DE19837276B4 - Process and apparatus for distilling and cracking waste oils - Google Patents

Abstract

contraption characterized for distilling and cracking waste oils characterized that the required distillation and cracking chambers (3, 7 and 12) either horizontally or as inclined planes are constructed.

Description

The invention relates to a device and a method with which various types of waste oils can be processed, so distilled and thermolyzed that z. B. different fuel oil qualities, diesel fuel, gasolines and other fission products can be produced. It is known that from waste oil so-called reraffinates and substitute fuels can already be produced ( DE 31 49 025 A1 ; DE 38 14 146 A1 ; DE 36 42 041 A1 ; DE 30 23 374 A1 ).

task It is an object of the invention to provide an apparatus and a method using continuously from waste oils Recyclable materials such. B. various heating oils or diesel fuel, u. a. Fractions can be produced.

The The object is achieved by a device having the features of the claim I solved.

By the structure of the device and the method is the heating of waste oil resulting viscosity change exploited. This is used oil drained and pre-distilled at temperatures at which water and low boilers from the waste oil separate. The viscosity of the waste oil increases. The waste oil is inventively by and in the distillation chamber by two counter-rotating or co-rotating Extruder screws from high temperature steel transported and arrives in another distillation chamber in which the used oil to a higher temperature brought, which leads to that the viscosity of waste oil becomes smaller. At the chosen Temperature will be different higher boiling Heating oil fractions from the waste oil distilled off and the viscosity of the remaining waste oil rises again. Depending on the task and request to the desired Product, the remaining waste oil is through a twin extruder transferred to a third distillation or cracking chamber. In each distillation and Crackkammer are two counter-rotating or concurrently working Extruder screws made of heat-resistant steel.

On the distillation and cracking chambers containing the twin extruder, Fractionating columns are attached with the necessary for fractionation bottom bodies.

The Distillation and Crackkammern consist of two half-shells, in those the counter-rotating or co-rotating extruder screws be guided and over where there is a variable gas space, which opens into the columns. The Dimensioning of chambers and extruder screws depends on respectively desired Waste oil throughput and can be adjusted be that Heat transfer the required material flows equivalent. The distillation and cracking chambers are on a leaning Plane with variable inclination angle attached. The angle of inclination determines the filling level in the respective chamber.

to better extraction of the distillate contributes that the distilled material can flow back and the extruder continuously conveyed the distillate and mixed. The distances between the extruder screws and the half-shell wall, or the wall of the distillation and Cracking chambers are sized so that a reflux of low-viscosity fractions possible is.

By design can the distillation and cracking chambers also in a vacuum or under a slight overpressure operate. Each distillation and cracking chamber is through heated a separate burner. Each pair of extruders is from one driven by separate motor.

According to the invention the use of high-temperature steels for the Extruder screws and the extruder chambers also process temperatures up to approx. 850 ° C adjustable.

According to the invention, it is provided that under exclusion of oxygen both distilled and cracked, characterized in that the chambers are flowed through with nitrogen or be evacuated.

According to the invention can Distillation and Crackkammern also as individual modules in thermolytic and pyrolytic processes are used.

The Fractionating columns contain about the prior art cooling jackets, with which the desired Temperature cut performed can be obtained in which the target products can be obtained, for. B. Heizölfraktionen, Poly-alpha olefins, spindle oils and other shorter and longer-chain aliphatics. Depending on the pretreatment in the distillation and cracking chambers can also cyclized hydrocarbons are fractionated. This can a wide product range can be achieved.

According to the requirements, the fractionation columns can be equipped with a variable number of trays (prior art). According to the invention, the soils can also be equipped with catalytically active bottom bodies which can fulfill various tasks: a) cyclization of aliphatics to obtain z. B. Antiklopfmitteln b) additional cold cracking of aliphatics and breaking up of ring closures z. As for the preparation of C ₅ fractions, which are necessary for new syntheses of z. As lubricating oils can be used.

The fractionation columns are in the way mounted over the distillation and cracking chambers, that on the one hand in them a large part of the resulting products can be condensed and withdrawn, on the other hand, sufficient reflux is present, which is suitable for further extraction of the distillation material.

control

• 1. According to the desired condensation temperature in the condensation chambers the heat supply to the distillation and cracking chambers controlled by the burners.
• 2. A control of heat dissipation at the cooling / fractionating columns to achieve suitable condensation temperatures, is by cooling jacket and cooling coils / ribs achieved that in addition chilled can be (by air, water or oil cooling).
• 3. Additionally let yourself the waste heat the fractionation columns by heat pumps continue to use and exchanger.
• 4. The waste heat can z. For example the preheating of the waste oil in the preheating stage be used to rid it of gaseous shares before it undergoes the actual distillation.
• 5. The gaseous Shares can then fed to the burners be (control of the gas stream).
• 6. Fineness of the fractionation of the constituents of waste oil and its to be recycled aggregates by the number of fractionation columns and the condensation rooms in the columns.
• 7. An additional one flow control takes place by the variation of the rotational speeds of the Extruder screws, which are also used as mixing screws for the distilled material be used.
• 8 The drive of the counter-rotating or co-rotating extruder screws takes place according to the invention via a Electric motor. The control according to the invention of the device - Throughput of distilled material - residence time of the distillate in the distillation and cracking chambers - fractionation the distillates - Yield he follows by
• 9. Regulation of the burner temperature in the combustion chambers, the associated with respective distillation and cracking chambers
• 10. the number of fractionation columns,
• 11. the number of condensation rooms in the columns and by
• 12. Control of cooling via change the air exchange at the cooling fins the columns and the
• 13. changeable Cooling water supply and possibilities for cooling with oil and other coolants.
• 14. The extruders transport the respective residues of the distilled material from every chamber. Non-processable residues are expelled into a waste container. The elimination of the invention of pollutants originating from the distillate takes place at
• 15. gaseous Pollutants by recycling the Gas stream into the burner chambers and subsequent
• 16. Treatment of exhaust gases in accordance with statutory provisions and over this out. In the residues of the distilled material, which can not be distilled are higher, according to origin on metals, in particular copper (piston abrasion). These distillation residues can at corresponding metal content in either domestic waste incineration to the Feuerungsunterstützung be used or must disposed of in hazardous waste incineration plants with the corresponding pollutant content become.
• 17. Gaseous Shares that can escape from the fractionation columns are, unless they are connected to a gas liquefaction plant are fed to the burners.
• 18. The mixing of the distillate is carried out by the motor-driven counter rotating or synchronous twin extruders.
• 19. The purification of the distillation and cracking chambers takes place by the counter-rotating or co-rotating twin-screw extruders, the the residues of scrape off the walls. Clean by this solution according to the invention the distillation and cracking chambers during operation.
• 20. By means of counter-rotating or co-rotating twin-screw extruders becomes increasingly viscous Used oil (also together with additives) continuously horizontally or on one transported inclined plane and thus passes from cascade one chamber into the other. By rising temperatures are heavy-boiling constituents separated from the residual mass. Of the remaining coke, asphalt, tar is continuously over the Double extruder ejected.
• 21. The rest of the material falls in a special container (ASB container) and can be used for Feuerungsunterstützung of household waste incineration be used.
• 22. Discharge devices are provided at each fractionation column, desired Remove distillate fractions.
• 23. The control of the distillation temperature via the Burner as fed back System that is dependent of the achieved distillation quality works. This is going through achieved a viscometer and corresponding thermocouple.
• 24. The device according to the invention is in the Able to process waste oils with high free or bound water content, since it works in the sense of a reflux extractor.

Safety control

• a.) Das für die Bearbeitung vorbereitete Altöl gelangt in einen Speisetank, bei dem über die Messung der Füllhöhe der Zustrom von Altöl abgeregelt wird. Die Pumpe für den Zustrom von Altöl in den Speisetank wird über einen Füllhöhensensor geregelt.
• b.) Die Altölfüllungshöhe in der jeweiligen Destillations- oder Crackkammer wird über einen Grenzwertschalter geregelt. Dabei sind zusätzliche Meßparameter zu berücksichtigen, die die gewünschte Temperatur des Altöls erfassen, um z. B. Leichtsieder und Wasser auszutreiben. Zusätzlich wird über Temperaturfühler die Abgabetemperatur des Altöls für den Übergang in die nächste Destilla tionskammer gemessen. Die Steuerung kann sowohl manuell, halbautomatisch oder auch vollautomatisch geschehen.
• c.) Die Umdrehungsgeschwindigkeit der gegenlaufenden oder gleichlaufenden Doppelextruder in den Destillations- und Crackkammern kann über einen Motor so angepaßt werden, daß ein optimierter Durchmischungsgrad und Mengenstrom erreicht wird. Werden für die Destillation erforderliche Temperaturen nicht erreicht oder überschritten, kann sowohl die Umdrehungsgeschwindigkeit der Extruderschnecken, der Zustrom von Altöl und auch die Brennersteuerung anforderungsgemäß angepaßt werden.
• d.) Die entstehenden Produkte gelangen in dafür vorgesehene Tanks, aus denen, bei entsprechenden Anforderungen, Produkt dem Destillationsgut zugemischt werden kann.
• e.) Vordestillation und Entwässerung: Einstellung der geeigneten Kühltemperatur über Zuflußregelung des Kühlmittels bzw. Anpassung der Brennertemperatur.
• f.) Zur Aufrechterhaltung eines geringen Überdrucks im System und zur Vermeidung von Eintritt von Luftsauerstoff wird die Vorrichtung kontinuierlich mit Stickstoff durchströmt. Wird ein kritischer Anlagenüberdruck, der an den Kolonnen gemessen wird, unterschritten, schließen sich Verschlußklappen, um ein weiteres Eindringen von Luftsauerstoff zu unterbinden. Die Produkttanks werden zur Vermeidung von explosiven Gas-Luftgemischen entweder belüftet und/oder mit Stickstoff durchströmt.
• g.) Die Destillationskolonnen werden gemäß Stand der Technik gekühlt.
• h.) Die Crackkolonnen werden gemäß Stand der Technik gekühlt. Aus vorbekannter Technik ( DE 3023374 ) ist bekannt, daß sich Schadstoffe, wie z. B. Chlor überwiegend in einer Leichtsiederfraktion befinden und diese wird entweder abgefiltert oder direkt verbrannt.
• i.) Am Ende des Destillations- und Crackprozesses fällt nicht weiter behandelbarer stark kokshaltiger Teerschlamm an, der durch die Doppelextruder über eine Fallrutsche einem Abfallsonderbehälter zugeführt wird. Das heiße Material entgast. Die entstehenden Gase werden durch eine geeignete Vorrichtung, die über dem ASB-Behälter angebracht ist, abgesaugt und unschädlich verbrannt. Der notwendige Wechsel des ASB-Behälters wird durch Gewichtserfassung angezeigt. Während des Behälterwechsels schließt sich für kurze Zeit eine Klappe an der Extruderkammer, solange bis ein neuer Behälter eingefahren ist.
• k.) Die Überwachung des Produktendlagertanks und des Füllungszustandes erfolgt gemäß Stand der Technik.

In the device according to the invention combustible liquids are processed and there are flammable substances whose mixture with air z. T. can also be explosive. Therefore, the basic safety components listed below are in terms of control and regulation, which is based on the state of the art listed.

• a.) The waste oil prepared for processing passes into a feed tank in which the inflow of used oil is stopped by measuring the filling level. The pump for the flow of waste oil into the feed tank is controlled by a filling level sensor.
• b.) The Altölfüllungshöhe in each distillation or cracking chamber is controlled by a limit switch. In this case, additional measurement parameters are taken into account, which detect the desired temperature of the waste oil to z. As low boilers and water expel. In addition, the discharge temperature of the waste oil for the transition to the next distillation chamber is measured via temperature sensors. The control can be done manually, semi-automatically or fully automatically.
• c.) The rotational speed of the counter-rotating or co-rotating twin extruders in the distillation and cracking chambers can be adapted via an engine so that an optimized degree of mixing and flow rate is achieved. If temperatures required for the distillation are not reached or exceeded, both the rotational speed of the extruder screws, the flow of used oil and also the burner control can be adjusted as required.
• d.) The resulting products enter designated tanks, from which, if required, product can be added to the distillate.
• e.) Pre-distillation and dewatering: Setting the appropriate cooling temperature via inflow control of the coolant or adjustment of the burner temperature.
• f.) To maintain a slight overpressure in the system and to prevent the entry of atmospheric oxygen, the device is continuously flowed through with nitrogen. If a critical system overpressure, which is measured at the columns, falls below, close closure flaps to prevent further penetration of atmospheric oxygen. The product tanks are either vented and / or flowed through with nitrogen to avoid explosive gas-air mixtures.
• g.) The distillation columns are cooled according to the prior art.
• h.) The cracking columns are cooled according to the prior art. From prior art ( DE 3023374 ) is known that pollutants such. As chlorine predominantly located in a low boiler fraction and this is either filtered or burned directly.
• i.) At the end of the distillation and cracking process is not further treatable strongly coked tar sludge, which is fed through the double extruder via a slide a waste special container. The hot material degas. The resulting gases are aspirated by a suitable device, which is mounted above the ASB container, and burned harmless. The necessary change of the ASB container is indicated by weight recording. During the container change closes for a short time a flap on the extruder chamber, until a new container is retracted.
• k.) The monitoring of the product final storage tank and the filling state is carried out according to the prior art.

All safety precautions are required according to the technology involved

template

embodiments The invention are illustrated in the drawings and are in following closer described.

It demonstrate:

1 a schematic view of the device components and the device structure.

2 a schematic diagram of the distillation and cracking chamber with double extruder in side view

3 a schematic diagram of the distillation and cracking chamber with twin extruder in plan view

4 a schematic diagram of the distillation and cracking chamber with twin extruder in section

To 1

In process step (A), pre-distillation and dewatering, the waste oil passes through a filler neck 1 into the pre-distillation and dewatering chamber 3 and is there by the counter-rotating or concurrent twin extruder 2 mixed and transported. The heat required for the process is passed through the burner 4 generated. The counterattack The or the co-rotating extruder are by the engine 5 driven. The distilled material is passed through the counter-rotating or co-rotating extruder 2 transported as far as it through the shaft 6 the distillation process (B) is supplied. The distilled material enters the distillation chamber 7 and is through a twin extruder 8th mixed and transported. The heat required for the process is passed through the burner 9 generated. The counter rotating or co-rotating extruders are driven by the motor 10 driven. The distilled material is passed through the counter-rotating or co-rotating extruder 8th so far transported it through the shaft 11 the cracking process (C) is supplied. The distilled material enters the cracking chamber 12 and is through a twin extruder 13 mixed and transported. The heat required for the process is passed through the burner 14 generated. The counter rotating or co-rotating extruders are driven by the motor 15 driven.

The counter-rotating or co-rotating twin extruders 2 . 8th and 13 as well as the modular extension of this principle are stored in liquid-tight bearings so that they are the walls of the chambers 3 . 7 and 12 each can clean from residues. It is advantageous knife-like configured teeth, which are in the layers and caking and coking on the chamber walls to shred and thus clean.

Both the chamber material 3 . 7 and 12 as well as the counter-rotating or co-rotating extruder 2 . 8th and 13 and possible other modules of the same type are made of high-temperature steels. About a lockable slide 16 arrive residues, such. As tar and coke in a special container 17 that with a gas hood 18 is provided so that the vapor of hot residues can be removed harmless.

About the chambers 3 . 7 and 12 and possible further chambers are via column flanges 19 . 20 and 21 Columns attached to the condensation of the resulting product according to the prior art.

To 2

The distillation and cracking chambers according to 3 . 7 and 12 in the 1 , Are constructed either horizontally or as inclined planes with the advantage according to the invention that the liquid or more viscous distillate can flow back again and again. The inclination angle of the inclined plane can be adjusted according to the requirements of the distilled material.

The direction of rotation of the counter-rotating or co-rotating extruder 2 . 8th and 13 counteracts this natural reflux tendency of the distilled material. A certain distance between the wall of the distillation chamber 3 and the extruders 2 . 8th and 13 allows a proportionate return flow of the distillation material to the extent its viscosity allows. Ultimately, the residual material, which is no longer distillable or crackable, reaches the chute 16 and about this in the special container 17 ,

The side view is exemplified for the process step (A) pre-distillation and drainage and shows the filler neck 1 and the column flange 19 , The axes of the extruder 2 . 8th and 13 are in camps 22 either single sided or double sided. The 2 shows with the bearing 22 a one-sided storage. The 2 shows schematically that the burner chamber 4 is divided by sheets to ensure the most effective heat distribution.

to 3

3 shows in plan view the arrangement of the counter-rotating or concurrent twin extruder 2 . 8th and 13 as well as the burner chambers 4 . 9 and 14 me her Wärmeleitblechen. The one-sided storage 22 the axles are recognizable.

to 4

On average it can be seen how the counter-rotating or co-rotating twin extruders overlap and how they are in the distillation and cracking chambers 3 . 7 and 12 lie. It can be seen that below the column flange 19 a free space 23 which is the flow of distillate to the columns 19 . 20 and 21 aligns.

Description for Figure 1

1

Einfüllstutzen

2

Doppelextruder

3

Vordestillations- und Entwässerungskammer

4

Brenner

5

Motor

6

Schacht

7

Destillationskammer

8

Doppelextruder

9

Brenner

10

Motor

11

Schacht

12

Crackkammer

13

Doppelextruder

14

Brenner

15

Motor

16

Rutsche

17

Abfallsonderbehälter

18

Gashaube

19

Kolonnenflansch

20

Kolonnenflansch

21

Kolonnenflansch

No. Designation

1

filler pipe

2

twin extruder

3

Pre-distillation and drainage chamber

4

burner

5

engine

6

shaft

7

distillation chamber

8th

twin extruder

9

burner

10

engine

11

shaft

12

Crack chamber

13

twin extruder

14

burner

15

engine

16

slide

17

Waste special container

18

gas hood

19

Kolonnenflansch

20

Kolonnenflansch

21

Kolonnenflansch

Description to figure 2

1

Einfüllstutzen

2

Doppelextruder

3

Vordestillations- und Entwässerungskammer

4

Brenner

19

Kolonnenflansch

22

Achslager

No. Designation

1

filler pipe

2

twin extruder

3

Pre-distillation and drainage chamber

4

burner

19

Kolonnenflansch

22

Achslager

Description to figure 3

2

Doppelextruder

4

Brenner

22

Achslager

No. Designation

2

twin extruder

4

burner

22

Achslager

Description to figure 4

2

Doppelextruder

4

Brenner

19

Kolonnenflansch

23

Gasraum

No. Designation

2

twin extruder

4

burner

19

Kolonnenflansch

23

headspace

Claims (14)

Apparatus for distilling and cracking waste oils, characterized in that the necessary distillation and cracking chambers ( 3 . 7 and 12 ) are constructed either horizontally or as inclined planes. Device according to claim 1, characterized in that in the distillation and cracking chambers ( 3 . 7 and 12 ) counter rotating or concurrent twin extruders ( 2 . 8th and 13 ) are mounted so that the distillate is continuously mixed by their rotation and conveyed along a temperature gradient. Device according to Claim 1, characterized in that the viscosity of the waste oil and of additives which increases with the distillation and cracking process is utilized in order to be able to be used in the distillation and cracking chambers ( 3 . 7 and 12 ) to achieve an optimum residence time of the distillate, so that the fuel oil, diesel and other distillation products can be obtained, which can be used for thermal utilization or for new syntheses. Device according to the preceding claims, characterized in that at the distillation and cracking chambers ( 3 . 7 and 12 ) Fractionation columns in different numbers (in the pattern drawing on the flanges ( 19 . 20 and 21 ) are mounted. Apparatus according to claim 1, characterized in that the temperature ranges necessary for the distillation and cracking process in distillation and cracking chambers ( 3 . 7 and 12 ) are cascaded in series and are modular expandable. Device according to claim 1, characterized in that the twin extruders, ( 2 . 8th and 13 ) a cleaning function in the distillation and cracking chambers ( 3 . 7 and 12 ) To run. Device according to the preceding claims, characterized characterized in that distillates and Cracked products from waste oils can be won and thus be available for recycling as valuable material. Device according to the preceding claims, characterized characterized in that distillates and Cracking products for Synthesis starting materials can be obtained. Device according to the preceding claims, characterized characterized in that a continuous operation possible is. Device according to the preceding claims, characterized characterized in that they can be manufactured and used in mobile form. Device according to the preceding claims, characterized in that the elements consisting of z. B. Chamber ( 3 ), Extruder ( 2 ), Brenner ( 4 ), Engine ( 5 ), Slide ( 6 ) and column flange ( 19 ) can be modularly expanded according to requirements. Apparatus according to claim 11, characterized in that the elements consisting of z. B. Chamber ( 3 ), Extruder ( 2 ), Brenner ( 4 ), Engine ( 5 ), Slide ( 6 ) and column flange ( 19 ) can also be used as a single module. Device according to the preceding claims, characterized characterized in that Method can also be carried out under vacuum. Device according to the preceding claims, characterized in that the method are also carried out under pressure can ..