DE2654272A1 - METHOD AND DEVICE FOR THERMAL INSULATION - Google Patents

Description

UAMU IfJTLK ¹ NATlUfJAL

75 Pheasant Drive, New Canaan,

Connecticut, 06840

Method and device for thermal insulation

In the common construction of residential buildings, office buildings, Schools and similar buildings use walls with a space between the inner and outer wall surfaces. It was found that this dead space has considerable insulating properties with a view to achieving acceptable residence s conditions in cold regions and with a view to economical heating. Windows are essentially built in the same way With double panes and an insulating dead space in between.

However, with such a construction, heat losses still occur when the structure is subject to a temperature gradient, for example when heating a house in cold weather. The heat loss results from the three known mechanisms, namely from convection, from heat conduction and from heat radiation. The most significant of these three factors is convection, where air circulates and absorbs heat from a warm surface as well Gives off heat to a cold surface. This heat loss due to the Convection has traditionally been reduced significantly by using lightweight insulation materials found in the Introduces air space between the inner and outer wall surfaces.

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ORIGINAL INSPECTED

These insulating materials are, for example, fiber cushions or mats made from a large number of fibers. Although prevented this insulation system to a large extent convection currents the air and avoids to a large extent convection as heat -Loss mechanism, however, the heat loss through conduction increases.

The use of such insulating materials is ruled out for windows. It has been found, however, that there is a minimum of convection if you place the two panes close enough next to each other. For many years it has been used such heat-insulated glass windows, in which two panes against each other at their edges are sealed, within a suitable frame in which they are close together. Your spacing is enough from creating the necessary dead space. However, this system is not perfect and there are heat losses through it Window open. With the modern Trent to ever larger window areas, the heat losses occurring through the windows are to the first place of the heat losses occurring in a building. The total heat loss from buildings due to windows as well as the heat loss per unit area from windows far exceeds the heat losses through other parts of the walls, provided the latter are properly constructed.

The invention is directed to a special construction for walls and windows in which two substantially parallel plates are arranged vertically between a zone of first temperature and a zone of second temperature. The plates are spaced to create a space. In the case of windows, the panels are glass panes, while the panels in the case of walls can consist of a variety of possible building materials, for example plasterboard, wood or synthetic panels and the like. For the inner panel and a cladding, a Facing made of bricks or the like for the outer panel. The inner plate has at least one opening near its upper part and at least one additional opening near its lower part. The outer plate has at least one opening only near its upper end, provided that the invention is used exclusively for heating the building. A baffle disposed within the intermediate space close to the upper opening of the outer panel to the cold-r ^ β fP ^the one ^{in oen} gap

occurs to distract downward. The deflector prevents any Mixture between the cold and warm air in the upper part of the space.

The cold outside air enters the space through the opening near the top of the outer plate and flows down the inner surface of this plate. Warm air in the ceiling area inside the building enters through the upper opening of the inner panel and moves along the inner surface of the inner panel Plate downwards, under the action of the cold air flowing downwards. There is no substantial mix between the cold air and the warm air during their downward movements, but rather it is a laminar one Flow that separates the warm air and the cold air essentially holds. On the floor, both the warm air and the cold air enter the interior of the building from the space in between through the lower opening of the inner plate.

The downward flow of warm air along the inner surface the inner plate is used to keep the inner plate warm by the heat contained in the warm air. In a similar way the downward flow of cold air along the inside of the outer plate keeps the latter at a lower temperature, namely in such a way that the warm air cannot give off its heat to the outer plate and therefore to the cold external environment. Apart from that If the warm air does not come into contact with the colder outer plate, there is no condensation on the inside of the outer plate, as would be the case if instead of the laminar flow according to the invention, a convection flow was created would. Furthermore, there is a fuel saving, since the heated Air near the ceiling is used ', the inner surface of the inner Heat plate. You can also achieve a more even temperature between the floor and ceiling.

Further advantages and features of the invention emerge from FIG The following description of preferred exemplary embodiments in conjunction with the accompanying drawings. The drawing shows in:

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1 shows a somewhat schematic cross section along the line I-I in FIG. 2;

2 shows a likewise schematic vertical side view of a Window according to the invention, seen from the inside of the building with some parts broken away;

Fig. 3 shows a cross section similar to that of FIG. 1, but through a Frame wall according to the invention;

jb'ig. 4 is a view similar to that of FIG. 2, but with a modification of the invention for an application in which the interior of the building is cooled.

According to Fig. 2, a double pane window 10 is provided, which has an upper frame element 12 and a lower frame element 14 and lateral Has frame elements 16 and 18. Inside the frame elements 12 to 18 are glass panes 20 and 22 at a distance from one another arranged. An elastic sealing element 24 within each of the Frame elements 16 and 18 surround the side edges of the glass pane: 20 and seals the latter against the vertical frame elements 16 and 18 from. Inside the lower frame member 14 and the upper frame member 12 there is no comparable sealing element available. However, in order to hold the glass pane 20 within the frame element 14 and to prevent relative movements between these two components, can small spacing or holding elements 26 between the lower edge the glass pane 20 and the frame element 14 at a distance from one another be provided. Of these, similar holding elements 28 can be found on the upper edge of the glass pane 20 within the upper frame element 12 use.

Within the side frame members 16 and 18 and within the lower frame element 14 is a sealing element 30, which surrounds the side edges and the lower edge of the glass pane 22. The glass sheet 22 is within the upper frame member 12 not sealed. However, spaced apart retaining elements similar to the holding elements 26 and 28 for the upper edge of the glass pane 22 can be used if so desired. A deflecting element is located between the glass pane 20 and the glass pane 22

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32 supported in any suitable manner by the upper frame member. For example, the frame elements are made of extruded Aluminum, the baffle 32 can be extruded in one piece with the upper frame member 12. You can also do any attach a suitable material, such as a plate of plastic or glass, to a flange 31 which is integral with the upper frame element 12 is extruded. Furthermore, "any other mounting options are possible.

As best seen in Fig. 1, the contraction forms an opening 36 between the upper frame element 12 and the upper edge of the glass pane 20. In a similar way, the construction described creates an opening 38 between the lower frame element 14 and the lower edge of the glass pane 20. If there are no holding elements 28, the opening extends 36 without interruption along the top edge of the glass pane 20 (from left to right according to FIG. 2). If the spacing and holding elements 28 are used, they are very small in comparison to the length of the upper edge of the glass pane 20. They subdivide the opening 36 into a plurality of openings. Similarly, are the lower spacing and holding elements 26, if they are used, are very small and divide the lower opening 38 into a plurality of openings on. It should be noted that when the sealing element 24 in the side frame elements 16 and 18 with sufficient Frictional force on the interior of the frame elements 16 and 18 as well as engages the side edges of the glass pane 20, the spacing and holding elements 26 and 28 are superfluous.

As mentioned, the construction also creates an opening 4o that extends along the upper edge of the glass pane 22.

The operation of the arrangement is as follows. According to Fig. 1, the excessively heated warm air flows inside the arrangement near the ceiling area 34 through the opening 36, flows around the upper one Edge of the glass pane 20 and enters the space 42. The colder air outside the arrangement passes the opening 4o, flows around it the upper edge of the glass pane 22 and moves down between the deflecting element 32 und'der glass pane 22. Fig. 1 shows

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the cold air stream in dash-dotted arrows and the warm air stream in full arrows. The arrows according to FIG. 1 indicate that there is an initial contact between the warm air the interior of the building and the cold air from the building environment in the upper area is prevented by the deflection element j> 2. the Cold air does not mix with the warm air to any significant extent, but drives the latter sufficiently strong that the Warm air flows downward in a laminar flow, as shown in FIG. 1. Both air currents occur at the bottom of the intermediate space 42 through the opening JS along the lower edge of the glass pane 20 in the living room. Only when the two air streams get into the opening> 3, they flow through and into enter the room, a substantial mixing of the two air currents is initiated.

For the downward flow of cold air within the space 22, it is always the cold air that is with the inner surface of the outer glass sheet 22 is in contact and in this way a contact between the warm air flow and the outer glass panel 22 prevented. Since there is no contact between the hot air flow and the outer glass pane 22, there is no heat loss with respect to the glass pane 22 and thus with respect to the external environment. There is also condensation on the inner surface of the glass pane 22 prevented. For the downward flow of warm air within the space 42 it is true that it is always the warm air that is in contact with the inner surface of the inner glass pane 20. The warmth of the warm Air thus heats the inner pane of glass 20 and helps maintain a much more balanced temperature between the floor and the floor to maintain the ceiling, both in relation to the interior of the room and in relation to the pane of glass 20 itself. Since no convection currents circulate within the space 22, a heat loss due to convection in the substantially eliminated. In addition, the laminar flow also substantially eliminates heat loss through conduction. The construction according to the invention thus results in a significantly improved insulation compared to previously used constructions.

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Fig. 3 shows a cross section through a conventional frame wall, and although this cross section lies between two vertical struts. As shown, the wall has a header 112 and a plate 114, with a strut 11S extending vertically between the plate 114 and the head element 112 extends. Inside the building is on the inner surface of the one made up of elements 112, 114 and 113 Frame a panel 120 attached, which is a common wooden panel, a gypsum plasterboard or a timber-framed wall can. Openings 135 and 13S extend along, respectively the upper edge and the lower edge of the panel 120. These openings I36 and 13S preferably run over the full distance between adjacent struts or even over the full width of a multiple struts overlapping panel. Kan can be appropriate for each Provide ceiling and floor moldings 116 and 124 around the openings and 138 for aesthetic reasons.

On the outer surface of the consisting of the elements 112, 114 and HS A panel 122 sits in the frame. According to the drawing, the latter consists of only a single layer. It should be noted, however, that this panel can consist of a plurality of layers in accordance with current constructions. For example comes a load-bearing layer covered by tar paper, plastic sheet material or the like with a closing screen in question. Whatever the structure of the panel 122, it has an opening 140 along its upper edge. The opening 140 can be covered from view, and it can be ensured that rain, snow and the like. Does not enter the opening 14O. For this A suitable decorative strip 126 is used, which is only indicated schematically. Within the space 142 between the panels is a baffle 132 of any suitable material provided, for example made of wood, plywood, sheet material, plastic and the like .. For fastening and holding the deflector element either the head element 112 or the strut 118 is used, or both together. Cross struts, fire-resistant elements or the like must be avoided between the vertical struts, because such internals would disrupt the laminar flow of air. It should be noted that the wall construction 3 functions in the same way as the window according to Fi £. 1, the mode of operation of which has just been described. Apart from

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the openings that are provided depending on the circumstances the panels should be sufficiently airtight to allow other air currents to flow through them which could otherwise cause undesired convection.

FIG. 4 shows a construction similar to that of FIG. 3, the same parts having the same reference numerals with a prime added as an index. This construction is applicable when the interior of a building is cooled while the environment is warmer than the interior of the building. In the construction according to FIG. 4, the opening 140 * in the outer panel 122 ^{f is arranged} in the lower region of the intermediate space 142 *, and not in the upper region, as was the case with the construction according to FIG. 3. In addition, the deflection element 132 * is at the bottom of the space, while the shielding cap or trim 12β ^! is seated essentially in the same way above the opening 140 'as was the case in the relationship between the decorative strip 126 and the opening 140 according to FIG. 3.

The solid arrows in FIG. 4 denote the flow of warm outside air through the opening 14 o ¹ into the intermediate space 142 'and then upwards along the inner surface of the panel 122 ¹ . During this movement, the warm air takes the colder air with it, which enters the space 142 ¹ from the interior of the building through the lower opening 138 *. The cold air travels upwards along the inner surface of the inner panel 120 ¹ and exits through the opening 136 *. The warm air coming from outside also flows through the opening I36 '. This flow is essentially the reverse of what has been described in connection with FIGS. 1 and 3, namely in that the cold indoor air that collects on the floor in the lower area of the room, during its upward movement along the panel 120 ^! serves to cool it. The laminar movement of the two air flows prevents the cold air flow from touching ^{the relatively warm wall of the panel 122 1.} The air does not absorb any heat from this panel, neither by convection nor by poor conduction.

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It should be noted that windows are constructed in a similar manner the outer opening is on the bottom, as shown in Fig. 4, and not in the upper area according to Fig. 1, and furthermore, the deflecting element is also arranged on the ground.

In addition, the outer plates 22, 122 and 122 * can be equipped with both upper and lower openings as desired, whereby it is ensured that either the upper opening or the lower opening is closed, depending on whether that Inside the building is heated or cooled. Furthermore, two deflecting elements, such as deflecting elements 32, 132 and 132 *, are provided, one of which is arranged at the top (like deflecting elements 32 and 132) and the other is arranged below (like deflecting element 132 ¹ ). In such a construction it is advantageous to provide some mechanism to move the baffles to a position in which they cannot disturb the laminar flow within the space. If the building is heated and the upper opening is inserted, the associated deflection element is moved into the position according to FIGS. 1 and 3 * while the lower opening is closed and the associated deflection element is moved out of the way. For example, this deflecting element is pivoted against the associated holder. If the building is cooled, the lower deflecting element is arranged in accordance with FIG. 4, the lower opening being opened and the upper opening being closed. The upper deflector is also pivoted or otherwise moved out of the way.

In window constructions according to the invention, one either mounts the inner or outer glass pane 20 or 22 or even both glass panes in such a way that they can be moved or removed in order to wash off and cleaning to gain access to the inward-facing surfaces.

It is also within the scope of the invention for the opening or openings by providing sieves or filters through the outer panel to prevent insects or dirt from entering from outside the building to prevent in the gap. One or both inner surfaces of the panels can also be coated with a coating, such as a synthetic

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fabric plate or aluminum foil, provided that the invention is applied to a frame wall according to Fig. 3 or k . Such a coating serves to avoid frictional losses along the panels, which could otherwise delay the movement of air. Such measures are of course not necessary when it comes to the glass panes of the window according to the invention

The size of the openings and the distance between the inner and outer panels are variable in a wide range, in part depending on whether you have filters and. Sieves used and which ones The latter have porosity »The openings and the space between the panels is dimensioned be that no convection currents can be generated. For the same reasons, one must avoid obstacles in the space.

Example 1

Two rooms in a house were used for comparative experiments. Both rooms had the same exterior wall and window areas. It acted is a construction of concrete walls on a concrete slab. The control room had a common frame construction inside the Eeton walls, with plasterboard on the frame were attached inside the room. There was usually about 10 cm between the plasterboard and the concrete wall a fiberglass insulation. The test room also had a plasterboard lining, however, this was attached directly to the concrete wall using vertical strips of lining wood. The lining wood strips were about 2 cm (5A inch) thick so that the interior surface of the plasterboard was spaced from the concrete wall of about 2 cm. Slots of about 1.5 now (1/16 inch) Width were left open at the top and bottom of the plaster cladding so that there is communication between the room and the space in between was possible both above and below. There was also a slit about 1.5 mm (1/1 β inch) wide above the concrete wall provided. This slot allowed communication between the space (plaster cladding-concrete wall) and an unheated loft above. A deflector

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with a width of about 20 cm (8 inches) measured in the vertical directionj, was placed in the space between the concrete wall and the plaster cladding to keep air out of the room from the top Separate air from the attic.

Both rooms were operated for a period of three years, Both indoor and outdoor temperatures were continuously monitored and recorded. The same was true for that electrical energy requirements sura heating the two rooms. The results were determined by comparing the actual heat loss of each room with the expected heat loss, as it corresponds to empirical standard tables. The calculations für den Kontrollraurr «were made according to the actual construction of the room employed. The actual and predicted values for the control room differed less than 5/2 of each other.

The calculations for the test roughness were based on two different ones Basics employed. The heat loss was calculated for the test room based on its actual construction (uninsulated in the usual way). If you compare these precalculated values with the actually measured heat loss of this room compared, assuming the slots were closed, it was found that the actual and the predicted Heat losses were very close together.

For the pre-marking it was also assumed that the test room would be insulated in the same way as the control room. The actual heat loss measured in the test room, with all three slots open and in operation, when compared with these predicted values, showed that essentially 45 % less heat loss was actually measured in the test room than the predicted heat loss (related to the predicted heat loss) on the isolated room). These measurements and projections were routinely performed over the three year period and gave the same results.

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It was also discovered that the system works quite well without the baffle in the upper part of the gap worked, and that up to a temperature difference between the inside and the Outside of 12 ° C. Using the baffle gave one effective mode of operation over the entire, experimentally recorded Temperature range.

Example 2

A double window was produced in accordance with FIG. 1 by fixing two panes of glass in a standard frame made of extruded aluminum. The louvers were obtained by leaving the packing and the wick material at the top and bottom of the inner pane and at the top of the outer pane. This resulted in slits of about 1.5 mm (1/16 inch) where the sealing material was missing. Thereafter, thermocouples were installed, both in the air inside and outside, as well as on both surfaces of both panes of glass.

The slots were then temporarily sealed for experimental purposes, and the temperature difference across each of the glass panes was measured. If only the outer slot was sealed, so the temperature gradients over each of the glass panes remained about the same, like a seal also the inner slits, however, condensate developed on the outer pane as a result of contact with the warm, humid indoor air. Traces of steam showed a downward flow between the both panes of glass.

When all slots including the outer slot are open the air was moving downward in an extremely even laminar flow. No condensate developed, and the temperature gradients across each of the glass panes were reduced. The temperature gradient across the outer glass pane became practical reduced to zero.

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In summary, the invention provides an insulation arrangement for producing insulation between a zone of first temperature and a second temperature zone, this arrangement having two vertically arranged, substantially planar elements, which in the Distance to each other. The first element sits between the zone of first temperature and the space between the elements, while the second element is between the second temperature zone and the gap. The first element forms at least two superimposed openings that connect the zone of the first temperature and the intermediate space produce. The second element forms an opening that connects establishes between the zone of the second temperature and the intermediate space. Air flowing into the space between the elements Entering from the zones of the first and second temperature remains essentially unmixed and rather migrates in a laminar flow into the first temperature zone, through one of the openings in the first element.

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Claims (1)

Claims M Λ insulation arrangement for stripping a zone of the first temperature from a zone of the second temperature,
marked by a pair of elements (20, 22; 120, 122; 120 ¹ , 122 ¹ ) arranged between the zones of first and second temperature and spaced from one another to form a space (42; 142; 142 '), the first Element (20; 120; 120 *) is at the first temperature zone and the second element (22; 122; 122 ¹ ) is at the second temperature zone; by means (3β; 136; I36 ¹ ) for generating a flow from the zone of the first temperature into the intermediate space; means (40; 14O; 14o ') for generating a flow from the second temperature zone into the interspace substantially simultaneously with the first flow, the construction of the interspace permitting the flows to contact; , so that the flows in contact with each other, but passing first temperature for introducing two streams after passing through the gap into the zone without substantial mutual mixture, through the gap and means (138 ^f 38;; 138). 2. Arrangement according to claim 1,
marked by Smock (e.g. 32; 132; 132 *)> which the fluid flows from the zones of the first and second temperature into the intermediate space at a substantial Prevent mixing within the gap. 3. Arrangement according to claim 1 or 2,
marked by a device (e.g. 32; 132; 132 ^f ) for at least the initial 709823/0748 Directing the fluid flow from the second temperature zone along that Area of the second element that faces the first element. 4. Arrangement according to one of claims 1 to 3, characterized in that the elements are inclined with respect to the horizontal. 5. Arrangement according to claim 4, characterized in that that the elements lie in essentially vertical planes, 6. Arrangement according to one of claims 1 to 5, characterized in that that the elements are substantially parallel to one another. 7. Arrangement according to one of claims 1 to 6, characterized in that the devices for generating the fluid flows have openings include. 8. Arrangement according to claim J, characterized in that the openings between the zone of the first temperature and the intermediate space are spaced from one another. 9. Arrangement according to one of claims 1 to 8, characterized in that that the elements are inclined to the horizontal and that one of the openings communicating between the zone of first temperature and establish a connection between the zone of first temperature and the intermediate space above the other the opening. 10. Arrangement according to claim 9, characterized in that that the connection between the zone of the second temperature and the gap producing the opening is above the lower of the two other openings is arranged. 709823/0748 11. Arrangement according to one of claims 1 "to 10, characterized, that the elements are panes of glass. 12. Method of stripping a zone of first temperature against a zone of second temperature, characterized, that a defined space is established between the zones will; that fluids drip from the zone of first temperature in the defined space is initiated; that a fluid flow from the zone of the second "temperature is introduced into the defined interspace; that the two flows are essentially simultaneous in contact with one another in laminar movement through the defined gap in such a way be that the currents make up most of the defined Interspace without substantial flow mixing and without er- ■ generation of substantial convection currents within the defined Wander through the space; and that both currents enter the zone after passing through the defined space first temperature are passed. 1Y. Method according to claim 12,
characterized, that the first temperature zone is warmer than the second temperature zone and that the introduction of the fluid flows into the defined space takes place near the top of the space. 14. The method according to claim 12,
characterized, that the first temperature zone is colder than the second temperature zone and that the introduction of the fluid flows takes place at the lower end of the interspace. 709 8 * 2 3/0748