DE2642926A1 - MEANS OF INFLUENCING THE RHEOLOGICAL PROPERTIES OF BITUMES AND BITUMINOES - Google Patents

Description

Bitumen is understood to mean the semi-solid to hard-fusible, high-molecular hydrocarbon mixtures obtained during the gentle processing of crude oils and the proportions of natural asphalt that are soluble in carbon disulfide (Römpp "Chemielexikon", 5th edition, page 541).

This definition, which is based on the production and extraction of the bitumen, says nothing about the internal structure of the bitumen. This is understandable insofar as, depending on the type of extraction of the bitumen, be it from distillation residues from the gentle processing of crude oil, or from petroleum products treated with petrochemicals, bitumen is obtained, the internal structure of which depends on the process. Bitumen is a colloid-disperse system. To put it simply, it consists of an outer oily phase in which micelles or micelle associations are embedded, which essentially consist of asphaltenes on which petroleum resins are adsorbed. In the The gentle processing of crude oil results in distillation residues in which the bitumen is in a relatively undisturbed condition - from a colloid-chemical point of view. If distillation residues are processed petrochemically, for example fed into the blowing process, bitumen is formed via dehydration and polymerization reactions (radical mechanisms), the colloid-chemical structure of which is more or less disturbed. Bitumen of this kind can tend to segregation (oil excretion) and accelerated aging, which is caused, for example, by the catalytically active components and radical formers contained in the bitumen.

Nevertheless, all these different types of bitumen almost always comply with the norm and are used as such, e.g. B. in road construction, civil engineering and many other purposes.

However, the colloidal structure of bitumen determines its application properties. It is based on the idea that the micelles or the micelle associations form framework-like structures. The type, size and properties of these structures are determined by many parameters, such as: B. the chemical and physical properties of the oil and resin phases, the temperature, the mechanical stress and the time.

The elastic behavior of bitumen is essentially determined by the ability of these structures to follow can quickly recede under mechanical stress. A more or less extensive disruption of this structure promotes the plastic behavior of the bitumen. It should be noted that the formation of the micellar structure in the bitumen depends not only on the composition of the bitumen, but also on the respective temperature of the bitumen. If bitumen is heated, the elastic properties of the bitumen decrease with increasing temperature as a result of the degradation of the supporting micellar structure with the formation of structures with a low degree of order, so that at higher temperatures a sol condition is reached at which the viscosity behavior of the bitumen corresponds to that of a Newtonian liquid. When the bitumen cools, the framework structure is formed again, but the formation of the micellar framework can be caused by the action of mechanical forces, such as, for. B. be influenced by high shear forces. Certain instantaneous states of the colloid system can also be frozen by rapid cooling, whereby the establishment of the state of equilibrium corresponding to the temperature can then only take place very slowly and in a hardly measurable manner. With the formation of scaffold-like structures, bitumen takes on more and more of a gel-like character. It acquires elastic properties which, as it cools down, become increasingly brittle.

If you use bitumen z. B. in road construction, it is initially desirable that the hot bitumen lightly envelops the rock and, as a result of low viscosity, can be processed into a road surface in connection with the mix. The cooled bitumen in the road surface should then show a predominantly elastic, but strongly repressed plastic behavior when exposed to traffic. In terms of colloid chemistry, this means that the bitumen structure, which has been deformed or collapsed under traffic loads, regresses as quickly as possible. At the same time, the tendency to embrittlement should be low, since bitumen has to withstand the demands of traffic even at low temperatures. As a result of the use of bitumen types of various origins and qualities, these requirements are not always met. For this reason, damage is often observed on road surfaces at the points of increased stress, which among other things. are due to unfavorable colloid chemical conditions (plastic deformation, crack formation).

The invention is based on the object of improving the consumption properties of the bitumen. In particular, the rheological properties are to be improved and the aging tendency and its effects are to be reduced. It has surprisingly been found that the properties of this colloidal system can be influenced in a targeted manner with selected compounds.

The compounds selected according to the invention can be expressed by the formula

to express.

In this general formula, R1 is a hydrogen radical or an aliphatic hydrocarbon radical with up to 8 carbon atoms or the radical —COOH or —NH2. The aliphatic hydrocarbon radical can be straight-chain or branched. The lower hydrocarbon radicals with up to 4 carbon atoms are particularly preferred.

R2 is an aromatic or cycloaliphatic hydrocarbon radical. The expression aromatic hydrocarbon radical includes both the benzene radical and an aromatic more highly condensed system, such as. B. naphthalene. The cycloaliphatic hydrocarbon radicals preferably contain 5 or 6 hydrocarbon atoms in the ring. This can be substituted, e.g. B. by lower aliphatic hydrocarbon radicals.

The radical R3 is a divalent lower aliphatic hydrocarbon radical with preferably 2 to 4 carbon atoms with a terminal OH or NH2 group or or a hydrogen residue. x has the meaning of 2 or 3 and y means an integer greater than or equal to 1.

Examples of selected particularly preferred compounds are:

1. p-Tolyl-Delta exp 2-methylimidazoline (2)

2. Phenyl-Delta exp 2-dimethylaminoethylimidazoline (2)

3. p-tert-Butylphenyl-Delta exp 2-oxyethylimidazoline (2)

4. m-Tolyl Delta exp 2-imidazoline (2)

5. Benzyl-Delta exp2-imidazoline (2)

6. p-Phenylenedi- Delta exp 2-imidazoline (2)

7. 1,3,5-Tri-Delta exp 2-imidazolinyl (2) -benzene

8. 1,3-Di-Delta exp 2-methylimidazolinyl (2) -benzene

9. Phenylpropyl-1,3-Delta exp 2-tetrahydropyrimidine (2)]

10. Cyclohexyl Delta exp 2-methyltetrahydropyrimidine (2)]

11. Di- [phenyl-large delta [high] 2-imidazolinyl (2) ethylamine

The compounds are added to the bitumen in an amount of 0.1 to 5% by weight, preferably 0.2 to 3% by weight. Since the compounds are soluble in the bitumen, they can be added in pure form. However, it is also possible to prepare a stock solution of these compounds and to mix the solution with the bitumen.

As already indicated, these compounds intervene in the colloid-chemical behavior of bitumen. The peptization state of the micelle-forming asphaltenes is thereby changed. In terms of application, this has the following consequences:

In the case of bitumen which contains an effective amount of the compounds selected according to the invention, the viscosity temperature behavior is changed. By influencing the micellar structure, homogenization and stabilization are achieved. In addition to rheological measurements, this can be also by determining the so-called thread-pulling length (ductility). These properties are of great importance for a binder.

If bitumen is used in conjunction with minerals of different grain sizes, e.g. B. together with grit and rock powder, for road construction, the mixing effort is reduced in the production of the mix. The bitumen is distributed more evenly; the wetting of the mineral surface and thus the mechanical adhesion is improved. Here, the term wetting is understood to mean the uniform coverage of the rock. The term should not be confused with the chemisorption on the rock, which causes certain so-called adhesives.

The hot mix shows improved ease of installation and compaction. In the case of masses with a mastic-like structure, the viscosity temperature dependence is reduced. In practice, this means significantly improved flow and leveling properties.

It is known to improve the distribution and wetting of fillers in the hot state by fluxing bitumen.

However, this is at the expense of accepting increased plasticization and sometimes even exudation of the flux agent in the cold state. These disadvantages are avoided when the agents according to the invention are used.

An additional advantage of the agents according to the invention is shown in the colloid-chemical stabilization of thermally overstressed bitumen. Such overuse can occur in a number of ways. In modern mixing plants z. B. to 160 to 180 ° C heated bitumen is sprayed onto hot rock. The bitumen is therefore at high temperature with a large surface in an oxygen-containing atmosphere. Thereby the oxidation, i. H. Aging, and thus embrittlement, is significantly accelerated. In addition, silicates or minerals containing silicate are often used as rocks, which are catalytically active and accelerate chemical reactions in the bitumen. Overall, these aging reactions lead to an uncontrollable hardening which often reduces the performance properties of the bitumen. However, the agents according to the invention counteract this form of aging and thus unintentional embrittlement.

The agents according to the invention can be produced in a manner known per se from readily available raw materials.

In the following examples, the properties of commercially available bitumen types are compared with products which contain the agents according to the invention. The superior effect of the agents according to the invention is shown in a special way.

The sample preparation and the execution of the rheological measurements

I. Sample preparation

a) Preparation of the mixtures of the bitumen to be investigated and containing a compound according to the invention

The products according to the invention are weighed into approximately 50 g of liquefied bitumen with an accuracy of plus-minus 0.01 g, mixed homogeneously using a paddle stirrer and then heated to 160 ° C. plus-minus 2 ° C. for 10 minutes with continued stirring. At the same time, the measuring beaker and rotating body of the rotary viscometer are preheated to 145 ° C. plus-minus 1 ° C., and the thermostating vessel to + 25.00 ° C. plus-minus 0.01 ° C.

After introducing the bitumen mixture into the measuring beaker and slowly inserting the measuring beaker into the thermostatic vessel, the sample is left at a temperature of + 25.00 ° C. for 5 hours to establish a state of equilibrium. b) Preparation of the mastic samples

The mastic samples are made according to the following recipe:

49.5 g bitumen

46.7 g of limestone flour

178.8 grams of quartz sand

__________________

275.0 g total

The components are brought to a mixing temperature of 170 to 180 ° C. in the heating cabinet, the bitumen is poured into tinplate cans 7 cm high and 6 cm in diameter, the appropriate amount of product added and homogeneously distributed using a paddle stirrer. Then the limestone powder and then the quartz sand are added while stirring vigorously.

The mixture obtained is then mixed as homogeneously as possible at 170 to 180 ° C. for 15 minutes.

The rheological measurements (cooling curves) are then carried out with the samples obtained according to a) or b).

II. Execution of the rheological measurements (hysteresis method)

a) Measurements of the bitumen samples

The measurements were carried out with a rotary viscometer (rotary viscometer type "Haake", measuring head

MK 5000, intermediate gear ZG 100, rotating body SV II). The prepared bitumen samples are subjected to a gradually defined shear gradient D (sec [to the power of-1) by means of the rotating body. The shear stress small Tau (dyn Mal point cm [high] -1) associated with each shear gradient D results from the relationship

Mal point 10 [high] 2 the viscosity small Eta in (cP). A registering meter was used.

Once the highest shear gradient D [deep] max has been reached, the shear stress on the sample is maintained for 240 seconds, the measured value is recorded and then the shear gradient D is reduced again in stages. In this way, a curve for viscosity with increasing and decreasing shear rate is obtained.

b) Measurements of the mastic samples

After it has been brought to the mixing temperature and has the desired shear rate, the rotating body is introduced into the mastic sample. The temperature corresponding to the respective viscosity is measured by means of a temperature sensor located 5 mm from the center of the circumferential surface of the rotating body. At the same time, the changes in viscosity are measured that occur when the hot mastic mass cools down at an ambient temperature of 20 ° C.

example 1

To influence the rheological properties, the following compound was added to the samples during preparation a) As bitumen I, a bitumen of the type B 80, a penetration number 81 and a softening point, determined by the ring and ball method, of 44 ° C. was used. The flow curves were determined at 25 ° C. The measurement was carried out with the bitumen I without additives and with the bitumen which contains 0.5 or 1% by weight of the aforementioned compound according to the invention. The resulting shear stress as a function of the shear gradient and the viscosity calculated from this can be found in Table I.

b) The mastic cooling curve was carried out with a bitumen I of type B 80, a penetration number 81 and a softening point, determined using the ring and ball method of 44 ° C. A mastic sample was measured without addition or with 0.8, 1.0 and 1.2% by weight addition of the aforementioned compound according to the invention. The measured values can be found in Table II. c) A bitumen of type B 65, a penetration number 57 and a softening point, determined using the ring and ball method, of 51 ° C. was used as bitumen II. The flow curves were determined at 25 ° C. The measurement was carried out with the bitumen II without additives and with the bitumen which contains 1.0, 1.5 or 2.0% by weight of the aforementioned compound according to the invention. The resulting shear stress as a function of the shear rate and the viscosity calculated from it can be found in Table III.

d) The mastic cooling curve was carried out with a bitumen II of type B 65, a penetration number 57 and a softening point, determined using the ring and ball method, of 51 ° C. A mastic sample was measured without addition or with 0.8, 1.0 and 1.2% by weight addition of the aforementioned compound according to the invention. The measured values can be found in Table IV.

Table I.

Table II

Table III

Table IV

Example 2

To influence the rheological properties, the following compound was added to the samples during preparation a) As bitumen I, a bitumen of the type B 80, a penetration number 81 and a softening point, determined by the ring and ball method, of 44 ° C. was used. The flow curves were determined at 25 ° C. The measurement was carried out with the bitumen I without additives and with the bitumen which contains 0.5, 1.0 or 1.5% by weight of the aforementioned compound according to the invention. The resulting shear stress as a function of the shear gradient and the viscosity calculated from this can be found in Table V.

b) A bitumen of type B 65, a penetration number 57 and a softening point, determined by the ring and ball method, of 51 ° C. was used as bitumen II. The flow curves were determined at 25 ° C. The measurement was made with the bitumen II additive-free as well as with the bitumen, which contains 1.0, 1.5 and 2.0% by weight of the aforementioned compound according to the invention. The resulting shear stress as a function of the shear gradient and the viscosity calculated from this can be found in Table VI.

c) The mastic cooling curve was carried out with a bitumen II of type B 65, a penetration number 57 and a softening point, determined using the ring and ball method, of 51 ° C. A mastic sample was measured without addition or with 0.8, 1.0 and 1.2% by weight addition of the aforementioned compound according to the invention. The measured values can be found in Table VII.

Table V

Table VI

Table VII

Example 3

To influence the rheological properties, the following compound was added to the samples during preparation a) As bitumen I, a bitumen of the type B 80, a penetration number 81 and a softening point, determined by the ring and ball method, of 44 ° C. was used. The flow curves were determined at 25 ° C. The measurement was carried out with the bitumen I without additives and with the bitumen which contains 0.5, 1.0 or 1.5% by weight of the aforementioned compound according to the invention. The resulting shear stress as a function of the severe gradient and the viscosity calculated from this can be found in Table VI.

b) The mastic cooling curve was carried out with a bitumen I of type B 80, a penetration number 81 and a softening point, determined using the ring and ball method, of 44 ° C. A mastic sample was obtained without the addition or with 0.8, 1.0 and 1.2% by weight of the aforementioned Compound according to the invention measured. The measured values can be found in Table IX.

c) A bitumen of type B 65, a penetration number 57 and a softening point, determined using the ring and ball method, of 51 ° C. was used as bitumen II. The flow curves were determined at 25 ° C. The measurement was carried out with the bitumen II without additives and with the bitumen which contains 1.0, 1.5 or 2.0% by weight of the aforementioned compound according to the invention. The resulting shear stress as a function of the shear rate and the viscosity calculated from this can be found in Table X.

d) The mastic cooling curve was carried out with a bitumen II of type B 65, a penetration number 57 and a softening point, determined using the ring and ball method, of 51 ° C. A mastic sample was measured without addition or with 0.8, 1.0 and 1.2% by weight addition of the aforementioned compound according to the invention. The measured values can be found in Table XI.

Table VIII

Table IX

Table X

Table XI

Example 4

To influence the rheological properties, the following compound was added to the samples during preparation a) As bitumen I, a bitumen of the type B 80, a penetration number 81 and a softening point, determined by the ring and ball method, of 44 ° C. was used. The flow curves were determined at 25 ° C. The measurement was carried out with the bitumen I without additives and with the bitumen which contains 1.0 or 1.5% by weight of the aforementioned compound according to the invention. The resulting shear stress as a function of the shear gradient and the viscosity calculated from this can be found in Table XII.

b) A bitumen of type B 65, a penetration number 57 and a softening point, determined by the ring and ball method, of 51 ° C. was used as bitumen II. The flow curves were determined at 25 ° C. The measurement was made carried out with the bitumen II without additives and with the bitumen which contains 1 or 2% by weight of the aforementioned compound according to the invention. The resulting shear stress as a function of the shear rate and the viscosity calculated from this can be found in Table XIII.

c) The mastic cooling curve was carried out with a bitumen II of type B 65, a penetration number 57 and a softening point, determined using the ring and ball method, of 51 ° C. A mastic sample was measured without addition or with 0.8, 1.0 and 1.2% by weight addition of the aforementioned compound according to the invention. The measured values can be found in Table XIV.

Table XII

Table XIII

Table XIV

Example 5

To influence the rheological properties, the following compound was added to the samples during preparation a) As bitumen I, a bitumen of the type B 80, a penetration number 81 and a softening point, determined by the ring and ball method, of 44 ° C. was used. The flow curves were determined at 25 ° C. The measurement was carried out with the bitumen I without additives and with the bitumen which contains 1 or 2% by weight of the aforementioned compound according to the invention. The resulting shear stress as a function of the shear gradient and the viscosity calculated from this can be found in Table XV.

b) The mastic cooling curve was carried out with a bitumen I of type B 80, a penetration number 81 and a softening point, determined using the ring and ball method, of 44 ° C. A mastic sample was obtained without the addition or with 0.8, 1.0 and 1.2% by weight of the aforementioned Compound according to the invention measured. The measured values can be found in Table XVI.

c) A bitumen of type B 65, a penetration number 57 and a softening point, determined using the ring and ball method, of 51 ° C. was used as bitumen II. The flow curves were determined at 25 ° C. The measurement was carried out with the bitumen II without additives and with the bitumen which contains 1.0 or 1.5% by weight of the aforementioned compound according to the invention. The resulting shear stress as a function of the shear rate and the viscosity calculated from this can be found in Table XVII.

d) The mastic cooling curve was carried out with a bitumen II of type B 65, a penetration number 57 and a softening point, determined using the ring and ball method, of 51 ° C. A mastic sample was measured without addition or with 0.8, 1.0 and 1.2% by weight addition of the aforementioned compound according to the invention. The measured values can be found in Table XVIII.

Table XV

Table XVI

Table XVII

Table XVIIII

Table XIX

The following results from the measurement results:

The rheological behavior of bitumen is a reflection of its internal properties. It is determined by the reversible structure build-up and breakdown. All external disruptive factors affect the respective state. It is therefore possible to use isothermally recorded flow curves to obtain information about the properties, in particular the usage properties, of the bitumen.

The influence of the products A to E used according to the invention on the bitumen I and II depends on the chemical structure of the products, the amount added, the bitumen type, the test temperature and the sample pretreatment.

It can be seen that in some cases the initial viscosity is changed only slightly by additives, but the final viscosity is greatly reduced. In these cases the additives increase the shear sensitivity. In other cases, the initial and final viscosity are considerably reduced, which indicates a stabilization of the colloid-chemical state. There are also increases in both the initial and final viscosities to be observed. Due to the many variables that have a determining effect on the properties, it is therefore necessary to carry out a preliminary test determine the way in which a certain compound affects the rheological properties in order to then select the additional product which influences the properties in the desired direction for the application-related purpose.

If bitumen is in physical and / or chemical interaction with mineral surfaces, the latter have an orienting effect on the likewise polar asphalt micelles of the neighboring bitumen phase due to their polar properties and are thus indirectly structure-forming (local order). This increase in viscosity, the extent of which is determined by the mineral-bitumen interaction, explains, among other things. the stiffening effect of rock flour as fillers.

However, the increase in viscosity can also have a negative effect on preparation and processing operations (increased expenditure of energy in the mixing and processing steps).

As can be seen from the cooling curves of mastic, the behavior of hot masses, particularly in the temperature range from 200 ° C. to 100 ° C., can be specifically influenced by adding the products used according to the invention. The slope of the viscosity temperature curve changes. The liquefaction effect reduces the bitumen requirement for an easily workable mastic. The pronounced one is remarkable Characterized concentration dependence of the effects: Depending on the set amount of the compound used according to the invention, a viscosity minimum can be set, the viscosity being increased at other concentrations of the same substance and the mastic mixture thus stiffening. Here, too, when the object according to the invention is used industrially, a preliminary test must be carried out to determine which concentration of the compound to be added according to the invention produces the optimum desired effect from an application point of view.

Claims (1)

Means for influencing the rheological properties of bitumen and bituminous compounds, characterized by the general formula where R1 is a hydrogen radical or an aliphatic hydrocarbon radical with up to 8 carbon atoms or the radical -COOH or -NH2, R2 is an aromatic or cycloaliphatic hydrocarbon radical, R3 is a divalent lower aliphatic hydrocarbon radical with a terminal OH or NH2 group or or is a hydrogen residue and x has the meaning of 2 or 3 and y means an integer greater than or equal to 1.