WO2004092657A1 - Energy-saving heating of the internal reflective surfaces of buildings - Google Patents
Energy-saving heating of the internal reflective surfaces of buildings Download PDFInfo
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- WO2004092657A1 WO2004092657A1 PCT/GR2004/000015 GR2004000015W WO2004092657A1 WO 2004092657 A1 WO2004092657 A1 WO 2004092657A1 GR 2004000015 W GR2004000015 W GR 2004000015W WO 2004092657 A1 WO2004092657 A1 WO 2004092657A1
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- 238000010438 heat treatment Methods 0.000 title claims abstract description 77
- XAGFODPZIPBFFR-UHFFFAOYSA-N aluminium Chemical compound [Al] XAGFODPZIPBFFR-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims abstract description 21
- 229910052782 aluminium Inorganic materials 0.000 claims abstract description 21
- 229910001220 stainless steel Inorganic materials 0.000 claims abstract description 16
- 239000010935 stainless steel Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 16
- 229910000906 Bronze Inorganic materials 0.000 claims abstract description 12
- 239000010974 bronze Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 12
- KUNSUQLRTQLHQQ-UHFFFAOYSA-N copper tin Chemical compound [Cu].[Sn] KUNSUQLRTQLHQQ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims abstract description 12
- 238000000034 method Methods 0.000 claims abstract description 6
- 230000005855 radiation Effects 0.000 abstract description 16
- 238000002310 reflectometry Methods 0.000 abstract description 11
- 238000005286 illumination Methods 0.000 abstract description 8
- 239000010410 layer Substances 0.000 description 111
- 230000001681 protective effect Effects 0.000 description 14
- 230000007423 decrease Effects 0.000 description 12
- 239000008187 granular material Substances 0.000 description 12
- 239000011810 insulating material Substances 0.000 description 12
- 239000010451 perlite Substances 0.000 description 11
- 235000019362 perlite Nutrition 0.000 description 11
- 229910010293 ceramic material Inorganic materials 0.000 description 10
- 238000000576 coating method Methods 0.000 description 7
- 230000003247 decreasing effect Effects 0.000 description 7
- 239000010425 asbestos Substances 0.000 description 6
- 239000011248 coating agent Substances 0.000 description 6
- 238000009413 insulation Methods 0.000 description 6
- 229910052895 riebeckite Inorganic materials 0.000 description 6
- 229920000877 Melamine resin Polymers 0.000 description 5
- 239000006260 foam Substances 0.000 description 5
- 239000011470 perforated brick Substances 0.000 description 5
- 239000011505 plaster Substances 0.000 description 5
- 239000011150 reinforced concrete Substances 0.000 description 4
- 238000005259 measurement Methods 0.000 description 3
- 239000004576 sand Substances 0.000 description 3
- 230000005540 biological transmission Effects 0.000 description 2
- 238000005485 electric heating Methods 0.000 description 2
- 238000009434 installation Methods 0.000 description 2
- 230000001105 regulatory effect Effects 0.000 description 2
- 230000010512 thermal transition Effects 0.000 description 2
- 238000009827 uniform distribution Methods 0.000 description 2
- 238000003466 welding Methods 0.000 description 2
- 239000011230 binding agent Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000003292 diminished effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000003912 environmental pollution Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000004794 expanded polystyrene Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000003292 glue Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000012774 insulation material Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000004519 manufacturing process Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000004570 mortar (masonry) Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000004033 plastic Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910052573 porcelain Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000011241 protective layer Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000009418 renovation Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000003252 repetitive effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N water Substances O XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
Classifications
-
- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F24—HEATING; RANGES; VENTILATING
- F24D—DOMESTIC- OR SPACE-HEATING SYSTEMS, e.g. CENTRAL HEATING SYSTEMS; DOMESTIC HOT-WATER SUPPLY SYSTEMS; ELEMENTS OR COMPONENTS THEREFOR
- F24D13/00—Electric heating systems
- F24D13/02—Electric heating systems solely using resistance heating, e.g. underfloor heating
-
- E—FIXED CONSTRUCTIONS
- E04—BUILDING
- E04B—GENERAL BUILDING CONSTRUCTIONS; WALLS, e.g. PARTITIONS; ROOFS; FLOORS; CEILINGS; INSULATION OR OTHER PROTECTION OF BUILDINGS
- E04B1/00—Constructions in general; Structures which are not restricted either to walls, e.g. partitions, or floors or ceilings or roofs
- E04B1/62—Insulation or other protection; Elements or use of specified material therefor
- E04B1/74—Heat, sound or noise insulation, absorption, or reflection; Other building methods affording favourable thermal or acoustical conditions, e.g. accumulating of heat within walls
- E04B1/76—Heat, sound or noise insulation, absorption, or reflection; Other building methods affording favourable thermal or acoustical conditions, e.g. accumulating of heat within walls specifically with respect to heat only
-
- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
- Y02B—CLIMATE CHANGE MITIGATION TECHNOLOGIES RELATED TO BUILDINGS, e.g. HOUSING, HOUSE APPLIANCES OR RELATED END-USER APPLICATIONS
- Y02B30/00—Energy efficient heating, ventilation or air conditioning [HVAC]
Landscapes
- Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
- Architecture (AREA)
- General Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- Combustion & Propulsion (AREA)
- Mechanical Engineering (AREA)
- Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
- Acoustics & Sound (AREA)
- Thermal Sciences (AREA)
- Electromagnetism (AREA)
- Civil Engineering (AREA)
- Structural Engineering (AREA)
- Building Environments (AREA)
Abstract
A method of heating of internal reflective surfaces, of the buildings' external sub-layers, by which an increase of their reflectivity to the thermal radiation of the electric illumination bulbs is obtained. Its practical application is made with an electric surface heating body from pure aluminum, heat insulated with three air vacuums and its front surface open, by which is heated a thin metallic surface from bronze or stainless steel sheet, which is positioned inside the external sub-layers of the buildings and covers the respective surface of its application and the entire surface of their every internal side. The electric surface heating body is fixed with screws and applies air tightly with its open front surface, on a surface of a sub-layer from pure aluminum, heat insulated with three air vacuums, which is positioned inside every internal side of the above sub-layers. It is used for the energy-saving of the buildings against the cold of the external environment.
Description
DESCRIPTION
ENERGY-SAVING HEATING
OF THE INTERNAL REFLECTIVE
SURFACES OF BUILDINGS This invention refers to a method of heating of internal reflective surfaces, the sub-layers of the external masonry and the external roofs of buildings, by which an increase of their reflectivity is obtained to the thermal radiation of the electric illumination bulbs of the buildings' internal spaces and is used for the energy-saving heat insulation of the buildings against the cold of the external environment.
Its practical application is made with an electric surface heating body of pure aluminum, heat insulated with three air vacuums and with its front surface open, by which a thin metallic surface of high thermal conductivity, made of bronze or stainless steel sheet of a thickness of D=0,04 to 0,1 millimeters is heated, which is installed inside the sub-layers of the external masonry and the external roofs of buildings and covers the respective surface of its application and the entire surface of every external side of those sub-layers.
The electric surface heating body is fixed with screws and air-tightly fits with its open front surface, on a sub-layer's surface from pure aluminum, heat insulated with three air vacuums, which is positioned inside every internal side of the above sub-layers.
During the operation of the surface electric heating body, the heat is uniformly distributed through the thin metallic heating surface, to the entire surface of every internal side of the sub-layers of the external masonry and the external roofs of the buildings, resulting in the increase of temperature of the internal reflective surfaces of these sub-layers.
The required temperature of every internal reflective surface of the above sub-layers is obtained with a thermostat through a surface sensor, which is installed on the respective internal reflective surface of these sub-layers. During the heating of the internal air and during the operation of the electric illumination bulbs of the buildings internal spaces:
In large temperature differences DT=Tι-T2 between the temperature Ti of the internal air and the temperature of the external air T2, the difference of temperature between the layers inside the heat insulating materials and inside the structural elements of the sub-layers of the external masonry and the external roofs of the buildings is increased, resulting in the liquefaction of the vapors of the enclosed air inside the granules or the small cells of the heat
insulating materials and the enclosed air inside the gaps of air of the structural elements (e.g. perforated bricks).
Due to the liquefaction of the vapors inside these sub-layers, their resistance of the heat escape 1/Λ is decreased. The decrease of the heat escape 1/Λ resistance, results in the decrease of the temperature Tw of the internal reflective surfaces and the increase of the heat transfer co-efficient K of the sub-layers of the external masonry and the external roofs of the buildings.
Due to the decrease of the temperature Tw of the internal reflective surfaces of these sub-layers, the water vapors of the enclosed air are liquefied inside the microscopic granules of the reflective surfaces and the vapors of the of the internal air in these internal reflective surfaces, resulting in the decrease of their reflectivity to the thermal radiation of the electric light bulbs and the thermal transition of the internal air. Due to the decrease of the temperature Tw of the internal reflective surfaces of the above sub-layers, the temperature difference DTW = T-i - Tw between the internal air temperature Ti and the temperature Tw of the internal reflective surfaces, increases, resulting in the increase of the heating energy of the internal air thermal flow Q through these sub-layers. During the operation of the electric light bulbs, the internal co-efficient of heat transmission with thermal radiation αi is added due to the thermal radiation of the electric light bulbs, resulting in a further increase of the heat transfer coefficient K of the above sub-layers and the further increase of the thermal flow Q through these sub-layers. The increase of the heat transfer co-efficient K of the of the sub-layers external masonry and the external roofs of the buildings, renders necessary the heat production in the buildings, because the further decrease of the heat transfer co-efficient K is not possible with the addition of a heat insulation material inside these sub-layers, due to the required large thickness of the heat insulating material.
A heating method of the internal reflective surfaces of buildings, which includes :
An electric surface heating body from pure aluminum, heat insulated, with three air vacuums and its front surface open, which fits air-tightly and is fixed with screws on a surface of a sub-layer from pure aluminum, heat insulated with three air vacuums, inside every internal side of the buildings' external sub-layers, with which is heated a thin metallic surface of large thermal
conductivity, from bronze or stainless steel sheet of a thickness of D=0,04 to 0,1 millimeters, which covers the respective surface of its application and the entire surface inside every internal side of the external sub-layers of the buildings.
The practical application of the present invention presents the following advantages :
1. The reflectivity to the thermal radiation of the electric light bulb, of the internal reflective surfaces of the sub-layers of the external masonry and the external roofs of the buildings is increased, and the heat-transfer co-efficient K of these sub-layers is decreased at a percentage up to 98%. 2. We obtain a thermal comfort inside the internal spaces of the buildings, due to the uniform distribution of the heat to the volume of the internal air.
3. We obtain a better visibility inside the internal spaces of the buildings, with electric light bulbs of a lower power.
4. We obtain an energy-saving heating of the internal air, only with via the electric incandescence light bulbs of the buildings' internal spaces, resulting in lower heating cost of the internal air.
5. The electric heating energy of the internal reflective surfaces of the sublayers of the external masonry external roofs of the buildings is saved by decreasing the power of the electric light bulbs due to the accelerated better visibility and due to the necessity of a the long duration of the operation of the electric lighting bulbs.
6. There is no need to produce heat in the buildings for the heating of the internal air, leading to the decrease of the environmental pollution.
7. We obtain a lower erection cost for the new buildings and lower cost for the energy renovation of existing buildings, due to the low heating cost of the internal air.
The practical application of the present invention is given by referring to the attached drawings :
In Drawing 1 we see in a front, the electric surface heating body. In Drawing 2 we see in section, the application of the electric surface heating body and the position of the thin heating metallic surface, in a sublayer of the external masonry from perforated bricks, heat insulated against the cold of the external environment.
In Drawing 3 we see in section, the application of the electric surface heating body and the position of the thin heating metallic surface, in a sublayer from reinforced concrete, of a horizontal external roof, heat insulated against the cold of the external environment.
ln Drawing 4 we see in section, the application of the electric surface heating body and the position of the thin heating metallic surface, in a sublayer of a wooden roof with tiles, of a sloped external roof, heat insulated against the cold of the external environment. Referring to Drawing 1 , the electric surface heating body, consists of its external surface from pure aluminum -1-, from the perforated supports made of pure aluminum -2-, from a layer of asbestos or foam melamine resins -3-, from three electric resistances -4- and plug with the supply cable -5-.
Referring to Drawing 2, the electric surface heating body from pure aluminum -1 a- with three air vacuums -2a- is fixed with screws -3a-, which are covered with a protective heat insulating layer of expanded perlite granules or expanded ceramic material -14a- and applies air- tightly with a layer of asbestos or foam melamine resins -4a- in a sublayer of pure aluminum -5a- with three air vacuums -6a-, which is fixed with screws -7a- on wooden base -8a- and is heat insulated with a layer of heat insulating material -9a-.
The metallic stainless steel sheets with heat capacity -11a- and the thin metallic heating surface from bronze or stainless steel sheet -15a- are fixed on the sub-layer -5a- with screws -10a-. The perforated bricks sub-layer of the external masonry is made from a white colour reflective coating at its internal surface -12a; a layer of common plaster with sand at its external side -13a-, from a protective heat insulating layer of expanded perlite granules or expanded ceramic material -14a-, from a thin metallic heating surface made of bronze or stainless steel sheet -15a-, from a protective heat insulating layer of expanded perlite granules or expanded ceramic material -16a-, from a layer of heat insulating material -17a-, from the perforated bricks -18a-, from horizontal layers of common building mortar -19a- and a layer of common plaster with sand for its external side -20a -.
Referring to Drawing 3, the electric surface heating body from pure aluminum -1 b- with three air vacuums -2b- is fixed with screws -3b-, which are covered with a protective heat insulating layer from granules of expanded perlite or expanded ceramic material -14b- and fits air-tightly with a layer of asbestos or foam melamine resins -4b- on a sub-layer of pure aluminum -5b- with three air vacuums -6b-, which is fixed with screws -7b- on a wooden base -8b- and is heat insulated with a layer of a heat insulating material -9b-.
The metallic sheets with heat capacity, from stainless steel sheet -11b- and the thin metallic heating surface from bronze or stainless steel sheet -15b- are fixed with screws -10b- on the sub-layer -5b-. The reinforced concrete sub-layer of the horizontal external roof, consists of a reflective white coloured coating at its external surface -12b-, of a layer of common plaster with sand at its external side -13b-, of a protective heat insulating layer of expanded perlite granules or expanded ceramic material -14b-, of a thin metallic heating surface from bronze or stainless steel sheet -15b-, of a protective heat insulating layer of expanded perlite granules or expanded ceramic material -16b-, of a heat insulating layer -17b- and the reinforced concrete slab -18b-.
Referring to Drawing 4, the electric surface heating body from pure aluminum -1c- with three air vacuums -2c- is fixed with screws -3c-, which are covered with a protective heat insulating layer from granules of expanded perlite or expanded ceramic material -14c- and fits air-tightly with a layer of asbestos or foam melamine resins -4c- on a sub-layer of pure aluminum -5c- with three air vacuums -6c-, which is fixed with screws -7c- on a wooden base -8c- and is heat insulated with a layer of a heat insulating material -9c-.
The metallic sheets with heat capacity, from stainless steel sheet -11c- and the thin metallic heating surface from bronze or stainless steel sheet -15c- are fixed with screws -10c- on the sub-layer -5c-.
The sub-layer of the wooden roof with tiles of the external sloped roof, consists of a reflective white coloured coating at its external side - 12c-, of a layer of wooden coating at its internal side -13c-, of a protective heat insulating layer from expanded perlite granules or expanded ceramic material -14c-, and a thin metallic heating surface from bronze or stainless steel sheet -15c-, of a protective heat insulating layer from expanded perlite granules or expanded ceramic material -16c-, of the chief rafters -17c-, of a heat insulating material layer -18c-, of the binders -19c- and a layer of tiles on its external side -20c-. The electric surface heating body with dimensions 40x30x18 cm consists of three electric resistances of a total power N=100 w, N=200w, N=300w, N=400 w and N=500w.
The electric resistance repose on a surface of pure aluminum with a thickness of D=2mm and are powered with an alternative electric current of a V=220 up to 250 Volt current
The electric supply and connection cables of the electric resistances are insulated with asbestos or porcelain, for an increased resistance of the insulation to high temperature.
The front surface is open, perimetrically coated with a layer of asbestos or foam melamine resins of a D=5 to 10 millimeters thickness and a width of L=27 millimeters and on each side, it includes three welded supports from perforated pure aluminum.
Its other five surfaces are heat insulated with three air vacuums of a D=7 millimeters thickness each and every air vacuum is surrounded by pure aluminum of a D=3 millimeters thickness.
At the external buildings masonry, the electric surface heating body is positioned at the center of the length of each external surface and at a distance of about 60 centimeters from the floor.
At the buildings' external roof from reinforced concrete, the electric surface heating body is positioned at the center of its internal surface.
At the buildings' external sloped roof, the electric surface heating body is positioned at the center of the length of each internal surface and at a distance of about 80 centimeters from the internal surface of the external masonry.
The large internal reflective surfaces of the buildings' external masonry and the external roofs, are divided into smaller ones and every smaller internal reflective surface is heated with an electric surface heating body.
The operation of every electric surface heating body is automatically controlled through a relay whose operation is controlled by a thermostat through a surface sensor, used to regulate the required temperature Twi of the corresponding internal reflective surface.
The thermostat's surface sensor is positioned on the respective internal reflective surface of every external sub-layer, at a position distant from the electric surfaces heating body, in which the incidence of the thermal radiation of the electric light lamps of the buildings' internal spaces will not be obstructed. The sub-layer of the respective positioning of the electric surface heating body, has dimensions 70x60x3,5 centimeters and is heat insulated with three air vacuums of a D=7 millimeters thickness each and every air vacuum is enveloped by pure aluminum of a D=3 millimeters thickness.
Its internal surface includes in every side four welded perforated supports from pure aluminum.
At its internal surface are fixed with screws, two metallic sheets with heat capacity of an increased thermal conductivity, made of stainless steel sheet with dimensions 28x18 centimeters and thickness D=3 millimeters each one.
The heat conductive metallic heating surface from bronze or stainless steel of a D=0,04 up to 0,1 millimeters, that covers the entire surface of every internal side of the external masonry and the external roofs of the buildings is positioned between these metallic sheets with heat capacity.
The metallic heating surface is supported by these sub-layers with a glue resistant to a temperature higher than 100°C and with plastic supports. The metallic heating surfaces of the internal sides of the buildings' external sub-layers must not be joined together.
For an easy installation of the metallic heating surfaces, these are welded and supported in advance on the protective heat insulating layers (sheets) -16a-, -16b- and -16c-. After their installation on the sub-layers of the buildings' external masonry and the external roofs, the separating surfaces of the metallic heating surfaces are joined with autogenous welding of bronze or stainless steel sheets.
The thermal conductivity should not be decreased or interrupted at the welding of the metallic heating surfaces. Every metallic heating surface is covered with a protective heat insulating layer resistant to a temperature higher than 100 °C, of a D=2 up to 3 centimeters thickness, made of granular heat insulating material from expanded perlite or expanded ceramic material, for the avoidance of the lateral transmission of heat inside the protective heat insulating layer. The aim of the present invention is the increase of the reflectivity to the thermal radiation of electric light lamps of the buildings' internal spaces, the internal reflective surfaces of the sub-layers of the external buildings' masonry and the external roofs.
In the heat insulation against the cold of the external environment and during the operation of the electric surface heating bodies, we get a uniform distribution of the increased temperature at the internal reflective surfaces of the sub-layers of the buildings' external masonry and the external roofs for the following reasons :
1. Due to the strong heat insulation of the electric surface heating body and the corresponding sub-layer of its application surface, the thermal flow QΘ through it to the internal air and through the corresponding sub-layer of its application to the external air is nullified.
2. Due to the large thermal conductivity of the thin metallic heating surface, the heat is uniformly distributed on the entire surface of every internal side of the above sub-layers, because the thermal flow QΘ through it towards the internal air is prevented by the protective layer of their internal side. In the heat insulation against the cold of the external environment and during the operation of the electric surface heating bodies, the respective thin metallic heating surfaces of the internal sides of the above sub-layers are heated through the metallic sheets with heat capacity.
Due to the increase of their temperature, the thermal flow Q of the heating energy of the internal air is hindered and the collisions of the mollecules' atoms are increased within the protective heat insulating layer of the external side of the above sub-layers and inside the internal plaster, resulting in the increase of the temperature Twi of the internal reflective surfaces and the temperature Twr of the internal non-reflective surfaces of the buildings' sub-layers of the external masonry and the external roofs.
Due to the increase of the temperature Twi of the internal reflective surfaces of the above sub-layers, the vapors of the enclosed air inside the microscopic granules of the reflective surfaces and the vapors of the internal air in these internal reflective surfaces are not liquefied, resulting in the increase of their reflectivity to the thermal radiation of the electric light lamps of the buildings' internal spaces.
During the operation of the electric light lamps, the temperature Twi of the internal reflective surfaces of the above sub-layers increases further and a thermal inequality Twι>Tι is created between the temperature Twi and the temperature Ti of the internal air, resulting in the increase of the tharmai capacity of the internal objects and the buildings' internal masonry.
The heating of the internal air with only the electric light lamps of the building's internal spaces is achieved, because the temperature Ti of the internal air is maintained constant for a long time period, due to the increase of the thermal capacity of the internal objects and the internal masonry and due to the reflection at a 100% percentage, of the thermal transition of the internal air, by the internal reflective surfaces of the above sub-layers, during the periods in which the thermal inequality Twι>Tι is preserved.
Since the duration of the electric lamps operation is large due to the need for the illumination of the buildings' internal spaces, a longer duration of the thermal inequality Twι>Tι is obtained, resulting in the decrease at a percentage
up to 98% of the co-efficient of thermal transfer K of the sub-layers of the buildings' external masonry and external roofs.
Due to the decrease at a percentage up to 98% of the co-efficient of thermal transfer K of the above sub-layers, the thermal flow Qi of the heating energy of the internal air through these sub-layers is decreased at the same percentage, resulting in the existence mainly of the thermal flow QΘ of the heating energy of the metallic heating surfaces, through these sub-layers.
The thermal flow QΘ decreases with the addition of a heat insulating material inside the above sub-layers . For the determination of the thermal escape 1/ΛΘ, we take as thickness tha thickness of every above sub-layer between the metallic heating surface of its internal side and its external surface.
The temperature Twi of the maximum reflectivity of the internal reflective surfaces of the buildings' external masonry and the external roofs, is the temperature Twi by which we obtain the lower co-efficient of heat transfer Ki of these sub-layers.
The temperature Twi of the maximum reflectivity of the internal reflective surfaces. The temperature Twr of the internal non-reflective surfaces and the smaller co-efficient of heat transfer Ki of the above sub-layers : Are experimentally determined with the method of comparison of the heat transfer co-efficient K of the sub-layers with non heated internal reflective or non-reflective surface (non-insulated sub-layers) and the heat transfer coefficient Ki with a heated internal reflective or non-reflective surface (heated sub-layers), i.e. : K = . και K. - °1
( -τ2).A.t 1 σ, -τ2)-A.t
Where :
K, is the coefficient of heat transfer in w/m2k of the thermal flow of the heating energy of the internal air, through the non-insulated sublayers (with non-heated reflective or non-reflective surface). Ki, is the coefficient of heat transfer in w/m2k of the thermal flow of the heating energy of the internal air, through the heat insulated sublayers (with heated internal reflective or non-reflective surface).
Q=Qδ, is the thermal flow in w of the heating energy of the internal air, through the non-insulated sub-layers. Qι-Qiδ, is the thermal flow in w of the heating energy of the internal air, through the insulated sub-layers.
QΘ, is the thermal flow in w of the heating energy of every internal reflective or non-reflective surface, through the heat insulated sub-layers.
T-i, is the desired temperature of the internal air in °C.
T2, is the minimum temperature of the external air in °C. Tw, is the temperature in °C of every non-heated internal reflective or non-reflective surface.
Tw1? is the temperature in °C of every heated internal reflective or non- reflective surface.
Tw-r, is the temperature in °C of every heated internal non-reflective surface.
Λ
A = As, is the surface in m of the non-insulated and the heat insulated sub-layers.
1. The thermal flows Q, Qi and Qθ are measured with electric energy meters. 2. The temperature Tw is measured with a thermostat through surface sensors. 3. The temperatures Twi αι Tw are measured and regulated with a thermostat through surface sensor.
The percentage of decrease of the heat transfer co-efficient K of a non- insulated sublayer is equal to the percentage of the total co-efficient of energy reflection P∑i and is equivalent to the increase of the sub-layer's thermal escape resistance 1/Λ, by :
Since the heating of the internal air is made with electric lighting lamps of the building's internal spaces : The operation of the electric lighting lamps is also automatically controlled through a relay, whose operation is controlled with a thermostat through which we regulate the temperature of the internal air.
The air sensor of the thermostat is installed on a surface of the internal or external masonry, at a distance of about 1 ,5 meter from the floor. Comparing an electric incandescent lamp with an electric fluorescent lamp of the same power in w, a larger reflection of the thermal radiation of the electric incandescent lamp is obtained, from the internal reflective surfaces of the buildings' external masonry and the external roofs, because the electric fluorescent lamp does not transform the electric energy it consumes into visible radiation.
From this comparison, it results that the electric incandescent lamps should be used for the illumination of the buildings' internal spaces, because the internal air is heated with the infrared thermal radiation they emit.
The electric fluorescent lamps should be used as supplementary in the illumination of the buildings' internal spaces.
For the direct emission of the incandescent electric lamps' thermal radiation to the entire internal reflective surface or non-reflective surface of the buildings' external masonry and the external roofs, are also used electric incandescent lamps with a large surface reflector or white colour reflective coating.
The internal reflective surfaces of every internal side of the buildings' external masonry, covered with pictures (frames) :
Does not operate as thermal bridge, because the metallic heating surface of every internal side of the external masonry, operates as a compensator of the higher temperature Twi of the internal reflective surfaces and the lower temperature Twr of the internal reflective surfaces covered with pictures.
The reflectivity, to the thermal radiation of the illumination electric lamps, of the internal non-reflective surfaces of every internal side of the external buildings' masonry, which are covered with decorative tiles further increased when they are joined with the internal reflective surfaces of the same internal side of the external masonry, because :
The respective metallic heating surface of its external side operates as a compensator of the higher temperature Twi of the internal reflective surfaces and the lower temperature Twr of the internal non-reflective surfaces.
Definition example of the co-efficients of heat transfer K and Ki of a sublayer of the external masonry Drawing 2 with an external reflective surface A=18 m2.
The heating of the internal air is obtained with the softon electric incandescent lamps of the internal space illumination, of a N=60w power each. Data:
Internal reflective coating -12a-. Common plaster layers -13a- and -20a-. D13a=D20a=2cm and λ13a=λ20a=0,872 w/mk. Protective heat insulating coatings of expanded perlite plates -14a- and
-16a-.
D14a=D16a=2cm and λ14a=λ16a=0,08 w/mk.
Heat insulating layer from expanded polystyrene -17a-. Di7a=4cm and λl7a=0,03 w/mk.
Perforated brick -18c Dl8α=15cm and λiδα=0,523 w/mk. Temperature of internal air Tι=24 °C with relative humidity φ=70%. Minimum temperature of internal air T2 = - 15 °C with velocity U=2m/sec.
The heat escape resistance 1/Λ of the sub-layer is :
_ 1_= Di3α + D2θα + Dl α+Dl6α + Dl7α + Di8α =_ 0,02+0, 1 —02 +
Λ λi3α λi α λl7α λisα 0,872
0,02+0,02 0,04 0,15 1 _ ..__ 2 . .
+— ■ — +— - — +— - — =>— = 2, 1659 m k / w.
0,08 0,03 0,523 Λ
The heat escape resistance 1/Λø of the sub-layer is :
With the method of comparing the heat transfer co-efficients K and Ki of the equivalent measuring test specimen, the following results and computations result for the above sub-layer of the external masonry.
We heat the internal air with a softon electric incandescent lamp of a N=60 w power.
When Tι=23,9 °C the electric incandescent lamp is put in operation and when Ti =24 °C it is put out of operation. 1. With non-heated internal reflective surface of the equivalent measuring test specimen, the following measurements result : Qδ=50,6 w andι Tw=17,1 °C.
The co-efficient of heat transfer K of the above sub-layer of the external masonry is : K = 5B = ^ ^ κ = 0,5766 w / m2k.
( -T^ -A δ t [24 -(-15).2,25 -1]
The total thermal flow Q through the above sub-layer of the external masonry is :
Q = K - (T1 -T2) -A - t = 0,5766 -[24 -(-15)] -18 -1 => Q = 404,77 w .
1.1 After repetitive measurements of the temperature Twi, with diminished values of the external air temperature T2, we obtain with minimum T2 = 5°C the measuring of temperature Twi of the maximum reflectivity to the thermal radiation of the
incandescent electric lamp, of the internal reflective surface of the equivalent measuring specimen, i.e. : Twι = 20,5 °C.
When the temperature Tι=24°C, the operation of the electric incandescent lamp is interrupted and the temperature Twι= 20,5° C, has a continuous increase.
After a time t = 20 h it has a maximum Twι =27,8° C.
A thermal flow
has been measured.
The decreased heat transfer co-efficient Ki of the above sub-layer of the external masonry, is :
The total energy reflection co-efficient Pn of the internal reflective surface of the above sub-layer of the external masonry, is :
The total thermal floe Qi through the above sub-layer of the external masonry, is :
Q1 = K1 .(T1 -T2) -A .t = 0,0116 -(24-5).18.1 => Q1 = 4 w .
2. We heat the internal reflective surface of the equivalent measuring specimen.
For the decrease of the time duration of the operation of the electric surface hearing body, the surface thermostat is regulated ad follows :
When the temperature is Twι=20,5° C, the electric surface heating body is operated and when the temperature is Twι = 24° C it is put out of operation.
With the internal reflective surface of the equivalent measuring test specimen heated, the following measurements result : Qi5 = 1 ,02 w and Qøδ = 24,5 w.
The average of the measured temperature Tw-i, is : Twi = 23,8° C. The decreased heat transfer co-efficient Ki of the above external masonry sub-layer, is :
The overall energy reflection co-efficient P∑i of the internal reflective surface of the above sub-layer of the external masonry, is :
P» 100 : PΣ1 = 98% .
The total thermal flow Q^ through the above sub-layer of the external masonry, is : Q1 = K1 -(T1 -T2)-A .t = 0,0116 -[24-(-15)].18 -1 => Q1 = 8,14 w.
The total thermal flow QΘ of the heating energy of the internal reflective surface, through the above sub-layer of the external masonry, is : Qθ =Qθδ • (A:Aδ)=24,5 ■ (18:2,25) = Qθ =196 w.
We select an electric surface heating body of a N =300 w power.
The total thermal flow Qø=196 w of the heating energy of the internal reflective surface of the above sub-layer of the external masonry, has as result the overall reflection of the heating energy of the internal air by P∑ι=98% and is equivalent to an increase of the thermal escape resistance 1/Λ of the sublayer, by :
— = = = — = 84,47 πr k / w. λ K, K 0,0116 0,5766 λ
In the conventional heat insulation of the sublayer, with a heat insulating material having an λ=0,0267 w/mk, a thickness cπταιτειται of heat insulating material D =84,47- 0,0267=2,255 meters is required.
The increase of the reflectivity in the thermal radiation of the electric incandescence lamps, of the internal reflective surface of the above sub-layer of the external masonry, is obtained with its thermal escape resistance
1 — = 2,1659 m2k / w, for a temperature of the external air T2 > 5° C and with Λ the heating of the internal reflective surface, for a temperature of the external air
T2= 50C έως -15°C.
Claims
1. A method for the heating of the buildings' internal reflective surfaces, which comprises :
An electric surface heating body from pure aluminum, heat insulated with three air vacuums and with its front surface open, which fits air-tightly and is supported with screws, on a surface of a sub-layer from pure aluminum heat insulated with three air vacuums, inside every internal side of the external buildings' sub-layers, by which is heated a thin metallic surface of a large thermal conductivity, from bronze or stainless steel of a thickness D = 0,04 up to 0,1 millimeters, which covers its respective application surface and the entire surface inside every internal side of the buildings' external sub-layers.
Applications Claiming Priority (2)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| GR20030100181 | 2003-04-18 | ||
| GR20030100181A GR1004574B (en) | 2003-04-18 | 2003-04-18 | Energy-saving heating method applied to the internal reflective surfaces of buildings |
Publications (1)
| Publication Number | Publication Date |
|---|---|
| WO2004092657A1 true WO2004092657A1 (en) | 2004-10-28 |
Family
ID=32375247
Family Applications (1)
| Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
|---|---|---|---|
| PCT/GR2004/000015 WO2004092657A1 (en) | 2003-04-18 | 2004-03-17 | Energy-saving heating of the internal reflective surfaces of buildings |
Country Status (2)
| Country | Link |
|---|---|
| GR (1) | GR1004574B (en) |
| WO (1) | WO2004092657A1 (en) |
Cited By (1)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| CN109610663A (en) * | 2019-01-05 | 2019-04-12 | 方端霞 | A kind of rock wool-steel plywood |
Citations (3)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| DE3129561A1 (en) * | 1980-07-29 | 1982-06-24 | Michael J. Prof. Dr. 1040 Wien Higatsberger | Arrangement for shielding rooms or buildings and process for producing this arrangement |
| DE3707002C1 (en) * | 1987-03-05 | 1988-07-21 | Nickel Heinrich | Process for preventing water from melted ice from being precipitated on internal surface areas on external parts of buildings and devices for carrying out the process |
| DE29518235U1 (en) * | 1995-11-17 | 1996-03-21 | Berndanner Dieter | Thermo wall dehumidifier |
-
2003
- 2003-04-18 GR GR20030100181A patent/GR1004574B/en unknown
-
2004
- 2004-03-17 WO PCT/GR2004/000015 patent/WO2004092657A1/en active Application Filing
Patent Citations (3)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| DE3129561A1 (en) * | 1980-07-29 | 1982-06-24 | Michael J. Prof. Dr. 1040 Wien Higatsberger | Arrangement for shielding rooms or buildings and process for producing this arrangement |
| DE3707002C1 (en) * | 1987-03-05 | 1988-07-21 | Nickel Heinrich | Process for preventing water from melted ice from being precipitated on internal surface areas on external parts of buildings and devices for carrying out the process |
| DE29518235U1 (en) * | 1995-11-17 | 1996-03-21 | Berndanner Dieter | Thermo wall dehumidifier |
Cited By (1)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| CN109610663A (en) * | 2019-01-05 | 2019-04-12 | 方端霞 | A kind of rock wool-steel plywood |
Also Published As
| Publication number | Publication date |
|---|---|
| GR1004574B (en) | 2004-05-20 |
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