DE202023100318U1 - Improved shoe and functional sole therefor - Google Patents

Abstract

Functional sole (10) for improving the wearing comfort of a shoe (20) with a high heel (21) and a heel area (23) that is at least three centimeters higher than a ball area (22), comprising
- An elastic main sole (11) with a high resilience, and
- a cover layer (12) for reducing the expansion running parallel to the surface, the main sole (12) comprising at least one flat section (13, 14) in an area of the forefoot and in an area of the rearfoot, which has a lower Shore hardness than the area surrounding it, characterized in that the area of the rear foot of the functional sole (10) is arranged higher than the area of the forefoot, corresponding to the distance between the ball area (22) and the heel area (23) of the shoe (20), with the forefoot area essentially parallel to the ground.

Description

Introduction

The invention relates to the field of shoes. In particular, the invention relates to a functional sole for a shoe with a high heel, a shoe with such a functional sole, and a last for its manufacture.

State of the art and disadvantages

Shoes with a high heel, so-called high heels, also referred to below as “high shoes” or “heeled shoes”, have been known for many years. They are characterized in particular by the fact that the area that accommodates the heel of the foot is significantly higher, i.e. further away from the ground, than the area that accommodates the forefoot (also: forefoot). Typically, the height difference is several centimeters and can also exceed 10 centimeters.

A well-known problem when wearing such shoes is based on the fact that the weight of the person wearing them essentially rests on the forefoot, in particular on the ball of the foot. This results in complaints such as pressure points or a numb feeling on the foot, especially when worn for a long time, caused by the rise in temperature and the associated swelling of the foot, but also joint or tendon pain. These problems increase as sales increase.

In order to reduce these problems, different solutions are known from the prior art.

pamphlet EP 3 462 964 B1 discloses an insole for shoes, the sole comprising a front insert and a front reinforcing bridge having a raised portion for providing resistance to compression of the front insert. In this way, the firmness of the front insert supporting the foot can be better adjusted, with this firmness remaining approximately the same over a longer period of time. However, the insole is intended for flat shoes and in this respect does not solve the specific problems associated in particular with high heels.

patent specification EP 3 609 360 B1 proposes a sole-shaped base for a heeled shoe which has a series of ridges for supporting the foot. One aspect of this is to raise some of the metatarsal bones in order to redirect the pressure that would otherwise only be exerted on the inner foot area of the forefoot to an outer edge area of the foot. For efficient pressure distribution, however, it is necessary for these elevations to be placed exactly to the sole of the foot. Due to the individual anatomy of each foot, it will therefore be necessary to keep a relatively large number of base bodies with differently placed elevations in stock, or to adapt the base body to the anatomy of the person wearing it in the manner of an orthopedic insole.

Object of the invention and solution

The object of the invention is to provide a device which avoids the disadvantages of the prior art.

Accordingly, the device should also allow high shoes to be worn for long periods of time, with the problems mentioned at the outset (pain, pressure points, symptoms of fatigue, etc.) being reduced or avoided. The device should also be usable as universally as possible, ie without the need for individual adjustments.

The object is achieved by a functional sole according to claim 1 and a shoe according to independent claim 10. Advantageous embodiments can be found in the respective dependent subclaims, the following description and the figures.

Description

The invention relates to a functional sole for improving the wearing comfort of a shoe with a high heel, and to such a shoe. In the present case, the term “high heel” refers to a shoe whose heel area is at least 3 centimeters, preferably at least 5 centimeters, higher than its ball area. In particular, the invention relates to a functional sole for a so-called "high heel" women's shoe.

The functional sole includes an elastic main sole with a high resilience. The term "resilience" means the ability of the material to return to its original shape after a load without permanent plastic deformation, whereby this also happens without a significant time delay, as is the case with gel pads, for example, which after a load , if at all, then only very slowly to return to an original form. The restoring force can also be referred to as "rebound elasticity" (measured according to DIN 53512). In the present case, “high” means a value of at least 80%, preferably at least 90%, and particularly preferably at least 95%.

The functional sole also has a top layer that is arranged above the main sole and is directly or indirectly connected to it. The cover layer serves, among other things, to reduce the expansion of the functional sole running parallel to the surface, such as in particular the main sole. It therefore also reduces the (pressure) elasticity of the functional sole. The main sole comprises at least one flat section in an area of the forefoot and in an area of the rear foot, which has a lower Shore hardness than the area surrounding it. This section is therefore softer than the area surrounding it.

The Shore hardness for the materials in question is typically given as Shore A hardness. It is preferably between 12 and 40 Shore A for the bond. The difference is preferably between 2 and 10 Shore A.

The invention is characterized in that the rear foot area of the functional sole is arranged higher than the rear foot area corresponding to the distance between ball area and heel area of the shoe, with the forefoot area running essentially parallel to the ground. In other words, the functional sole is adapted according to the invention to the geometry of the high-heeled shoe and follows at least with regard to the presence of a forefoot area that runs essentially parallel to the ground and is intended for positioning on the ball area of the shoe, and a rearfoot area that is spaced apart from the forefoot area in the vertical direction is, the specific geometry of a so-called "high heel". The result of this is that such a heeled shoe can actually be equipped with a functional sole that improves wearing comfort, which would not be possible with an essentially flat functional sole known from the prior art. The reason for this is that such soles are severely compressed (buckling) in the transition between the forefoot and midfoot area, which can lead to damage to the sole even after a short period of wear. In addition, creases are produced during compression, which are felt to be uncomfortable when worn and can cause pressure points. Analogously, with a conventional functional sole, the transition between the midfoot and heel area is stretched to a greater or lesser extent in this area, depending on the geometry of the insole. This can also lead to damage or tearing of the functional sole in the area of the transition. The thickness of the functional sole is reduced in the stretched area, so that pressure points can form here.

The invention thus avoids the disadvantages known from the prior art.

The invention avoids the compression described and possibly also occurring stretching, since the functional sole according to the invention is adapted to the geometry of the heeled shoe, which is characterized by the significant vertical distance between ball and heel area. This avoids the associated damage to the sole and impairments when wearing it. A high-heeled shoe equipped with the functional sole according to the invention can also be worn for a long time, with the problems mentioned at the outset (pain, pressure points, signs of fatigue, etc.) being at least reduced. Another advantage is that the functional sole can be used universally, i.e. without the need for individual adjustments, since the provision of the two flat sections described above in connection with the described difference in hardness allows the sole to work together with practically any foot shape.

Various embodiments of the invention are described in more detail below.

According to one embodiment, the cover layer is limp but essentially tensile. This means that the top layer consists of a flexible material, which is hardly stretchable. The tensile strength in the longitudinal direction is preferably (50±5) N/mm ² . The tensile strength in the transverse direction is preferably (57±5) N/mm ² . "Longitudinal" means "in the direction of the longitudinal axis of the functional sole", "transverse" means, accordingly, transverse to this direction. The thickness of the cover layer is preferably (0.5±0.2) mm.

It will be appreciated that the top layer is firmly bonded, for example by gluing, to the underlying layer so as to provide a unitary bond. It is also conceivable that the main sole is foamed onto the top layer and is thus firmly connected to it.

Such a cover layer serves on the one hand to increase the abrasion resistance and rigidity of the functional sole. On the other hand, such a cover layer also allows areas of lower elasticity to be produced easily, as will be described below.

According to a further embodiment, at least one of the flat sections is formed by a recess in the cover layer. In other words, the top layer is not continuous, but has "apertures" where the underlying surface is exposed. Since the top layer is missing in these open sections, the elasticity of the compound (or the main sole, if no other layer is present is) solely determined by the elasticity of the rest of the compound or the main sole. Due to the lack of the top layer material that increases overall stiffness, the "open" sections are softer than the surrounding top layer areas.

The advantage of this embodiment lies in the simple production of areas with lower elasticity, since there is no need to make through “holes” in the main sole, nor do other materials of lower elasticity have to be inserted into these “holes”, as is the case in the prior art can be.

The Shore A hardness of the flat sections is preferably 16±5, and the Shore A hardness of the areas surrounding them has a Shore A hardness that is 4±2 higher. In other words, the combination of main sole and top layer is approx. 4 Shore-A harder than the main sole alone (possibly with an additional layer). Experiments have shown that these values enable comfortable, long-term wearing of high-heeled shoes. If the sections are too soft, the foot sinks in too much; the main sole would then have to be correspondingly thicker so that the foot does not feel the insole, but continues to be cushioned with every step. If they are too hard, the shoe will be less comfortable, especially when walking. The hardness of the areas surrounding the sections is chosen so that the sole of the foot is well supported at all times.

According to a preferred embodiment, the forefoot area is adjoined by a metatarsal area which bends upwards from its plane at an obtuse starting angle, runs increasingly flatter in a concave curve and finally flows into the rearfoot area. Thus, while the forefoot area is essentially parallel to the ground, the midfoot area rises forming a starting angle to the ground (and thus to the forefoot area). This increase can be linear; however, it particularly preferably runs in a curve that becomes ever flatter, which is adapted to the curvature of the middle area of the sole of the foot and sweeps over an obtuse following angle. This means that the metatarsal area can also contribute to supporting the foot, which means that the pressure on the sole of the foot is better distributed. This results in advantages in wearing comfort, the risk of pressure points is reduced.

The forefoot area has a length of 5 cm ± 1 cm, the starting angle is preferably 65° + 10° / -25° depending on the height of the heel. The following angle preferably covers 55° ± 15°.

According to one embodiment, the rear foot area, which accommodates the heel, can be designed as an extension of the midfoot area, ie run approximately linearly, with its gradient corresponding to that at the end of the midfoot area. In another embodiment, the midfoot region has a further angle which results in the rearfoot region being at a more horizontal angle (i.e. more parallel to the forefoot region).

According to one embodiment, the transition between the forefoot area and the midfoot area and/or the midfoot area and the rearfoot area is rounded. This means that there is no sharp "kink" but the transition has a certain radius, for example 0.2 to 1.0 cm. Such a gradual transition can help further increase comfort.

According to another embodiment, the functional sole is designed convex as a whole and/or it has an upwardly rounded edge. The downward convex shape increases both comfort and safety, as the foot is also supported in the shoe in the area of the edge of the sole and pressure is better distributed. In cases where there is less room in the shoe, the rounded-up edge has a similar, although possibly less pronounced, effect.

It should be added that "convex" is not necessarily to be construed as limited to "lying on an arc of a circle" since the bottom of the foot does not have such a simple geometric shape either. Rather, the shape of the edge of the functional sole on both sides is adapted to the lower edges of the foot on both sides.

According to a further embodiment, the flat section arranged in the area of the forefoot has a butterfly-like shape and/or the flat section arranged in the area of the hindfoot has a circular shape. "Butterfly-like shape" indicates that the section has an imaginary longitudinal axis, which runs parallel to the longitudinal axis of the sole, is curved outwards at the edge pointing inwards, is also curved outwards at the edge pointing outwards, and both forefoot and as well as on the metatarsal side, each has two bulges on the respective edge, between which there is a section with an indentation. Such a shape has been found to be particularly efficient in accomplishing the task of providing good cushioning in the area of the ball of the foot.

A (roughly) circular shape in the rearfoot area has also proven advantageous. The circle can have a diameter of about 1.5 cm to 3.5 cm, preferably the diameter is 2 cm.

According to a further embodiment, the elastic main sole comprises a bottom layer intended for contact with the insole of a shoe, and an intermediate layer arranged between this and the top layer. The bottom layer essentially provides the mechanical elasticity and can preferably consist of polyurethane foam. The intermediate layer has the task of improving the mechanical stability of the main sole, in particular against abrasion in the area of the flat sections, without significantly reducing the elasticity of the bottom layer. Accordingly, the intermediate layer has high extensibility and at the same time high abrasion resistance. It can consist of a polyester, for example, and/or have a textile or textile-like structure.

The layers arranged above the bottom layer are preferably breathable and/or liquid-transporting. The provision of such properties significantly improves the wearing comfort of high-heeled shoes, as known such shoes typically do not have these features. The properties mean that the foot in the often very tight-fitting shoe heats up less, which means it also swells less, which in turn helps to reduce the pressure on the foot. It should be noted that a specific property of shoes with high heels is that they must fit snugly on the foot at all times - i.e. both at the beginning of wearing them and after a longer period of wearing them. In contrast to sports shoes, which always have a high degree of elasticity and therefore (despite the tight fit required for sports) both cool at the beginning of wearing and can grip a foot that is swollen after longer wearing without significant pressure points, heeled shoes have due to the mostly hardly or not at all stretchable upper materials (leather, non-braided and therefore not flexible plastics, ...) do not realize the possibility of the said grasping of a foot changing its size in the course of wearing. Since the microclimate in the shoe is also less humid, perspiration is reduced and the shoe can be worn longer without feeling uncomfortable. At the same time, less heating when worn for a longer period of time also leads to a smaller increase in the size of the foot, so that a shoe equipped with the functional sole according to the invention remains tight but comfortable even when worn for a longer period of time, without forming pressure points.

According to one embodiment, the functional sole is designed to be placed in a heeled shoe. The advantage of such a sole is that it can be easily replaced for cleaning or in the event of damage.

According to another embodiment, the functional sole is designed to be glued into a heeled shoe. The advantage of such a sole is that it cannot slip.

The invention also relates to a shoe, the shoe comprising an upper and a base with an insole and optionally an outsole, as well as a ball and heel area and a “high” heel according to the above definition. According to the invention, the shoe is characterized in that on the inside of the insole there is a functional sole completely in contact with the underside of the insole according to the above definition, free of tension, independently of a possible load. "Tension-free" here indicates that the functional sole does not have an essentially flat basic shape and is then deformed when it is placed in the shoe and possibly subjected to subsequent loads, but that it independently assumes the said shape adapted to the shape of the insole itself when the functional sole is not loaded. The stretching and compression of the functional sole described above are largely eliminated, and the shoe has a permanently improved wearing comfort compared to conventional shoes with high heels.

To avoid repetition, reference is made to the above explanations.

According to one embodiment, the thickness of the insole is designed to be reduced in accordance with the respective thickness of the functional sole. This means that the insole is thinner in order to keep the height of the shoe (more precisely: the upper) roughly the same compared to a conventional shoe with a high heel but without a functional sole. The advantage of this embodiment is the optical inconspicuousness of a shoe with a functional sole according to the invention, but the insole must be correspondingly more stable.

According to another embodiment, the shaft is extended laterally in the vertical direction by the respective thickness of the functional sole. The shoe (more precisely: the upper) is therefore a little higher, but the insole can retain its original thickness and stability.

According to a further embodiment, the sum of the reduced thickness of the insole and the increased height of the upper corresponds to the respective thickness of the functional sole. Thus, this embodiment combines the two described above Variants. Thus, if necessary, a compromise between a (somewhat) thinner insole and (somewhat) higher shaft can be provided.

As a result, a plateau is provided for the functional sole that is (largely) invisible from the outside, so that the shoe does not differ externally from a conventional shoe without a functional sole according to the invention.

Finally, the invention also relates to a last for producing a shoe according to the above description.

In particular, the invention relates to a last which, according to the invention, has a thickness increased by the thickness of the functional sole in the area provided for the production of the insole, which results in the creation of a correspondingly larger (higher) interior of the shoe. The functional sole described above can then be placed in this interior without this being recognizable from the outside. Here too, to avoid repetition, reference is made to the above explanations

Particularly preferably, the profile viewed in a side view between the horizontally running section of the forefoot area to the end of the rearfoot area is characterized in that it has an upward starting angle of 65° + 10° / -25° immediately or after a rounding an arc with a downward following angle 35 of 55° ± 15°. In other words, compared to a conventional last profile for heeled shoes, the profile runs less strongly upwards in the transition between the forefoot and midfoot area, and then, particularly preferably up to the end of the rearfoot area, in a curve or at least in a curve, without an abrupt change in direction ("kink ’), as known from conventional lasts.

The profile of the underside (i.e. the front, middle and rear foot area) is preferably constructed according to the following table. Certain deviations (0.5% to 5%) are tolerable; The "smoother" contour compared to known profiles is essential: x (cm) Y (cm) 0 0.9 1 0.81 2 0.72 3 0.63 4 0.54 5 0.45 6 0.36 7 0.27 8th 0.18 9 0.09 10 0.02 11 0 12 0.08 13 0.38 14 1.55 15 3.1 16 4.55 17 5.75 18 6.51 19 7.05 20 7.5 21 7.92 22 8.36 23 8.9

The first line gives the value of the tip of the last (beginning of the forefoot), the last line the value of the back (end of the sole side hindfoot area). The heel area is not shown in the table since it does not play a significant role here.

It is clear that the specified points are particularly preferably to be connected by means of a smooth line in order to avoid edges or jumps. It is also clear that the two-dimensional profile runs approximately in the median plane of the future shoe; accordingly - given by the anatomy of the sole of the foot - the profile should preferably be adjusted towards the edges of the shoe.

The table is an example of the profile of a last for shoe size 39 (EU) and a heel height of 8.9 cm. It is clear that with a different shoe size, scaling in the X direction must take place (values greater than 1 for larger shoe sizes, values less than 1 for smaller shoe sizes), and that with a higher heel, scaling in the Y direction with values greater than 1, and in the case of a lower paragraph with values less than 1. It is also clear that changing the heel height alone also changes the sole length, so that scaling in the X and Y directions may be necessary to match the selected shoe maintain size. It should be added that the profile according to the invention is particularly suitable for sizes 36 to 42 and can be scaled in the manner described.

A last with such a profile is suitable for manufacturing a shoe according to the invention.

It is also suitable for producing a functional sole according to the invention, since this is adapted to the profile of the shoe, or vice versa. In this respect, the last determines both the geometry of the shoe, in particular the upper side of the insole, and the functional sole, which is placed on the insole.

character list

• 1 eine Schnittansicht durch einen Schuh, ausgestattet mit einer Funktionssohle der erfindungsgemäßen Art;
• 2 eine Draufsicht auf die Funktionssohle;
• 3 eine Seitenansicht auf einen Leisten erfindungsgemäßer Art;
• 4 einen Vergleich zwischen einem herkömmlichen und einem erfindungsgemäßen Leisten.

The invention is explained below by way of example with reference to figures. while showing

• 1 a sectional view through a shoe equipped with a functional sole of the type according to the invention;
• 2 a plan view of the functional sole;
• 3 a side view of a bar according to the invention;
• 4 a comparison between a conventional last and a last according to the invention.

In the 1 is a sectional view through a shoe equipped with a functional sole of the type according to the invention.

The shoe 20 has a high heel 21, with the heel area 23 being raised by at least three centimeters, in this case approximately 8 centimeters, compared to the ball area 22.

The functional sole 10 is placed in the interior of the shoe 20 . It comprises an elastic main sole 11 and a cover layer 12. This serves to reduce the expansion running parallel to the surface of the functional sole 10 under load (not shown).

The main sole 11 comprises in an area of the forefoot and in an area of the rear foot in each case at least one flat section 13, 14, shown in dashed lines, which has a lower Shore hardness than the area surrounding it. Accordingly, in these sections 13, 14 the damping and vertical elasticity is higher than beyond these sections.

As can be seen, the area of the rear foot of the functional sole 10 is arranged higher than the area of the forefoot, corresponding to the distance between the ball area 22 and the heel area 23 of the shoe 20, with the forefoot area running essentially parallel to the ground (running approximately horizontally, not shown). In other words, even a functional sole 10 removed from the shoe 20 has the 1 geometry shown, i.e. follows the geometry of the upper side of the insole 24. This has the advantage that the inserted functional sole 10 is not subject to stretching or compression, since it is tension-free in the position shown, which allows for a long service life and ensures comfort.

As can be seen, the forefoot area of the functional sole 10 is adjoined by a metatarsal area that bends upwards from its plane 16 (dotted line) at an obtuse starting angle 15, which runs increasingly flatter in a concave curve and finally flows into the rearfoot area. The starting angle 15 has a value of approximately 40°. Both the transition between the forefoot area and midfoot area and between the midfoot area and rearfoot area is rounded. This results in a particularly gentle accommodation and good support of the entire foot (not shown), so that signs of fatigue are prevented.

In the present case, the main sole 11 comprises a bottom layer 11A, on which an intermediate layer 11B is arranged. This is covered by the cover layer 12 . The intermediate layer 11B serves to increase the abrasion resistance in the area of the flat sections 13, 14, since otherwise the upper side of the base layer 11A would be directly exposed to the sole of the foot.

In the present case, the flat sections 13 , 14 are each formed by a recess in the cover layer 12 . This is also in the in 2 shown plan view of the functional sole 10 (shown alone) recognizable. Through the sections 13, 14 the intermediate layer 11B is visible. The flat section 13 arranged in the area of the forefoot has a (simplified) butterfly-like shape, and the flat section 14 arranged in the area of the rear foot has a circular shape. The imaginary longitudinal axis of the butterfly-like shape runs parallel to the longitudinal axis of the functional sole 10 (not shown).

3 shows a side view of a last of the type according to the invention. The last 30 is characterized, among other things, by an arcuate midfoot and rearfoot area 32, 33, with the midfoot area 32 starting at an obtuse angle of approximately 65° + 10° /-25° from the vor, which is essentially parallel to the ground footer 31 exits; however, the transition area is rounded.

As shown, the midfoot and rearfoot regions 32, 33 adjoining the (optional) upward curve 36 are approximately arcuate, with the arc including a downward following angle 35 of approximately 55° ± 15°.

It should be emphasized that - in contrast to conventional profiles - this profile does not have a clear "kink" which can lead to a loss of comfort, but starts out less strongly upwards and then runs a little flatter, finally ending at the end of the rearfoot area to end at the same point where the profile of the last for a prior art heeled shoe would end. The foot is better supported in this way, which reduces pressure peaks and thus allows a shoe made with this last to be worn for longer periods of time.

This connection is in 4 recognizable. This shows the profile of a last 30 according to the invention (solid line) in comparison with the profile of a last from the prior art (dashed line). First of all, it can be seen that—with the same heel height—the forefoot area 31 runs slightly steeper downwards. This is possible with the same bending angle of the foot (not shown) because the following metatarsal area 32 runs up much less steeply and does not have the "kink" 37 recognizable in the profile of the conventional last, or only to a very small extent. In the present case, the radius of the kink 37 is approximately 89 mm instead of approximately 59 mm as in the conventional profile. The foot will therefore, and due to the overall flatter starting angle 34, rest along the entire sole area of the midfoot and hindfoot and the pressure on the sole will thus be better distributed. In addition, the beginning of the curve between the forefoot and midfoot area is preferably flatter than in conventional profiles; in the present case, this begins at an angle of approx. 5°, in contrast to an angle of approx. 13° in a conventional profile.

It should be noted that the profile shown corresponds to the profile having the values in the table above. Since the profile according to the invention, as well as the profile from the prior art, which is also drawn in, are drawn to scale (and for the same shoe size and heel height), the deviation resulting from the profile according to the invention can also be quantified by quantitative comparison of the profiles.

In 4 Also shown is the profile of the last 30 according to the invention, which deviates further from the shape of the profile of a known last and provides an enlarged interior space. This is represented by the dotted line, which, however, is only in the forefoot, middle and rearfoot areas 31, 32, 33 deviates from the solid line and is therefore only visible there. The two lines/profiles coincide in the remaining area. A profile that runs along the dotted line in said area allows the production of a shoe 20 with space for the functional sole 10 according to the invention (not shown in each case), since the last 30 is provided for the insole 24 of the shoe 20 (not shown in each case). Area has a strength increased by the thickness of the functional sole 10 (measured in the vertical direction, or alternatively between instep/upper side and sole/lower side).

Reference List

10

functional sole

11

main sole

11A

bottom layer

11B

intermediate layer

12

top layer

13

Flat section on the forefoot

14

flat section on the rear foot

15

starting angle

16

level

20

shoe

21

Unit volume

22

ball area

23

heel area

24

insole

30

Afford

31

forefoot area

32

midfoot area

33

rearfoot area

34

starting angle

35

following angle

36

rounding

37

kink

QUOTES INCLUDED IN DESCRIPTION

This list of documents cited by the applicant was generated automatically and is included solely for the better information of the reader. The list is not part of the German patent or utility model application. The DPMA assumes no liability for any errors or omissions.

Patent Literature Cited

• EP 3462964 B1 [0005]
• EP 3609360 B1 [0006]

Claims (17)

Functional sole (10) for improving the wearing comfort of a shoe (20) with a high heel (21) and a heel area (23) that is at least three centimeters higher than a ball area (22), comprising - an elastic main sole (11) with a high resilience , as well as - a cover layer (12) for reducing the expansion running parallel to the surface, the main sole (12) in an area of the forefoot and in an area of the rear foot each comprising at least one flat section (13, 14) which has a lower Shore -Hardness than the area surrounding it, characterized in that the area of the rear foot of the functional sole (10) is arranged higher than the area of the forefoot, corresponding to the distance between the ball area (22) and heel area (23) of the shoe (20), wherein the forefoot area is essentially parallel to the ground. Functional sole (10) according to claim 1 , wherein the cover layer (12) is limp, but essentially tensile. Functional sole (10) according to claim 1 or 2 , wherein at least one of the flat sections (13, 14) is formed by a recess in the cover layer (12). Functional sole (10) according to one of Claims 1 until 3 , wherein the Shore A hardness of the flat sections (13, 14) is 16 ± 5, and the Shore A hardness of the areas surrounding it has a Shore A hardness that is 4 ± 2 higher. Functional sole (10) according to one of the preceding claims, wherein the forefoot area is adjoined by a metatarsal area which bends upwards from its plane (16) at an obtuse angle (15), which runs increasingly flatter in a concave curve, and finally opens into the rearfoot area. Functional sole (10) according to any one of the preceding claims, wherein - the transition between the forefoot area and the midfoot area and/or the midfoot area and the rearfoot area is rounded, - And/or wherein the functional sole (10) is designed convex as a whole and/or has an upwardly rounded edge. Functional sole (10) according to one of the preceding claims, wherein the flat section (13) arranged in the area of the forefoot has a butterfly shape and/or the flat section (14) arranged in the area of the rear foot has a circular shape. Functional sole (10) according to one of the preceding claims, wherein the elastic main sole (11) has a base layer (11A) intended for contact with the insole (24) of a shoe (20) and an intermediate layer ( 11B) to increase the abrasion resistance in the area of the flat sections (13, 14). Functional sole (10) according to one of the preceding claims, wherein the layers (11B, 12) arranged above the bottom layer (11A) are breathable and/or liquid-transporting. Shoe (20), comprising an upper and a base with an insole (24) and a ball and heel area and a heel (21), each as defined in claim 1 , characterized in that on the inside of the insole (24) a same with its underside completely touching functional sole (10) according to one of Claims 1 until 9 is arranged stress-free. shoe (20) after claim 10 , - the thickness of the insole (24) being reduced in accordance with the respective thickness of the functional sole (10), or - the shaft being lengthened laterally in the vertical direction by the respective thickness of the functional sole (10), or - the sum of the reduced thickness of the insole (24) and the increased height of the upper corresponds to the respective thickness of the functional sole (10), so that a plateau is provided for the functional sole (10) that is invisible from the outside. Last (30) for producing a shoe (20) according to one of Claims 10 or 11 . last claim 12 , characterized in that the last (30) has a thickness increased by the thickness of the functional sole (10) in the area provided for the production of the insole (24). Last (30) after one of Claims 12 or 13 , wherein the profile viewed in a side view between the horizontally running section of the forefoot area (31) to the end of the rearfoot area (33) is characterized in that it has an upward starting angle (34) of 65° immediately or after a rounding (36). + 10° / -25°, which is followed by an arc with a downward following angle (35) of 55° ± 15°. Last (30) after one of Claims 12 until 14 , whereby the profile viewed in a side view, starting with the forefoot area (31), proceeds based on the following table: x (cm) Y (cm) 0 0.9 1 0.81 2 0.72 3 0.63 4 0.54 5 0.45 6 0.36 7 0.27 8th 0.18 9 0.09 10 0.02 11 0 12 0.08 13 0.38 14 1.55 15 3.1 16 4.55 17 5.75 18 6.51 19 7.05 20 7.5 21 7.92 22 8.36 23 8.9 wherein the profile is scaled in the X-direction depending on the desired shoe size and in the Y-direction depending on the desired heel height. Shoe (20) made with a last (30) which has a shape as defined in Claim 14 or 15 has a shaped and possibly scaled profile. Functional sole (10), having an underside as defined in Claim 14 or 15 shaped and possibly scaled profile.

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