-1900) / 100 = 5.99 T = T ² = 35.88.
Δ T in 2499 = 1532 sec. (Input always in sec.).

The respective second-exact correction value Δ T is given in the annually published astronomical yearbooks, z. B. Calendar for star friends, JA Barth-Verlag, Leipzig.

Δ T = TDT - UT

Claims (5)

The Mars Globe is characterized by its novel electronic design. Over a period of 10 000 years, from 1. 1. 5001 BC To 31. 12. 4999 n. Chr., Shows the globe in reduced dimension, with real-time expiry and continuous date and time indication, day, night side and twilight zone, nature-correct the planet. Selectable: real-time sequence, enlargements and reductions of the Mars, lunar orbits, conjunctions, coverages, etc. Information panels on the Martian surface, the Martian moons, planets and stars, etc. by clicking. All technical physical Values of Mars in tabular form, such as central meridian, position the Mars axis, equatorial, ecliptic and horizontal Coordinates etc. by choice, world or dynamic time based. The rotatable, three-dimensional precision instrument serves not only the improved Mars observation, as it only so far with technically highly qualified telescopes in observatories for the present moment was possible. For universities, schools and everyone is the Spaceglobe as Learning, educational and visual device unsurpassable. The invention is based on the object, Mars, regardless of Time, place, weather and telescope, by geographic location, date and time Time input to play.