DE1203703B - Process for the flotation of sylvin from a sylvinite-kainite mineral mixture - Google Patents
Process for the flotation of sylvin from a sylvinite-kainite mineral mixtureInfo
- Publication number
- DE1203703B DE1203703B DES65525A DES0065525A DE1203703B DE 1203703 B DE1203703 B DE 1203703B DE S65525 A DES65525 A DE S65525A DE S0065525 A DES0065525 A DE S0065525A DE 1203703 B DE1203703 B DE 1203703B
- Authority
- DE
- Germany
- Prior art keywords
- kainite
- sylvinite
- sylvin
- flotation
- mineral mixture
- Prior art date
- Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
- Pending
Links
- 229910052500 inorganic mineral Inorganic materials 0.000 title claims description 13
- 239000011707 mineral Substances 0.000 title claims description 13
- 239000000203 mixture Substances 0.000 title claims description 12
- 238000005188 flotation Methods 0.000 title claims description 8
- 238000000034 method Methods 0.000 title claims description 7
- BMQVDVJKPMGHDO-UHFFFAOYSA-K magnesium;potassium;chloride;sulfate;trihydrate Chemical compound O.O.O.[Mg+2].[Cl-].[K+].[O-]S([O-])(=O)=O BMQVDVJKPMGHDO-UHFFFAOYSA-K 0.000 claims description 9
- 239000003513 alkali Substances 0.000 claims description 3
- 229920001864 tannin Polymers 0.000 claims description 3
- 235000018553 tannin Nutrition 0.000 claims description 3
- 239000001648 tannin Substances 0.000 claims description 3
- 229910019142 PO4 Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 2
- 125000004432 carbon atom Chemical group C* 0.000 claims description 2
- 239000010802 sludge Substances 0.000 claims description 2
- 239000000126 substance Substances 0.000 claims description 2
- OKTJSMMVPCPJKN-UHFFFAOYSA-N Carbon Chemical group [C] OKTJSMMVPCPJKN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims 1
- ZBCBWPMODOFKDW-UHFFFAOYSA-N diethanolamine Chemical compound OCCNCCO ZBCBWPMODOFKDW-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims 1
- 125000005341 metaphosphate group Chemical group 0.000 claims 1
- 238000005065 mining Methods 0.000 claims 1
- 239000010452 phosphate Substances 0.000 claims 1
- NBIIXXVUZAFLBC-UHFFFAOYSA-K phosphate Chemical compound [O-]P([O-])([O-])=O NBIIXXVUZAFLBC-UHFFFAOYSA-K 0.000 claims 1
- 239000004094 surface-active agent Substances 0.000 claims 1
- WCUXLLCKKVVCTQ-UHFFFAOYSA-M Potassium chloride Chemical compound [Cl-].[K+] WCUXLLCKKVVCTQ-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 description 18
- 235000010755 mineral Nutrition 0.000 description 10
- 239000012141 concentrate Substances 0.000 description 9
- 239000001103 potassium chloride Substances 0.000 description 6
- 235000011164 potassium chloride Nutrition 0.000 description 6
- -1 aliphatic amines Chemical class 0.000 description 4
- TUSDEZXZIZRFGC-UHFFFAOYSA-N 1-O-galloyl-3,6-(R)-HHDP-beta-D-glucose Natural products OC1C(O2)COC(=O)C3=CC(O)=C(O)C(O)=C3C3=C(O)C(O)=C(O)C=C3C(=O)OC1C(O)C2OC(=O)C1=CC(O)=C(O)C(O)=C1 TUSDEZXZIZRFGC-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- 239000001263 FEMA 3042 Substances 0.000 description 3
- AMQJEAYHLZJPGS-UHFFFAOYSA-N N-Pentanol Chemical compound CCCCCO AMQJEAYHLZJPGS-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- LRBQNJMCXXYXIU-PPKXGCFTSA-N Penta-digallate-beta-D-glucose Natural products OC1=C(O)C(O)=CC(C(=O)OC=2C(=C(O)C=C(C=2)C(=O)OC[C@@H]2[C@H]([C@H](OC(=O)C=3C=C(OC(=O)C=4C=C(O)C(O)=C(O)C=4)C(O)=C(O)C=3)[C@@H](OC(=O)C=3C=C(OC(=O)C=4C=C(O)C(O)=C(O)C=4)C(O)=C(O)C=3)[C@H](OC(=O)C=3C=C(OC(=O)C=4C=C(O)C(O)=C(O)C=4)C(O)=C(O)C=3)O2)OC(=O)C=2C=C(OC(=O)C=3C=C(O)C(O)=C(O)C=3)C(O)=C(O)C=2)O)=C1 LRBQNJMCXXYXIU-PPKXGCFTSA-N 0.000 description 3
- 239000003153 chemical reaction reagent Substances 0.000 description 3
- 230000009182 swimming Effects 0.000 description 3
- LRBQNJMCXXYXIU-NRMVVENXSA-N tannic acid Chemical compound OC1=C(O)C(O)=CC(C(=O)OC=2C(=C(O)C=C(C=2)C(=O)OC[C@@H]2[C@H]([C@H](OC(=O)C=3C=C(OC(=O)C=4C=C(O)C(O)=C(O)C=4)C(O)=C(O)C=3)[C@@H](OC(=O)C=3C=C(OC(=O)C=4C=C(O)C(O)=C(O)C=4)C(O)=C(O)C=3)[C@@H](OC(=O)C=3C=C(OC(=O)C=4C=C(O)C(O)=C(O)C=4)C(O)=C(O)C=3)O2)OC(=O)C=2C=C(OC(=O)C=3C=C(O)C(O)=C(O)C=3)C(O)=C(O)C=2)O)=C1 LRBQNJMCXXYXIU-NRMVVENXSA-N 0.000 description 3
- 229940033123 tannic acid Drugs 0.000 description 3
- 235000015523 tannic acid Nutrition 0.000 description 3
- 229920002258 tannic acid Polymers 0.000 description 3
- 150000001412 amines Chemical class 0.000 description 2
- 229920006395 saturated elastomer Polymers 0.000 description 2
- 239000011734 sodium Substances 0.000 description 2
- QTWJRLJHJPIABL-UHFFFAOYSA-N 2-methylphenol;3-methylphenol;4-methylphenol Chemical compound CC1=CC=C(O)C=C1.CC1=CC=CC(O)=C1.CC1=CC=CC=C1O QTWJRLJHJPIABL-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229920001353 Dextrin Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 239000004375 Dextrin Substances 0.000 description 1
- 241000218594 Picea pungens Species 0.000 description 1
- 229920002472 Starch Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 238000010521 absorption reaction Methods 0.000 description 1
- 150000008051 alkyl sulfates Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 229940045714 alkyl sulfonate alkylating agent Drugs 0.000 description 1
- 150000008052 alkyl sulfonates Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 239000007864 aqueous solution Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000001913 cellulose Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229920002678 cellulose Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 230000001143 conditioned effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000000470 constituent Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229930003836 cresol Natural products 0.000 description 1
- 235000019425 dextrin Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- WZISDKTXHMETKG-UHFFFAOYSA-H dimagnesium;dipotassium;trisulfate Chemical compound [Mg+2].[Mg+2].[K+].[K+].[O-]S([O-])(=O)=O.[O-]S([O-])(=O)=O.[O-]S([O-])(=O)=O WZISDKTXHMETKG-UHFFFAOYSA-H 0.000 description 1
- 230000000694 effects Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000003337 fertilizer Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910052943 magnesium sulfate Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- GMLLYEDWRJDBIT-UHFFFAOYSA-J magnesium;dipotassium;disulfate Chemical compound [Mg+2].[K+].[K+].[O-]S([O-])(=O)=O.[O-]S([O-])(=O)=O GMLLYEDWRJDBIT-UHFFFAOYSA-J 0.000 description 1
- 235000021317 phosphate Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 150000003013 phosphoric acid derivatives Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- XAEFZNCEHLXOMS-UHFFFAOYSA-M potassium benzoate Chemical compound [K+].[O-]C(=O)C1=CC=CC=C1 XAEFZNCEHLXOMS-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 description 1
- OQZCJRJRGMMSGK-UHFFFAOYSA-M potassium metaphosphate Chemical compound [K+].[O-]P(=O)=O OQZCJRJRGMMSGK-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 description 1
- 229940099402 potassium metaphosphate Drugs 0.000 description 1
- 229910001577 potassium mineral Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 150000003839 salts Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- GCLGEJMYGQKIIW-UHFFFAOYSA-H sodium hexametaphosphate Chemical compound [Na]OP1(=O)OP(=O)(O[Na])OP(=O)(O[Na])OP(=O)(O[Na])OP(=O)(O[Na])OP(=O)(O[Na])O1 GCLGEJMYGQKIIW-UHFFFAOYSA-H 0.000 description 1
- 235000019982 sodium hexametaphosphate Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 239000010675 spruce oil Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000008107 starch Substances 0.000 description 1
- 235000019698 starch Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 150000003871 sulfonates Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 239000000725 suspension Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000001577 tetrasodium phosphonato phosphate Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000012991 xanthate Substances 0.000 description 1
Classifications
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B03—SEPARATION OF SOLID MATERIALS USING LIQUIDS OR USING PNEUMATIC TABLES OR JIGS; MAGNETIC OR ELECTROSTATIC SEPARATION OF SOLID MATERIALS FROM SOLID MATERIALS OR FLUIDS; SEPARATION BY HIGH-VOLTAGE ELECTRIC FIELDS
- B03D—FLOTATION; DIFFERENTIAL SEDIMENTATION
- B03D1/00—Flotation
- B03D1/001—Flotation agents
- B03D1/004—Organic compounds
- B03D1/01—Organic compounds containing nitrogen
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B03—SEPARATION OF SOLID MATERIALS USING LIQUIDS OR USING PNEUMATIC TABLES OR JIGS; MAGNETIC OR ELECTROSTATIC SEPARATION OF SOLID MATERIALS FROM SOLID MATERIALS OR FLUIDS; SEPARATION BY HIGH-VOLTAGE ELECTRIC FIELDS
- B03D—FLOTATION; DIFFERENTIAL SEDIMENTATION
- B03D1/00—Flotation
- B03D1/001—Flotation agents
- B03D1/004—Organic compounds
- B03D1/014—Organic compounds containing phosphorus
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C02—TREATMENT OF WATER, WASTE WATER, SEWAGE, OR SLUDGE
- C02F—TREATMENT OF WATER, WASTE WATER, SEWAGE, OR SLUDGE
- C02F1/00—Treatment of water, waste water, or sewage
- C02F1/46—Treatment of water, waste water, or sewage by electrochemical methods
- C02F1/461—Treatment of water, waste water, or sewage by electrochemical methods by electrolysis
- C02F1/465—Treatment of water, waste water, or sewage by electrochemical methods by electrolysis by electroflotation
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B03—SEPARATION OF SOLID MATERIALS USING LIQUIDS OR USING PNEUMATIC TABLES OR JIGS; MAGNETIC OR ELECTROSTATIC SEPARATION OF SOLID MATERIALS FROM SOLID MATERIALS OR FLUIDS; SEPARATION BY HIGH-VOLTAGE ELECTRIC FIELDS
- B03D—FLOTATION; DIFFERENTIAL SEDIMENTATION
- B03D2201/00—Specified effects produced by the flotation agents
- B03D2201/02—Collectors
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B03—SEPARATION OF SOLID MATERIALS USING LIQUIDS OR USING PNEUMATIC TABLES OR JIGS; MAGNETIC OR ELECTROSTATIC SEPARATION OF SOLID MATERIALS FROM SOLID MATERIALS OR FLUIDS; SEPARATION BY HIGH-VOLTAGE ELECTRIC FIELDS
- B03D—FLOTATION; DIFFERENTIAL SEDIMENTATION
- B03D2203/00—Specified materials treated by the flotation agents; Specified applications
- B03D2203/02—Ores
- B03D2203/04—Non-sulfide ores
- B03D2203/10—Potassium ores
Landscapes
- Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
- Chemical Kinetics & Catalysis (AREA)
- Electrochemistry (AREA)
- General Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
- Life Sciences & Earth Sciences (AREA)
- Hydrology & Water Resources (AREA)
- Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- Environmental & Geological Engineering (AREA)
- Water Supply & Treatment (AREA)
- Organic Chemistry (AREA)
- Fertilizers (AREA)
Description
Verfahren zur Flotation von Sylvin aus einem Sylvinit-Kainit-Mineralgemisch Es ist bekannt, daß Sylvin (Kaliumchlorid) aus einer Suspension von feingemahlenem Sylvinit in einer mit den löslichen Bestandteilen des Minerals gesättigten Lauge durch Flotation gewonnen werden kann. Als Sammler für den Sylvin werden hierbei aliphatische Amine oder eine Mischung derselben angewandt, wobei das Amin eine unverzweigte Kette mit B bis 18 C-Atomen enthalten kann. Ferner wird ein oberflächenaktiver Schäumer, z. B. Fichtenöl, Kresol, Amylalkohol und, falls erforderlich, noch ein Hilfsreagenz, wie Stärke, Dextrin, Guartec, Zellulosexanthogenate od. dgl., benutzt, um das Absorptionsvermögen in bezug auf den Sammler gegenüber eventuell vorhandenem Schlamm zu neutralisieren.Process for the flotation of sylvine from a sylvinite-kainite mineral mixture It is known that sylvine (potassium chloride) is made from a suspension of finely ground Sylvinite in a lye saturated with the soluble components of the mineral can be obtained by flotation. As a collector for the Sylvin are here aliphatic amines or a mixture thereof are used, the amine being an unbranched Can contain chain with B to 18 carbon atoms. Furthermore, a surface-active foamer, z. B. spruce oil, cresol, amyl alcohol and, if necessary, an auxiliary reagent, such as starch, dextrin, Guartec, cellulose xanthates or the like. Used to increase the absorption capacity in relation to the collector to neutralize any sludge that may be present.
Untet diesen Umständen ist es - verhältnismäßig leicht, aus dem Sylvinit ein KCl-Konzentrat mit einem K20-Gehalt von 58 bis 60 °/o zu erhalten, das üblicherweise für das als Düngemittel in der Landwirtschaft verwendete KCl am meisten verlangt wird.Under these circumstances it is comparatively easy to get out of the sylvinite to obtain a KCl concentrate with a K20 content of 58 to 60%, which is usually the case most demanded for KCl used as fertilizer in agriculture will.
Falls aber das Rohmineral außer Sylvin (63,170/, K20) auch den einen niedrigeren Gehalt an K20 aufweisenden Kainit (KCl - MgS04 -18,9 °/o K20) enthält, ist es nicht mehr möglich, mit dem oben beschriebenen Verfahren ein Konzentrat mit einem hohen und konstanten K20-Gehalt zu erhalten; denn zusammen mit dem Sylvin schwimmt auch der Kainit auf, so daß Produkte erhalten werden, die veränderliche Mengen an KCl enthalten, die jeweils vom Gehalt an Kainit in dem behandelten Mineral abhängen.If, however, the raw mineral contains not only sylvine (63.170 /, K20) but also kainite (KCl - MgS04 -18.9% K20), which has a lower content of K20, it is no longer possible to use the above-described process as a concentrate maintain a high and constant K20 content; because together with the sylvin, the kainite also floats, so that products are obtained which contain variable amounts of KCl, which in each case depend on the content of kainite in the treated mineral.
Bisher konnte dieser Nachteil nur durch eine vorhergehende Schwimmaufbereitung des Kainits mittels Alkylsulfaten oder -sulfonaten beseitigt werden. Diese Reagenzien begünstigen zwar das Aufschwimmen von Salzen, wie Langbeinit, Kainit und Schoenit, aber nicht die von Sylvin. Erst nach dieser ersten Stufe war es möglich, die normale Schwimmaufbereitung des Sylvins mit Amin auszuführen, indem der aus der ersten Stufe resultierende Rest der neuen Behandlung unterzogen wurde.So far, this disadvantage could only be achieved by prior swimming treatment of the kainite can be eliminated by means of alkyl sulfates or sulfonates. These reagents favor the floating of salts such as langbeinite, kainite and schoenite, but not Sylvin's. Only after this first stage was it possible to use the normal one To carry out swimming treatment of the Sylvins with amine by the one from the first stage resulting remainder was subjected to the new treatment.
Wenn dieses Verfahren auch ein Sylvinkonzentrat mit hohem und konstantem Gehalt an KCl liefert, so ist es jedoch teurer als eine einstufige Flotation von Sylvinit, und zwar deshalb, weil man über zwei Schwimmbatterien mit separaten Umläufen verfügen muß, wobei außerdem noch die Verwendung von kostspieligen Reagenzien, wie Alkylsulfonate, notwendigist.If this procedure is also a sylvine concentrate with high and constant Supplies content of KCl, so it is more expensive than a single-stage flotation of Sylvinite, because you have two floating batteries with separate circuits must have, and also the use of expensive reagents, such as Alkyl sulfonates.
Nach der vorliegenden Erfindung wird in das normale einstufige Schwimmverfahren eine besondere Maßnahme eingeschaltet, welche geeignet ist, die Behandlungskosten der Sylvinit-Kainit-Mineralmischung herabzusetzen, ohne jedoch den Gehalt und die Menge des erzeugten Sylvinkonzentrats zu verringern. Es wurde nun gefunden, daß bei Verwendung normaler aliphatischer Amine als Sammler das Aufschwimmen von Kainit erschwert und unvollständig wird, wenn der mit den Bestandteilen des Minerals gesättigten Trübe (K+ = 2,6 bis 2,9, Mg++ = 5,2 bis 5,4, Na+ = 2,3 bis 3,7, S04' = 4,8 bis 5,1, Cl' = 17,0 bis 18,0 Gewichtsprozent) etwa 0,05 g/1 einer Tanninsubstanz, insbesondere Tanninsäure, hinzugefügt werden. Dieselbe drückende Wirkung wie mit Tannin kann auch mit den Alkaliphosphaten, insbesondere Natrium-Hexametaphosphat, erzielt werden, wenn sie der Trübe vor dem Sammler für das Kaliumsalz zugefügt werden.According to the present invention, the normal one-step swimming process is used a special measure switched on, which is suitable, the treatment costs of the sylvinite-kainite mineral mixture, without, however, the content and the To reduce the amount of sylvine concentrate produced. It has now been found that If normal aliphatic amines are used as a collector, the floating of kainite becomes more difficult and incomplete when saturated with the constituents of the mineral Cloudy (K + = 2.6 to 2.9, Mg ++ = 5.2 to 5.4, Na + = 2.3 to 3.7, SO4 '= 4.8 to 5.1, Cl '= 17.0 to 18.0 percent by weight) about 0.05 g / 1 of a tannin substance, in particular Tannic acid. Same oppressive effect as tannin can can also be achieved with the alkali phosphates, in particular sodium hexametaphosphate, if they are added to the pulp before the collector for the potassium salt.
Mit dem erfindungsgemäßen Verfahren ist es also möglich, die Anreicherung von Kaliummineralen, die aus einer Mischung von Sylvinit und Kainit bestehen, mit praktisch denselben Kosten und mit denselben Anlagen auszuführen, wie sie bei der Flotation von reinen Sylvinitmineralien verwendet werden, wobei Produkte mit hohem und konstantem Gehalt an K20 erhalten werden.With the method according to the invention it is therefore possible to carry out the enrichment of potassium minerals, which consist of a mixture of sylvinite and kainite, with practically at the same cost and with the same facilities as the Flotation of pure sylvinite minerals are used, with products being high and a constant content of K20 can be obtained.
Zur weiteren Erläuterung der Erfindung dienen die nachstehenden Beispiele.The following examples serve to further illustrate the invention.
Beispiel 1 A) 1000g eines auf 0,5 mm gemahlenen Mineralgemisches aus
Sylvinit und Kainit mit einem Gehalt von 16,12°/a an Sylvin-K20 und 2,34°/o an Kainit-K20
wurden in 1500 ccm einer wäßrigen Lösung folgender Zusammensetzung suspendiert (Angaben
in Gewichtsprozent
): K+ = 2,6 bis 2,9; Mg++ = 5,2 bis 5,4; Na+
= 2,3 bis 3,7;S04 ' = 4,8 bis 5,1; Cl' =17 bis 18. Die anschließende Flotation wurde
mit 125 g/t eines Aminacetates mit der Handelsbezeichnung »Armac T« und 25 g/t Amylalkohol
durchgeführt. Nach zwei anschließenden Anreicherungsdurchgängen des Vorkonzentrates
wurden folgende Resultate erhalten:
Claims (1)
Applications Claiming Priority (1)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
---|---|---|---|
IT1203703X | 1958-10-28 |
Publications (1)
Publication Number | Publication Date |
---|---|
DE1203703B true DE1203703B (en) | 1965-10-28 |
Family
ID=11433257
Family Applications (1)
Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
---|---|---|---|
DES65525A Pending DE1203703B (en) | 1958-10-28 | 1959-10-22 | Process for the flotation of sylvin from a sylvinite-kainite mineral mixture |
Country Status (1)
Country | Link |
---|---|
DE (1) | DE1203703B (en) |
Cited By (1)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
WO2016086910A1 (en) * | 2014-12-01 | 2016-06-09 | K+S Aktiengesellschaft | Process for the selective flotation of kainite from mineral mixtures using sulfated fatty acids as the collector reagent |
Citations (1)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
DE969543C (en) * | 1954-10-03 | 1958-06-19 | Kali Forschungs Anstalt G M B | Process to prevent the deposition of poorly soluble calcium salts during the flotation of potash salts |
-
1959
- 1959-10-22 DE DES65525A patent/DE1203703B/en active Pending
Patent Citations (1)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
DE969543C (en) * | 1954-10-03 | 1958-06-19 | Kali Forschungs Anstalt G M B | Process to prevent the deposition of poorly soluble calcium salts during the flotation of potash salts |
Cited By (5)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
WO2016086910A1 (en) * | 2014-12-01 | 2016-06-09 | K+S Aktiengesellschaft | Process for the selective flotation of kainite from mineral mixtures using sulfated fatty acids as the collector reagent |
CN107206393A (en) * | 2014-12-01 | 2017-09-26 | 德国钾盐集团股份有限公司 | The method of collecting agent selective floation kainite from mineral intermixture is used as by the use of sulfated fatty acid |
AU2015357837B2 (en) * | 2014-12-01 | 2018-06-21 | K+S Aktiengesellschaft | Process for the selective flotation of kainite from mineral mixtures using sulfated fatty acids as the collector reagent |
US10118183B2 (en) | 2014-12-01 | 2018-11-06 | K+S Aktiengesellschaft | Process for the selective floatation of kainite from mineral mixtures using sulfated fatty acids as the collector reagent |
RU2702560C2 (en) * | 2014-12-01 | 2019-10-08 | К+С Акциенгезелльшафт | Method for selective flotation of kainite from mineral mixtures using sulphated fatty acids as collector |
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