DE1954985A1 - Method for covering an elongated, flexible support - Google Patents

Description

Method of covering an elongated1 flexible support

The invention relates generally to a method of application of a thin polymer coating on a flexible solid «. document (hereinafter also briefly: material) and according to a special, important Ausftihrungeform for the production of a sized or finished textile yarn,

Thin polymer coatings of many types are applied to flexible solid substrates for various purposes, and one has developed many methods to achieve this result »One common method is to use the polymer coating material with a carrier liquid (hereinafter also referred to as: diluent) diluted, applied to the surface of the base and then by evaporation or evaporation of the liquid Allowed to "dry". If a short drying time is required, the coated surface is heated to the temperature of the To increase the coating mixture and thereby the evaporation of the Accelerate fluid.

When covering an underlay in the form of a thin, flexible

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len material with a long axis of considerable extent, such as tapes, foils, webs, fabrics, fabrics and the like, yarns and threads, it is common to apply the coating mixture to the running substrate as it is being unwound from one roll and rewound to another. An adhesive coating material naturally leads to successive layers of the substrate sticking to one another if the coating is not properly dried ^{before the final winding 1} . As a result, such a process must either be carried out at very low speeds in order to gain time for the "air drying ¹¹ " or, after the coating, an adequate heating stage must be provided to evaporate the carrier liquid prior to final deposition *

A special example of such overlaying processes can be found in the preparation of sized yarns for weaving. " In the familiar, known as "Slashing ¹¹ Sohlichtungsvorgang. For example a group of parallel yarns by an aqueous, a sizing mixture containing is performed, followed by water vapor, the coated yarn to dryness-a to heated ^w Cans'" (heated cylinders or rolls ), whereupon the yarns are wound on a warp beam. Due to the heat sensitivity of organic sizes, high can temperatures must be avoided, and the speeds are accordingly low, usually below about 230 m / min. (250 yards / m) Various methods and apparatus are known to accomplish this operation, the process is slow, the equipment expensive, and a large amount of sizing is usually required to achieve a satisfactory weave.

In the case of continuous methods for drying an aqueous dispersion or solution on paper or foil are the drying temperatures usually kept below 100 ° 0 to a Avoid damaging the coatings. However, there are also

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temperatures have been described here * E.g. describes the U.S. Patent 2,919,205 discloses a continuous process for Coating of paper, in which the paper is coated with an aqueous mixture containing a mineral pigment and adhesive » and the wet paper is placed under high pressure until the temperature rises above 100 ° O, whereupon the pressure is applied relieved and the water evaporates.

The present invention provides gin rapid method of application a thin, adhesive, polymeric pesticide coating on a flexible material (backing) with a long axis of considerable extent. It makes that possible quickly Drying a liquid coating mixture while avoiding the complications of baking a wet coated base. It also enables the application to be more straightforward Coatings on thin, flexible material or items to be treated.

In its general form, according to the invention, -for application a thin, adhesive polymer-solid coating on a flexible material with a long axis of considerable expansion first view the material while it is looking at high speed moved, heated to a temperature below its softening point and then, while it was still hot, with Coated with a non-heated liquid mixture composed of an inert, high-boiling solvent and an adhesive Polymer coating is formed. The important feature according to the invention is to work under such conditions that the heat volume or the heat content of the hot, flexible materials is sufficient to evaporate the solvent and to dry the coating on the flexible material »before the coated material with another solid, such as a Guide, roller, spool or another take-up core »comes together. A heating level comes after the coating has been applied. It is not only applied to the material.

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The backing material can be of any suitable polymer that have a melting point well above 105 ° O and has sufficient strength and flexibility for machining "at high speed" owns. examples for such polymers are polyamides, such as polyhexamethylene aäipamid, Polyesters such as polyethylene terephthalate, acrylic resin polymers such as Polyacrylonitrile, cellulose-based polymers such as viscosereyon? and many others.

The term dee adhesive or sticky polymer-pesticide coating intended to include coating materials that are normally at room temperature are solid, have a natural affinity for the substrate such that they have a firmly held surface layer form, and are polymeric in nature, natural or artificial in origin.

It is essential that the temperature of the running material is at least 80 ° C when entering the coating zone. Temperatures above the softening temperature of the Materials will usually be avoided. The one for achieving best covering results optimal temperature of the material depends on the amount of coating to be applied, the ratio of Pest substances related to the vaporizable liquid in the coating mixture, the heat of vaporization of the liquid and the speed of operation away.

The process is preferably carried out at high speeds carried out. For light items to be treated, such as yarn, Speeds of several hundred meters / min, (or yards / Min.) To be recommended and those of several thousand meters / min to be preferred.

Due to the high operating speed, the coating materials will only last a very short time, usually less than 1/20 SeIc. _f Β, υ, ΒΡβΒοΛζΛ «Man '.« mn <moment-speaking in the

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Process according to the invention using coating materials, which are sensitive to elevated temperatures, while their use. The prior art method, the longer Require drying sides at high temperatures »would be excluded. . ·. "...

The coating solution can be based on the thin, flexible material the method according to the invention after a wide variety Appropriate methods can be applied, such as by bringing the material together with a wetted applicator « roller, passing the material through a "Sohlite" applicator, using a doctor blade in the form of a knife or roller or spraying or spraying the liquid mixture onto the Material. Methods, however, in which the material to be coated covers a considerable amount of streoke beneath the surface of the cold coating mixture, will be avoided because at such working methods result in excessive heat loss from the material entry.

The heating of the thin, flexible material to the desired temperature can be done by any suitable means take place. You can put the material around heated rollers, over a stationary, heated surface, through a hot liquid or lead through a travel gas zone «On the other hand, the heating can also take place with infrared, microwaves or a laser beam.

The procedure would be impracticable if a material were low Weight would be very heavily loaded with coating mixture. Before·· preferably the thickness of the thickness of the applied coating mixture is no more than about 1/5 that of the material to be coated.

The drawing shows schematlsoh an apparatus suitable for carrying out the preferred embodiment of the invention. Order.

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Since the thread material or yarn 1 carried out from a supply (not shown) runs, the heated, in the Kammeruaeehlies do solution 4 located rollers 2 and 3, whereby it to ensure that its temperature is close to that of the rollers, is passed around the reels several times, and comes oh oh leaving the Umsehliessung 4 is still called nit the circulating, in one unheated applicator roller 5 which is located in the tub 6 and is immersed in the liquid mixture »whereupon the wetted, practically at the moment dried darn the guide 7 passes through and then to one driven by the roller 9 on the surface Pack 8 arrives.

The invention is explained below with reference to the Manufacture of sized yarn and the "highly desirable results achieved in this field of application are described. Due to the many advantages that the use of Offers water as a thinning agent or solvent, e.g. B. low toxicity »non-flammability» low costs and good Availability are for your implementation of the examples only aqueous coating solutions described.

In the weaving and knitting industry it is common to use yarns before the To size the weaving and knitting process to give them a stronger cohesion, a stronger compactness and smoothness ·, increased To give strength and improved abrasion resistance. To achieve these effects, the finishing material must form a piim that sticks to the yarn and has a sufficiently curdling effect, that the yarn is on the various surfaces that are with it in Come into contact, "can slide» is elastic and flexible * and preferably also results in a transparent film "Furthermore, in most cases the sizing agent should be easily removable by normal descaling methods".

Bas sizing of yarns and threads (continuous filaments) consists in their coating or impregnation mlA a suitable

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Sole base material, which in forest is a lacquer or a aqueous solution or dispersion may be present. In the past you have aqueous dispersions of starch and starch derivatives aum finishing of Bauur.rolle and other Haturfcaera used. However, dispersions based on starch are "at Sizing of synthetic fibers and threads due to fluctuations in their stability and viscosity and their rather limited affinity for artificial materials not been applicable. In the Wob- und Wirl: praxis one sets today polymeric substances, v / ie polyvinyl alcohol, polyacrylic acid, Polyethylacrylic acid and the like, as base material for synthetic fibers and threads. A wide variety of basic sizing agents are known today for use as active ingredients. and Veb sizing agents. In the method according to the invention when used with the Paser,;? for which they are normally considered suitable, all known sizes can be used,

The yarns sized according to the invention can be made of natural fibers, such as cotton and wool, or synthetic fibers, such as polyesters or polyaoryl resins or coatings of the same will. As explained in the examples, the method is suitable special for sizing polyamide yarns ^ (polyearbonamide yarns).

A particularly advantageous and surprising feature of the arbitration process according to the invention is that it can be carried out at well over 1/2 km / min. (500 YardsΛϋ *. Γ lying speeds währond the known methods generally slow work. In fact, appears to be the method gemäsB the invention favors Nooh by dio application of high speeds. Dio seems to the current at a high speed yarn immediately around present © air turbulence the evaporation VCAD. removal of the Wassere in the PräparationsmiBchung to unteretütijea. the Terfata ^ io, certainly Oer invention 'is. "at speed ·») !! of about' 5 wM 3 l / S-Ι μ / Μπ ,.

+) 'more precise "ümrec'bnüngswert ^ 57 m / Slin," + *) ■ "" 27 ^ 3 bsw "3200 m / ttiru

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has been carried out with highly satisfactory results. Apart from a limitation due to the equipment available there was no upper speed limit.

The production of sized games according to the invention also results in a saving of sizing agent. It has been shown that, according to the invention, many lighter size coatings are sufficient to achieve equivalent behavior of the sized yarn. V ^r cnn z. If, for example, known methods require a size loading of the yarn of 3 to 5 ° , the method according to the invention gives "equivalent results for loads with 0.1 to 1.2% size.

The high levels made possible by the method according to the invention Speeds allow the process to be incorporated into existing ones High-speed textile manufacturing or processing operations, so that a separate Schlic'atungsstufe and the become unnecessary for this required apparatus. E.g. it can Method according to the invention in an existing synthetic yarn manufacturer production process, up to which the thread material before being wound around a heated one for dimensional stabilization VJaI ze is led. In this case you need as The only additional device is that the liquid applicator is immediately downstream of the hot roll.

Liquid preparations are "natural on running yarns already in a variety of ways, including application immediately after a heated roller, but the application of a size or another adhesive polymer solid material on a hot thread material and with the knowledge that the love between the latent Heat in the thread material and the speed of the yarn material are sufficient could evaporate the aqueous diluent and dry the coating in a very short time to deliver is' so far unknown.

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According to an important embodiment of the invention, the sole layer mixture used to produce sized yarns also contains auxiliaries that act as lubricants, softeners, emulsifiers and antistatic agents. By applying all components from a single mixture, there is a more uniform ratio of the size to the other components of the mixture along the coated surface Yarn available. A separate application of such various substances _r as in the conventional sizes or even in the use of tandem applicator in a continuous process, usually equal to-moderate ratios of the materials leads along the yarn.

The specification APDG in the examples relates to a measure for the looping of the thread or the degree of intertwining ("Interlacing") in a multifilament (see Example 2), where the determination of this size automatically with that in the TJSA patent specification 3 290 932 described device according to Hitt takes place, which determines the yarn length (in cm), which is through lets lead a checkpoint, bev'jr intertwined or intermingled threads one ijich across the running Deflecting the needle extending through the bundle of threads «This thread lengthwise, the is usually determined as the mean of 10 determinations » as APDC number (automatic needle drop number or automatic pin drop Count) recorded in cm. In the case of the values given in the examples, the jig was set on the template of a Tensile tension of 10 g is set in the test yarn and the yarn at a speed of 2 1/2 m / min (100 in / min.) through the device, which was adjusted so that the Triggering the needle probe a force of 4 or 6 g (each specified for each test value) was necessary.

The term “untwisted” yarn refers to the one used here Meaning on a yarn that has no measurable twist over a length of several meters »

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Dei? The term multifile is used in this context Meaning on a yarn texjtilen titera, daö at least 5 load having in the thread bundle. The yarn can also contain as high a number of threads as 200 or more in the thread bundle, but the most common textile denier yarns contain under 100 threads.

The values of yarn tenacity and specified in the examples Elongations at break are measured on an Instron tensile tester with constant rate expansion of 10 # / min. and determined with a sample length of 25 1/2 cm (10 inches) »

The concentration of polyacrylic acid on the yarn is measured by immersing a weighed sample in 100 ml of distilled water and slowly heating it to 80 to 95 ° C. over the course of 60 minutes, then cooling the solution in the presence of the sample with 0.1 η NaOH titrated using phenolphthalein as an indicator. For a sharper formation of the end point, after a pale pink color has appeared, 2 g of faCl are added and the titration is then continued until a distinct rust color has appeared. The results are calculated according to the following equation:

Polyacrylic acid, _ ml HaOH χ normality χ 1 * 2 wt. $ ~ Sample weight

To determine the * concentration of preparation oils on the Yarn, the oils are extracted from a weighed sample with carbon tetrachloride, evaporates the carbon tetrachloride and weighs the residue. , · ·

Parts and percentages in the examples relate, if not stated otherwise, to the weight,

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B e · i β ν ie 1 1 -Ή

! This example illustrates one embodiment of the invention, in which a sized, untwisted, non-braided that is suitable for direct use as weft yarn in a fabric Textilmultifil is produced.

A melt-spinning-stretching composite device was used as the apparatus known type for two-stage stretching, in which the stretching rollers of the second stage are heated and as rollers 2, 3 in the device were used according to the drawing.

The preparation tub 6 contained the one described below Sizing mixture.

To create the visual light display, the following were initially used Mixed ingredients:

Component parts

Butyl stearate "70.2

Polyoxyethylene sorbitol hexaoleate 4.0

Fatty acid esters of higher poly-

glycols 8.3

oleic acid 2.3.

long chain alkyl phosphate 7.5

Potassium hydroxide 1.7

The first 5 components according to the table were »on one Hot plate until all of the long chain alkyl phosphate has dissolved heated up to 45 ° 0, whereupon the mixture with stirring cooled to room temperature and the potassium hydroxide ale 45 # aqueous solution added, this mixture then with Diluted distilled water to a T2 emulsion and now 126 parts of a 25 # strength aqueous polyacrylic acid solution were slowly stirred into 400 parts of the emulsion. The ready mix contained 6 $ polyacrylic acid.

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Polyhexamethylene adipamide was melt-spun through a 34-hole spinneret and the padding was quenched in cross-flowing air and passed over a primary preparation roller on which an antistatic aqueous preparation was applied which contained polyethylene glycol as active ingredient. The pad material then ran in 2 1/2 loops around an unheated feed roller working at 801.0 m / min and a spacer roller assigned to it, on to the first (unheated) stretching roller working at 2087.6 m / min and in 3 1/2 wraps around this and the spacer roller assigned to it and further in 17 1/2 wraps around a pair of secondary stretching rollers that is working at 2847.5 m / min and is heated to a temperature of 190 ° C At a distance of 26 cm from the hot stretching roller and running in the direction of the pad run with HU / min, circumferential size applicator roller with a diameter of 10.2 cm, on which the above-described size mixture was applied at room temperature by tangential momentary contact. The pad material had a temperature 21.6 cm above the Schliohtewalze, determined with an infrared Temperaturmeesgerfit, of about 170 ° C. After running off the Schliohtewalze the pad material ran through a distance of 6.4 cm and before coming together with the next guide surface then to a tob at a speed 269T »4 m / min, operated at a distance of 102 em, located on the upper Sohliohtewalee t läohengetriebenen Aufwlokele | ul · * the Jadenfut was dry well before reaching the coil.

The above Arbeltswelse was several weeks with the production of several hundred 2.7 kg pakungen of braided yarn. An examination of the product showed a flexible, untwisted, non-braided »(APDC value at 8 g release force 100 era), sized nylon yarn old an ·« average titer of 70.4 denier, a strength of 5 * 4 g / denier, an elongation at break of 37.4 # »an initial modulus of 27.9 g / den

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and a AblcoGhschruapf of 6 »0 $ >> The DarcnaGhnittliche, Sohlichtibela & ung des Uras was 0.234» «*. £> where the gate division was long» € «$ fanui beBär & siifewert fisiobj & Isslg. The preparation oil "lay in a" ioiisaatratloa το "0.634 few. # Το *. The 0 # sn äattei-fttjp di * ** lativgeriage Kenge of the carried out sole praises »eiaen überrtfloheadea Zueaamenhaltagrad,

Sa «htrköMaliüft» finishing after the slashing process results See below for common yarn size loadings from 2 to

Thawing the yarn in cold water showed that the sole was easy to remove and was easy to remove HtrköBJiliohtn 31iehing-Proiea »en preserved Gamtn, the usual removal of the soleplate an alkaline varowaeohung demand.

Saa yarn obtained in the above manner became sur Sohuaepule opened and soaked in a juice (sauce reel tension 18 g, bag tension 10 g), whereby the chair was set to 26.8 feet / cb and the chain was made from a 70-34 commercial thread twisted in the traditional way and made according to the Slaehing pattern became.

Tergleioh were in the same chain of Sohuaegarn-Abechnitte from a high-quality, generally available, untwisted, intertwined 70-34-Gara aue lylon 66 bits of an APDÖ number of 16 whether (beatlapt in an Aualöeelcraft τοη 4 g) installed «

After the weaving, the fabric was divided into two sections and One of which is dyed gray with old acid dyes and the second is dyed red with red metallic dyes of the present example containing parts' in the similarity of their appearance to the commercially available Sohuss-

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containing yarn were far superior. With visual assessment the Söhuea equilibrium in gland on a scale from 1 to 5 (1 = eohleohti 5 «awarded) received the one with the yarn gray goods obtained according to the invention a »rating of 3 * 7 In comparison see below 1.5 for the Sehueanandelagarn. In the Red V / are was the rating of the yarns according to the invention ** 5.4 versus 2.0 for commercial yarn,

Example g

> ■ · ■ - ■; · i- - ■. "■■. ■." - ■ This example explains the application of the method according to of the invention in the production of an «arbitrated, for the Use threads suitable as a bed thread in woven fabrics.

Ee was a · Example 1 with the modification corresponding? Device used that "a Verfleohtungedüaensinrichtung the in Fig. 1, 3 and 4 of the ÜSA-Patenteohrift 3 115 691 described type was installed" the "dme fftdengut must be on its way from the family treks 2 and 3 to Schliohti-Applilcatorwalee 5 the bin direction gate When the orphan had been reached, the nozzle had to operate at 1.4% air. The good whale-companionship, temperature and number of conditions around the faiaen corresponded to example 5. The sole light applicator wali » 5 was provided with a flee omnidirectional groove on the contact with dta öarü in order to have a stronger closing groove than in the example of the running yarn su he fell »

The solute preparation layer applied to the yarn with the applicator roller 3 corresponds to Example 1 with the modification that the concentration was set to 10 4. Beer speed of the running in the sighting of the adengut movement: Roller 5 was T6 tJ / min.

Using the above procedure and apparatus;

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a 34-thread folyhexamethylene adipamide Gara melt-spun, quenched, stretched, braided, sized and wound up on a surface-driven pack at a winding speed of 2726.6 m / min. The sized yarn was completely dry before it reached the winding point. An examination of the untwisted yarn on the package showed a total denier of 70.6 den, a strength of 5.1 g / den, an elongation at break of 33.9 #> an initial modulus of 26.9 g / den and a boil-off shrinkage of 5, 4 #. The yarn could be removed from the package with no noticeable pinning or "plucking". The analysis of the size resulted in 1.27 # polyacrylic acid and the preparation 1.22 $> spin finish oils, each based on the weight of the fiber. The examination of the degree of interweaving after the APDC test resulted in 4.5 cm (with a release force of 8 g). The yarn exhibited good cohesion, low friction and excellent evenness of the ratio of size to finish along the yarn. The uniformity of the modulus and the flexibility along the yarn were also extremely remarkable.

Immersing a sample of the yarn in cold VJaeser resulted for the immediate dissolution and removal of the visual light from the Yarn. .

Aue the G * ra settled in the above manner was without further ado Finishing or turning a chain formed * inflea first the yarn from the yarns obtained during winding into one Silk Mill and then transferred from this to a chair tree was wrapped. The chain was then used to make a taffeta on a standard chair at a setting of 26.8 Weft and 37.8 warp threads / em are used, which is an excellent one Processability showed. After weaving 150 yards (137 m) of the fabric, there was still no break.

The V ^r are as in Example 1 was washed and gray colored WO

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jtü) ~ ibi 5,

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with them a remarkable evenness in the warp direction showed.

For comparison, the method applied with the preparation roller 5 was carried out using the above procedure without the presence of polyacrylic acid Solution made an intertwined yarn, then formed a chain from this without sizing or twisting, and then turned it into a chain Tried use in a taffeta. Gambrtiche made a weave not possible.

In the embodiments according to the invention in which how Explained in the examples, the application of a size in combination with preparation oils is desirable Get better results if you choose the ratio of size to oil so that there is enough oil to remove the To exceed the normal maximum solubility value of the oil in the size, the oil forms at this preferred ratio a separate protective layer on the outside of the size film and results in a further reduction in yarn friction under this accompanying increase in processability. If polyacrylic acid is used as the size and a mineral oil is used as the oil is preferably operated with a ratio of size to oil in the range of 0.4 to 1.0 (40 to 100 wt. ^). If the oil used is an ester of a long-chain fatty acid, a ratio of size to oil in the range from 0.3 to 0.9 (30 to 90 wt. ^) is preferred.

There are, of course, many ways of working according to the invention Synthetic fiber types accessible, including those with non-circular cross-sections such as trilobal, hexalobal or cruciform Threads or fibers, threads with discontinuous or continuous longitudinal cavities, threads with a content of dispersed Pigments of various types, including those described in U.S. Patent 3,397,171, filaments made from Melt blends of different types of polymer are obtained,

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as described in British Patent Nos. 918 637 and 965 320, Mixtures of threads made of different polymers, coming out of different holes of the same spinneret at the same time are spun, e.g. B. by spinning nylon 66 and a copolymer of adipic acid, isophthalic acid at the same time and hexamethylenediamine, composite filaments formed from two separate polymer components, as in the UK 805 003, and many other varieties.

As mentioned above, the invention is particularly suitable for the production of sized yarns from threads made of artificial fibers linear polyamide. The term artificial, linear polyamide includes any linear polymer, the repeating one Units of the formula

ι n

RO

as uniform parts of the main polymer chain, where R is hydrogen or a monovalent hydrocarbon radical, the average number of carbon atoms separating the amide groups is at least 2 and the polyamide has an intrinsic viscosity of at least about 0.4 (as defined in U.S. Patent 2,130,948). To special ones Polyamides for the purposes of the invention include polyhexamethylene adipamide, Polyhexamethylene sebacamide, polymerized 6-amino-caproic acid, polytetramethylene sebacamide, polytetramethylene adipamide, Polymetaxylylene adipamide, the polyamide auB Bls- (4-aminocyclohexyl) methane and azelaic acid, sebacic acid, Decamethylene-1,10-dicarboxylic acid or dodecane-1,12-diacid, and the polyamide made from 2-methylhexamethylenediamine and Terephthalic acid, the invention are also other polymers and various interpolymers, namely block interpolymers as well as random interpolymers, accessible, such as the interpolymers of polyhexamethylene adipamide and polyhexamethylene isophthalamide and the mixed polymers of polyhoxamethylene adipamide and poly-

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hexamethylene-tert-butyliaophthalamide. Polyamides for purposes of the invention are also described in U.S. Patents 2,071 and 2,071,253.

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Claims (7)

RD-1615 October 31, 1909 Godparents say Method of applying a coating to an elongated, flexible pad, characterized in that one a) the substrate with a speed of about 5 tan / Min. Forwards through a heating zone, b) the pad to a temperature of at least about 80 ° 0, but heated below the melting point of the base and c) on the running, heated surface a coating of a -nonheated, liquid coating mixture with a content an inert, high-boiling solvent and an adhesive polymer coating material in a coating thickness of less than about 1/5 of the base thickness and the speed and temperature of the substrate in relation to one another corresponding to the evaporation of the solvent and drying of the polymer material on the base. 2. The method according to claim 1, d £ characterized in that one uses a base formed by at least one textile thread. 3 »The method according to claim 1, df, characterized in that one uses threads made of artificial, linear polyamide as a base and the threads in a winds the package, which is less than about 1/5 the thickness of the threads, with speed and temperature of the threads of the evaporation of the solvent and drying of the polymer material on the thread before winding accordingly to get voted. . 4. The method according to claim 3 »characterized in that one the threads at a speed of about 3 tan / min. moves forward and works at a temperature of about 170 ° C. 0 0 9 8 2 0/1 S 7 8 BAD ORlGtNAL ίο 5. The method according to claim 4, de characterized in that one works with polyacrylic acid as a polymeric material. 6. The method according to claim 4, characterized in that the polymer in an amount of about 6 $ by weight of the Miochung begins and the threads have a load with about 0.1 to 1.3 wt. $ Of polymer material after drying accordingly overdrawn. 7. The method according to claim 5, characterized in that one a mixture with a content of spin finish oil is used, -which the ratio of the polyacrylic acid to the oil in the mixture has a content in the range from about 30 to 100 wt. is equivalent to. * - 2C 009820/157