DE31878C - Instrument for measuring and dividing lines - Google Patents

Description

IMPERIAL

PATENT OFFICE. \%

The present instrument, which is used to create lines, angles, etc. accurately and quickly To be able to measure and divide is based on the law of similar triangles, according to which z. Legs the two cathets parallel to the hypotenuse of a right triangle cuts proportionally, so that the sections are in the same proportion to one another stand than the whole pages.

If a ¹ a, Fig. 1, perpendicular to SS ¹ , the hypotenuse is divided into arbitrary parts, the small cathetus = Y ₂ the largest, then when the triangle is displaced on the line SS ¹ (looped line) the partial lines of the hypotenuse cut open from the line α α ¹ pieces equal to half of the corresponding sections on the same; if the small leg = Y _{5 is} the largest, then the sections = Y _{5 of} the corresponding one on the hypotenuse, etc. The hypotenuse gives oblique cuts on α α ¹ . If, however, the division is attached to one of the cathets, Fig. 2, if the hypotenuse is the rubbing line and the line to be divided α α ^{1 is} parallel to the undivided cathetus, then perpendicular sections are obtained on α ¹ α , which = Y ₂ , Y ₃ . ... of the partial lines on the leg, depending on the ratio of the two legs to each other. In this way, depending on the choice of the cathetus conditions, even the smallest distance can be read or plotted precisely with the still correspondingly large displacement.

The simplest instrument, which for extended use still with an angle of 45 ⁰ at ö? ⁵ and is provided with an angle of 60 ° at d ² , FIG. 3 shows a view and FIG. 4 shows a longitudinal section. In this case, the hypotenuse is respectively. a parallel of the same loop line (SS ¹ ). In order to be able to bring the instrument into the correct position quickly, the leg d ° d ⁵ is attached perpendicular to d ° d ^l. If one wants to measure a line or to plot a dimension on it, the starting point of the line is brought to the zero point d ° of the instrument and the line itself is covered with the leg d ° d ^b , whereupon the relevant dimension is plotted or read off by displacement .

In order to work faster with different, tapered scales. To permit reading, it is advantageous to provide a device by means of which the ruler can be easily changed. For this purpose, the guide strips ff are attached to the instrument. The slide-in measuring rods M 'on carton, etc., are exactly so large that they (when used) rest against the rear end surface of the guide strips and cut off exactly with the divided edge at the front, or they are so much narrower that the division on the base plate becomes visible, but the numbers of the same are covered and replaced by the corresponding ones on the insertion ruler (see Fig. 7). So that it rests firmly on the base plate, it is pressed on by means of a socket screw g- ² and angled plate g, which is inserted easily movable into the screw bolt g ^l attached to the base plate, which is square at the bottom. Corresponding to the latter, a slot s must be made in each insertion rule, FIG. 5.

The instrument just described cannot be used appropriately for measuring lines that are too large, but it is also easy to measure and plot angles. For this purpose, a circle with the radius = 114.59 mm could be assumed, with i ° = 2 mm segment. Small angles can now be applied immediately, since the relevant piece of arch can be viewed as a straight line. If the instrument is a small tablet containing the chord lengths of io to io ° to 90 ° to approximately ^0, added, all angles can be plotted and read.

In order to be able to use the instrument for measuring, etc., larger lines without having to make it disproportionately large, it is given the shape shown in FIGS. 6 and 7. As mentioned at the beginning, depending on whether the cathetus or hypotenuse becomes the rubbing line, oblique or vertical cuts result, and then two types of instruments. As shown in FIGS. 6 and 7, both contain so-called reading slits or strips z ¹ z ² . . . . parallel to the divided cathetus or hypotenuse. The distances of the reading lines X ¹ J ^ ¹ , X ² J ^ ² , x ^s y ³ .... are constants with a certain distance from one another, to be marked on the instrument, which is expediently made equal to the small cathetus, see above so that y ° y = x ° x ¹ = X ¹ X ² etc. Depending on the size of the line to be measured, the reading is: once constant plus reading on the divided line x ° y °, or: twice constant plus reading on x ° y ° etc. To measure even greater lengths, use the grinding ruler as so-called constant ruler to aid and designed it as Fig. 6 and 7 show (here designated with C ). It is given one or more slots J in the appropriate width and direction and the designation of the directional line x ° x ² by marks A ' ⁰ X ¹ together with details of the distances (constants) in digits.

The main use of the instruments described above is as follows to notice:

ι. Measuring instrument with vertical section, Fig. 6. The line to be measured α α ¹ is placed with its starting point in x ° so that it coincides with the marks X ⁰ X ¹ ..., and then the constant ruler is placed on the grinding line, The instrument is shifted until a division of x ° j- ° or a constant parallel χ ^χ γ ^Λ , x ² j ^ ² .... covers the end point of the line to be measured, whereupon the reading on x ° y ° takes place under event. Addition of the constants concerned. If a ¹ a is so large that the constants of the ruler C have to be used for the measurement, the mark X ¹ or X ⁰ of the ruler is brought together with the starting point of α ¹ α with x ° χ ² as the directional line and the reading is added of the constants of C. . ■

2. Measuring instrument with oblique cut and right-angled constant ruler, Fig. 7. This measuring instrument is used with advantage where the lines to be measured (ordinates) are perpendicular to a common straight line (abscissa axis). As can be seen from the drawing, if the constant ruler is set correctly (the marks of the constants standing above one another must be in the direction of the ordinates), the zero point of the instrument constantly slides in a horizontal line (abscissa axis) so that all ordinates can be read off (such as at ι.), without the ruler with the instrument or another direction. Location had to be given. Very large lines can be measured in such a way that a correspondingly large piece is cut off by means of an ordinary ruler, and the remainder is read off by means of an instrument. The cutting respectively. Plotting by means of an ordinary scale is somewhat cumbersome, which is why a so-called constant angle, Fig. 9, would have to be used in the case mentioned. The vertical leg H has slots i at certain distances, each with a mark and designation of the distances from the zero point. So, depending on the length of the ordinate, one can cut off the first, second etc. constant distance and then read off the rest using the measuring instrument etc.

Although the measuring instruments just described can also be used to divide a line into any number of equal parts, the dividing triangle shown in Fig. 8 is preferable. The large cathetus is divided into it, the hypotenuse is the looping line. Of course, only those lines can be divided which are ^{not too large in relation to the small cathetus e 1} e , since otherwise too oblique cuts would be produced and the accuracy would suffer.

The method of division is characterized by the following two examples.

A line longer than e ¹ e ² should be divided into 19 equal parts. It is assumed that e ° e contains ¹ 100 parts. The next 100 divisible by 19 without a remainder is 95. One describes an arc of a circle with the radius equal to the plumb line from the 95th division on 5 S ¹ from the end point / the line to be divided, then place the dividing triangle with a ruler with its zero point the starting point of the line to be divided, so that SS ¹ touches the arc of the circle, whereupon by shifting the triangle in the arrow

direction the desired 19 equal parts can be cut off exactly. The line 95 meets the end point of the line exactly together.

Line Zn, which is smaller than e ¹ e ^2, is to be divided into 9 equal parts. Draw a vertical line = I n from the line e ¹ e ² to e ¹ e °. In the case given in the drawing, this meets 67; the next lowest number, divisible by 9 without a remainder, is 63; 63: 9 = 7, so that each section must be made with 7 division marks. With the plumb line from the partial line 63 on SS ¹ , one describes the arc / 'Z ² from Z and then proceeds as in the first case.

As can be seen from the drawing, Fig. 8, the lower division on the hypotenuse is the projection of the upper (e ¹ e °) onto the hypotenuse, and serves to be able to take the solder from a division on SS ¹ .

An embodiment of the measuring instrument with a vertical cut should now be mentioned. In order to reduce or enlarge lines, plans, etc. according to certain proportions, the instrument in the form of FIG. 3 or 6 is provided with the device shown in FIGS. 10, 11 and 12. On the base plate, the guide rail U is BEZW through the supports. Bearing u ¹ m ² parallel to the split side Z) ⁰ D ¹ attached. The pointer ZK can be moved in this guide rail. So that it does not move so easily in its respective position, it receives the drag spring ρ and event, the adjusting screw h. On the divided side D ⁰ D ¹ (measured from the zero point) the size of the small cathetus is marked at D ± (event, also on the leg D ⁰ D ¹ , Fig. 10, in Fig. 11 at n ~) To identify the relationship between the two legs, that is, to know the corresponding sections in the case of a certain parallel shift. The ratio is also noted on the instrument.

The following examples should help you understand the instrument and how it is used to serve:

a) If a line that is smaller than D ⁰ D ¹ , Fig. 10, is to be transmitted reduced in the desired ratio, the line to be transmitted is measured by correspondingly fixing the pointer Z (Z) ⁰ D ¹ = length of the to reducing line), then places the instrument with its zero point D ⁰ in a known manner through leg D ⁰ Z) ⁷ perpendicular to the line intended to accommodate the reduced size and shifts it (with Z) ⁴ Z) ⁵ as a loop. line) until the tip of the pointer falls exactly into the first line. The piece cut off in this way is then depending on the ratio of the two legs = ¹ J ₂ , ¹ J ₃ etc. of the "measured line D ⁰ D ¹ .

b) If the line to be reduced is larger than Z) ⁰ Z) ¹ , cut D ⁰ D ¹ once, twice etc. by appropriate pointer position, the transmission of the reduction then takes place, as in a), with the addition of one, two, etc. times the constant D ⁰ Z) A ^{corresponding to Z) 0} D ^1.

c) In order to transfer an enlarged length, the procedure is exactly the opposite. The magnification is obtained by applying Z) ⁰ Z) ¹ in the manner described perpendicularly to the line to be enlarged (zero point Z) ⁰ coinciding with the starting point of the same) and ^{moving the instrument with Z) 4} D ^ as a grinding line until the end point falls on line D '' Z) ^1. The corresponding pointer position then determines the desired magnification.

If the line to be enlarged is longer than the constant or small cathetus Z) ⁰ Z) -I-, first the length D ° Z) A is cut off and then the rest is measured, etc.

In order to be able to reduce or enlarge longer lines without the instrument being unwieldy To have to give length, one also uses parallel slots respectively. Constants at, Fig. 11 view, Fig. 12 cross section, and it should be superfluous to go into more detail on the construction and application, since the same result from what has been said before.

With this measuring and dividing instrument, therefore, measures can be tapered in different ways Rulers can be measured or plotted with accuracy and ease without the plan etc. would be violated by circular stitches; angles can also be made sharp and accurate Instruct. You can also use parallel lines that are as far apart from each other as you want hatching, and each line can be divided into any number of equally equal parts will.

Claims (1)

Patent Claims: For measuring, dividing, reducing or enlarging lines, angles etc .:
ι. Measuring and dividing instruments according to Figs. 3 and 8 with the basic shape of a right-angled triangle as a triangle or polygon, formed in such a way that the leg or hypotenuse of the underlying triangle is provided with a division, so that by parallel displacement (with the hypotenuse or Cathetus as a loop line) lines are measured precisely or certain sections cut off, depending on the ratio of the cathetus to the hypotenuse, which is noted on the respective instrument. For instruments of the type listed under ι. The arrangement of ^{reading slits I 1} J ² parallel to the graded cathetus or hypotenuse of a certain size as a constant for reading larger distances, whereby, depending on the choice of the grinding line, vertical cuts, as in Fig. 6, or oblique cuts, as in 7, and where an oblique or right-angled constant ruler C with or without slots / can be used. For instruments of the i. and 2. marked type the arrangement of Einiebmafsstäben Af ¹ , Fig. 3 and 7, which indicate the numbers and ratios of the different tapered scales to be used and which by the guide strips f and angle plate g with screw g ² precise position and attachment the base plate. 4. For instruments of the type identified under 1. and 2. the use of the constant angle H with several slots i. 5. In the case of instruments of the type identified under 1. and 2. the arrangement of the guide rail U with one or more displaceable pointers ZK, drag spring ρ and screw h, FIGS. 10, 11 and 12, respectively for reduction. Enlargement of lines etc. 1 sheet of drawings.