DE3202058A1 - Structural member, consisting of an air-tight and vapour-tight, solid covering which encloses a hollow space with inserted, expanding filling material - Google Patents

Abstract

Described as an exemplary embodiment is, inter alia, the use of the expanding filling materials for bridge construction. The hollow space of the structural members is subdivided by transverse walls into individual chambers. The chamber walls are alternately arranged at oppositely directed prestressing spindles in such a way that the poured-in, expanding prestressing material presses towards the free spindle end. In this way, the spindles, running in opposite directions, are tensioned in opposite directions. Prestressing arches can also be arranged, the ends of the arches being welded to that spindle whose free end points in the same direction as the welded-on end of the prestressing arch. Additionally, prestressing devices are arranged at least for the free spindle ends resting in the abutments. By prestressing tubes concentrically combined with one another, the expansion force of each filling space can be added without limit to that of the filling space situated to the inside and thus a central spindle can be prestressed up to the breaking limit (see Fig. 14). In addition, the invention permits further highly significant applications. This also applies in general to buildings, construction machines, cranes, turbines, ships, aircraft and other constructions as well as for the driving of machines. To facilitate understanding, Figure 15 (bridge construction) is attached. <IMAGE>

Description

Component, consisting of an air and

Vapor-tight, solid envelope, which has a cavity with an inserted, enclosing expanding filler.

The invention relates to a component for walls, ceilings, floors and other components of buildings of any kind, as well as vehicles, aircraft, Ships, bridges and the like., Consisting of at least one solid envelope that an airtight and impermeable cavity with inserted expanding filler encloses.

Expanding filler means any substance that has the Strives to increase the volume of the cavity of the component by tension. These are not just substances that, for example, crystallize or through chemical agents Reactions emit other substances, especially gases, but also substances that increase their volume by swelling as well as substances, e.g. B.

Liquids and gases that are in the expressed state while maintaining this compressive stress are filled into the cavity.

This compression can take place beforehand in another component and Z. B. as a liquid in an energy store for filling in clamping body (Components) as well as for possibly necessary refilling such, kept available be.

The applicant has in previous applications on tension fillers inorganic as well as organic nature as well as reaction C; omisclle as blowing agent as well as swelling substances of various kinds and additives of solvents, in particular Water, pointed out. A change in the aggregate state, in particular the liquid state of e.g. B. low-boiling substances in the gaseous state at normal outside temperatures, it is sufficient to produce the desired stresses of the component.

This also includes the critical temperature and the critical pressure significant.

Some substances, in particular, require stimulators and the like as additives Ilydraulic factors. You can also enter the individual substances and additives separately be expedient.

The great abundance of different tension materials and tension mixtures with It enables very different properties and forces released to a large extent the requirements z. B.

for buildings, ships, aircraft, cranes, construction machinery, turbines specific to correspond, so also with regard to the different consistency of the filler mass after completion of their expansion or their clamping force realization ifl clamping cavity of the component (clamping body). In particular, the various tension materials allow the development of specifically required forces and their dosage as required. Even machines and devices can be driven with molecular force.

The safe development of unlimited molecular energies with very simple means in the most economical way is suited to those relying on energy To put industry on a new basis of the highest importance and also from foreign ones To make energy sources independent.

Application examples are described below that relate to the already Examples described in previous applications close existing gaps should.

In contrast to tubular components (clamping bodies), plate-shaped, rectangular components with cavities by flat pressure means with at least the same pressure exerted by the expanding cavity mass, preferably up to Press on all sides to harden the filling compound. This is a bulging of the Walls of the component are prevented and the expansion force in the elasticity of the filling compound transformed. In a previous registration there is one for all-round registration suitable device described, which can also be used here analogously.

The hollow body can, for. B. of two by means of molecular expansion forces be formed pressed against each other shells. This reduction in their distance each other serves to z. B. arranged in them scissors spreading by transverse pressure to stretch. This gives the building shells a high tensile stress and the load-bearing capacity significantly increased.

As an embodiment of the invention, a bridge is also described, consisting of a component that encloses a cavity airtight and danipf-tight, by which clamping spindles can be clamped in opposite directions to each other are guided. The cavity is divided into individual chambers by transverse walls. These chamber walls are alternately attached to the spindles so that each Chamber walls are arranged on the spindle against which the filled c expanding tension in the direction of the free land of the spindle itself. This results in both spindles running in opposite directions with their free ends offset in tension in the opposite direction.

There is thus a possibility, through that of the mole] ular Forces of the tension material over the entire length of the spindle, a to achieve high flexural strength of the spindles.

A deflection of the horizontal, load-bearing bridge elements can furthermore are prevented by arches, which are directed to two oppositely Pull spindles are alternately attached with their ends, the ends of the arches be welded on the spindle whose free end is aligned with the welded end of the tension bow. For this purpose, spindles are in pairs in opposite directions Directions provided. Combinations with arches with a reversed one Curvature and further pairs of tension spindles running in the opposite direction are beneficial. The invention provides that at least one in the abutments stationary free ends of the spindles clamping devices are additionally arranged, which are based on the expansion of tension materials.

The invention provides that instead of massive clamping spindles, clamping tubes made of high-tensile steel in the appropriate number arranged concentrically to one another will. The gaps are filled with molecular-expansive tension materials. Such complex tensioning tubes have a very high preload to which the the voltages described above are added.

17 after a previous registration, the supporting Bridge elements by means of ropes over fixed and loose pulleys (pulley blocks) 1 between the tension arches and the supporting elements are arranged, with molecular forces ci effect of perpendicular load forces can be kept in their horizontal position.

(Pages 5 and 6 are omitted) The invention will in the following on the basis of exemplary embodiments shown schematically in the drawing explained in more detail.

The drawings show: FIG. 1 a vertical section in the transverse direction by means of a component that is sealed vapor-tight on all sides with an air-free with filler filled, vapor-tight cavity, Fig. 2 relating to a variant in the same section Connection and sealing of the narrow sides, Fig. 3 shows a further variant of the previous figures, Fig. 4 in a perspective section a piece of a composite shell with steam-tight, u-shaped, intersecting profile channels, FIG. 5 a component whose building shells are composite building shells according to FIG. 4, which with a appropriately designed, framework-like Ifolllraumkern and associated connecting means are connected to one another, Fig. G in a perspective section a piece of a composite shell according to FIG. 4, but with undulating, intersecting intermediate profiles, FIG. 7 in horizontal section a connecting element with expanding filler the building shells towards each other against the pressure of the outside of them located filler filling the building shell cavity, FIG. 8 shows a variant to Fig. 7, Fig. 9 in the vertical @ longitudinal @ section in a horizontal Layer arranged component with concave and convex inner shells and a connecting element with two filler chambers for stretching and compressive tensioning of the curved inner shells and tensile stress of the outer shells, FIG. 1o a vertical section in the longitudinal direction by a horizontally arranged component with a centrally arranged expandicrelel Filler between the level lath and the tensioning profile sheets provided, 11 shows a further development of the component according to FIG. 10, FIG. 12 shows a horizontal arranged component with tension material chambers and associated vacuum chambers for tensioning horizontal spindles in the opposite direction, e.g. B. for the bridge construction, FIG. 13 a cross section according to FIG. 12, FIG. 14 a tensioning device the clamping spindles according to FIG. 12, in particular at the ends of the clamping spindles can be arranged for their tension, FIG. 15 shows a further development of the component according to Fig. 12 in the vertical longitudinal section, Fig. 14a as a clamping spindle, a double tube with separate cavities, at least one of which with an expanding filler is filled.

Fig. 1 shows in vertical section in the transverse direction a component in horizontal position, consisting of two box-shaped building shells 1, 1a and 2, 2 which are pushed into each other with their openings and so together create a cavity 3 outline.

The inner and outer surfaces of the building shell are covered with protective layers, z. B. made of zinc, tin, plastic, both against corrosion and against an in the cavity 3 to be filled, provided chemically aggressive filler 5.

For filling, e.g. B. an expanding filler, e.g. B.

of calcium sulfate, the building shell 1, 1a is in a horizontal position with upwardly directed opening placed on a horizontal flat plate 6. In the cavity 3 is a vapor-tight envelope 7, which has the shape of the shell cavity matches, introduced. This cover is to avoid any air inclusion or subsequent ingress of air between it and the inner surfaces of the shell 1 glued in over the entire surface. The envelope is dimensioned at the top so that it is perpendicular Sliding the building shell 2, 2a formed cavity volume is filled air-free.

Once the filler has been filled in, expansion occurs when it is hindered with 9> iner expansion an internal pressure through which the cavity or those surrounding it Construction shells are pressed from the inside. Tension occurs in the shells.

The suction of the air counteracts any bulging of the shell 2. In the case of a vacuum, the atmospheric pressure presses against the shell at around 10 t per m2 2. The same effect occurs with an air-free union of the building shells with the shell 7 or the filler 5 (Fig. 1). A bulge of the shell would create a vacuum, against which the atmospheric pressure counterpresses.

To achieve a constant volume of the cavity and thus the high tension caused by the expanding, but hindered from its expansion Filler and a flat filler surface, a flat pressure plate 14 is on the building shell 2 with the fish used, not yet expanded filler pressed on until he was eaten. A person who is active with molecular force can do this Plunger 25 (see Fig. 3) are used. The force imparted to the filler is internal shape-related tension of the hardened filler and acts shape-changing forces opposite.

(Pages 11 and 12 are omitted) Also the insides the building shell 1 x) and its narrow sides 1 a are covered with elastic layers 11 on all sides Lined vapor-tight, these contribute to this at least as far as the filler is concerned Foils 11 a, sheets or the like., For. B. aluminum foils. Instead of this coating, how Described in Fig. 1, a complete sheath 7 can be used. Filling in the Filler can deviate from the manner described for FIG. 1 by Openings 17 a, which are in the component and the shells and with corresponding E infüllvorrichtungen connected, happen. Appropriate Openings 17 b be arranged and the valves required for this. On the The upper surface of the shell 7 or the free filler 5 is made of a layer 12 elastic material, for example of the type as the layer 11, with a directed towards the filler vapor-tight coating 12 a placed and with the upper edges of the lining 11 glued airtight.

Between the layer 12 a and the surface of the filler or the envelope 7 must not remain any air.

On the inner surface of the building shell 2 are perpendicular to it Fasteners 18 attached, the z. B. oblique bends at their ends have in which corresponding connecting elements 19 on the inside the shell 1 are attached, engage. This makes it possible for the bulge the shells 1 and 2 to prevent breaking load.

The number of such connecting elements is calculated from the static Requirements. The connecting elements 18, 19 are airtight through the transverse layers of the component out.

The narrow sides 1 a and / or the narrow sides can also in the longitudinal direction 2 a can be connected to each other in the same way. For even distribution of the filler and for connection with these perforations 20 are provided.

Fig, d shows in the space between the narrow sides 1 a and 2 a circumferential frames 21, 22 which are attached to these and which carry latching means 23, 24.

x) insulating, non-porous and air-free These exist In the example, tongues 23, 2, which are directed diagonally towards each other, = the ones when sliding open of the shell 2 into each other. These latching means 23, 24 can from the be punched out all around the frame and stamped accordingly. Such tongues can instead of in an inclined position, be arranged in a parallel position to the walls and Snap into the corresponding recesses in the counter elements. Instead of tongues, can Formations 1 5 a, as shown in FIG. 2 a, can be provided in circumferential frame 15, which are used in recesses 1 6 a in the counter frame 16 blocking.

4 also shows an upper pressure plate 14. For this purpose, the Reference is made to the relevant statements relating to FIG. 1.

The lower pressure plate 6 is kept slightly shorter than the building shell 1 to when sliding the construction shell 2 to snap the diagonally against each other directed tongues 23, 24 temporarily a little deeper required insertion option to win.

In the gaps between the narrow sides 1 a and 2 a are air suction openings 27 provided, after the completion of the gap cavity 1 b of the suction of the air serve and, if necessary, allow an insulating encapsulation of the gap cavity.

Ultrasonic vibrations in particular can be used to compress the filled filler to serve.

Due to the hardening of the filler, it retains the pressure the support plate is assumed to be absolutely even surface formation permanently.

Tensions, be it through the filling pressure, be it through the application of the plates, be it through pressure stamps, be it through expansion of the filler as a result its crystallization, arise, are hardened as internal compressive stresses in the Filler mass stored against the effects of pressure.

In addition to the outer shell surfaces, additional Layers are applied. So first a layer of insulation serves, e.g. B. au s made of plastic air cushions, glued and subsequently on this z. B. a gypsum plasterboard, which is steam-tight on all sides, making its maximum Hardness that it received when it was created, unchanged from the prevention the exit and entry of water vapor is maintained. To the A further insulating plastic layer can be added to the existing plasterboard surfaces in the living space. which is covered with wallpaper, can be glued on.

The surface pressure of the atmosphere of around 10 t per m² on the building shell can be applied to these by forming webs that only form fractions of the surface be concentrated. With these webs other surfaces can be pressed, with the distances between the webs are to be determined according to optimal static aspects.

The more rigid the surface to be pressed by the webs is, the greater the distances between the webs can be selected, so that an even higher concentration of atmospheric pressure to a correspondingly smaller number of such pressure bars possible. An embodiment at which such web arrangements are shown is shown in FIG.

Fig. 3 is a variant of Figs. 1 and 2. To the component 1, 1 a; 2, 2 a are two more shells 31 a, 31 b with the interposition of both sides arranged with longitudinal ribs plates 32, the narrow sides 31 c, 31 d of the Building shells 31 a, 31 b are directed against each other and a seal between them 31 e arranged all around airtight and vapor-tight. The building shell 2 is on both sides with Provided cross ribs 2 r and 2 r '. Under the transverse ribs 2 r 'is a plate 37, for. B. made of aluminum, attached with intersecting grooves that when you slide the Shell 2 covers the free filler surface 5. To avoid air inclusions, can to displace air the pulpy filler mass in the middle of the surface 5 ', sloping towards the sides, should be introduced a little stronger. Between the narrow sides 1 a of the shell 1 and the narrow sides 2 a of the building shell 2 is a free circumferential Room 1 b with an evacuation opening 1 bl. About this space is the air above sucked off the free filler surface 5 'while the building shell 2 is being pushed on. The cut edges 1 a 'of the narrow sides 1 a carry a sealing tape 35 all around with upper adhesive layer on which the sheet 37 is after displacement and suction the air is finally applied in a vapor-tight manner.

The air in the grooves 2 r 'can also pass through the upper longitudinal grooves in the sheet 37, as well as possibly through connecting bores to the grooves 2 r these are sucked off. The filler surface 5 is created by the profiling of the Sheet metal 37 profiled identically and stiffened. About these sheets 37 is the filler 5 supported by the grooved webs of the building shells. The grooves form only one small fraction of the total inner surface of the shell 2. The total pressure is concentrated on the few footbridges or on their intersection points. Instead of milled or more pronounced ribs, webs or the like. Such rib plates are advantageous arranged on the building shells, z. B. welded on The inner surface the shell 1 is grooved in the same way as the shell 2. A The associated sheet 37 'transfers the pressure to the first filling material 5 that is arrested.

The covering sheet 37 is given an increased strength, that it is pulled up on the inside of the Schmal-Se ('tCttl a, so that the filler presses against this sheet and the sheet 37 'is stretched in the longitudinal direction, The sheets 37 and 37 'are sealed airtight and vapor-tight, if necessary with the interposition from other seals. So that the cavity 3 with the filler is against protected from any penetration of water vapor.

The shells 1 and 2 are - as explained - transversely profiled on both sides, d. H.

crossing each other with the above-described longitudinal profiling on both sides of the plates 32. These transverse profiles are through holes (not shown) with the longitudinal profiles of the plates 32 in evacuable connection so that all Grooves can be evacuated.

The sealed narrow sides 31 c and 31 d of the building shells 31 a, 31 b have a free space between them and the narrow sides 2 a of the building shell 2 33 with an evacuation opening 33 a, through which the air from the merging longitudinal grooves of the intermediate layers 32, 32 'is evacuated, which run on both sides of the plates 32 Longitudinal grooves are connected so that they can be evacuated at least at their ends by bores. About these longitudinal grooves of the layers 32, 32 'are at the same time the transverse grooves, the cross with these, the building trays 31 a, 31 b evacuated. This makes it possible the outer building shells 31 as well as the inner building shells 1 and 2 by evacuated Subjecting grooved spaces to atmospheric pressure. This pressure is then after statically optimal points of view on the corresponding trained webs and adjacent intermediate plates and finally over them onto the solidified filling compound 5 transferred. From this it can be seen that one depends on the different requirements in different ways optimal supports through appropriate design the ridges and grooves, in particular their distances from one another and the material thicknesses, can be achieved by varying the concentration of atmospheric pressure.

Without evacuated cavities between the building shells 1 and 31 b or, 2 and 31 a, the shells 31 a and 31 b would only form loose wrappings, which none load-bearing or supporting property. Only by creating evacuated Interstices and intermediate web elements 32 and 32 'can form the building shells 1, 2 otherwise accidental load transfer distributed to the other shells 31 a, 31 b be, by multiple such concentric building shell arrangements around an inner Component 1, 2 can reduce the flexural strength and load-bearing capacity of the entire component, z. B.

as a support, can be increased according to the requirements.

In the narrow sides 1 a and 2 a and 31 c and 31 d are perforations 40 provided through which screws 41 can be inserted as soon as by stamp pressure 25 brought the perforations into a coincident position with respect to one another via cover plate 14 are. This can be very simplified by moving laterally to the pressure plate 14 and support plate 6 vertical spacer strips 48 are arranged, which these distance requirements exactly match. It is sufficient; the stamp down to the pressure on these strips to move and then insert the screws. For their attachment are preferred on the inner surface of the shell 1 a nuts 41 a welded. With this, the Narrow sides against bulging, e.g. B.

with concave designs of the shell surfaces 1, 2 and 31, tensioned will.

Instead of the cross-connecting elements 18 and described for FIG 19 holding elements 45 and 46 are shown as a variant in FIG. These are alternating on the opposing inner surfaces of the shells 37, 37 or the building shells 1 and 2 rigidly attached and do not protrude all the way to the opposite side into the filler. They carry perforated flat bodies 45 a, 45 b, 46 a, 46 b at their free ends, which rigidly bond with the filler as it hardens. Through this are the shells 1 and 2 prevented from bulging outwards, it follows from this a very good connection between the filler and the construction shell, which increases the flexural strength is additionally increased.

In order to keep the building shell surfaces level despite the effects of pressure, to make these rigid with profile plates as composite construction formwork.

iig. 4 shows a part of such in a perspective section rigid composite shell, consisting of a plurality of flat plates 51 a, b, c, d, preferably metal plates, between which U-shaped profiled plates 5; a, b, c, d intersecting with the flat plates to form a composite unit z. B. gluing, screwing, welding are firmly combined. Depending on the requirement a corresponding plurality of such individual plates can be connected to one another be, with the flat plates the U-shaped profiles and airtight vapor-tight, e.g. B. by adhesive tapes are completed. These form channels that z. B. can absorb fillers 5 to their stiffening and / or tension. In the upper and lower channel ends of two opposite building shells transversely connecting brackets are used. Also with thin clamping spindles z. R. counter-rotating threads on the ends can be movable in conjunction with lincar Threaded bodies and, if necessary, push rods and bracket parts or the like in such channels be inserted and the duct walls to provide increased flexural strength and Put the load-bearing capacity in tensile stress.

Spacer rings are used to internally support the spindles and push rods to be added, which prevents the spindles from bending out.

The one between the spindle and the push rods and the duct wall remaining free space can be filled with tension material. This makes it possible all parts of a component individually, as well as in their scaffold-like combination to put in load-bearing tensile stress.

If an expanding filler 5 is introduced, the channel ends are to be closed airtight and vapor-tight by means of special sealing bodies.

The channels are stiffened by the hardening filler and through the expansion put in tension.

The profiles can be directed towards the interior of the component freely - alternately open and closed - protrude, as shown in FIG. 4, to inner To be able to arrange elements in and on the profiles (see Fig. 5).

They can also have slots to accommodate cross-connecting means 53 be provided.

To a common upper and lower level of the component parts with to bring about the connecting brackets and the like, the U-profile ends are marked with a - @@ cut / give away, in which these parts can insert themselves deeper, the aforementioned End bodies and the like can be positioned below the stirrup legs inserted into the ends to be provided below on this. The bracket can be in two parts and the middle part take a connecting tube in one half and the other in the other Bracket half is inserted.

For this purpose, resilient latching means are provided, which through slots with Tongues, noses or the like intervene in the pipes in a locking manner.

In the profile channels, insulating material such. B. plastic foam or aluminum wrinkle foil. In particular, the inner walls of the profile channels be reflective or coated.

If the composite panels are to form side walls of building shells, so can the flat plates (sheets) or only part of them on the sides accordingly survive and the deformation z. B. be subjected to a right-angled fold.

To increase the flexural strength, the composite shell is stretched across.

This can be done in such a way that on the inner surface of the outer plate 51 d screws are welded that go through the other composite panels and tightened inside by nuts.

For the composite panel, the concentration of forces on the webs is important.

The airtight ducts enable the evacuation of free profile spaces.

Reference is made to FIG. 3 for this purpose.

The l) escllricl) cnen possibilities are for the formation of solid sheets of various kinds, each according to the requirements, of importance, such. B. to bulges of construction shells the internal pressure of an expanding in the shell cavity To prevent tension material.

Fig. 5 shows a horizontal section as an embodiment Part of a component that consists of two composite shells and connecting them to one another Narrow sides and a framework-like core consists.

The composite construction shells consist of two U-shaped profiled, intersecting plates 61, 62, between which a flat, the U-profiles airtight final intermediate plate 63 is arranged, and to the outside of a flat plate, which forms a two-dimensional conclusion, together. These plates 61, 62, 63, 64 are to a composite unit, e.g. B. united by mutual gluing and welding. The profile cavities 62 a of the vertical profile plate 62 as well as the horizontal ones Profile cavities of the profile plate 61 can as described in detail with reference to FIG. 4 be equipped. In order to avoid repetition, this description is Referred to, in the cavity between the composite shells is used as the load-bearing core an inner pressure-resistant frame-like installation body is arranged. This consists of horizontal, angled at right angles on all sides, above or below each other in Distances between metal sheets 65. At the bottom of these sheets are All around welded, U-shaped hollow profiles 66, 67 are arranged. These too can be equipped as described for Fig. 4 for the vertical profile plates. On the top of the plates 65 are cross brackets 69 with vertical pipe legs 69 b welded on. These vertical legs stand with the ones below and above them Stirrup legs in engagement, e.g. B. by inserted into the leg tubes connectors.

The leg lengths 69 a determine the distances above or below one another arranged horizontal plates 65, the horizontal plates 65 can be omitted, when the circumferential profile strips 66, 67 and the transverse bracket 69 with each other in a frame-like manner are welded.

U-shaped profiles are formed against dicscs inner framework from both sides Plates 70 pushed, the laterally protruding legs 69 b of the bracket 69 insert into corresponding free, U-shaped cavities 70 a of the profile plates 70. These profile plates are made with the touching surfaces with the plate 65 resp. the profile frame 66 z. B. welded by welding points 70 v. The U-profile plates 70 reach in full cave from floor to ceiling.

In the outwardly open profiles of these profile plates 70 are the profiles of the building shells 62 which are closed inward toward the cavity are inserted.

Then in the upward and downward open channels 62 a of At the top and bottom, additional cross brackets 73 for connecting the building shells to the scaffolding core used. In order to get the same level towards the ceiling and the floor, appropriate Incisions are provided for deeper insertion into the hollow profiles 62. The plates 65 are to be arranged accordingly in their altitude.

To further connect all neighboring parts with each other in the horizontal direction through the profile plates 62 and 70 and legs 69 b and 73 b rods 72 pushed through precisely provided holes. Through this a highly flexible composite unit of all components is produced.

In addition, there is the arrangement of the side walls. These are separate of the composite construction shells 61, 62 as side shells with approximately the same profiles educated. First, against the hollow profile strips protruding towards the side walls 69 'profile plates 71 pushed against with corresponding free profile spaces 71 a and with the contacting surface parts with the horizontal plates 65 or the profile frames 66, 67 arranged underneath are welded by spot welds 71 v.

The profiles 69 'can be bow-like up and down with legs be formed against this profiled formation of the side parts of the built-in body 65, 66, 67, 69 through the profile plates 71 described are the corresponding formed profiles of the side walls 62 pushed against.

The side walls are made by corner bodies 74, which are bracket-like with projections are provided in the vertical direction, which latter in the open ends 62 a, 62 a 'of the profile body 62 or 62 perpendicular from the ceiling or from the floor insert, with the composite shells 61, 62, 63, 64 and the scaffolding 65, 66, 67, 69 firmly connected to form a unit. The corner bodies can be used for corner reinforcement continue to carry massive perpendicular corner pieces 76.

These side walls are terminated towards the outside by e. B.

U-shaped, angled plates 78 that are pushed in and attached will.

Like the building shells 61, 62, the side walls 62 'and perpendicular extensions of the corner body 74 by transverse rods 72 both with the frame body 65 as well as with the building shells 61, 62 are firmly connected.

The connecting rods 72, 72 'can run in opposite directions at their ends Have threads in corresponding perpendicular threaded bodies 76 of the corner bodies 74 intervene. With these spindles, the component can be moved in different directions be put in tension. For this purpose, the profile cavities can be filled with tension material and provided with pressure-resistant sealing bodies 77 at both ends. To the different Possibilities are referred to the description of FIG.

In accordance with the described design of the side walls 62 ', 74, 78 can also be the ceiling and the floor. This follows if one considers the side walls in the drawing as a vertical section.

This consideration also results in a variant that consists in that the profile plates 61 are arranged as vertical and the profile plates 62 as horizontal are to be viewed and accordingly the intermediate plates 65 as perpendicular to the associated Hollow profiles 66 and 69 '. These indicated horizontally in the present description Parts then take over, in a vertical position, the load to be taken over from the component Load.

Both options have their advantages.

Fig. 6 is a variant of Fig. 4. It shows in perspective Cut the structure of a composite shell, consisting of airtight and vapor-tight with one another connected flat sheets and profile sheets, some of the profile sheets being corrugated sheets, z. B. trapezoidal sheets are. Inward is to absorb internal pressures flat plate 51 a to a supporting U-shaped subsequent profile plate 52 b arranged. There then follows another flat plate 51 b and on top of this one with Trapezoidal plate 55 provided with vertical waves. Below is a flat plate 51 c provided and then a trapezoidal plate crossing to the trapezoidal plate 55 56 with horizontal waves. Finally follows a flat plate 51 d and one with the U-profile plate 52 b intersecting U-shaped vertically profiled plate 52 c with an end plate 51 e.

It thus cross the U-shaped profiles with trapezoidal profiles and these again with each other and then with further U-profiles.

The trapezoidal panels are located between the outwardly arranged ones U-shaped support profile plates. The purpose of this is to create a surface pressure on the to exercise intermediate trapezoidal panels. Is this composite panel a Subject to external and / or internal pressure, the trapezoidal profiles and stretch press their linear end faces against end bends that are appropriately airtight (not shown) of the flat plates that enclose the trapezoidal plates, where these end bends partially overlap and the distance between the flat plates can be reduced to each other. The overlapping bends take the Compressive stress on the trapezoidal plates and transform them into tensile stresses flat panels and other parts of the composite shell that are connected to them.

It is advantageous to give the trapezoidal sheets a profile angle, which is less than 450, in order to correspond to the larger liraftkornl) owl duck in response to lateral pressure to carry out a longitudinal stretch.

It is also advantageous not to use the trapezoidal sheets or corrugated sheets to be welded to the flat plates on the intermediate part between the end bends, as this would hinder the stretching. The tensile stress on the flat plates is intended rather from the end parts of the corrugated sheets -like described above - be exercised. The U-shaped profiles arranged before and after the corrugated sheets Plates, on the other hand, are welded to the flat plates to form bodies of surface pressure.

The trapezoidal plate 55 with perpendicular waves causes the tension of the Composite shell horizontally in the width direction, the trapezoidal plate 56 with horizontal Waves tension the flat plates in a vertical longitudinal direction (height the building shell). The corrugated sheets can also contain fillers such. B. alternate in the shaft parts take up.

The composite shell is advantageously compressed before it is filled of the filler or tension material to fully exert this transverse pressure on the corrugated profiles to be able to exercise. As a result, the stress state of the corrugated sheets is at least as it has been created before, by hardening the filler permanently. The sloping walls of the trapezoidal sheets are supported in a rigid manner at least on the filler side. The filling into the wave spaces, which takes place alternately with empty spaces, is made possible an increased stretching of the trapezoidal sheets during the hardening of the filler.

For this purpose, the airtight empty wave spaces must be evacuated. All brought in Fillers or tension materials are preferably compacted by ultrasonic vibrations. The profile spaces can also be filled with hydraulically injected liquids, e.g. B. water, which hardening powder, e.g. B.

Cement, added, be put in tension. The combination of overpressure spaces with underpressure spaces is of particular importance.

It adds up the bending strength and load-bearing capacity Individual element parts that are joined together as a unit to form the composite.

For the rest, reference is made to the explanations relating to FIG. 4.

Figs. 7 and 8 show embodiments of the application of such Composite building shells according to FIGS. 4 and 6. The composite building shells in FIG. 7 exist from crossing, trapezoidal profile plates 81, 82 with associated planes Plates 83, 84, 85, between which a cross-connecting eletllel) t is all orcltlct, consisting of an outer square tube 86 with a cylindrical inner tube space 86 a, in which a smaller cylindrical tube 87 is inserted. This pipe 87 is pressure-tight airtight and vapor-tight at the inserted end by a closure body 88 locked.

The closing body has a bore 88 a through which a spindle 89 protrudes, which has a movable cylindrical closure body at its end in the tube 90 in the manner of a piston, vapor-tight, closed on all sides by seals 90 a, wearing. Between the two closing bodies 88 and 90 there is thus, depending on how far the movable closure body 90 is inserted, a more or less large, cylindrical, airtight space Z. The spindle 89 is with the other one Thread-bearing end on the outer wall 83 b of the upstream composite shell, through this protruding from the inside, firmly and airtight with a screw nut 89 a, In the space Z between the closing bodies is through a filling opening 87 a and air evacuation openings 87 b with valves an expanding filler entered, The ere end of the cylindrical tube is also solid, e.g. B. with a circular lens 87, sealed airtight and vapor-tight. This second space X in the cylindrical tube 87 can be evacuated through an opening 87 d. Becomes an expanding in the cavity Z. If tension material is filled in, the pressure difference acts due to the lack of counter pressure the atmospheric air in the evacuated room as the driving force on the moving one Body 90. This force also moves the spindle 89, which is on the outside 83 b the composite shell is attached. This is the composite shell in the direction of Cavity, d. H. in the opposite direction to the opposite composite shell, moved.

The opposite composite shell 83 a is via extensions 87 f, which are attached to the closed end of the inner cylindrical tube 87 and lead through holes in the composite shell to the outside 83 a of the composite shell and fastened there with screw nuts 91, subjected to the tensile stress that by the pressure of the expanding filler on the closure body 88, this - and thus the cylinder 87 - is exercised in a moving manner.

The force of the filler takes place in all directions. This means that through the aforementioned extensions 87 f or 91 and spindle ends 89 or 89 a both building shells in the direction of the cavity, d. H. against each other, moved will.

This reduces the distance between the two composite shells.

This can be done up to a stop 92. Is then in the Component cavity 3 outside the connecting element between the composite shells Expanding tension material 5 is filled in, so this can be static at calculated arrangement of a required number of cross-connection elements none Cause bulging of the shells. On the other hand, the desired strong tension occurs one, in the height direction and width direction of the component.

The outer square tube 86 serves as a guide tube in the case of FIG. 7 as well as a side support tube. This can be circumferential around the connecting element Bands 93 may be arranged.

This square tube can also be used to evacuate another one Cavity y between its end disk 86 c and the movable inner tube 87 or its seal 88 b to create. This causes the tension movement of the inner Cylinder tube 87 continues to benefit.

Fig. 7 is ei.1 application to Fig. 6. The trapezoidal profiles The shells are subjected to strong compressive stress, which they act as tensile stress transfer the flat composite panels. The cylinder 87 is also driven by the in its cavity Z expanding filling compound placed under tension.

rig. 8 shows a variant of FIG. 7, the connecting spindle 89 is omitted.

Instead of this there is a transverse spindle 99 through the movable closing body 90 of the cylinder tube 87 and the square tube 86 placed. The outer square tube is rigidly connected to the transverse spindle 99. About the movement of the closure body 90 to enable the cylindrical tube 87, are in this on both sides Slots 98 are provided for moving the transverse spindle 99.

If overprint materials 5 are introduced into the intermediate cavity Z, then the movable closure body 90 and through it or the transverse spindle 99 the outer Square tube 86 displaced so that the composite shell 85 rigidly fastened therewith b moved in the direction of the counter-structural shell 85 a up to an intended end position will. For this purpose, extensions 88 c and 90 c on the outer sides of the closure body 88 and 90 be attached, which in the end position on the cover plates 86 c and Cast on 87 c.

The cylindrical inner tube 87 can in the same way as in Fig. 7 described in order to press the building shell from the outside. Even the outer square tube can extend through the composite shell onto the outer surface 83 b and fastened there with screws that prevent the compression of the Composite shell through the expanding filler introduced into cavity Z. enable.

In contrast to FIG. 7, FIG. 8 shows egg-shaped profiled intervening Plate 81b '.

As these embodiments show, compressive and tensile stresses in several directions - depending on the requirement - completed or diverted into these will. The hardening of the filler prevents it from buckling inwards. An outward bulging is caused by the tensile stress associated with the hardening the shells prevented by the connecting elements. Here, too, it applies that a detachment of the composite shells in the air-free, structural element inner cavity completely filled with tension material had to overcome the atmospheric back pressure of about 10 t / m² in addition; this in connection with the other forces that oppose a bulge.

The connecting elements can also be box-shaped, the walls of the boxes preferably extending from floor to ceiling and thus Form load-bearing cross supports in the cavity between the building shells.

Fig. 9 shows as a variant of FIGS. 7 and 8 in vertical section a component arranged horizontally, e.g. as a supporting beam, consisting of two outer shells 141, 142 and four inner shells 143, 144, 145, 146.

The two outwardly lying inner shells 143, 146 are concave, the two middle inner shells 144, 145 convex with bias in the outer Element introduced. Between the concave inner shells 143, 146 is a connector 150, 151 or -body interposed, consisting of two with expanding tension material 5 filled, airtight and vapor-tight, expandable in the transverse direction to the shells 141, 142 Gaps Z 1 and Z 2. These airtight gaps can, as shown in FIGS. 7 and 8, e.g. B. from square tubes 150 a, 150 c in conjunction with cylindrical tubes 151 a, 151 c inserted therein be formed.

The outer tube 150 c is on the concave inwardly curved shell 146 welded with its closed end. The other end is open and through this i-) opening the cylindrical tube 151 c inserted in an airtight and steam-tight manner, The intermediate space that is closed off and can be changed in the transverse direction to the building shells Z 2 lies with the inner tube 151 c against the following convexly curved shell 145. If tension material 5 is filled with pressure into cavity Z 2 via openings 151 d, so the nested tubes 150 c and 151 c are a little apart pushed and move the two shells 145, 146 also apart, whereby these are stretched and their compressive stress as tensile stress on the outer ones Building shells 141, 142 transferred. -The same takes place by filling under Pressure of the tension material in the cavity Z 1 on the opposite side between the inner shells 143 and 144. In contrast, however, in the cavity Z 1 the inner cylinder 151 a with its closed end portion on the concave shell welded, however, the outer square tube 150 a with one in the inner tube 151 a displaceable closing body 153 firmly connected by a transverse spindle 152, Corresponding movement slots 1 are provided in the cylindrical tube 151 a for movement 51 s provided, The pipe parts pushed together airtight 150, 151 end at the inner convex shells 144, 145. However, they carry tubular and upper spindle extensions 150 b, 151 b of small diameter, through perforations are guided airtight in the two inner convex shells, through this connection 150 b, 151 b can move the z. B. the transverse spindle 152 to the square tube 150 a granted, are transferred to the opposite square tube 150 c.

This is thereby pressed against the concave shell 146. The movement of the square tube is carried out through both the tension material in Z 1 and the tension material in Z 2. The inner cylinder 151 a of Z 1 is also connected by connecting pipes or spindles 1 51 b, through which the two inner spindle tubes 151 a, 151 c firmly connected are displaceable through the tension material in Z 1 as well as in Z 2.

This will stretch all concave and convex building shells at the same time and generates the intended voltage of the component.

Fig. 9 shows inside the clamping spaces Z 1, Z 2 z. B. by welding fixed pipe sections 151, 150, which can be displaced against pipe sections 153 and 151 c are. These pipe pieces ensure the airtight seal and can, if necessary, serve to to accommodate telescopically extendable pipe parts, in those cases where the Gap between the paired inner shells is too small to accommodate the shift make the inner cylinder sufficiently in relation to the outer square tube, enable this to be air- and vapor-tight.

Fig. 9 also shows reciprocally arranged on the inner shells Spindles 155, 156 involved in the movements of the shells to which they are rigidly attached a corresponding pressure on the arched one at its other end Exercise peel. Through the intermediate shell 144 and 145, they are air and Passed vapor-tight through perforations and associated seals. This becomes a uniform Power transmission also to the shell parts lying outside of the connecting element completed.

In the end position, the two inner convex shells 144, 145 z. B. by resilient tongues 144 a, 145 a, which o. the like, come into locking engagement with a tension-tensioned partition wall 147, be held. Instead of an intermediate wall, tubes can also be provided, the tubes or transverse walls 147 wear on the Ends of inner threads into which Tensioning screws 148 are used, through which the inner shells their predetermined arched, but still stretchable shape under compressive stress.

The five rooms A, B, C, D, E of the component can be evacuated. In particular, it is advantageous to use both outer spaces A and E as well as the middle space C before or during the stretching of the shell to evacuate. In contrast, the spaces B and D with an excess air pressure, if necessary . also hydraulic pressure, preferably with added pressure to harden the liquid powdery-solid material or a tension material. The outer construction shells 141, 142 carry slots 141 b, 142b in the narrow sides 141 d, 141 b to the clamping screws 148, so that they can be moved towards one another in these slots. As a result, they can have a high preload by reducing their distance from one another by their pressure on the circumferential edge parts of the concave inner shells 143, 146 exercise. This can e.g. B.

also done by stamp pressure and then the position achieved in this way the building shells to each other by screws 141 c in the narrow sides that are in there nuts welded to the inner surfaces of the inner shells engage, secured will.

The concave shells 143, 146 also have slots for their displacement to the tensioning screws 148. The displacement of the outer shells 141, 142 with respect to one another while reducing their spacing can also be described in relation to FIGS. 7 and 8 Way done. This can be done by combining the various connecting bodies can be achieved within the same component. Such components come in particular for horizontal use as beams in ceilings and bridges and the like.

If pressure is exerted on the upper shell, the additional Stretching of the inner shell, both this upper shell and the lower outer shell Shell as well as the tension-tensioned partition wall 147 or pipe spindle in corresponding the load added increased tensile stress, which creates a counterforce against the load of the exercising upper shell. Such horizontal elements can be continuous in a straight line be joined to one another and run parallel to it, but each offset, z. B. by a quarter of the shell length, similar elements in several rows tied together be arranged so that no kink lines due to the offset position of the narrow sides exist in the transverse direction.

The tension materials are advantageously filled in via valves a high, possibly hydraulic, filling pressure in accordance with the requirements, in particular to the extent and period of time that optimally include the expansion of the space.

Such a component can also be used as a highly resistant and load-bearing support according to Fig. 9 come into use.

Fig, l 10 shows in the horizontal processing position, on a support plate 115 arranged a component in vertical section, consisting of two box-shaped, with the openings nested building shells 101, 101 a, 102, 102 a and an intermediate insulating gasket 103.

The upper opening of the shell 101, 101 a is flat with a loose Plate 104, arranged on a circumferential elastic, insulating seal 105, closed. Between this plate 104 and the shell 101 are two at a distance from one another flat plates 106, 107 arranged to be transversely displaceable.

In the upper and lower cavities thus formed, "A" and "C" are Trapezoidal plates 108, 109 inserted, the intermediate cavity "B" between the plates 106, 107 serve to introduce an expanding filler 5. Before that, a pressure ram 111 opens the in the horizontal processing position a flat plate 115 placed component placed under transverse pressure. This takes place an elongation of the trapezoidal plates 108, 109. Between the shells 102 and 101 are Cross-connecting elements 118, 119 with slots 118 a at different distances and locking lugs 119 arranged to secure the planar formation of the filler to be filled and hardened and to control the expansion compressive stress in the horizontal (or perpendicular) direction to the tension of the building shells in width and longitudinal direction. The introduced filler 5 presses the flat plates 106, 107 against the trapezoidal plates 108, 109, whereby these are placed under compressive stress and stretch yourself higher. The building shells are thus 101 on their narrow sides a, 102 a. pressed outwards and put their surfaces 101, 102 in tension.

The individual profile cavities formed by the trapezoidal plates 108, 109 can be alternately provided with filler via openings 112. The intermediate free trapezoidal cavities are evacuated via openings 121. Because of this negative pressure becomes the pressure difference of the overpressure located in the central cavity "B" and fillers 5 located in the alternating trapezoidal cavities are increased and accordingly the tensile stress of the component continues to increase high pressure of the filler 5 in the trapezoidal cavities compared to the adjacent To be able to correspond to evacuated trapezoidal cavities, reinforcement angles are on the trapezoidal webs 120 welded on. The transversely sliding flat plates 106, 107 can be U-shaped or angled box-like on the sides and arranged airtight with seals The construction shells can be composite construction shells, as described for FIGS. 4 and 6 have been. Audi the movable intermediate plates 106, 107 are according to 1Erfor (lerllis formed as a Vcrl, undplattcn. The shell walls 101 a and 102 a are how z. B. in the previous Figures, 2, 2a, 3 described, connected to each other.

To the middle cavity "B" there is one for filling in filler 5 Opening 114 and an opening 116 for evacuating the air are provided. All parts are sealed to each other airtight and vapor-tight (not shown), Fig. 11 is a variant of Fig. 10. It shows the same component, but with connecting spindles 130, 131, which alternately slide on one or the other inner Plate 106 or 107 on the one hand and on the outer shell that is more distant in each case 101 and 102 are arranged on the other hand. The necessary holes for the passage of the spindles through the flat plate in between are airtight and vapor-tight sealed (not shown), the building shells 101 and 102 are box-like, with their side walls 101a, 102a can be pushed into one another, are movable. So that's it possible to reduce the distance between the two building shells in the direction of each other. Here, the overall cavity of the component is reduced in the transverse direction and the central cavity "B" between the movable plates 106, 107 in the transverse direction expanded, the latter is done by reducing the side to the central cavity upstream and downstream spaces "A" and "C" between the building shells and the flat plates 106, 107, is now - as described for Fig. 10 - by the stamp 111 and then the component in tensile stress due to the expanding filling compound 5 added, so is by reducing the upstream and downstream cavities with the stretching trapezoidal plates 108, 109 arranged therein as a result of the movement of the building shells 101, 102 a compressive stress in the trapezoidal plates in the opposite direction and this creates a correspondingly high tensile stress in the building shells. Even the connecting spindles 130, 131 are put under tension. In the predetermined End position latch the cross-connecting elements 118, 119 with locking lugs 119 a in Slots 118 a and thus maintain the tension. Will be in the Cavity "B" between the two flat movable plates of expanding tension material filled in, then the cavity is expanded in the transverse direction through this, however the distance between the building shells is reduced in the transverse direction. Through this movement become the cavities with the trapezoidal plates pressed together and thus the building shells in addition subjected to a correspondingly high pressure, with the solidification of the filler 5 these stresses are permanently retained as internal filler stresses Cross-connecting spindles 130, 130 a are then superfluous and can be removed. This allows the requirements for achieving high flexural strength and load-bearing capacity to be shown in Fig. 10 continue to increase the clamping options described.

The spindles 130 and 131 can also be opened from the outside after the filler has hardened unscrewed from the nuts 106 a, 107 a welded to the plates 106, 107 and the openings are potted. The spindles 130, 131 can then be used for production other components are used again.

The spindles 130 and 131 go airtight (not shown) the intermediate plates 106 and 107. The variable cavities A, B, C are individually sealed airtight and vapor-tight, e.g. B. by sealing plates 116, Strip 105, u-shaped intermediate layer 103.

Such a component has the internal stresses of the expanded Filler 5 and the support of the two flat plates 106, 107 through the spindles 130, 131 and trapezoidal plates 108, 109 and their compressive stress and the thus caused total stress of the component as by the compressive stress, the the expanded tension material 5 in the cavity "B" the narrow sides 101 a, 102 a of the component issued in the vertical direction, and the resulting tensile stress of the building shells 101, 102 as by the support of the trapezoidal plates by introduced into the profiles, stiffening filler, outstanding flexural and compressive strength and load-bearing capacity.

The high atmospheric expansion forces that develop through crystallization , e.g. B. of calcium sulfate and calcium carbonate sulfate, are particularly suitable for Bridge construction to overcome large abutments and / or pillar spacings through their Transformation into high tensile stress of horizontally load-bearing elements, in particular of tension spindles arranged on abutments.

Such an exemplary embodiment is described below with reference to FIG.

Fig. 12 shows schematically in a vertical longitudinal section a component in a horizontal arrangement between two abutments 1 71 and 1 72.

13 shows a cross section for this purpose. The component consists of one Box 173, which is closed airtight and vapor-tight on all sides, through which in the longitudinal direction upper and lower spindles V and W and middle spindles S are passed through. The middle spindles S are rigidly and tensile-proof on the left abutment 1 71, The upper spindles V and lower Spindles W, however, are on the right abutment 172 rigidly arranged tensile.

The opposite free ends of these spindles protrude through recesses in the abutments to the opposite side and are there with nuts 174 ', 175 ', 176', which engage in threads of the spindle ends, attached.

The arrangement can instead be made in such a way that the spindles have bores with internal threads at their ends into which the abutments starting from fastening screws are used.

The cavity which is enclosed on all sides by the outer component 173 is, is divided into chambers 180 and 181 by air- and vapor-tight, pressure-tight Walls 177 with seals 177 a, which are welded to the spindles V and W, as well as through parallel to these further walls 179 with IDeals 179 a, which are attached to the middle Spindles S are welded on.

The chambers 180 are via openings 180 a and associated evacuation openings 180 b filled with tension material, the chambers 181, however, are free of tension material and if possible evacuated1 d. H. provided with a negative pressure or vacuum. Expanded the filler in the chambers 180, it exerts a pressure on all sides, Es thus the same pressure rests in the opposite direction on the rigid walls 177 as on the walls 179.

The pressure on the walls 179 acts as a pull on the abutment 171 rigidly attached and in the abutment 172 loosely displaceable dormant arranged spindles S transmitted. The walls 179 thus exert a pull in the direction of the spindle S from the left to the right (Fig. 12) from, the walls 177, which are rigid with the upper and lower spindles V and W are connected, are pressed and tensioned in opposite directions the spindles V and W, which are rigidly attached to the abutment 172 with the right end are, however, freely displaceable in the abutment 171 and rest in this direction are arranged stretchable, the expanding filler thus results in tensile stresses in the spindles in the opposite direction. Between the walls 179 and the walls 177 there is a free space 181 to accommodate these opposing movements of the two walls as possible without counter pressure. This gap can be very low and is preferable to provide a vacuum, including evacuation openings 181 b are provided. This will reduce the pressure differential between the adjacent, filled chambers and this evacuated intermediate chamber in both directions of pull of the spindles correspondingly increased, in the tension material chambers 180 contained filler is used with high hydraulic pressure throughout Duration of hardening is filled and refilled so that a maximum of tension material in it for expansion is included. The filler can also do this by means of ultrasonic vibrations be condensed. In particular, those tensioning materials are to be used that are optimal own high expansion.

13 shows schematically the component described in cross section. The spindles V are load-bearing below the upper building shell 173 and the spindles W arranged displaceably above the lower inner shell surfaces 173. The attachment is such that the building shells 173 despite the expansion pressure of the filler in the The inside of the chambers cannot bulge outwards, so there are appropriate Cross ties 184 / arranged, the necessary number between them can be, whereby also on the outer surfaces of the shells inwardly pressing connecting means, z. B. screws, IS can be provided, Fig. 13 shows with the top left hatching directed downwards to the right, the vertical partition wall 177 and in the cutout for this purpose, the one located behind it, at a distance from the free intermediate cavity Wall 179 with hatching directed from the bottom left to the top right.

Another possibility to clamp the clamping spindles S and V and W, Fig. 14 shows, this device described below is to the ends of the spindles, which protrude from the back of the abutments 171,172, arranged, a central one Round tube 201 with the elongated spindle S is at a distance from a second Round tube 202 surrounded. This round tube 202 is at the upper ends by a threaded ring 203 sealed pressure-tight, airtight and vapor-tight. At the bottom is a similar one Threaded ring 203 with bores 204 used for the passage of filler.

This double tube 201, 202 is movably inserted into a corresponding larger tube 205, which is provided with a threaded end body 206 at the lower end is through which the spindle S through a corresponding hole 206 a air and is guided to move in a steam-tight manner. In the tube cavity 207 located above Openings 207 a are provided for the introduction of filler material through valves. There are openings for this purpose 208 'in the upper part / between the pipes 201, 202 for evacuating the air. The filler introduced via the openings 207Q penetrates through the bores 204 into the upper double tube 201, 202 and press against the ring 203. Above the ring 203 a pressure plate.209 is provided, through which the spindle S through holes 209 a movably protrudes. The spindle, 'has a thread at the upper end, in which a nut 211 is inserted.

If the double pipe 201, 202 is pressed against the pressure plate by the filler 209 is pressed, so this is also via the nut 211 and the thread 210 of the spindle pulled lengthways.

This makes it possible to use the spindle S at its free end accordingly Extension and introduction into the previously described clamping device of an additional Submit tension.

14 also sees the concentric one to increase the voltage Arrangement of a further tube 212 with an upper ring closure 213 and a lower ring closure 214 before. Above this lower ring closure are the introduction of filler Openings 215 a and above this evacuation openings 215 b provided as In a variant, this exemplary embodiment shows an annular piston in FIG. 16, which extends upward between a plurality of perpendicular piston rods 218 supports the adjacent tubes. The space 217 above the annular piston 216 is free and preferably of air via openings 217 a evacuated. Above this space 217 there is finally an intermediate ring 220 firmly arranged. The piston rods 218 are air and water through all of the intermediate elements Lich passed through in a vapor-tight manner. Above the intermediate ring 220 there is filler Filled through openings 221 a. This annular cavity is at the upper end a movable annular piston 222, which via the piston rods 218 with the lower Ring piston 216 is rigidly connected.

This piston 222 is followed by a free one, preferably evacuated by air Room 225 with evacuation openings 225 a. This is followed up by a closing ring 213 Die Piston rods 218 are passed through in an airtight manner and have an annular end at the end Pressure ram 227. This pressure ram 227 is actuated by the expanding Tension material in the lower annular cavity 215 via openings 215 a and others Tension material in the upper annular cavity part 221 via openings 221 a. These press jointly the annular pistons 216 and 222 by means of the piston rods 218 and pressure stamp 227 against the pressure plate 209 and tension independently of the previously described Clamping device also the spindle.

The subdivision of the total clamping space between the tubes 205 and 212 in individual clamping spaces 215 and 221 is used to secure in the event of damage the device. The total pressure depends on the type of filler or its Expansion and the pressure given per unit area as well as the total area size, which is pressed. This is according to the required force to be generated to train. The device described above can be used at all free ends of the spindles - as has been described for FIG. 12 - be arranged in addition.

It may be necessary to use supports for these clamping devices to be provided. In addition, Fig. Shows two concentric tubes 230 and 231 with lower and upper end bodies 232 and 233 and tension material in the annular intermediate cavity 234, filled in via openings 234 and evacuated via openings 234 b. Through the expanding tension material, the two concentric tubes 230 and 231 are stretched up and support the clamping device described above in a pressure-resistant manner, Fig. 14 a shows a double tube 311, 312 with separate cavities as the clamping spindle at least one of which is filled with an expanding filler 5. The inner Tube 311 is enclosed by an outer tube 312 concentrically at a distance. The tubes are at their ends by closing bodies 313, 314, which are internally threaded the pipe ends engage, sealed pressure-tight, airtight and steam-tight. at least The expanding filler is in the outer tube 312 via filling openings 312 a and evacuation openings 312 b introduced. Around a dangerous bulge in the pipe 312 by the tension material and the i.expansionskraft in the longitudinal direction To control the spindles, clamping jaws 317 are statically determined distances from one another placed around the outer tube 312.

With a horizontal arrangement of the clamping spindles, e.g. B. according to Fig. 15, it is advantageous to also fill the inner tube 311 with tension material. Will on the other hand, the clamping spindle is provided in a vertical arrangement, so it can be advantageous be to evacuate the inner tube 311. The pressure gradient is due to a vacuum in the pipe 311 to this increased by the atmospheric pressure. This presses on the outer surfaces of the pipe of the tube 312 against the tendency of the tension material to bulge.

Fig. 15 shows schematically a further development in a vertical longitudinal section of the component according to FIG. 12, e.g. B. as a bridge.

The horizontally arranged between two abutments 1 71 and 172 Component 173 according to FIG. 12 forms the inner core of a multi-shell component.

In accordance with the reference numerals of FIG. 12 in FIG. Reference numbers taken over are indicated in this regard. On the closed up, Boxes 1 73 formed by the inner shells are followed by two lying next to one another (shown at different heights in the drawing) arranged clamping spindles 0 and P. These are like the clamping spindles V and W and described in connection with FIG S in the opposite direction to each other on the abutments 171, 172 each on one side rigidly attached. The clamping spindle P is rigidly welded to the abutment 171 or otherwise tension-proof and protrudes with the free end stretching through, a recess resting in the abutment 172 on its rear side.

The clamping spindle "0", which is located directly next to the clamping spindle "P" (in higher in the drawing) is, conversely, rigid at the abutment 172, z. B. by welding, attached, however, freely stretchable with the free end through a recess in the abutment 171 arranged to run at rest towards the rear.

On these clamping spindles 0 and P there are clamping arcs 301 a at intervals of half an arc each following one another with the one towards the abutment 1 71 pointing left end on spindle 0 and with that in the opposite direction pointing right end is welded to the spindle P.

This welding takes place with pre-tensioning of the arches. So get the spindles 0 and P also have a preload. The cavity occupied by the arches 301 is hermetically sealed on all sides and preferably evacuated. The this room upwardly closing ceiling 302 is on the upwardly and downwardly extending side wall 173 a of the box shell 173 a on elastic edge pads 303 in a position to to move vertically up and down depending on the pressure fluctuations on it. By their contact with the vertices of the arcs 301a, these arcs become put into alternating compressive stress by the vertical fluctuations of the ceiling 302, which they in turn in corresponding tensile stress of the both spindles Transform 0 and P. An increased tensile stress of the spindles 0 and P results in turn an increased flexural strength and load-bearing capacity of the component or the bridge. An increasing load thus creates a correspondingly higher load-bearing capacity.

The arcs can also be held at the distance of half an arc be welded consecutively at smaller distances, z. B.

at distances of a quarter of the length of the bowstring. The plumb moveable ceiling 302 is then supported by twice as many vertices compared to the arrangement with half the chord length. Accordingly, higher Loads are absorbed, in the same way are below the structural element 12, spindles Q and R are arranged, leaving a space H2, for which the same applies, as already described above for spindles 0 and P.

This cavity H2 is airtight downwards with a bottom surface 304 locked and preferably evacuated. The bottom 304 is also resilient arranged vertically movably on circumferential compressible edge coatings 303. If there is a negative pressure in the cavity H2, the atmospheric pressure creates the soil 304 pressed up against the spindles Q and R or arcs 301 b. To the pressure to fully absorb from below, the spindles Q and R in the abutments with the free ends be arranged in perpendicular, appropriately dimensioned slots. The bottom 304 is held by the lateral bends 304 a, through which the Spindles Q and R are supported. Is the load that rests on the ceiling 302 correspondingly large, this load is over the core of the component also from the lower arches 301 b taken over. It can be advantageous to use perpendicular Provide slots to the clamping spindles V and W in the abutment 171 so that the The load resting on the ceiling 302 is distributed evenly to all load-bearing parts of the overall bridge can distribute.

As FIG. 15 shows, vertical cross-connecting elements 305, e.g. B. screws o. The like. Arranged. Thus, the ceiling 302 and the floor 304 can be used as well the arches 301 a, 301 b their tension on the core of the component with the spindles V, W and S transmitted, Such mechanical means 305 can only to a limited extent Exerting tension. The invention sees therefore before that with the 7 and 8 already described transverse clamping bodies 86, 87 for moving the outer Shells 302 and 304 against each other and thus to achieve a high preload to arrange the clampable means, in particular the load-bearing longitudinal spindles O, P, Q, R, The clamping spindles are therefore tensioned in the following way: 1. Tension through expanding tension material in the core chambers 180 of the core of the component 2. tension by the additional clamping spindles O, P, Q, R, namely a) pretensioning by welding in the arched tensioned state, b) pre-tensioning by creating a vacuum in the cavities H1 and H2 and the action of atmospheric pressure via the elastic Ceiling 302 and floor 304, c) prestressing by mechanical transverse tensioning means 305, z. B.

Transverse spindles, d) prestressing according to FIGS. 7 and 8 with atomic force by chemical tensioning material, e) pre-tensioning by applying to the free ends Clamping devices according to Fig. 14.

3. Increased load-bearing stress due to the perpendicular acting on the building element Loads, When such structural or bridge elements are arranged next to one another, it is advantageous to to arrange them offset with head and end to each other so as not to create any kink lines allow.

The chemical toughening agents described above can be used accordingly the application method described for FIGS. 7 and 8, for. B. between Ilcb <! Ncinlldcr arranged pressure elements, be arranged vertically between them or in a corresponding manner larger free chambers 181 of the component core, you can also underneath of the component and on the outer shells 302, 304 by z, B. rope deflection or the like.

transmit the clamping movement, Also in the width direction. Can the bridge can be tensioned across the board with the same tensioning devices. Preferably are the connecting means to be arranged in the width direction in such a way on the entire Width extending and taken from the longitudinal spindles supporting that one Force acting on any point affects all of the load-bearing elements also extends in the width direction. In particular, the clamping arches in the width direction extending spindles 307 a, 307 b, which as indicated in FIG. B. rest in the depression lying by two crossing arches and thus Tension the arches 301 a, 301 b additionally under load.

These transverse spindles 307 a, 307 b can in their longitudinal direction, d. H. across the length of the bridge by means of tensioning devices, for example according to Fig. 9 or Fig. ls be excited. Clamping devices according to FIGS. 7 and 8 can also be reversed Arrangement of the tension materials are used for this purpose.

The variable cavities Z are then to be evacuated and the to introduce expanding tension material in the upstream and downstream cavities X and Y. The building shells in which the transverse spindles 307 are anchored are thus separated from one another pulled and the transverse spindles 307 clamped.

According to a variant, below the cover plate 302 are parallel to the spindles O and P arranged further spindles in the longitudinal direction of the components and in addition tension arches in the reverse arch position, d. H. with the ends pointing upwards, which alternately engage with their ends in two spindles each so that the free Spindle ends aligned with the relevant ends of the arches to be welded are.

The apex of the arches 301 a, 301 b like the one in the opposite direction extending arches are preferably fixed to the plates they touch tied together.

Such. Arches with oppositely directed curvatures can be arranged in alternating sequence both next to one another and one after the other, this arrangement preferably offset from one another by parts such. B. a quarter their chord length. Transverse spa arches can also be used in the width direction be welded to two transverse spindles in the same way as this to the Longitudinal spindles described, and thus the Cau spindles in tension move, in the same way as described above, can also be below the interior Component 173 such clamping spindles 307 b with clamping means in the width direction arranged: be and also tension arches with inverted curvature in a staggered arrangement.

Instead of the abutments 171, 172 are for the spindles in the width direction to design the longitudinal side walls of the component in a correspondingly tensile manner in the transverse direction. This possibly

in connection with the described embodiment according to FIG. 9 or in Reversed embodiment according to FIGS. 7 and 8 through which the longitudinal side walls in the direction of increasing their distance from one another through atomic expansion to be pulled.

Hydraulic pressures can also be used and the liquids, z. fl. water-hardening solid powders, e.g. B.

Cement can be added.

loads to be absorbed by the component or the bridge of the above-described load-bearing elements, e.g. B.

by attaching the roadway to the component 302, 304 or by Arrangement from above the bridge to the plate 302 to be forwarded tensioning arches with additional Tensioning effect to be absorbed.

The described, in a horizontal arrangement, especially for bridges, large ceilings and the like suitable building element can also be in a vertical position, in particular for absorbing pressures acting in the horizontal direction Find.

The arches 3o1a, 301b are expandierccr as tubes for receiving Fabrics trained. This gives the tubes a high level of tension striving to stretch in a straight line. This stretching force affects the from them to exciting elements.

The above-described ceiling 302 and the corresponding floor 304 can so be arranged on the arches 3o1 a and 301b that by pressing the arches against the vertical side walls 173a ceiling and floor are stretched.

According to a variant (not shown) between the box shells 173a and 173h corresponding to FIG. 15 arranged molecular tensioning means are omitted come and be arranged between the box shells instead of their scissors struts. These scissor spreaders are firmly connected at the ends to the box shells.

The load pressure on the box sections causes the scissors to spread stretched. Since they are firmly connected to the box shells with their end links, the higher the load, the more tensioned these are and the more load-bearing they are. The box shells can rest on the abutments 171, 172 in a longitudinally movable manner.

To keep the load-bearing elements of the bridge in a flat horizontal position can hold an arrangement of ropes over fixed and loose pulleys (pulleys), be provided between the arches and support elements. This is in a previous one Registration described in detail.

At the end of the patent claims that follow here, the preceding claims are supplemented Patent applications for some more tensioning materials made by solvents, in particular Expand water, listed. These claims include everything for every specialist necessary for understanding. They therefore do not require any further description.

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Claims (1)

P A T E N T A N S P R Ü C H E ============================================ 1. Component, consisting of an airtight and vapor-tight envelope, which has a cavity Enclosed with introduced filler, d u r c h e k e n n n z e i c h n e t, that the filler is a tension material, which through its efforts to increase the volume to enlarge the cavity, tensioning the component. 2. The component according to claim 1, d a d u r c'h g e k e n n z e i c h N e t, that the tension filler introduced during its hardening the tension maintains and takes the shape of the envelope. 3. The component according to claim 1 and 2, d a d u r c h g e k e n n z e i c h n e t that the volume of the filler to be introduced is the same with the volume of the cavity to be filled in the envelope. 4. The component according to claim 3, d a dur c h gek e n n z e i c h ne t, that the building shells form the shell. 5. The component according to claim 4, d a d u r c h g e k e n n z e i c h N e t, that the building shells that form the shell are simply due to flat tension and transfer their flat shape to the filler during its hardening. 6, component according to at least one of the preceding claims, characterized in that on the shell of the filler during its hardening form pressure medium act. 7. Component according to at least one of the preceding claims, characterized in that the shell or the filler during its hardening between two convex plates arched against him is pressed and thereby on both sides get a concave shape. 8, component according to at least one of the preceding claims, characterized in that the filler absorbs a compressive stress that corresponds to its Entered a predetermined shape, as an internal shape-dependent stress through hardening permanently inherent in the filler. 9. Component according to at least one of the preceding claims, characterized in that in the cavity part formed by one of the building shells a vapor-tight shell that completely fills the cavity part, consisting e.g. Made of aluminum and / or plastic foils, for air-free absorption of the filler is inserted and after filling in the filler the still open shell side or still existing opening with the exclusion of any air inclusion airtight and vapor-tight is completed. 10, component according to at least one of the preceding claims, characterized in that between the closed on all sides airtight and vapor-tight Shell that is air-free in the open cavity formed by the one building shell (1) is introduced, and the applied covering building shell (2), the air completely is displaced and sealing means are provided to prevent re-penetration of the Prevent air from entering the space between the shell and the building shell (1 and 2), 11. Component according to at least one of the preceding claims, characterized in that that means are provided that the building shell surfaces counteracting pressures keep in a level position and thereby the circumferential edge bends of the building shells are held in a perpendicular position to the shell surfaces. 12. Component according to at least one of the preceding claims, characterized in that a predetermined distance between the flat shell surfaces exactly adhered to in parallel with each other by means of appropriate spacing and locking means is. 13. Component according to at least one of the preceding claims, characterized in that the cavity walls formed by the building shells are pressure-resistant and covered on all sides with a protective layer, e.g. B. zinc, tin, aluminum, Plastic or the like, are coated, 14. Component according to at least one of the preceding Claims, characterized in that the filler by ultrasonic vibrations is condensed. 15. Component according to at least one of the preceding claims, characterized in that the cavity part formed by a building shell (1) inserted filler through a vapor-tight film, plate, sheet metal, if necessary with adhesive tapes arranged around the edge of the shell, air- and vapor-tight underneath Exclusion of air pockets is covered. 16. Component according to at least one of the preceding claims, characterized in that the surface of the in the cavity part is a horizontal applied building shell (1) introduced filler from the inside of the to be applied second construction shell (2), preventing any air inclusion, airtight and vapor-tight is covered, which is advantageous a convex, elastic, pore- and air-free intermediate layer (12), e.g. B. on the inner surface of the to be applied second building shell (2) can be arranged or on the filler or its shell is placed, can be provided. 1 7. Component according to at least one of the preceding claims, characterized in that the compressible layer (12) and other seals (8, 11) with vapor-proof means, e.g. B. aluminum composite foils (7), at least are wrapped on the covering side. 18. Component according to at least one of the preceding claims, characterized in that sealing, insulating, compressible composite sliding layers between the overlapping narrow side surfaces airtight and vapor-tight, the gap 1 b are finally applied. 19. Component according to at least one of the preceding claims, characterized in that the linear gap points remaining to the cutting edge (2 a ') sealed with sealing means together with the adjacent building shells are. 20. Component according to at least one of the preceding claims, characterized in that the building shells are box-shaped and with their narrow sides overlap when they are pushed into one another and the remaining one Gap (1 b) is filled airtight with circumferential compressible, vapor-tight plates and is sealed to the outside, (Fig. 4 and 3) 21. Component according to at least one of the preceding claims, characterized in that for evacuation a perforation in one outer side of the air trapped between the shells, z. B. the narrow side (2 a), and an additional inserted into the gap (1 b) Strip in the same position has the same perforation, but with one Air gap in the direction of the circumferential evacuation gap (4), the evacuation through A rubber suction cup opening is put on and then downwards to the outside protruding strip is fully inserted and by this displacement of its Perforation of the evacuated space to the outside is still sealed airtight and vapor-tight before the evacuation device is lifted. 22. Component according to at least one of the preceding claims, characterized in that the vapor-tight layers enveloping the filler have sufficient elasticity to cope with any expansion of the To be able to yield filler material that remains airtight and vapor-tight. 23. Component according to at least one of the preceding claims, characterized in that the cavity part of the building shells (1, 1 a) and the covering The inner surface of the building shell (2) is lined with sound-absorbing elastic layers (11) are. 23 a. Component according to at least one of the preceding claims, characterized in that the layers (11) are free of air and pores, e.g. B. off Rubber, are. 23 b. Component according to at least one of the preceding claims, d u r c h e k e k e n n n z e i c h n e t that those in contact with the building shells Interlayers and shell parts are airtight with one another on all sides to form one Unit are glued. 23 c. Component according to at least one of the preceding claims, characterized in that the exclusion of air pockets on the building shells (1, 1 a, 2) directly or with its shell adjacent filling compound from the building shells (1, 2) with the respective existing atmospheric 2 pressure of about 10 t per m is. 24. Component according to at least one of the preceding claims, characterized in that the overlapping narrow sides (1 a, 2 a) connecting means (21, 22) wear between them or even z. B. by embossing and punching, z. B. are formed with locking tongues (23, 24), with which they connect to each other when they slide into each other. (Fig. 1 and 2, 25th component according to at least one of the preceding claims, characterized in that the Connection elements (18, 19), which connect to each other by pushing them in towards each other. 26. Component according to at least one of the preceding claims, characterized in that the circumferential cut edges (1 a ') of the narrow sides (1 a) the inner shell (1) after covering the cavity opening by the compressible, preferably convex to the cavity vapor-proof coating Q2, 12 a) of the inner surface, press into this coating in a sealing manner (Fig. 1) 27. Component according to at least one of the preceding claims, characterized in that that air suction openings (27) in the gaps (1 b) between the narrow sides (1 a, 2 a) are provided, which are closed tightly and insulating after the cavity has been closed will. (Fig.) 28. Component according to at least one of the preceding claims, characterized in that the narrow sides by screws (41), pins or the like. are connected to one another (Fig. 3) 29. Component according to at least one of the preceding Claims, characterized in that sealing or spacer disks (49, 50) are arranged to screw passages (41) in the spaces (1 b, 33). (Fig. 3) 30. Component according to at least one of the preceding claims, characterized in that that in the side walls of the shells holes (40) coinciding at a predetermined Distance between the shell surfaces (1, 2) for receiving screws (41) are provided. (Fig. 3) 31. Component according to at least one of the preceding claims, characterized characterized in that the associated seals (49, 50) also control the expansion pressure of the filler on the narrow sides (2 a and 31 c) transferred and so the shell surfaces Tension (1, 2 and 32) on tension. (Fig. 3) 32nd component according to at least one of the preceding claims, characterized in that the shells through each other Seals (35, 36, 49, 50) and cavities (1 b, 33) are isolated. (Fig. 3) 33. Component according to at least one of the preceding claims, characterized in that u r c h g E k e n n n e i n e t that through to the the opening of the lower cavity part limiting cut edges (1 a? elastic sealing pads (35) preferably are arranged with an upper adhesive layer, which expand the cavity (3) elastically and seal under the pressure of the building shells (2) in a vapor-tight manner. (Fig. 3) 34th component according to at least one of the preceding claims, characterized in that the Cut edges (2 a) of the building shell sides (2 a) insulating, elastic, vapor-tight Abs Wear sealing seals (36). (Fig. 3) 35th component according to at least one of the preceding Claims, characterized in that an at least two-part outer casing (31 a, 31 b, 31 c, 31 d) with seal (31 e) with the interposition of more pressure-resistant Layers (32) is placed around the building shells (1, 2). 35 a. Component according to at least one of the preceding claims, characterized in that at least the intermediate layer (32) has ribs and grooves is provided. (Fig. 3) 35 b. Component according to at least one of the preceding Claims, characterized in that the ribs and grooves transversely and longitudinally with adjacent plates and their ribs and grooves are arranged crossing each other. 35 c. Component according to at least one of the preceding claims, characterized in that the profiles are evacuated. (Fig. 3) 36th component according to at least one of the preceding claims, characterized in that over air gaps (1 b, 33) arranged between the narrow sides, the air to be removed is discharged. (Fig. 3) 36 a. Component after at least one of the preceding claims, characterized in that evacuation openings (1 b ' , 33 a) to the air gaps (1 b, 33) are arranged. 36 b. Component according to at least one of the preceding claims, characterized in that the cavity plates (37, 37 ') with intersecting ribs and grooves to the ribs and grooves (2 r) of the shell inner surfaces (1 and 2) are formed are. (Fig. 3) 36 c. Component according to at least one of the preceding claims, characterized in that the filler surface (5 ') is profiled, e.g. concave, and / or is formed with ribs and grooves, e.g. B. by pressing one like this profiled cover plate (37). (Fig. 3) 37, component according to at least one of the preceding claims, characterized in that the air-free filler (5) connected to the shells (1 and 2) by holding elements (45, 46) protruding into it is. (Fig. 3) 38th component according to at least one of the preceding claims, characterized in that the building shells are composite shells, consisting of alternately flat and profiled plates that form ducts with one another in an airtight manner. (Fig. 4). 38 a. Component according to at least one of the preceding claims, characterized in that the composite parts form web plates which can be evacuated. (Fig. 4) 38 b. Component according to at least one of the preceding claims, characterized in that d a 13 the yerbund parts or the overall composite plate, z. B. also web plate, transversely through pressing means, z. B. screws, rivets (75), airtight and are pressed together pressure-tight. (Fig. 4, 5, 6) 38 c. Component after at least one of the preceding claims, characterized in that the composite panels through intermediate connecting bodies (86, 87) against end stops (92, 90 c) are pressed (Figs. 7 and 8) 38 d. Component according to at least one of the preceding Claims, characterized in that by moving the connecting body (86, 87) in the direction against the composite panels in and / or arranged in relation to them, means stretching on transverse pressure, e.g. B. corrugated sheets, trapezoidal sheets (81 a, 81 b), Scissor spreaders (95) are tightened. (Fig. 7 and 8) 38 e, component according to at least one of the preceding Claims, characterized in that cross-connecting means, pipes, brackets and the like. are filled airtight with expanding filler. (Fig. 5) 39. Component according to at least one of the preceding claims, characterized in that the profile plates in the composite shells with intersecting profiles with the interposition of them in the longitudinal direction airtight final flat plates are. (Fig. 4) 40th component after at least one of the preceding claims, characterized in that the profiles to the cavity alternately like tongue and groove are formed, 41st component according to at least one of the preceding claims, characterized in that at least one part the airtight closed channels is filled with filler. 42. Component according to at least one of the preceding claims, characterized in that the ends of the sections of the channels with vapor-tight, pressure-tight closing bodies are closed, the pressure filled expanding Transform fillers into tensile stress in the canal walls. 43. Component according to at least one of the preceding claims, characterized in that threaded spindles are used in the channels, which the Channels via assigned, e.g. B. linearly movable nuts, in tensile stress, z. B. by pressing pressure rods, closing bodies, bracket legs o. The like. Set. 44. Component according to at least one of the preceding claims, characterized in that the channel inner walls with reflective coatings are provided. 45. Component according to at least one of the preceding claims, characterized in that spacer rings are arranged on the spindles and push rods are. 46. Component according to at least one of the preceding claims, characterized in that the channels of opposite building shells of the receptacle of cross brackets serve. (rig, 5) 47. Component according to at least one of the preceding Claims, characterized in that the brackets are in several parts and are pushed into one another and locking means connect the building shells to one another at a predetermined distance. 48. Component according to at least one of the preceding claims, characterized in that slots (53) are provided in the composite shells to accommodate cross-connecting means. (Fig. 4) 49th component according to at least one of the preceding claims, characterized in that the channels to the upper and lower ends have incisions to the cavity of the component Admission of cross-connecting means and brackets (73). (Fig. 5) 50th component according to at least one of the preceding claims, characterized in that I do not indicate that the channels are filled with insulating materials, e.g. plastic foam, aluminum crinkle foil are. 51. Component according to at least one of the preceding claims, characterized in that at least one of the flat plates of the composite shell protrude laterally and are deformable by themselves. 52. Component according to at least one of the preceding claims, characterized in that the ducts are closed airtight and vapor-tight on all sides have a pressure other than atmospheric pressure, e.g. B. a negative pressure or hydraulic overpressure. 53. Component according to at least one of the preceding claims, characterized in that the liquids filled with hydraulic pressure, z, B. Harden water by adding powdery substances, e.g. cement. 54. Component according to at least one of the preceding claims, characterized in that plates (65) and / or frames are used as a framework-like cavity core (66, 67) are connected to transverse and longitudinal brackets (69, 69 '), the laterally protruding Legs (69 b) determine the distances between the plates and the legs (69 b) of profile plates (70, 71) are included and these profile plates (70, 71) with the horizontal plates (65) or frames (66, 67) arranged perpendicular to them are connected. (Fig. 5) 55th component according to at least one of the preceding Claims, characterized in that composite shells (61, 62, 63, 64) with the cavity directed tongue and groove profiles (62, 62 ') in the corresponding profiles of the plates (70, 71) stand up. (Fig. 5) 56th component according to at least one preceding Claims, characterized in that brackets (73) are arranged with legs (73 b) engage in closed profiles (spring profiles) of the profile plate (62) and the composite shells (61, 62, 63, 64) with the cavity core (65, 66, 67, 69) associate. (Fig. 5) 57. Component according to at least one of the preceding Claims, characterized in that the narrow sides with profiles (62 ') in frame profiles (71) how tongue and groove insert themselves and by means of bracket-like connecting bodies (74), with vertical extensions (legs) in the profile cavities (62 a ', 62 a) themselves insert, with the composite shells (62, 71) and the scaffold core (65, 66, 67, 69) are connected. (Fig. 5) 58, component according to at least one of the preceding Claims, characterized in that the profiles (62, 70, 62 ', 71) and bracket legs (69 b, 73 b) and corner bracket legs (74 b) have perforations through which connecting rods (72, 72 '), which firmly connect all parts together. (Fig. 5) 59. Component according to at least one of the preceding claims, characterized in that that the connecting rods are in several parts and at the ends opposing threads have with which they are inserted into threaded body (76). (Fig. 5) 60th component according to at least one of the preceding claims, characterized in that the Corrugated sheets (55) with closing elements are in connection, the pressure of the waves transform into tensile stress of assigned load-bearing parts, (Fig. 6, 10, 11) 61. Component according to at least one of the preceding claims, characterized in that that in at least some of the channels of the airtight corrugated sheets (52, 55) a negative pressure or vacuum is established. (Fig. 6) 62nd component according to at least one of the preceding claims, thereby & ekennZeichnet, because 13 the individually in the same airtight profile channel for itself airtight shaft cavities (55 a, 55 b) on the opposite Pages are provided with different pressures. (Fig. 6) 63. Component according to at least one of the preceding claims, characterized in that that the shaft spaces of the composite shell are pressed together by forces directed against them, the waves in compressive stress and, via associated parts, the adjacent flat plates be put in tension. 64. Component according to at least one of the preceding claims, characterized in that at least a part of the shell composite forming Profile plates are intersecting corrugated plates (55, 56) in airtight channels. (Fig. 6) 65th component according to at least one of the preceding claims, characterized in that corrugated profile plates (55, 56) and profiled in a U-shape Plates (52) with the interposition of flat plates (51) with one another to form a shell composite are united. (Fig. 6) 66th component according to at least noble of the preceding Claims, characterized in that the corrugated profile plates on both sides (or on all sides) are hermetically enclosed by flat plates. (Fig. 6) 67, component according to at least one of the preceding claims, characterized in that the airtight cavities with fillers (5) formed by the wave plates (55) are provided. (Fig. 6) 68. Component according to at least one of the preceding claims, characterized in that a hollow body (87), for. B. a cylindrical tube that is closed pressure-tight and airtight at one end, In its cavity there is a sliding, airtight seal, a transverse wall having forming intermediate body (90). (Fig. 7 and 8) 69th component according to at least one of the preceding claims, characterized in that the intermediate body (90) in the direction of the closed end (88) a connecting element (89), for. B. a spindle that carries the one with the building shell (83 b), which is the rigid conclusion (88) is closest, is firmly connected. 70. Component according to at least one of the preceding claims, characterized in that the hollow body (87) with the opposite Building shell (83 a) is connected. 71. Component according to at least one of the preceding claims characterized in that the hollow body (87) is also pressure-tight airtight at the other end with a wall (87 c) is completed. 72. Component according to at least one of the preceding claims, characterized in that the cavity through the displaceable intermediate body (90) of the connecting body (87) into two airtight separate cavities (Z and X) having cavity lengths that are mutually variable as a result of the movement of the body (90) is divided. 73. Component according to at least one of the preceding claims, characterized in that the individual cavities have openings (87 a) for filling z. B. hardening fillers (5), in particular expanding Tension materials and other openings (86 d, 87 b, 87 d) for evacuating the air in the cavities. (Fig. 7 and 8) 74. Component according to at least one of the preceding claims, characterized in that by the increase in volume of the cylindrical cavity, the shells or the like. Components over the oppositely directed Connection means are moved in the direction of each other. 75. Component according to at least one of the preceding claims, characterized in that longitudinal slots (98) which allow the movement of the movable intermediate body in the inward lying connecting means are attached. 76. Component according to at least one of the preceding claims, characterized in that a screw spindle preferably with in the longitudinal direction Thread is inserted into a nut on the movable intermediate body and, if necessary, is removable. 77. Component according to at least one of the preceding claims, characterized in that the connecting means are in the predetermined end position and so that the shells are mutually locking means, locking means or the like. Are arranged. 78. Component according to at least one of the preceding claims, characterized in that the connecting spindles (89) are tubes that are intended for insertion serve the pressure medium and have lateral openings for this purpose. 79. Component according to at least one of the preceding claims, characterized in that the connecting means at their free ends are extension means, z. B. spindles (8 7f) tra gene with which they are attached to the opposite shell, z. B. are attached via threads and nuts. 80. Component according to at least one of the preceding claims, characterized in that the spindles (89) are welded to the intermediate body (90) Nuts are screwed in and removed after the tension material has hardened. 81. Component according to at least one of the preceding claims, characterized in that the connecting element is provided with overprinting materials or tensioning materials is tensioned on train and the inserted part is movable and under reduction the distance between the building shells in its end position under tensile stress in locking means engages, 82. Component according to at least one of the preceding claims, characterized marked that by hardening of the tension material in the connecting element The cavity formed determines the end position or distance of the shells from one another is. 83. Component according to at least one of the preceding claims, characterized in that by pushing the connecting bodies (86, 87) a third cavity (Y) is formed, which opposes a different pressure the cavity (Z) of the inner connecting body. 84. Component according to at least one of the preceding claims, in that at least the external connecting means are through pressure-resistant means, e.g. B. pressure rings, a destruction of the cavity delimiting Prevent lanyards. 85. Component according to at least one of the preceding claims, dadurcll that to i) ifings for the introduction of pressure means and / or for evacuating the air in the cavity associated valves and connecting pipes to corresponding Devices are provided. 86. Component according to at least one of the preceding claims, characterized in that the intermediate body movable in the cylindrical cavity (Z) (90) via cross-connection means, e.g. B. transverse spindle (99), airtight and steam-tight is firmly connected to the external connecting means. (Figs. 7 and 8) 87. Construction element according to at least one of the preceding claims, characterized in that the filler fills the cavity without filling pressure and without bulging. (Fig. 1) 88. Component according to at least one of the preceding claims, characterized in that a tension material of the same volume is filled into the vapor-tight construction shell cavity, which corresponds to the volume of the cavity, which has already undergone a predetermined partial expansion outside the cavity, depending on the requirement Has. (Fig. 1) 89. element according to at least one of the preceding claims, da daduh4s marked that the tension rod after a certain time after the mixing of the Tension fabrics and beiges with water, during which time the Tension material undergoes a partially calculated expansion into the Cavity of the component is one eight, so that in the cavity x only the expansion takes place, the al ifference between the Total expansion and that before it was introduced into the cavity completed expansion takes place in a predictable manner. (Fig.) 90. Component according to at least one of the preceding claims, characterized in that movable connecting bodies (86, 87, 89) with airtight, variable-volume cavities (X, Y, Z), which are pushed into one another in the basic position, are arranged and at least one cavity (Z) has an overpressure. (Fig. 7 and 8) 91. Component according to at least one of the preceding claims, characterized in that connecting bodies (86, 87, 88, 89, 90) with airtight cavities are arranged between the building shells and at least one cavity has a negative pressure. (Figs. 7 and 8) 92. Component according to at least one of the preceding claims, characterized in that scissor braces or other stretchable elements are arranged in the secondary cavities (, and Y) which stretch when the spaces are reduced. (Fig. 7 and 8) 93. Component according to at least one of the preceding claims, characterized in that the composite building shells, consisting, for. T. made of compressible corrugated profile plates, are put under tensile stress by the pressure exerted on their outer surfaces by the connection body inward. 94. Component according to at least one of the preceding claims, characterized in that the component consists of outer upper and lower horizontal Shells (141, 142) and arched inner shells arranged in the interior of its cavity (143, 144, 145, 14.6), of which at least one shell (144, 146) is arched upwards is, exists and between the shells in the perpendicular transverse direction of the component interconnected connecting bodies (150, 151) are arranged, the at least in one of them delimited, by displacement changeable cavity (Z 1, Z 2) have an overpressure, e.g. B. by a filled expanding tension material (5). (Fig. 9) 94a. Component according to at least one of the preceding claims, characterized in that the transversely The curved inner shells arranged between the shells connecting elements stretch in a flat direction, causing the longitudinally arranged spindles (147) are placed in increased tensile stress. (Fig. 9) 95th component after at least one of the preceding claims, characterized in that in one several Component enclosing cavities (A, B, C, D, E) - the horizontal connecting element (150, 152) forms two variable clamping cavities by sliding them into one another and by introducing tension materials, these cavities are enlarged, with a The shape of the inner building shells is changed by stretching, which causes these building shells are placed under increased compressive stress and thus their associated external Also put construction shells in tension. 96. Component according to at least one of the preceding claims, characterized in that the tensioned spindles (147) and the pressure stretched stretched shells (143, 144, 145, 146) the narrow sides of the component press outwards and thereby at least the outer shells (141, 142) horizontally relocate load-bearing tensile stress. 97. Component according to at least one of the preceding claims, characterized in that the inner shells the air from the outer shells and vapor-tight enclosed cavity into airtight and vapor-tight partial cavities (A, B, C, D, E), at least one of which has a different print, than atmospheric pressure. 98. Component according to at least one of the preceding claims, characterized in that in the outer subspaces (A and E) and in the middle Subspace (C) is a negative pressure or vacuum. 99. Component according to at least one of the preceding claims, characterized in that in the intermediate subspaces (B and D) an overpressure, e.g. B. by filling with tension material. 100. Component according to at least one of the preceding claims, characterized in that the construction shells are connected by connecting elements (155, 156) possibly with sliding crossing of one or more intermediate shells with at least one of the other similarly curved shells is connected. 101. Component according to at least one of the preceding claims, characterized in that the transverse spindle (152) is replaced by the connecting elements (156). 102. Component according to at least one of the preceding claims, characterized in that the slots for moving the transverse spindle (152) of the Total displacement of the two hollow bodies (150 a, 151 a) correspond. 103. Component according to at least one of the preceding claims, characterized in that the pressure differences in the cavities (A, B, C, D, E) the component and in particular its supporting shells (141, 142) in increased Offset tensile stress, 1 04. Component according to at least one of the preceding Claims, characterized in that by z. B. the atmospheric pressure of external forces in addition to the counterforce resulting from pre-tensioning further opposing forces are generated, e.g. B. by pressing and moving the arched Bowls (143, 146). 105. Component according to at least one of the preceding claims, characterized in that the outer building shells are caused by the atmospheric pressure (141, 142) inwards with a corresponding reduction in their distance from one another against the pressure of the inner shells (143, 146), this z. Partly pushed in, shifted are, including corresponding slots in their narrow sides for the passage of the spindles (147) are provided. 106. Component according to at least one of the preceding claims, characterized in that by inserting the outer shells, the inner Shells are stretched and increased compression tension. 107. Component according to at least one of the preceding claims, characterized in that the connecting elements arranged between the arched building shells (156, 155) the change in the curvature of a shell and thereby the corresponding one Changes the curvature of the other shell. (Fig. 9) 108th component according to at least one of the preceding claims, characterized in that locking means (144a, 145 a) are arranged, which is the end position of the shells (144, 145) and via the connecting elements (155, 156) also secure those of the other shells (143, 146). 109. Component according to at least one of the preceding claims, characterized in that the position of the narrow sides by screws (141 c, 148) (141 a, 142 a, 143 a, 146) is secured to each other in the end position. 110, component according to at least one of the preceding claims, marked by the fact that by tightening the screws (148) the preload the domed shells is increased. (Fig. 9) 111. Component according to at least one of the preceding claims, characterized in that the component movable, e.g. B. transversely movable inner shells as partition walls (106, 107) through which airtight, individually closed cavities (A, B, C) are formed, and in the cavity existing between these walls (106, 107) (B) an expanding filler (116) is introduced through which the cavity in Transverse direction is enlarged, whereby the parallel existing steep spaces (A, G), in which corrugated plates (108, 109) or scissors spreaders and the like are arranged are diminished in their transverse direction and the corrugated plates, scissor-spreading o. The like. Are pressed and stretched and the component is accordingly in tensile stress is offset, (FIGS. 10 and 11) 112. Component according to at least one of the preceding Claims, characterized in that multi-part cross-connecting means (118, 119, 118 a, 119 a) on the inside of the building shells to prevent bulging and for the locking connection of the outer building shells (101, 102) in the transverse direction are arranged at a predetermined distance. (Fig. 10) 113th component according to at least one of the preceding claims, characterized in that at least one Stiffening fillers (110) are introduced into part of the hollow profiles of the corrugated sheets (108, 109) are. (Figs. 10 and 11) 114. Component according to at least one of the preceding claims, characterized in that the trapezoidal plates (108, 109) are loosely attached to the plates (106, 107). 11 5. Component according to at least one of the preceding claims, characterized g'e indicates that the profile angle of the corrugated sheets (108, 109) to the flat plates (101, 104, 106, 107) is less than 450, 116. Component according to at least one of the preceding claims, characterized in that that transversely through the component, cross-connecting means, e.g. transverse spindles (130, 131) between one construction shell (101 or 102) and the next but one movable inner shell (106 or 107) are arranged airtight and in the cavity (B) between the two Inner shells a filler (5) is introduced, whereby the inner shells as Partition walls increase their distance from one another and the inner building shells (101, 102) by the oppositely arranged connecting means (130, 131) their distance decrease to each other. (Fig. 11) 117. Component according to at least one of the preceding Claims, characterized in that the cross-connecting means (130, 131, 118, 119) traverse the respective intermediate partition wall (106 or 107) in an airtight manner. (Fig. 11) 118. Component according to at least one of the preceding claims, characterized characterized in that between the building shells (101, 102) insulating elements (103) circumferentially are intermediate. (Fig. 10 and 11) 11 9. Component according to at least one of the preceding claims, characterized in that by the connecting elements (118, 119) secured constant spacing of the outer shells (101, 102) the Enlargement of the gap (B) in the transverse direction for a corresponding reduction the transverse distance leads to at least one of the two adjacent sub-spaces (A and C). 120. Component according to at least one of the preceding claims, characterized in that the transverse spindles (130, 131) over to the inner shells (106, 107) alugesellweil3tc nuts are attached and removable. 121. Component according to at least one of the preceding claims, characterized in that the component encloses a cavity airtight and vapor-tight, by means of the clamping spindles (S, V, W) in the opposite direction airtight and can be clamped are guided, the cavity divided into airtight chambers by transverse walls and the chamber walls alternate on the opposite abutments (171, 172) unilaterally attached spindles separated in one direction and separately are attached in the other direction and alternate in the chambers following different pressures exist, the chambers being the ones with higher pressure are provided, with their transverse walls, the spindles attached to them in the direction Press towards the free end of the spindle and thus the spindles in opposite directions tighten. (Fig, 12) 122nd component according to at least one of the preceding claims, characterized in that the rear sides of the pressed-on chamber walls are airtight Chamber boundaries in which there is preferably a negative pressure or vacuum. 123. Component according to at least one of the preceding claims, characterized in that the free spindle ends can be stretched resting on the respectively opposite abutments are arranged. 124, component according to at least one of the preceding claims, characterized in that nuts to secure the voltage and additional Tension at the spindle end are arranged against the abutment, 125. Component according to at least one of the preceding claims, characterized in that that between the spindles (V and W) vertical support means (184 ') are arranged. (Fig. 13) 126, component according to at least one of the preceding claims, characterized characterized in that between the horizontal shells (173) to the at a distance them guided through the cavity or its chambers spindles (s3 support means (184) preferably with fastening screws (185) Hngurdnet aitld. (J "ig. 13) 127. Component according to at least one of the preceding claims, characterized in that that clamping devices in connection with abutments (171, 172) to the free ends of clamping spindles (S, V, W) are arranged, which extend the spindles in take a sliding tube (201) and this tube in a larger one below a tube (205) closed by a cylindrical body (206) is inserted, the substances in its variable, airtight intermediate cavity (207) with overpressure, e.g. B. expanding substances (5) with pressure before and during the Expansion are filled in, pressure-resistant and airtight, through which the displaceable tube (201) is moved outwards and thereby the arranged in it Spindle clamps. (Fig. 14) 128. Component according to at least one of the preceding Claims, characterized in that the displaceable tube (201) with a larger Pipe (202) is concentrically connected and this pipe (202) from the space (207) Filler or tensioning material (5) to its common, with the tube (201) and the Spindle (5) takes up clamping movement provided to the outside. 129. Component according to at least one of the preceding claims, characterized in that Al) closing bodies (rings) (203), spacers (rings) (203 ') with through bores (204) for the filler or. Spanns toffdurchlaß provided are. 130. Component according to at least one of the preceding claims, characterized in that filling openings (207 a) for the filler and evacuation openings (208 a) are provided. 1 31st component according to at least one of the preceding claims, characterized in that at the upper end of the extendable double tube (201, 202) a pressure receiving plate (209) and nut (211) through which the spindle (S) with a thread (210) protrudes pretensioned, is arranged, which is against the stretching resistance the spindle (S) receives pressure from the double tube (201, 202) and the spindle about the nut (211> put in tension. 132. Component according to at least one of the preceding claims, characterized in that at least one further tube (212) concentric to the Tube (205) with threaded rings (213, 214) and spacer rings (220) in the external thread of the Tube (205) is arranged engaging, the filler contains 133rd component according to at least one of the preceding claims, characterized in that in the filler space A piston ring (216) with piston rods (218) is inserted between the tubes (205, 212) and the piston rod with a ring punch (227) at its upper end is the pressure receiving plate Press (209) on. 1 34. Component according to at least one of the preceding claims, characterized in that spacer rings (213, 220) with airtight through bores for the piston rods (218) are arranged and between them and the upstream Piston rings (222, 216) upstream of airtight, evacuable, free spaces (225, 217) are, including evacuation openings (225 a, 227 a) exist. 135. Component according to at least one of the preceding claims, characterized in that the pressure against the pressure receiving plate (209) around the pressure gradient formed by the evacuated spaces (216, 225) is increased. 136. Component according to at least one of the preceding claims, characterized in that a double tube (230, 232) stiffened with filler and is clamped, concentrically around the clamping device for all-round support is arranged, (Fig. 14, 137th component according to at least one of the preceding Claims, characterized in that a horizontal component is used as the middle load-bearing core on its upper shells (1 73) parallel to each other clamping spindles (0 and P) are arranged, one end of which is attached to one of the two abutments and with the other end resting and stretchable with the other abutment in each opposite direction are connected, (Fig. 15) 138th component after at least one of the preceding claims, characterized in that tension arches (301 a) are welded onto the spindles (0 and P), 139th component after at least one of the preceding claims, characterized in that the Spanni> ogen with one of the two ends is welded to the spindle whose free The end of the spindle is in the same direction as the end of the arch, and when loaded of the clamping arc, both spindles are clamped individually in opposite directions. 140. Component according to at least one of the preceding claims, characterized in that a cover plate (302) on the to absorb the loads Tension arches (301 a) is placed, which are preferably airtight and elastic with the protruding, circumferential narrow sides (173 a) of the component (173) connected is. 141. Component according to at least one of the. preceding claims, characterized in that elastic on the upwardly extended narrow sides Seals (303) are applied. 142. Component according to at least one of the preceding claims, characterized in that there is a negative pressure in the airtight cavity (H1) thus formed or vacuum is established by which the tensioning arches are put under pressure and the with their ends connected, oppositely running clamping spindles in tension are offset, 143. Component according to at least one of the preceding claims, characterized in that the tension arcs are offset parallel to one another by parts of their chord length are arranged side by side. 144. Component according to at least one of the preceding claims, characterized in that transverse spindles bearing between adjacent vertices (307) are arranged, the pressure of the load in the width direction of the component distribute and press the clamping arches against the clamping spindles (O and P) and their Increase tension in both directions. 145. Component according to at least one of the preceding claims, dadurc11 characterized that the transverse spindles (307) through in their longitudinal direction Clamping devices as shown in FIG. 14 are clamped. 146. Component according to at least one of the preceding claims, characterized in that the transverse spindles (30 'by clamping devices after 7 and 8, but with a negative pressure in the variable cavities (Z) and Overpressure, e.g. B. tension material, in the upstream and downstream cavities (X and Y) are curious about the train. 147. Component according to at least one of the preceding claims, characterized in that below the cover plate (302) parallel to the spindles (0 and P) further spindles are arranged and for this purpose tension arches in the reverse arch position with upward ends that alternate with one spindle with one Arch end and with the other spindle with the other arch end always in the direction are welded to the free spindle end. 148. Component according to at least one of the preceding claims, characterized in that tension arches with oppositely directed arches in alternating sequence next to one another and / or one after the other and preferably around parts their chord length are arranged laterally offset from one another. 149. Component according to at least one of the preceding claims, characterized in that underneath the component (173) forming the core a base plate 004) is arranged, the clamping spindles (Q and R) and arches (301 b) supporting the vertices against the underside of the component (173) are pressed. This is hereby identical in scope to the claimed design above the component (173 a), in accordance with the claims, also for the lower part of the component with its cavity (H2) asserted. 1 50. Component according to at least one of the preceding claims, characterized in that the bottom (304) is connected to the cover plate (302) by means of Elements, e.g. B. perpendicular transverse spindles (305) is carried. 151. Component according to at least one of the preceding claims, d a d u r c h e k e n n n z e i c h n e t W that the floor through the clamping spindles (Q and R), which are carried through holes in its narrow sides (304 a) will. 152. Component according to at least one of the preceding claims, characterized in that the U-profile plate on the inside of the composite plate consists of a plurality of parts that are spaced apart from one another in partial heights are attached and thus the arrangement, in particular of brackets in a vertical and / or horizontal leg position, at every partial height on the inside of the composite shell enable. (Fig. 4, 5 and 6) 1 53rd component according to at least one of the preceding Claims, characterized in that the upper edge (9, 11, 35) of the cavity opening consists of elastic, vapor-proof material and the shell is pushed open (2) is pressed into a lower position, whereby the brought up to the edge Filler is put in tension. (Fig. 1, 2, 3) 1 54th component according to at least one of the preceding claims, characterized in that on the surfaces of Additional construction shells (1, 2, 31) and, if necessary, intermediate plates (32) and cover plates (37) Plates are arranged with webs. (Fig. 3) 155. Component according to at least one of the preceding claims, d u r c h g e n n n z ei c h Not that the clamping spindles are tubes that are opened by clamping material Train are tensioned (Fig. 14 a). 156. Component according to at least one of the preceding claims, d u r c h e k e n n n z e i c h n e t that the clamping spindles are made concentric There are mutually arranged pipes that are tensioned by tension material (Fig. 14 a) 157. Component according to at least one of the preceding claims, i a d u r c h g e k e n n n z ei c h n e t that at least one cavity of the clamping spindle has a negative pressure. (Fig. 14 a) 158. Component according to at least one of the preceding Claims that the arches (3o1a, 3o1b) tubes are, after their arrangement on the associated spindles with expanding Means are filled and thus additionally tension the spindles (Fig. 15). 159. Component according to at least one of the preceding claims, d a d u r c h e k e nn n z e i c h n e t that the inner core between horizontal Plates (173as 173b) is formed by scissor braces, the end members of which with the Panels, e.g. B. are connected by welding and the plates. 160. Component according to at least one of the preceding claims, d u r c h e k e n n n n z ei c h ne t that the ceiling (302) and the floor (304) are excited. 161. Component according to at least one of the preceding claims, d a d u r c h g e k e n n n n z i c h ne t that the tension across the side walls (173a ') by means of an arrangement of the arches (301a, 301b) against them. 162. Component according to at least one of the preceding claims, d a d u r c h g e k e n n n z e i c h ne t, that the clamping by additional clamping devices, which are activated by molecular tension materials takes place (not shown). 163. Component according to at least one of the preceding claims, because you do not know that between the mutually movable Box shells (173as 173b) scissor spreaders, which only have their ends on the flat Longitudinal ends of the box shells are attached (articulated), are interposed and the box shells due to their stretching due to the perpendicular transverse pressure of the load the more tension the greater the load to be carried is (not shown). 164. Component according to at least one of the preceding claims, as you can see that between the arches (301 and 301b, the latter in reverse order) or between the elastically arranged cover (302) and the associated floor (-304) on the one hand and the horizontally supporting elements the bridge (e.g. 173as 173) on the other hand, ropes guided over fixed and loose pulleys (z. B. pulley blocks) are arranged so that the ropes with their one ends at a deflection of the load-bearing elements moved downwards by the other rope end up being lifted by at least the same amount, including the ropes are arranged accordingly (not shown. 165. Component according to at least one of the preceding claims, d a d u r c h e k e n n n z e i n e t, that the pulley blocks are reversed Arrangement are arranged on the supporting elements. 166. Component according to at least one of the preceding claims, as you can do it right, that all load-bearing elements, e. B. the Box trays, scissors struts, blankets, floors or the like through beyond the absorbing them Abutment arranged expansively molecularly actuated Traction means, are highly tensioned. 167. Component according to at least one of the preceding claims, it is noted that the expanding tensioning materials are inorganic and / or organic substances. 168. Component according to at least one of the preceding claims, it is indicated that water-soluble and thus unlimited swellable substances are introduced with the appropriate addition of water are. 169. Component according to at least one of the preceding claims, there is no indication that the expanding tension material is through Swelling increase their volume in the cavity. 170. Component according to at least one of the preceding claims, d a d u r c h k e n n n z ei c h ne t that as swelling substances, z. B. dried cellulose (dried wood, wood flour, hydrate cellulose, cellulose derivatives, cotton, preferably with the addition of substances that promote swelling, e.g. B. acetone, vinegar ether, methyl alcohol, Nitroglycerin or the like. Are filled into the cavity. 171. Component according to at least one of the preceding claims, it is noted that substances gelling under swelling in the expansion cavity of the clamping body are filled and the temperature required for gelling exists. 172. Component according to at least one of the preceding claims, d u r c h e k e n n n z e i c h n e t that colloidal, gelatinous brine in the Clamping cavity of the clamping body together with main valence crosslinked high polymers form swelling gels with absorption of solvents. 173. Component according to at least one of the preceding claims, it is noted that in the clamping cavity such substances are introduced that swell due to the uptake of foreign substances, in particular liquids. 174. Component according to at least one of the preceding claims, it is noted that solid bodies in the cavity are colloidal are dissolved in liquids. 175. Component according to at least one of the preceding claims, d u r c h e k e n n n z e i c h n e t that the solid body is macromolecular Are bodies into which the liquid diffuses with swelling in the clamping cavity. 176. Component according to at least one of the preceding claims, it is noted that polymers are more regular and steric Structure, e.g. B polyethylene, polyester, polyamides, preferably under the influence of germs, under optimal temperature and pressure conditions in the cavity for crystallization are brought.