DE3129561A1 - Arrangement for shielding rooms or buildings and process for producing this arrangement - Google Patents

Abstract

Arrangement for shielding rooms or buildings, in particular with a heating system, preferably a radiant heating system, the essence of which is that thermal-radiation or infrared-radiation reflecting layers, for example aluminium foils, are attached on the surfaces, in particular the interior surfaces, of the rooms or buildings, if appropriate enclosing the room as far as possible, advantageously on the entire surface of the room, i.e. on ceilings, floors and also walls, and if appropriate window and/or door surfaces. The said layers are insulated against thermal conduction to the outside or inside of the rooms or buildings - in particular also behind the heating system, preferably radiant heating system - for example by means of an underlay of very low thermal conductivity of polystyrene-based foamed plastic or of foamed polystyrene ("Styropor" grade). The radiant heating system, principally attached to the ceiling, advantageously has an operating temperature close to the human body temperature, it being possible for panel heating elements forming the said system, preferably electrically heated panel heating conductors or large-area, flat radiator-like elements, to be provided as far as possible over the entire ceiling area.

Description

Arrangement for shielding rooms or buildings

and methods of making this assembly. The invention relates to an arrangement for shielding rooms or buildings, in particular with a heater, preferably radiant heating.

The invention also relates to a method for producing these Arrangement.

It is known that thermal energy is generated by conduction or convection or can be transmitted by radiation.

In general, however, the heat transfer is not limited to one of the three processes mentioned, but mostly wear at least two or all three processes contribute to heat transport.

Heat conductors can be solid, liquid or gaseous. If you bring between two bodies of different temperatures - T2 or T1 one substance as a heat conductor, so the larger, disordered kinetic energy of one substance (T2) is carried through transferring molecular impacts to the other substance (T1) via the heat conductor. the transferred energy flow depends on the well-known heat conduction equation for simple geometric heat conductors with cross-section A and the length of the conductor as well as on the temperature difference T2 T T1.

The heat flow is the one passing through the conductor in a unit of time Amount of heat still depends on the thermal conductivity of the heat conductor; she is a material constant.

For all measures to prevent heat conduction, care must be taken that that the thermal conductivity of the substance used and the cross-section of the heat conductor as small as possible, but the length of the heat conductor is kept as large as possible. the Temperature difference appears directly proportional in the heat conduction equation on. The thermal conductivity of most substances is known; but it is in general a function of temperature.

For example, for a living room the heat flow rate and the Keeping heat loss low is essential with the given surfaces and temperature differences of the heated room as well as the given cold outside air only the possibility exists to make the ratio of thermal conductivity through the length of the thermal conductor as small as possible. However, increasing the length of the heat conductor (thickness) also encounters practical limits, so that it must generally be established that if there is a temperature difference T2 inside the room and T1 outside the heat flow rate and thus the heat loss only that Can reach zero if the thermal conductivity \ Is zero, glass would only be the case with an absolute vacuum.

The second process to be considered is heat transfer the convection. Most of the radiators currently used for heating buildings take advantage of the convection, which is based on the fact that a gas or a Liquid surrounding a solid that has a higher temperature this body will be warmed. Included.

the liquid or gas expands over wide temperature ranges considered, and the density therefore becomes smaller. The liquid or the gas thus flow upwards and new, colder gas or liquid molecules flow to the warmer solid. In this way a current is created, whereby the warmer solids give off heat energy to the liquid or gas, which passes through Flow, called convection flow, led into other areas of the room.

will.

This is basically the room heating by convection on the radiator heated liquid or gaseous substances. The process of convection is general complicated and can only be treated approximately quantitatively, even in simple cases.

Although convection heating is a very common living space heating system is, this heating system has considerable shortcomings. On the one hand, in living spaces, Moving away from the radiator, air is constantly being circulated and thus airborne and dust particles become carried along and moved. In addition, the.

usually a reduction in the relatively high temperature of the radiators the natural humidity in the heated rooms. To be comfortable and healthier To restore the indoor climate, one uses, for example, water evaporation or -evaporation devices, often combined with dust collectors.

The third way to transfer thermal energy is based on the Stefan-Boltzmann's law of radiation. This law says that the surface radiation power density for the ideal black ray it equals Stefan-Bolzmann's constant times is the fourth power of the absolute temperature. For practical radiant heating purposes a pure number is still to be taken into account, which is the radiation power E of the relevant Body describes. The radiant power E is for the ideal black body, which absorbs all the thermal energy that is striking, equal to 1 and ideal for the reflective body zero.

Most of the previously used radiant heating systems have sicb not widely accepted because the heaters had consistently too high temperatures and in many cases it was not economically viable. A few are probably Underfloor or ceiling heating with temperatures around the body temperature of the People correspond to have been applied. You clearly have to improve Contributed to the indoor climate, but could because of the high heat conduction and Do not claim heat radiation losses economically.

The invention is based on the object of avoiding these disadvantages and an arrangement with a heating possibility similar to solar radiation with ideal To create indoor climate.

According to the invention, this is achieved with an arrangement of the type mentioned at the outset Kind achieved in that on the surfaces, especially the inner surfaces of the Rooms or buildings, if possible, encompassing the room, advantageously at the entire room surface, i.e. on ceilings, floors and walls and, if applicable Window and / or door surface reflecting heat rays or infrared rays Layers, e.g. aluminum foils, on the outside or inside of the rooms or buildings towards - especially behind the heating, preferably radiant heating - e.g. by means of a pad very low thermal conductivity made of foam plastic based on polystyrene or made of foamed polystyrene (brand "Styropor"), insulated with thermal conduction attached and advantageous is the radiant heating, which is mainly attached to the ceiling has an operating temperature close to the body temperature of humans, where it forming surface heating elements, preferably electrically heated surface heating conductors or large, flat radiator-like elements, if possible in the entire ceiling area can be provided.

Low-temperature radiant heating is predominantly on here to be attached to the ceiling of living spaces, because this prevents the disadvantageous air circulation, which occurs with convection heating is prevented. Underfloor heating or however, heating on the lower parts of the side walls would be inevitable lead to the previously disadvantageous convection heating effects.

Overhead heating does not have these disadvantages. The ceiling heating can take place via electrically heated surface heating conductors or also through large-area radiator-like elements that are usually derived from a liquid, such as water, be enforced. If you choose the temperature of the ceiling heating close to body temperature of people, then every practically occurring living space is largely independent of its volume, can be heated even at extreme outside temperatures, such as the following Example shows: 2 A living room with a floor area of 4 by 5 m = 20 m and one Height of 3 m has a volume of 60 m3. For an ideal radiator this results at a temperature of the ceiling heating of 37 ° C, a surface radiation power density 4 -8 -2 -4 4 2 of # .T = 5.67.10 Wm .K. (310 K) = 523.6 W / m. At -20 ° C one obtains 232.3 W / m² and at 0 ° C 314.9 W / m². The difference in the first case is around 300 W / m and in the second case around 200 W / m². For a ceiling area of 20 m² at 37 ° C and a corresponding area at OOC, the difference in performance is accordingly 4000 W. Based on a period of 24 hours, this results in the ideal heater an energy loss of around 100 kWh due to radiation. The loss through conduction is for heat group IV 2 at the same temperature difference and for one 20 m area 10 kWh. If the minimum thermal insulation corresponds to ENORM 8110, then the heat loss through conduction under the same conditions is 24 kWh per day.

If, instead of the ideal black body, you have a radiation capacity of E is equal to only 0.5 assuming $ then it shows according to the rough calculation presented above, that the heat radiation losses without reflector are 50 kWh per day and thus be about five times what is caused by thermal conduction in the case of insulation after the Thermal protection group IV is lost.

According to Stefan-Boltzmann's law of radiation, every body radiates Heat energy from: the body, which is at a higher temperature level, accordingly more compared to a body that is at a lower temperature level. The heat flow or the heat transport correspond to the difference between the two surface radiation power densities of the two radiators T2 and T1.

The heat flow was defined as the heat energy in the unit of time. For the general radiator this means: 44 £ a (T2 ~ T1) Fw where £ is the radiation capacity, d the Stefan - 8 -2 4 2 Boltzmann-Ron6tante (5.67.10 Wm .K), F the area in m T2 the temperature of the hotter body and T1 the temperature of the colder body in Kelvin means. This relationship shows that the heat flow during radiation transfer- is only zero when T2 equals T1 or E = O.

In common apartments and buildings there are walls and window surfaces designed so that they prevent heat transfer by conduction as much as possible. However, no serious measures have been proposed to date to mitigate the losses to prevent by thermal radiation.

As suggested for the ceiling heating low temperature heat energy are the heat losses, which are also proportional to the temperature difference are lower than with the usual radiator heating systems, which are in the flow with about 70 ° C operate. It is particularly suitable as an energy source for low-temperature heating the thermal energy from solar collectors, the thermal energy from heat pumps and the Low temperature waste heat; but wood and energy also come from biomass Energy sources in question, as well as coal, oil or gas.

In order to further increase the economy of the arrangement according to the invention improve, it is proposed that on the opposite of the heat insulating layer Surface, i.e. on the inside or outside of the heat radiation-reflecting layers, Paints, wallpaper, wall coverings, tiles, carpets and / or decorative ceilings, e.g. made of wood, plaster of paris, metal or plastic.

As a result, the loss of heat radiation to the outside is kept as low as possible, at the same time care is taken that the heat radiation reflective Layer is applied to a base, the very low thermal conductivity owns, such as styrofoam. Over the heat radiation reflecting layers Paints, wallpapers, wall coverings, tiles, carpets can be used in the usual way or decorative ceilings of any kind, such as made of wood, plaster, metal or plastic, be attached. Heat-reflecting glass is to be used for the windows, such as glass with a high quartz content. If you want normal window glass, infrared -reflective make, for example, a 25 p thick cellophane, which is between 8 / u and 20jU thermal radiation is only permeable for 4% of the radiation.

In addition to the examples mentioned, numerous other heat reflective ones are suitable Layers, the structure of which can be found in the relevant literature. Because it the thermal radiation is electromagnetic wave radiation, all good metallic conductors are also suitable as reflectors. In trials it was found that commercial aluminum foils with a thickness of about 16 jl ' as they are used in the household, up to over 90% heat radiation in the wavelength range reflect at 10 / u.

For a biologically healthy indoor climate and well-being is one Air ion concentration similar to that of a good natural climate is desirable. One wants in living rooms - as is also the case in nature - an electric field strength of about 100 V / m is maintained, then it is advisable to use the ceiling reflector electrically isolated to a corresponding potential. Can have a similar effect can be achieved by placing a corresponding below the reflector in the area of the ceiling Attaches electrode that causes the desired field strength. Because metal foils are used as heat reflectors also for electromagnetic waves such as those used for television and radio, one. The shielding effect similar to the Faraday cage is due to the reflectors Corresponding coaxial feedthroughs for the antennas of the radio and television sets to be provided.

The heat capacity of the air in the fed by radiant heating Clearing is very little. The heat loss therefore remains even when partially Cold outside air towards the open window is low when the window opening is about through Tilting the window does not allow any significant loss of radiation.

In the case of the furniture in the rooms heated by radiant heating the areas feel cold that are highly infrared reflective are. In order to avoid this feeling of coldness, it is advisable to use transparent layers of varnish to apply or layers that are infrared absorbing.

The main task of the heat reflective layers is to reduce heat radiation losses to counteract externally. The reflectors are designed to deflect the infrared rays from the Throw back walls, floor and ceiling again and again; so this eventually give off their energy through absorption in the room furniture and those living in the room. The effect of heat reflectors is only fully effective when the entire Room surface is provided with reflectors. The thermal insulation against heat conduction must of course remain guaranteed, because otherwise the proportion of heat loss through Heat conduction would be unacceptably large. As a supportive measure for thermal energy savings Heat-reflecting roller blinds and blinds on the windows are suitable f ects and curtain fabrics with layers that reflect heat radiation, these layers can be applied to the surface or incorporated into the curtain; the same Considerations apply to carpets and floor coverings of all kinds. The heat radiation reflective The layer must also be applied in the area of the low-temperature heating, otherwise half of the radiant energy would be lost due to the solid angle.

The previously presented ideas according to the invention about heat-reflective Layers are not limited to buildings and apartments, but are for example about also for the clothing, both to prevent the outside through the clothing penetrating heat radiation, as well as to prevent the radiation from the Body outgoing heat radiation applicable.

The idea according to the invention can also be applied to all devices expand where thermal energy is too great Routes transported must be, especially pipes, and for economic or technical reasons Heat energy losses are to be prevented. The same applies if this is prevented should that thermal energy penetrates a room through radiation.

The proposed method according to the invention and the exemplary facilities described give an indication of the economic Importance to be attached to this procedure. According to various estimates lies the energy consumption of households around 40 to 45 9k of the total energy consumption industrialized countries. Estimup; wise 30% of the total energy consumption Landes is used for heating purposes. Following the proposed procedure will it will be possible without special structural changes, thanks to heat radiation reflecting Layers in connection with heat-resistant media in low-temperature ceiling heating to reduce the heating energy consumption in the household.

O Fig.

12 claims

Claims (12)

Claims: 1. Arrangement for shielding rooms or buildings in particular with a heater, preferably radiant heater, characterized in that that on the surfaces, especially the inner surfaces of the rooms or buildings, if necessary If possible, encompassing the room, advantageously on the entire surface of the room, i.e. on Ceilings, floors and walls and, if necessary, window and / or door surfaces heat rays or infrared rays, non-reflective layers, e.g. aluminum foils, towards the outside or inside of the rooms or buildings - especially behind the heating, preferably radiant heating - e.g. by means of a pad very low thermal conductivity made of foamed plastic based on polystyrene or foamed Polystyrene (brand "Styrofoam"), attached with thermal insulation and advantageous The radiant heating, which is mainly attached to the ceiling, has an operating temperature close to the body temperature of humans, whereby they form surface heating elements, preferably electrically heated surface heating conductors or large, flat radiator-like ones Elements, if possible, can be provided in the entire ceiling area. 2. Arrangement according to claim 1, characterized in that on the the surface opposite the insulating layer, i.e. on the inside or outside of heat-radiation-reflecting layers, paints *, wallpapers, wall coverings, Tiles, carpets and / or decorative ceilings, e.g. made of wood, plaster, metal or Plastic, are provided. 3. Arrangement according to claim 1 or 2, characterized in that the heat radiation reflective layers in Thermal insulation systems, in particular the interior surfaces of the room or building and / or heat transfer respectively. Transport systems, e.g. pipes, are installed. 4. Arrangement according to one of claims 1 to 3, characterized. marked that on roller blinds, blinds, operations, carpets and or or floor coverings with heat radiation reflecting layers are applied. 5. Arrangement according to one of claims 1 to 4, characterized in that that heat radiation reflecting layers on the inside and / or outside of doors or Windows are applied. 6. Arrangement according to one of claims 1 to 5, characterized in that that in the ceilings, floors, walls, blinds, curtains, blinds, carpets and resp. or window or .. Layers that reflect heat radiation are inserted or incorporated into the door surfaces are. 7. Arrangement according to one of claims 1 to 6, characterized in that that the layers reflecting heat radiation are good metallic conductors, zeB. commercial Household aluminum foils and / or foils made from unprecipitated cellulose or pulp (Brand "cellophane"), in particular 25 r thick unprecipitated cellulose and / or Metal foils with openings for antennas or the like (coaxial feedthroughs) are. 8. Arrangement according to one of claims 1 to 7, characterized in that that the window infrared rays reflecting glass, especially glass with high Quartz or glass with an infrared-ray reflective layer, preferably a thin film, e.g. a 25-meter-thick layer of unprecipitated cellulose or cellulose ("Cellophane" brand), with composite windows especially between the panes of glass, exhibit. 9. Arrangement according to one of claims 1 to 8, characterized in that that the heat radiation reflecting layers, especially on the ceiling, electrically are arranged isolated, so that, in particular for the purpose of creating a good Air ion concentration similar to a natural climate, they electrostatically, e.g. on a electric field strength in the heated room of about 100 V / m, can be charged. 10, arrangement according to one of claims 1 to 9, characterized in that that underneath the heat radiation reflecting layer of the ceiling an electrode is provided to reduce the electrostatic charge, e.g. to an electric field strength in a heated room of about 100 V / m. 11. A method for producing an arrangement according to one of the claims 1 to 10, characterized in that on the inner and outer surfaces of buildings or rooms, possibly as far as possible, surrounding the room, advantageously on the whole Room surface, heat-insulating underlay or heat insulation, e.g. plastic foam based on polystyrene, on which then, if possible, enclosing the room, Advantageously, heat rays or infrared rays reflecting on the entire surface of the room Layers, e.g. aluminum foils, preferably commercially available household aluminum foils, are applied, whereupon these heat radiation reflecting layers with a further thermal insulation, e.g. paint, wallpaper, wall coverings, tiles, Carpets, decorative ceilings, wood, plaster, metal or Plastic, can be coated and eventually optionally Heaters used, especially radiant heaters, mainly those with a Operating temperature close to human body temperature, especially in the area the room or building ceiling, on the heat radiation-reflecting layer or on the additional thermal insulation that may be provided on it. 12. The method according to claim lt, characterized in that in thermal insulation Layers reflecting heat radiation, in particular aluminum foils, installed and then apply this thermal insulation to the interior or exterior surfaces of rooms or Buildings are applied.