DE19745639C2 - Truss supporting structures made of ring elements - Google Patents

Description

The invention describes domes which can be designed as desired or which cover the entire surface Supporting structures for model structures and large structures made of half-timbered that consist of one A large number of non-positive and rigidly coupled ring elements as load-bearing elements Construction components exist.

In the literature there are various possibilities for the production of trusses Described bars and rings or polygonal surface elements. These are for Used in model building and building construction. Examples of this are those made from bars or polygonal surface elements made of polygonal rod constructions Buckminster Fuller.

A disadvantage of these conventional designs from uniform components is that Difficulty with the truss elements from which a truss surface is made to implement any surface angle between adjacent elements. To macroscopic Trussed surfaces with the least possible raster surface curvature of the trussed surface a large number of truss elements is necessary. This also applies to the rigidly connected polygonal surface elements communicated in DE-GM 69 30 220 Manufacture of dome structures. Also claimed in DE GM 73 40 289 Truss variant consisting of spacer bars and circular ring connectors and the ones made with them Truss domes are subject to this disadvantage. The bars are there by means of a Threaded bolts fixed to the circular ring connectors. The diameter of the circular ring connector are small compared to the length of the spacer bars. Because of their function and Dimensioning are the circular ring connectors in the class of rigid, inflexible components classify.

DE 38 32 546 A1, DE 30 44 630 C2 and DE 38 22 446 A1 describe foldable trusses communicated, the elements of which are also connected by movable couplings. This too Constructions therefore have little stability. In DE 29 21 789 A1 Trusses communicated, which also consist of circular ring connectors and spacer bars. Again, the diameter of the circular ring connector is small compared to the length of the Distance rods and their own material thickness. The circular rings used are for their Function dimensioned so that they belong to the class of rigid, inflexible components are. The elements are movably connected to each other. These constructions too have low stability due to their mobility.

In these communicated truss construction variants, the straight forms dominate. This applies to the vast majority of the trusses from each of the construction variants communicated: straight bars and flat surfaces are dominant. Curvilinear components are only present in the form of small, thick circular rings or circular disks as coupling components for the straight bars and the flat surfaces. The proportion of these coupling components in the framework is far less than 10 percent by mass. None of these half-timbered constructions use the basic principles worked out in the evolutionary history of earthly life forms, which are inherent in the construction structures of life forms and which cause their enormous stability. At least one of these principles is implemented in the different life forms. Typical examples of this are sponges, corals, bamboo, grass, bone, snail shells and radiolaria. The most important of these principles are implemented in trees and shrubs, but especially in their half-timbered roots:

• - The curvilinear shape of the truss components
• - The flexibility of the truss components with high restoring force
• - the monolithic seamlessness of the framework

The strangler figs in the tropical rainforest are a prime example of this half-timbered principle, that after the death of their host tree as a living extremely stable seamless monolithic Hollow framework structures remain. The particular benefit of this Design principles achieved is the minimized mass required for the truss structure becomes necessary.

In DE 43 38 168 A1 trusses are made of interconnected equilateral Communicated polygons. The polygons can be moved together by means of ring couplings be connected. The circular rings used for their coupling function are also here dimensioned that they are assigned to the class of rigid, inflexible components. Also these constructions therefore have the disadvantage of poor stability, since the individual Elements are movably connected to each other. In addition, the couplings also work here as spacers between the truss elements, this also creates an additional Loss of stability caused. However, here will be a design variant curvilinear or rounded ring-shaped frames described, their topology that of rings corresponds to that of the positions inscribed equilateral Polygons are connected to each other by means of movable couplings. The diameter of the rounded frames are large compared to the length of the movable Coupling elements and their own material thickness. The benefits of using this bring rounded truss elements in terms of flexibility and flexibility could, however, due to the disadvantage of their mobile connection Hinge couplings or flexible couplings are not used.

The object of the present invention is to avoid the disadvantages of the framework which has become known, namely

• - predominant proportion of rectilinear truss components,
• - the rigidity of the truss components,
• - the high joint content between the connected elements in the framework,
• - The impossibility of realizing any angle between the rigid truss elements,
• - the instability of the trusses due to the mobility of the truss elements couplings,
• - The instability of the trusses due to the activation of spacer elements between the truss elements

The object is achieved with the characterizing features of claim 1.  

The advantages of the trusses according to the invention made of ring elements compared to the known technical development result from the fact that the ring elements of the truss have flexibility and restoring force, but are at the same time rigidly connected to one another and that the trusses also have at least one of the following properties:

• - The ring elements of the truss are connected to each other without any distance,
• - The ring elements of the truss are monolithically connected without joints,
• - The framework consists predominantly or exclusively of ring elements.

According to the present invention, ring elements can expediently form one with the other extraordinarily variable system with the excellent static advantages of a spatial truss can be combined. All Truss variants are suitable for quick and economical construction Building constructions from simple prefabricated semi-finished products. Furthermore, these have Trusses have a number of advantages, which are outlined in the following description. The ring trusses offer a far more economical alternative for creating extremely spacious spanning building constructions or high-rise constructions in one Size that the previously technically feasible constructions with polygonal framework far exceeds.

The flat and spatial ring trusses according to the invention are produced by Assembly of rings and / or ring-shaped loops, spirals, knitted and Braids.

Examples of this are given in FIGS. 4.1 to 5.7. The ring trusses are characterized by the fact that they can be set up quickly. They are particularly suitable for small and large hall construction and as a supporting structure for building construction, but also for model construction.

The ring trusses according to the invention consist predominantly of interconnected Rings. Rings are also used to form rings or sections Spirals or interconnected eighths looped out of sections compound long rods understood. Rings are not here either circular shaped eg. understood elliptical or cloverleaf shapes. Since the rings in their diameter ratios can be varied as required and are also flexible, allows the construction of the invention, much more flexible any curvature variants to realize the generated half-timbered areas or half-timbered rooms than it is through the Composition of rigid polygons would be possible. Appropriate measures to be taken Connection points of the rings prevented by the choice of the coupling or the ring shape unwanted sliding of the rings together or the setting of any angle of the Rings to each other.

The rings of the ring truss are each at the selected connection points rigidly or as rigidly connected as possible in such a way that a ring in the framework with at least three or more neighboring rings are connected. This results in, based on the connection of a ring with its neighboring rings a trigonal, tetragonal, hexagonal, heptagonal or even higher multigonal coordination in the surface. In addition to  Coordination of a ring with neighboring rings in the surface can be done with or in the room several neighboring rings can be connected by a tetrahedral, octahedral, four and multi-sided pyramidal or bipyramidal spatial coordination to his with him connected neighboring rings.

Instead of closed rings, long bars can also be used during construction ring-like loops spirals or loops are put together. Preferably With this design, the length can be increased by coupling, screwing, clamping or welding elongated rods, wires or wire ropes wound around each other and closed a chain or flat or spatial knitted fabric or wickerwork from multiple together twisted eighths intertwined, so that there are multiple ring systems that are diverse may be twisted or intertwined.

A preferred sub-variant of this method is the use of templates, supports or ring holders that specify an exactly set up cavity shape around which the multiple ring-forming elements are looped. These are preferably elliptical or circular disks, pipe sections or cages with elliptical or circular Cross-section. However, you can also adopt other preferably symmetrical cross sections, eg. those corresponding to three or more leaf clovers.

These can also be combined with one another to form an even more rigid and torsionally rigid highly resilient construction can be changed by gluing them together and or with fiber-reinforced plastics are encased. This can preferably be done in the spray or coating process with hardenable thermosets or meltable thermoplastics happen. Less preferred but also possible is the use of concrete as Shotcrete or pouring is used for the casing.

Materials such as thermoplastic pipe, structural steel, thermoplastic-coated structural steel, galvanized Mild steel, mild steel, steel wire rope, galvanized steel wire rope, stainless steel wire rope, Fiber rovings, single fibers, textile fabrics, nonwovens of natural origin, e.g. made of cellulose or protein and artificial origin, e.g. from carbon, carbides, borides, nitrides, Oxides, glass, ceramics, thermal, catalytic, photolytic or otherwise reactive Thermosetting resins or high-melting thermoplastics curable synthetic resins are examples for the variety of usable for the manufacture of the construction according to the invention Building materials.

A particularly preferred variant of the trusses according to the invention is that type of construction for large buildings, where multiple ring truss forms a cavity structure, whereby the finished ring framework skeleton of the large structure is preferably complete communicating closed passable cavity structure encloses.

In the simplest case, a characteristic section of this cavity structure has Ring truss surface in the form of a pair of pants, in which both the legs and the top of the pants are the same Have opening cross-sections and form the same angle to each other, the smaller or the same 120 °. This cavity structure cutout is here - because the top part just like the legs are shaped - called three-legged pants. According to the invention, however, Produce ring truss surfaces using four or more legs. So it is easily possible to create ring trusses of any shape and curvature from one  To make a combination of 5-, 6- and 7-legged pants. This succeeds without further ado also using only three-legged pants.

The number of pants legs (pants top = pants leg) determines the coordination of the pants.

Trousers of a half-timbered area are coordinated across the board, e.g. trigonal (3 pants legs), heptagonal (7 pants legs); Trousers of a spatial framework can be spatially coordinated, e.g. With Pants whose symmetry of the places at the base of the pants leg is tetrahedral (4 pants legs), cubic (4th Pant legs), trigonal-pyramidal (4 pant legs), trigona-bipyramidal (5 pant legs), square-pyramidal (5 legs), octahedral (6 legs), hexagonal-pyramidal (7 Legs), dodecahedral (12 legs).

This variant of the hollow ring truss offers, in contrast to all previously known Constructions the advantage of the possible complete inspection of the load-bearing elements of the inside of it. This variant also offers additional use of the space within the supporting elements, e.g. as utilities, climate and Heating devices, inclusion of all other supply and infrastructure systems, e.g. Wiring, emergency stairways, escape options.

The pipes or tubes joined together to form rings or ring-shaped braiding or knitting Bars can also be made from individual bars or tubes using one or more of the Possibilities of plug, screw, clamp connection or by means of simple screwed Put the clamps together.

The macroscopic view of an opening of the multiple rings according to the invention and / or ring-like elements constructed truss compared to that simplest ring truss according to the invention, the only one ring ever equilateral polygonal Truss element contains in both cases the impression of a regular equilateral Polygons that are completely surrounded by regular equilateral neighboring polygons.

The term regular equilateral polygonal refers to the simplest Ring truss, which consists of assembled and firmly connected individual rings exists, also on the imaginary connecting lines of the coupling points between the coupled rings in the truss. These are always identical to the points of contact of the Rings. In these cases, these form at least one or more of the regular equals Polygons such as the regular geometric figures of equilateral triangle, square, regular equilateral hexagon, heptagon, octagon.

The multiple links and points of contact in the complex variety of in offers ring-like shapes of folded filaments, rods or tubes from a microscopic point of view, in no way the impression of a regular equilateral polygons existing truss. Viewed macroscopically, however, the definition also applies here, Truss made of regular equilateral polygons, with the imaginary lines between the macroscopically visible connection points in the framework Map regular equilateral polygons.

However, it is also possible to make the ring trusses with bar elements or surface elements to combine the conventional half-timbered construction, especially as an auxiliary or Scaffolding component for the erection of the ring truss.  

In FIGS. 6.1 to 6.6 examples are given this variant of the invention. These are characterized by the fact that they can be built up quickly and economically. It is particularly suitable for small and large hall construction and as a supporting structure for building construction in general.

The components of the combination of conventional polygon trusses according to the invention the ring trusses according to the invention lead to dimensionally stable in a very simple manner combined trusses from inner ring trusses or inner polygon or polygonal rod trusses that combine with outer multiple ring truss components harmonious stable spatial combination truss are connected.

Here, the ring truss according to the invention consists of a combination truss made of inner ones Polygon components that are not combined into rings or ring-like shapes Contain surfaces or bars and interconnected multiple rings.

The rings of the outer multiple ring truss are each at least on the Pieces of pants connected together.

The term regular equilateral polygonal refers to the simplest Ring truss, which consists of assembled and firmly connected individual rings exists, also on the imaginary connecting lines of the coupling points between the coupled rings in the truss. These are always identical to the points of contact of the Rings. In these cases, these form at least one or more of the regular equals Polygons such as the regular geometric figures of equilateral triangle, square, regular equilateral hexagon, heptagon, octagon.

The multiple links and points of contact in the complex variety of in offers ring-like shapes of folded filaments, rods or tubes from a microscopic point of view, here too the impression of a regular equilibrium Polygons existing framework. Viewed macroscopically, however, this also applies here Definition, framework of regular equilateral polygons, too, whereby the imaginary Lines between the macroscopically optically perceptible connection points in the Show truss regular equilateral polygons.

In detail, the following process sequence for producing a ring truss results as Combined framework of poolygon elements and ring elements: First, with the construction the inner polygonal framework or the inner rod framework or the inner Ring truss started. Then on the polygon surfaces, or on the Connectors or attached to the ring girders composed of polygons, if the ring bearer is not already integrated during the construction of the inner framework were. Then the multiple rings, eg. made of structural steel, tubular steel, Steel wire rope, carbon fiber strand or stainless steel fixed. Preferably, the Ring carrier designed so that the rings above and below the polygonal framework Polystabfachwerkfläche are arranged. But it is also possible to place the rings just below or only to be arranged above the truss area.  

Instead of a polygon or poly rod framework, a simple ring framework can also be used Use template for the construction of a combined ring-ring framework. The ring bearer can, for example. be fixed to the primary ring structure.

In the event that multiple synchronized rings are arranged to form the ring framework here too the section obtained from the ring framework then enclosing a hollow structure referred to as pants.

The rings are firmly anchored to each other and to the ring carriers; eg. by Braiding, welding, flanging, gluing, clamping. Instead of rings can also here, for example. composed of sections of wire, continuous structural steel, Continuous steel tube, endless wire rope, continuous carbon fiber strand or stainless continuous structural steel be used. These continuous materials can then be interconnected in shape "Eights" on the ring carriers and intertwined and fixed. This "Endless" materials can be made from rods, for example. by welding, screwing or Clamp together as an endless material. Or they can be made of wire or Pipe coils can be unwound on site and in the desired endless shape be merged. Multiple thin rods or tubes can be created using multiple layers perform the same static function as a thicker single profile.

For the optimal arrangement of several individual endless bars to pants, it is advantageous if the Ring carriers for receiving the appropriate number of rings contain devices that fix the respective ring variety in the desired position. Preferably all rings are preferably with each other at the tangential points of contact or intersections non-positively connected or intertwined. A preferred form of ring bearer is the ellipse or the circle or a tubular or cage-shaped section with an elliptical or circular cross section. The ring carriers are preferably fixed to the elements of the inner rod polygon or polyhedron framework, the inner polygon surface or -polyhedron truss or the inner ring truss connected.

The orderly assembled ring truss can be used as a reinforcing element cast concrete construction. However, it is preferably wrapped, for example. With textile strips of knitted, woven, fleece, or paper or with rovings, these filament-containing carrier according to known technology with a preferably thermosetting Resin curable binders are or are soaked, which after wrapping or impregnation process is brought to infusible solidification or hardening. It can but also additionally or exclusively with curable binders Fiber sections are sprayed from the inside and / or outside. This creates extraordinary stable hollow body, the inside of the rod polygon or polyhedron framework or Polygon surface or polyhedron truss included with the ring girders with ring truss. The rings are preferably made of corrosion-resistant or corrosion-protected material manufactured. A combination of continuous structural steel rod in an endless polyethylene tube, galvanized continuous steel rod or continuous stainless steel rod preferred.

But also those from rings, or those from "rings" single or multiple per "ring" spiral or intertwined and intertwined made of endless tube or rod Ring trusses can be made from plug-in elements with regard to their ring components. These preferably consist of bent or pliable pieces of pipe that form rings any diameter put together, e.g. by plugging, clamping or screwing,  can be. Plug systems can also be used to connect the polygon surface elements or the polygonal rod elements in the ring trusses that are used Ring truss exist, the proportions of polygonal element truss or Contains polygon element truss. There these connectors can also be used Fuses against unintentional loosening are used.

In this construction, too, it is preferred to use any length or length by coupling or Welding elongated rods, pipes or wire ropes wound around each other and into one Chain or surface of twisted eighths intertwined. The twist of the Endless materials are preferably made in such a way that they twist in opposite directions are such that in a ring bundle strand half left-handed and half right-handed Ring filaments are present. The result of this weaving from strands that are too long together connected rods or tubes preferably lies as communicating with each other pant-shaped hollow structure. The outer and inner skin is preferably made of multiple rings composed of pants coated with binder-impregnated fibers.

Preferably, with relatively small cross sections of the trouser legs, these are also on the inside preferably completely or partially foamed. It is also possible to use the Foam on the outside. Simple ring truss is also a suitable carrier for Ring truss is suitable instead of ring polygonal surface or polyhedron truss.

For structural reasons, the shape of the trouser leg cross-section is preferably so chosen that the longest axis for non-circular or square trouser leg cross sections is arranged orthogonally to the truss surface and not parallel to the surface. Therefore lies eg. in the case of elliptical trouser leg cross sections, the connecting line of the focal points preferably orthogonal to the truss area.

The ring trusses constructed analogously to FIGS . 6.1 to 6.6 as combination trusses made of ring elements with conventional rod or surface elements can advantageously be converted back to trusses that only contain multiple ring systems by expanding their inner truss structure. The construction of the ring trusses as combination trusses is therefore much easier if the inner truss structure is temporarily carried as an inner scaffold and then dismantled. The variant is particularly suitable for building construction and as a load-bearing structure for building construction in general. They are extremely light structures, much lighter than conventional building structures. Especially in high-rise construction, this results in a significantly lower surface pressure on the building ground. Apart from the resulting considerably lower material expenditure for the supporting structure, far less effort has to be made for securing neighboring existing structures and for the foundation.

It is a preferred variant of the method according to the invention in large buildings that during the construction of the ring truss the shaping component, namely the Rod polygon or polyhedron framework or ring polygonal surface or polyhedron framework only to be carried as auxiliary construction and from the already completed self-supporting Remove ring truss components. This construction completely allows the construction without external scaffolding. The building could in principle be completely without Construction crane to be erected. However, this is preferably not dispensed with, since the Material transport through the communicating passable cavity structure is more cumbersome  than with a construction crane. In principle, however, it is possible to use the building material lifting device as to anchor the carried device on the already supporting ring truss.

The design has the advantage of lower material costs for the scaffolding used Rod polygon or polyhedron framework or ring polygonal surface or polyhedron framework.

A simple ring truss with a reversible ring opening option is also more suitable Beam for ring truss instead of ring polygonal surface or polyhedron truss as Template or template carrier and temporary support for the one under construction Ring truss suitable. It can also be completed after sufficient completion Ring truss segment can be dismantled.

The removal of the auxiliary structure from the finished pants to the outside can be done without further through openings in the trigonal, tetragonal, hexagonal, heptagonal or even higher multigonal coordinated pants of the ring truss area or the tetrahedral, octahedral, four- and multi-sided pyramidal or bipyramidal spatially coordinated pants of the spatial ring truss, on which the rings each with each other are networked, happen.

Particularly preferred material for the inner scaffolding according to the invention for the construction of the temporary ring trusses as combined trusses made of ring elements with conventional bar or surface elements are lightweight flange pipes made of fiber-reinforced thermoset stiffened interior also made of fiber-reinforced thermoset. So you can easily building ring trusses containing multiple ring components are erected with Ring diameters of 50 m and heights of over 500 m. Such heights could conventional trusses using comparable polygon truss construction not yet realized. Despite the enormous heights, they stand out Trusses according to the invention by a low weight with high stability. Measures to protect neighboring structures from soil deformation through Soil pressure is therefore far less complex or is no longer required.

The construction method according to the invention is particularly suitable for earthquake-prone areas, since the design according to the invention survives such vibrations without breaking.

Description of the figures

Fig. 1.1 to 1.19; Examples of straight and curved connectors with plug connections for the production of the conventional truss elements in ring trusses as combination trusses from ring elements with conventional rod or surface elements. The conventional truss elements have the function of supporting, scaffolding or template devices in the construction of the ring trusses according to the invention.

Fig. 1.1 shows a typical example of a truss section with plug connections. 3 assembled truss components are shown. A trigon component (dotted) is shown in full, which is coupled with a connecting element (hatched), which is also shown completely. The trigon component shows that the imaginary lines between the coupling points result in an equilateral polygon. The linear component is also connected to a second trigon component (dotted), which is not shown completely. The connecting element here contains two plugs, each with two clamping shoes. Each plug is inserted into a socket of the Trigon component in the clamped state, in which it adapts when relaxing. To prevent the plug from slipping out, a safety tab (diamond pattern) is then pushed into the remaining cavity of the socket in this example. In this case, two projections of the securing tab snap into the holes provided in a trine component.

FIG. 1.2 shows a single trine component from FIG. 1.1, also cut parallel to the top view according to section A1-B1 in FIG. 1.1.

FIG. 1.2.1 shows section AB according to FIG. 1.2 through a socket from FIG. 1.2.

Fig. 1.3 shows a single locking tab of FIG. 1.1 in plan view. In a preferred embodiment of the plug, the securing tabs on the polygon element ( FIG. 1.2) are firmly integrated as snap-in tabs which engage after the connecting element has been pushed in ( FIG. 1.4) and prevents the connection between the trine component and the connecting element from being released.

Fig. 1.3.1 shows the securing tab according to Fig. 1.1 in section AB.

Fig. 1.1.4 shows a single connection element according to FIG. 1.1 in plan view. Figs. 1.4.1 and 1.4.2 show a flat connecting element according to FIG. 1.1 in FIG. 1.4 selected sections. Depending on the flexibility of the material from which they are made, such flat connecting elements can also be used for the production of curved surfaces or room constructions.

For more curved surfaces and spaces, uneven, preferably curved connecting elements with correspondingly adapted radii of curvature can also be used. These are similar to the connecting elements according to Fig. 1.4. Corresponding to the section C-D through a connecting element in FIG. 1.4, FIGS. 1.5 to 1.9 show sections through such curved connecting elements, as are shown by way of example in FIGS. 1.6 and 1.7. The curvature of the connecting elements is preferably carried out so that differently curved surfaces can be produced therewith. With the connecting elements according to FIGS. 1.5 to 1.9, for example, the flat components can be arranged at angles between 30 ° ( FIG. 1.5), 60 ° ( FIG. 1.6), 90 ° ( FIG. 1.7), 120 ° ( FIG. 1.8) and arrange 150 ° (Fig. 1.9). All other angles between 0 ° and 180 ° can be easily realized if sufficiently flexible material is used for the connecting elements.

It is also easy to create strongly curved surfaces with flat connecting elements realize if two- or three-dimensional construction elements are used, their coupling devices with those of the flat connecting elements connections results in the appropriate angle from the level of the multi-dimensionally designed components protrude. However, this option is not preferred.  

FIGS. 1.1 and 1.2 have shown simple examples of component shaping (level connecting elements, level polygon components). However, the invention extends to both more complex and simpler polygons and polygon-like shapes. Fig. 1.10 shows a connecting element with two sockets in section, which allows the inclusion of two plugs. However, tetra-, penta-, hexa-, hepta-, octa- and higher polygonal components are also possible without further ado, which allow the insertion of a corresponding number of plugs in their sockets or have a corresponding number of plugs. In addition, the sockets or plugs can also be arranged in space, so that the imaginary connecting lines between the plugs or sockets of a component coincide with the edges, corners or surfaces of regular or semi-regular polyhedra.

At least all connecting elements and flat polygonal components preferably contain recesses, preferably at their center of gravity, to which further plugs or sockets can be fixed. This possibility is shown by way of example in Fig. 1.11. It shows a flat polygon component (dotted) with a central recess, as was shown in the examples in FIGS. 1.1, 1.2 and 1.10. In this example, this central recess is equipped with an internal thread, into which a device (hatched) containing an internal and external thread is screwed. In the internal thread of this device, the externally threaded support of a plug or a socket (diamond pattern) is screwed. The device (hatched) is designed so that such a carrier (diamond pattern) can be screwed in from two sides. In this way, pyramidal or bipyramidal arrangements of the plug-in or socket-carrying components can be implemented.

The plugs were in the sockets in the previous examples Securing tabs or securing wedges fixed. With sufficient material consistency and in accordance with the structural requirements of the building can also be used on the safety wedges to be dispensed with.

Clamping shoe pairs can also be designed such that they are combined vertically and are arranged horizontally to the polygon plane. Rather, the number of clamp shoes is ever Plug not limited to two but can also be higher, e.g. three or four.

Particularly for those polygonal shaped elements which contain plugs or sockets in a pyramidal or bipyramidal arrangement or contain them in a polyhedral form, such plugs or sockets are suitable in which clamping shoes and sockets are arranged in a cylindrically symmetrical manner. This has the advantage that the components can be coupled to one another in any twisted shape. Fig. 1:12 to 1:15 show such plug in plan view. Each connector preferably contains more than two clamping shoes. Fig. 16.1 shows the plug from Fig. 1:12 with four clamping shoes in a perspective view.

The sockets for these plugs consist of a cylindrical recess with an adapted diameter and an annular groove into which the clamping shoes of the plug can snap. In these cases, the safety wedge or the safety tab consists of a bolt with a cylindrical jacket. The diameter of the bolt is adapted to the opening in the plug in accordance with the respective inner circles in FIGS. 1.12 to 1.15. However, the bolt is not mandatory: if the material consistency is sufficient and the structural requirements of the building are met, the safety bolts can also be dispensed with.

The plug-socket couplings can also be used instead of wedges, tabs or bolts can be fixed using alternative safeguards. Such can, for example. be screwing or Cotter pin. This can be arranged so that each shoe of the pair of clamping shoes is secured separately. Such fuses are less for model making, more for Suitable for building construction.

For reasons of weight or material savings and optimized static properties, it is generally necessary to design the topography of the truss elements in such a way that the material thickness orthogonal to the truss surface topography is stronger than parallel to the truss surface. Fig. 1.17 shows an example of this in perspective.

A special feature of the plug-in couplings is the possibility of the pinion coupling. This is shown in Figs. 1.18 and 1.19. The coupling between the adjacent polygonal and / or polyhedron components consists of two hinge wings, the common axis of which, however, does not go through a cylindrical cavity as in the case of a hinge, but through a cavity with inwardly projecting toothed strips parallel to the axis. The pinion is inserted into the cavity at the desired angle of the adjacent components and thus couples the components and fixes the desired angle.

Fig. 2.1 to 2.9; Examples of straight and curved connectors with screwed, bolted, spinned, riveted, glued and welded couplings for the production of the conventional truss elements in ring trusses as combined trusses from ring elements with conventional rod or surface elements and / or for the production of conventional truss elements with the function of support, Scaffolding or template devices in the construction of the ring trusses according to the invention.

Fig.2.1 shows the possibility of assembling the trusses from conventional trusses with screwed couplings using the example of simple flange tubes as connectors with screwable flanges as couplings and Y-manifolds with 3 flanges as the simplest version of an equilateral polygon - the three flanges of the Y-splitter are located at the same level; each branch forms a 120 ° angle with its neighboring branch. Here, too, the curved pipes have the same distance between the flange couplings as the straight connectors. Nuts and screws are omitted from the illustration.

Fig. 2.2 the ability of the composition showing the technical art of conventional truss with bolted couplings on the example of simple bars as a connector with verbolzbarem approach as couplings and pipe section with a triangular profile with three square apertures as a receiver for the verbolzbaren connector approaches, as the simplest version of an equilateral polygon. Figs. 2.3 and 2.4 show different views of the trigonal component. Fig. 2.5 shows the side view of a straight connecting element with bolts located in the approaches. Here, too, the curved rods as connectors have the same distance between the couplings from one another as the straight connectors.

Fig.2.6 shows the possibility of assembling the trusses from conventional trusses with screwable couplings using the example of simple rods as connectors with screwable attachments as couplers and circular plates with 3 circular recesses as receivers for the screws in the connector attachments pushed over them, as the simplest version of an equilateral polygon , The screws are not shown. FIG. 2.7 shows in section AB from FIG. 2.6 the screwable connector attachment in detail. Here, too, the curved rods as connectors have the same distance between the couplings from one another as the straight connectors.

Fig. 2.8 and 2.9 shows the possibility of the composition of the trusses of conventional truss with screwable couplings using the example of simple bars as a connector, a bar is shown in Fig. 2.8, with a screwable approach as a coupling. The equilateral polygon, here the trine, is formed from the screwed lugs of the connectors themselves, as can be seen in Fig. 2.9. Depending on the angular position of the lugs on the connectors, any polygons can be formed. Here, too, the curved rods as connectors have the same distance between the couplings from one another as the straight connectors.

Fig. 3.1 to 3.12; Examples of encircling connectors on preferably at least partially cylindrical coupling devices for producing the conventional truss elements in ring trusses as combination trusses from ring elements with conventional rod or surface elements and / or with the function of support, scaffolding or template devices in the construction of the ring trusses according to the invention.

Fig. 3.1 shows a section of two with Umfassungsbindern (blacked out) to substantially cylindrical extensions (dotted) coupled together equilateral polygonal surfaces (wavy).

Fig. 3.2 shows the ends of two mutually coupled substantially cylindrical extensions (dotted) in the section (hatched) with inlaid rubber rings in corresponding recesses, respectively, which adhere to each well, are provided. An aluminum clamping tube section (blackened) is placed over the rubber rings as a connector.

Fig. 3.3 the pinion-shaped cross sections of two coupled extensions (blackened). The surrounding connector is not shown.

Fig. 3.4 shows two extensions (dotted) coupled with toothed belts as peripheral connectors (hatched) with toothed ridges parallel to the bar axis.

Fig. 3.5 shows an average of two extensions (dotted) coated with Velcro straps as a surrounding connector (Velcro equipment shown as tangled serration) coupled with Velcro hose (Velcro equipment shown as tangled serration).

Fig. 3.6 shows a section of a truss made of equilateral trigon surface elements (dotted), which were coupled to each other using toothed belts as a surrounding connector (hatched).

Fig. 3.7 shows a section of a framework made of square-surface elements (dotted), which were coupled to one another by means of rubber straps as a surrounding connector.

Fig. 3.8 shows a detail of a timber of equilateral hexagon frame elements (dotted), the (blackened) by means of Velcro strips as Umfassungsverbinder were coupled to each other.

Fig. 3.9 and 3.9.1 show sections of a truss made of equilateral trigon-surface elements (dotted), which were coupled to each other using pipe clamps as surrounding connectors (blackened / hatched).

Fig. 3.10 shows a section of a truss made of regular equilateral hexagon surface elements (corrugated) with rotatably arranged pinions (dotted), which were coupled to each other by toothed belts as peripheral connectors (hatched).

Fig. 3.11 shows a circular disc as trigon surface elements (corrugated), with rotatable cylinders as Velcro carriers as coupling elements (hatched), to which further polygon surface elements can be coupled by means of Velcro rings as encircling connectors.

Fig. 3.12 shows a section of a truss made of wooden bars with pinion-like toothed strips in the middle, which were joined together to form trigon surface elements (grained) with screws (blackened), which were coupled together using toothed belts as a surrounding connector (diamond pattern).

Fig. 4.1 to 4.16; Examples of ring trusses made from simple rings

Under simple rings, ring-like shapes such as ring-like single and multiple spiral spirals, individual bent rods or tubes placed several times in the ring shape, spiral bars and rings composed of individual sections are subsumed with connectors. But also those rings that deviate greatly from the circular shape, such as. shown in Fig. 4.6. The rings are coupled to each other with the known fasteners, including permanent fixation such as. Welded and adhesive connections, not permanent such as. Clamps, clamps, double or multiple pipe sections, clamps, thimbles, clamping straps, pipe clamps, orthogonal and parallel couplings, Velcro strips, adhesive tapes, tension cords, cable ties, perforated metal strips, toothed belts, toothed rings. Ring connector of the adhesive type by choice of material at the ring connection point, e.g. as a friction lining and / or through the topographical shape of the ring surface, for example. as a pinion or Velcro surface, as shown in FIGS . 3.1 to 3.12, are also suitable for the ring coupling. With two exceptions, no connectors are shown in the figures. All examples show ring trusses, which consist predominantly of rings.

Fig. 4.1 to 4.5 show such executed flat annular truss cutouts. The ring connectors are not shown; they are where the rings touch or come closest to each other.

Fig. 4.6 shows a non-circular flat truss section. The ring connectors are not shown; they are where the rings touch or come closest to each other.

Fig. 7.4 to 9.4 show positive executed such curved surfaces of rings as ring truss cutouts. The ring connectors are not shown; they are where the rings touch or come closest to each other.

Fig. 4.10 shows a running such negatively curved surfaces of rings as ring truss segment. The ring connectors are not shown; they are where the rings touch or come closest to each other.

Fig. 4:11 to 4:13 show various views of a simple ring truss with integral semi-circular cradles.

Fig. 4:14 to 4:16 show various views of a ring truss made from three bars and coils with three-dimensional ring framework.

Fig. 5.1 to 5.7; Examples of ring trusses made of multiple rings

Rings also include ring-like shapes such as ring-like single and multiple spiral spirals, individual bent rods or tubes placed several times in a ring shape, spiral bars and rings made up of individual sections with connectors. But also those rings that deviate greatly from the circular shape, such as. shown in Fig. 4.6. The rings are rigidly or largely rigidly coupled to one another with the known fastening means, including permanent fixation such as, for example. Welded and adhesive connections, not permanent such as. Clamps, clamps, double or multiple pipe sections, thimbles, clamps, clamping straps, pipe clamps, orthogonal and parallel couplings, Velcro strips, adhesive tapes, tension cords, cable ties, perforated metal strips, toothed belts, toothed rings. Ring connector of the adhesive type by choice of material at the ring connection point, e.g. as a friction lining and / or through the topographical shape of the ring surface, for example. as a pinion or Velcro surface, as shown in FIGS . 3.1 to 3.12, are also suitable for the ring coupling.

Are beyond the couplings mentioned here and in the simple ring trusses the multiple ring trusses preferably by means of binders and preferably thereof Binder containing fibers is covered, fixed, reinforced and thus also monolithically rigid anchored to each other.

Fig. 5.1 and 5.2 show parts of such a truss of multiple rings. The rings are preferably fixed to one another on rings arranged orthogonally to the truss surface, in this example five rings which form an equilateral pentagon in a truss node and 5 further rings arranged orthogonally to the truss surface outside the truss nodes. The multiple rings with the arrangement parallel to the lattice surface are drawn as thin lines, the rings arranged orthogonally to the lattice surface are drawn thick. The places where the truss-parallel rings are connected with the orthogonally arranged rings is highlighted as a black dot. This gives the rings the desired distance from each other and the truss structure the desired and constant truss strength. The orthogonally arranged rings are shown in perspective. In contrast, only the rings parallel to the surface lying initially to the viewer are shown. The section AB from Fig. 5.1 is shown in Fig. 5.2. It shows the elliptical cross-section of a truss, with the major axis of the ellipse arranged orthogonally to the truss surface. The cut parallel rings are drawn as black dots on the ellipse. The braiding of the rings made of structural steel wires with thermoset-impregnated and subsequently hardened glass fiber textile bandage is not shown, nor is the final covering of the inner and outer surface with sprayed and then hardened glass fiber chopped thermoset.

Fig. 5.3 shows the combined use of simple rings and twisted rings in a framework made of multiple rings. Fig. 5.4 shows the section AB through the truss from multiple rings of Fig. 5.3. The orthogonally arranged rings for fixing the rotated and simple rings in an approximately parallel arrangement are not shown.

Fig. 5.5 shows schematically a possibility of wrapping the multiple simple rings for covering and reinforcement with plastic-impregnated textile bandage material. Overlaps of the bandages are highlighted with hatching. The orthogonally arranged rings for fixing the rotated and simple rings in a parallel arrangement are not shown.

Fig. 5.6 shows the production of ring trusses using only twisted rings. The orthogonally arranged rings for fixing the rotated and simple rings in an approximately parallel arrangement are not shown.

Fig. 5.7 shows the course of three individual structural steel wires from Fig. 5.6. From this it becomes clear that the maintenance of the necessary structural steel wire density or ring density in the framework can be conveniently realized by parallel fixing of the structural steel wires to one another in order to produce the branching desired here.

Ring trusses as combination trusses made of ring elements with conventional bar or surface elements as temporary and permanent combination trusses: Fig. 6.1 to 6.4;

Rings also include ring-like shapes such as ring-like single and multiple spiral spirals, individual bent rods or tubes placed several times in a ring shape, spiral bars and rings made up of individual sections with connectors. But also those rings that deviate greatly from the circular shape, such as. shown in Fig. 4.6. The rings are coupled to each other with the known fasteners, including permanent fixation such. B. welded and adhesive connections, not permanent such as. Clamps, clamps, double or multiple pipe sections, thimbles, clamps, clamping straps, pipe clamps, orthogonal and parallel couplings, Velcro strips, adhesive tapes, tension cords, cable ties, perforated metal strips, toothed belts, toothed rings. Ring connector of the adhesive type by choice of material at the ring connection point, e.g. as a friction lining and / or through the topographical shape of the ring surface, for example. as a pinion or Velcro surface, as shown in FIGS . 3.1 to 3.12, are also suitable for the ring coupling.

Fig. 6.1 shows an example of ring trusses as a combination of conventional trusses made of regular equilateral polygons with ring trusses, namely those with multiple rings. The figure shows the polygons (dotted) with connectors (wavy) in a top view. These components from conventional trusses are primarily built. Subsequently, carriers (hatched) are fastened in the recesses of the polygons and connectors for fastening the multiple rings. After that, mild steel wires (blackened) are preferably attached to the supports. The structure is completed after the structural steel wires, which are laid and fastened to one another, have been clad with textile-catalytically curing glass fiber bandages. These and the following steps are not shown in FIG. 6.1. Afterwards, the remaining components can easily be removed from the conventional truss including the carrier, since they now hardly contribute to the statics of the ring truss. After the removal, only a multiple ring truss remained. Now the remaining ring truss hollow structure is coated from the inside and outside with catalytically curing thermoset with glass fiber sections. The figure shows the polygons (dotted) with connectors (wavy) in a side view. Fig. 6.3 shows the section AB by a carrier of FIG. 6.1.

Fig. 6.4 shows another example of the construction of combined with conventional truss ring system made from pipes and pipe joints with flanges as a component of conventional truss beams (dotted) in exploded perspective view. The ring truss component consists of truss made of multiple interwoven structural steel wires (blackened). This truss can also be converted into a purely ring truss after it has been reinforced with fiber-reinforced synthetic resin coils by expanding it from conventional truss components.

Fig. 6.5 shows the schematic plan view of an example of a ring framework, which is constructed primarily of a simple ring truss, each ring of bent pipes welded to the pipe ends flanges is (thick black lines), and fixed between the flanges trigonal plates (black thick lines), which, in addition to the function of connecting the tube rings of the simple primary ring truss with one another, have the further function of acting as a carrier for the truss components consisting of interwoven wires and multiple rings from the outer ring truss. The component of the multiple ring structure has been marked here as a dotted outline without depicting the individual rings. FIG. 6.6 shows the section AB from FIG. 6.5 with the two cut tubes of the primary ring structure (black rings) and the ring-shaped periphery (dotted) of the multi-ring component. In this case, too, after completing the peripheral ring truss structure, the inner structure of a simple ring truss can be completely dismantled, so that only the outer multiring truss component (dotted) remains.

Claims (11)

1. Surface-covering support structures and domes made of truss, which consists of a plurality of non-positively together to form annular curved curved elements, which have flexibility and resilience, characterized in that the annular curved curved elements are rigidly connected to each other and that, in addition, the annular curved curvilinear elements Elements and / or the framework have at least one of the properties a), b) or c), namely

• a) that each ring-shaped curved linear element is connected without distance or at least at a distance which is small compared to the ring diameter by means of a connecting element with its directly adjacent ring elements,
• b) that each ring-shaped curved linear element is connected monolithically without joints by means of a connecting element to its directly adjacent ring elements,
• c) that the mass of the truss consists exclusively or at least predominantly of interconnected ring-shaped curved linear elements and at most to a smaller extent of conventional truss elements.

2. Covering supporting structures and domes of half-timbering according to claim 1 with regular equilateral polygonal symmetry and / or regular equilateral polyhedral Symmetry. 3. Covering supporting structures and domes made of half-timbering according to claim 1 characterized in that the annularly joined curved linear elements closed rings exist and / or at least in the view from one direction Have the appearance of a closed ring. 4. Covering supporting structures and domes made of half-timbering according to claim 1, characterized in that the annularly joined curved linear elements have at least one of the shape variants a) to m)

• a) circular
• b) not circular
• c) simple ring
• d) multiple ring
• e) closed ring
• f) spiral formed from linear elements
• g) braid formed from linear elements
• h) from tangled linear elements
• i) ring-shaped or cylindrical binder-containing tissues,
• j) ring-shaped or cylindrical binder-containing roving,
• k) ring-shaped or cylindrical binder-containing knitted fabric,
• l) ring-shaped or cylindrical binder-containing nonwoven,
• m) ring-shaped or cylindrical arranged binder-containing fiber sections.

5. Covering supporting structures and domes made of truss according to claim 1, characterized in that the ring-shaped curved linear elements made of elongated Semi-finished products are manufactured. 6. surface covering supporting structures and domes made of truss according to claim 1, characterized in that the ring-shaped curved linear elements made of elongated Semi-finished products in one or more of the appearances filaments, wires, tubes, rods, with Binder connected elongated semi-finished products from one or more of the forms Filaments, tubes, rods are made. 7. Covering supporting structures and domes made of half-timbering according to claim 1 at least containing one or more of the coupling components plug with socket, Band Enclosure, Clamp Enclosure, Screw Clamp Enclosure, Thimble Enclosure, Clamping enclosure, ring-shaped enclosure, wire enclosure, weld seam, glue point, fiber-reinforced adhesive point, sprocket, loop, wire, cord, tape, adhesive tape, thimble, Velcro, clamp, ring, toothed ring, toothed belt, plastic, metal, hydraulic binder, fiber-reinforced binder, screw, nut, bolt, split pin, rivet, safety wedge. 8. Covering supporting structures and domes made of truss according to claim 1, characterized in that the truss is a hollow truss. 9. Covering supporting structures and domes made of truss according to claim 1, with inner cavity structure, characterized in that the framework is filled with binders and / or is lined and / or dressed. 10. Covering supporting structures and domes made of truss according to claim 1, with internal cavity structure, characterized in that the framework with fibrous and / or blister-containing binders is filled and / or lined and / or coated. 11. Covering supporting structures and domes made of truss according to claim 1, With an internal cavity structure, characterized in that large structures and Model structures are made.