DE102022000365B3 - Offset link axle for vehicles with a low loading area height and large wheel diameters - Google Patents
Offset link axle for vehicles with a low loading area height and large wheel diameters Download PDFInfo
- Publication number
- DE102022000365B3 DE102022000365B3 DE102022000365.1A DE102022000365A DE102022000365B3 DE 102022000365 B3 DE102022000365 B3 DE 102022000365B3 DE 102022000365 A DE102022000365 A DE 102022000365A DE 102022000365 B3 DE102022000365 B3 DE 102022000365B3
- Authority
- DE
- Germany
- Prior art keywords
- axle
- coupling
- chassis
- spring
- arm axle
- Prior art date
- Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
- Active
Links
- 230000008878 coupling Effects 0.000 claims abstract description 39
- 238000010168 coupling process Methods 0.000 claims abstract description 39
- 238000005859 coupling reaction Methods 0.000 claims abstract description 39
- 239000000945 filler Substances 0.000 claims description 3
- 238000010276 construction Methods 0.000 description 6
- 238000004519 manufacturing process Methods 0.000 description 4
- 239000000725 suspension Substances 0.000 description 3
- 241001465754 Metazoa Species 0.000 description 1
- 238000004026 adhesive bonding Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000002131 composite material Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000007812 deficiency Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000000694 effects Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000008030 elimination Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000003379 elimination reaction Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000005242 forging Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000010030 laminating Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000000463 material Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000002184 metal Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000004033 plastic Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000003825 pressing Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000000284 resting effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000003381 stabilizer Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000003466 welding Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000002023 wood Substances 0.000 description 1
Images
Classifications
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B62—LAND VEHICLES FOR TRAVELLING OTHERWISE THAN ON RAILS
- B62D—MOTOR VEHICLES; TRAILERS
- B62D63/00—Motor vehicles or trailers not otherwise provided for
- B62D63/06—Trailers
- B62D63/062—Trailers with one axle or two wheels
- B62D63/064—Trailers with one axle or two wheels light luggage or equipment trailers, e.g. for batteries, gas generators, gas bottles, stretchers
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B60—VEHICLES IN GENERAL
- B60G—VEHICLE SUSPENSION ARRANGEMENTS
- B60G11/00—Resilient suspensions characterised by arrangement, location or kind of springs
- B60G11/18—Resilient suspensions characterised by arrangement, location or kind of springs having torsion-bar springs only
- B60G11/183—Resilient suspensions characterised by arrangement, location or kind of springs having torsion-bar springs only arranged in a plane transverse to the longitudinal axis of the vehicle
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B60—VEHICLES IN GENERAL
- B60G—VEHICLE SUSPENSION ARRANGEMENTS
- B60G11/00—Resilient suspensions characterised by arrangement, location or kind of springs
- B60G11/18—Resilient suspensions characterised by arrangement, location or kind of springs having torsion-bar springs only
- B60G11/184—Resilient suspensions characterised by arrangement, location or kind of springs having torsion-bar springs only the torsion-bar consisting of a bundle of torsion elements
- B60G11/185—Resilient suspensions characterised by arrangement, location or kind of springs having torsion-bar springs only the torsion-bar consisting of a bundle of torsion elements the elements being rods
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B60—VEHICLES IN GENERAL
- B60G—VEHICLE SUSPENSION ARRANGEMENTS
- B60G2200/00—Indexing codes relating to suspension types
- B60G2200/20—Semi-rigid axle suspensions
- B60G2200/22—Trailing arms connected by a straight torsion bar
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B60—VEHICLES IN GENERAL
- B60G—VEHICLE SUSPENSION ARRANGEMENTS
- B60G2202/00—Indexing codes relating to the type of spring, damper or actuator
- B60G2202/10—Type of spring
- B60G2202/13—Torsion spring
- B60G2202/134—Torsion spring comprising a transversal torsion bar and/or tube
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B60—VEHICLES IN GENERAL
- B60G—VEHICLE SUSPENSION ARRANGEMENTS
- B60G2204/00—Indexing codes related to suspensions per se or to auxiliary parts
- B60G2204/10—Mounting of suspension elements
- B60G2204/12—Mounting of springs or dampers
- B60G2204/122—Mounting of torsion springs
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B60—VEHICLES IN GENERAL
- B60G—VEHICLE SUSPENSION ARRANGEMENTS
- B60G2204/00—Indexing codes related to suspensions per se or to auxiliary parts
- B60G2204/10—Mounting of suspension elements
- B60G2204/12—Mounting of springs or dampers
- B60G2204/13—Mounting of springs or dampers with the spring, i.e. coil spring, or damper horizontally mounted
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B60—VEHICLES IN GENERAL
- B60G—VEHICLE SUSPENSION ARRANGEMENTS
- B60G2300/00—Indexing codes relating to the type of vehicle
- B60G2300/04—Trailers
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B60—VEHICLES IN GENERAL
- B60G—VEHICLE SUSPENSION ARRANGEMENTS
- B60G2300/00—Indexing codes relating to the type of vehicle
- B60G2300/13—Small sized city motor vehicles
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B60—VEHICLES IN GENERAL
- B60G—VEHICLE SUSPENSION ARRANGEMENTS
- B60G2300/00—Indexing codes relating to the type of vehicle
- B60G2300/50—Electric vehicles; Hybrid vehicles
Abstract
Die gekröpfte Koppellenkerachse ist eine Halbstarrachse bei der die Anordnung von Schwingen (1) und Koppellenkern (2) in Form eines tiefen U mit steilen Flanken ausgebildet ist, wodurch sich sehr tiefliegende Chassisböden zwischen den Schwingen (1) montieren lassen, bei sehr geringem Platzbedarf der sich nahezu waagerecht bewegenden Koppellenker (2) unterhalb des Chassis (4)The cranked coupling arm axle is a semi-rigid axle in which the arrangement of swingarms (1) and coupling arms (2) is designed in the form of a deep U with steep flanks, which means that very low-lying chassis floors can be mounted between the swingarms (1), with very little space being required for the almost horizontally moving coupling link (2) below the chassis (4)
Description
Die weit verbreiteten Fahrradanhänger, wie sie für Kinder- ,Lasten-, und Tiertransport Verwendung finden, gehören zu den Fahrzeugen, an denen am häufigsten Räder mit grossen Laufraddurchmessern im Verhältnis zu den Fahrzeugabmessungen Verwendung finden. Am verbreitesten sind Einachsanhänger mit zwei Rädern. Bei einfacher, ungefederter Ausführung befindet sich ein Achsrohr unter dem Chassis an dessen beiden Enden sich am häufigsten Aufnahmebuchsen für Steckachsen mit Druckknopfverriegelung befinden, wie sie zur einfachen Montage und Demontage der Laufräder üblich sind. Die Chassis-Unterseite befindet sich bei Verwendung eines Achsrohres mindestens im Abstand des Laufradradius über der Fahrbahn. Bei hinreichend masshaltiger und steifer Fertigung des Chassis werden die Aufnahmebuchsen bisweilen auch ohne Achsrohr direkt am Chassis befestigt, wodurch die Chassisunterseite etwas tiefer gelegt werden kann. Soll die Chassisunterseite noch tiefer gelegt und auch noch gefederte Radaufhängungen verwendet werden, ergeben sich erhöhte mechanische Anforderungen bezüglich Masshaltigkeit und Verwindungssteifheit an das Chassis, um das Eigenlenkverhalten der Radaufhängungen innerhalb des tolerierbaren Rahmens zu begrenzen.The widespread bicycle trailers used to transport children, loads and animals are among the vehicles on which wheels with large wheel diameters in relation to the vehicle dimensions are used most frequently. The most common are single-axle trailers with two wheels. In the case of a simple, unsprung version, there is an axle tube under the chassis at both ends of which are most often sockets for quick-release axles with push-button locking, as are customary for easy assembly and disassembly of the wheels. When using an axle tube, the underside of the chassis is at least at the distance of the wheel radius above the road. If the chassis is manufactured with sufficient dimensional accuracy and rigidity, the mounting bushes are sometimes attached directly to the chassis without the axle tube, which means that the underside of the chassis can be lowered somewhat. If the underside of the chassis is to be lowered even further and spring-loaded wheel suspensions are also to be used, there are increased mechanical demands on the chassis in terms of dimensional accuracy and torsional rigidity in order to limit the self-steering behavior of the wheel suspensions within the tolerable framework.
Um an solchen Achskonstruktionen möglichst unerwünschtes Eigenlenkverhalten zu vermeiden, welches durch Verwendung von Bremsen und Antriebsmotoren noch verstärkt wird, bedarf es präziser Lagerung der die Räder aufnehmenden Kurbellenker entweder am Chassis, am Achsrohr oder am Verbundlenker.In order to avoid undesirable self-steering behavior on such axle constructions, which is exacerbated by the use of brakes and drive motors, precise mounting of the crank links accommodating the wheels is required either on the chassis, on the axle tube or on the torsion beam.
Soll die Chassisunterseite deutlich unter das Radhalbmessermass über der Fahrbahn abgesenkt werden, böte sich an, das durch Verwendung längerer Kurbellenker nach Art und Weise von geschobenen oder gezogenen Schwingen zu bewirken. Werden diese drehbar am Chassis montiert, muss sichergestellt sein, dass durch Steifigkeit des Chassis, Masshaltigkeit der Kurbellenkermontage und Beherrschung der Kurbellenkertorsion das Eigenlenkverhalten die beabsichtigten Eigenschaften aufweist. Bei Serienfahrzeugen, bei denen z.B. aufgrund unverhältnismässig grossen Fertigungsaufwandes keine den Ansprüchen an die Fahrwerksgeometrie für Spur - und Sturzkonstanz gemässe Masshaltigkeit von einem Exemplar zum anderen gewährleistet ist, muss angestrebt werden, diese durch die am Chassis befestigte Achskonstruktion zu bewirken, um letztlich bei jedem Exemplar gleiches Fahr- und Eigenlenkverhalten zu erzielen. Das trifft auch für die vom Beladungszustand und z.B. von Bodenwellen oder Hindernissen bedingte Verformung des Chassis zu.If the underside of the chassis is to be lowered well below the wheel radius above the road, it would be possible to achieve this by using longer crank links in the manner of pushed or pulled swingarms. If these are mounted rotatably on the chassis, it must be ensured that the self-steering behavior has the intended properties through the rigidity of the chassis, dimensional accuracy of the crank link assembly and control of the crank link torsion. In the case of production vehicles where, e.g. due to disproportionately large production costs, no dimensional accuracy from one example to the next that meets the requirements of the chassis geometry for toe and camber consistency is guaranteed, it must be attempted to achieve this through the axle construction attached to the chassis, in order ultimately to ensure that every example is identical to achieve the same driving and self-steering behavior. This also applies to the deformation of the chassis caused by the loading condition and e.g. bumps or obstacles.
Es ist bekannt, gefederte Radaufhängungen als Kurbellenkerachsen, Verbundlenkerachsen sowie Torsionslenkerachsen, befestigt an einseitig am Chassis oder einem Hilfsträger eingespanntem Blattfederelement, anzuwenden. Der Stand der Technik dazu ist in folgenden Druckschriften beschrieben:
-
US 2009 / 0 302 567 A1 -
EP 0 061 944 A1 -
FR 2 612 460 A1 -
DE 22 20 119 A -
US 2004 / 0 188 973 A1 -
DE 10 2005 056 878 A1 -
WO 2012 / 059 597 A1 -
DE 36 36 878 A1 -
DE 10 2015 226 124 A1
-
U.S. 2009/0 302 567 A1 -
EP 0 061 944 A1 -
FR 2 612 460 A1 -
DE 22 20 119 A -
U.S. 2004/0 188 973 A1 -
DE 10 2005 056 878 A1 -
WO 2012 / 059 597 A1 -
DE 36 36 878 A1 -
DE 10 2015 226 124 A1
Ausgehend vom Stand der Technik liegt der Erfindung die Aufgabe zugrunde, oben genannte Funktionsmängel, bedingt wegen ungenügender Maßhaltigkeit bei der Chassis-Fertigung, durch Montage von in sich maßhaltigen Achskörpern an diesen Chassis zu beheben.Proceeding from the state of the art, the invention is based on the object of remedying the above-mentioned functional deficiencies caused by insufficient dimensional accuracy during chassis manufacture by installing dimensionally accurate axle bodies on this chassis.
Diese Aufgabe wird erfindungsgemäß durch eine Koppellenkerachse mit den Merkmalen des Patentanspruches 1 gelöst, um die gestellten Anforderungen mit gegenüber anderen Konstruktionen verhältnismässig geringem Aufwand für die Befestigung der Achse am Chassis zu erfüllen.This object is achieved according to the invention by a coupling arm axle with the features of
Koppellenkerachsen gehören zu den Halbstarrachsen, bei denen die Kurbellenker für die Radaufnahme mit biegesteifen aber dreh-elastischen Rohren oder Profilen verbunden sind, weshalb solche Achskörper auch als Verbundlenkerachsen bezeichnet werden. Diese Verbindungsteile erfüllen bei solchen Achsen auch die Funktion eines Stabilisators. Serienmäßig wurden solche Achsen in den siebziger Jahren des vorigen Jahrhunderts von der Firma Volkswagen eingeführt. Solche Achsen sind preiswert mit Gummilagern am Fahrzeugchassis zu befestigen, mit geringen Anforderungen an die Präzision der Lagerstellen bei geringen Fertigungskosten, weshalb dieses Konstruktionsprinzip sehr verbreitete Anwendung findet.Coupling arm axles are semi-rigid axles in which the crank arms for the wheel mount are connected to rigid but torsionally elastic tubes or profiles, which is why such axle bodies are also referred to as torsion beam axles. In such axles, these connecting parts also fulfill the function of a stabilizer. Such axles were introduced in series by the Volkswagen company in the 1970s. Such axles can be fastened inexpensively to the vehicle chassis with rubber bearings, with low demands on the precision of the bearing points and low production costs, which is why this design principle is very widespread.
Solche Achsen in bislang üblicher Bauweise gestatten jedoch keine tiefreichenden Chassiskonstruktionen und damit niedrige Flurhöhe des Fahrzeugs zwischen den Lagern des Achskörpers, weil sich dort gewöhnlich der Verbund- oder Koppellenker befindet. Dieser Einschränkung hilft die gekröpfte Koppellenkerachse ab, indem sie es gestattet, auch bei grossen Raddurchmessern zwischen den Schwingenarmen unterhalb der Schwingenlager und der Achsaufnahme der Räder niedrige Flurhöhe des Chassisbodens zu erzielen.However, such axles in the hitherto customary construction do not permit deep-reaching chassis constructions and thus low floor heights of the vehicle between the bearings of the axle body, because that is where the torsion or coupling link is usually located. The cranked link axle helps to overcome this limitation by allowing it to be placed between the swing arm arms below the swing arm bearings, even with large wheel diameters and the axle mounting of the wheels to achieve a low floor height of the chassis floor.
Schwingen (1) und Koppellenker (2) können aus Metall, Kunststoff oder Holzverbundwerkstoffen gefertigt sein. Die Koppellenker (2) können als Rohre, Stabmaterial oder als Profile ausgebildet sein. Die Verbindung kann durch Schweissen, Schmieden, Pressung, Klebung, Laminieren oder Schraubmontage hergestellt werden. Ein Beispiel für Schraubmontage ist in
In
Durch die biegesteife Ausführung der Koppellenkerachse lässt sich diese problemlos mit elastischen Schwingenlagern (5) oder mit Gelenklagern, wie sie z.B. in der DIN ISO 12240-1 aufgeführt sind, am Chassis (4) befestigen, ohne dass dessen Verformung oder Fluchtungsfehler der Lager Spur und Sturz der Koppellenkerachse beeinflussen. Im Falle einer elastischen Lagerung lässt sich die axiale Führung der Achse einfach und preiswert mit einem Panhardstab (3), wie in
BezugszeichenlisteReference List
- 1)1)
- Schwingeswingarm
- 2)2)
- Koppellenkercoupling link
- 3)3)
- Panhardstabpanhard staff
- 4)4)
- Chassischassis
- 5)5)
- Schwingenlagerswing arm bearing
- 6)6)
- Achsaufnahme der RäderAxle mount of the wheels
- 7)7)
- geschobene Feder-Dämpfer-Kombinationpushed spring-damper combination
- 8)8th)
- gezogene Feder-Dämpfer-Kombinationdrawn spring-damper combination
- 9)9)
- Kreisabschnittcircle section
- 10)10)
- untere Lagerschalelower bearing shell
- 11)11)
- Füllstückefiller pieces
- 12)12)
- Schraubescrew
Claims (8)
Priority Applications (2)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
---|---|---|---|
DE102022000365.1A DE102022000365B3 (en) | 2022-01-27 | 2022-01-27 | Offset link axle for vehicles with a low loading area height and large wheel diameters |
EP22216648.0A EP4219197A1 (en) | 2022-01-27 | 2022-12-23 | Transport means and semi-rigid axle therefor |
Applications Claiming Priority (1)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
---|---|---|---|
DE102022000365.1A DE102022000365B3 (en) | 2022-01-27 | 2022-01-27 | Offset link axle for vehicles with a low loading area height and large wheel diameters |
Publications (1)
Publication Number | Publication Date |
---|---|
DE102022000365B3 true DE102022000365B3 (en) | 2023-02-02 |
Family
ID=84889667
Family Applications (1)
Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
---|---|---|---|
DE102022000365.1A Active DE102022000365B3 (en) | 2022-01-27 | 2022-01-27 | Offset link axle for vehicles with a low loading area height and large wheel diameters |
Country Status (1)
Country | Link |
---|---|
DE (1) | DE102022000365B3 (en) |
Citations (9)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
DE2220119A1 (en) | 1972-04-25 | 1973-10-31 | Volkswagenwerk Ag | REAR AXLE FOR MOTOR VEHICLES |
EP0061944A1 (en) | 1981-03-30 | 1982-10-06 | Automobiles Peugeot | Set of wheels for a vehicle |
DE3636878A1 (en) | 1985-11-07 | 1987-05-14 | Volkswagen Ag | Axle suspension for motor vehicles, comprising two longitudinal control arms and a flexurally rigid but torsionally soft cross strut, the ends of which are connected, angularly rigid, to the two longitudinal control arms |
FR2612460A1 (en) | 1987-03-16 | 1988-09-23 | Peugeot | Rear axle assembly for a motor vehicle and motor vehicle equipped with such an axle assembly |
US20040188973A1 (en) | 2003-01-15 | 2004-09-30 | Mark Molitor | Vehicle suspension assembly |
DE102005056878A1 (en) | 2005-11-28 | 2007-07-12 | Zf Friedrichshafen Ag | Hollow-port connection |
US20090302567A1 (en) | 2008-06-03 | 2009-12-10 | John Stuart Gregg | Trailing arm vehicle suspension system |
WO2012059597A1 (en) | 2010-11-05 | 2012-05-10 | Renault S.A.S. | Partially adhered flexible axle for a motor vehicle |
DE102015226124A1 (en) | 2015-12-21 | 2017-06-22 | Zf Friedrichshafen Ag | Twist-beam axle, method for producing a torsion-beam axle and vehicle with a torsion-beam axle |
-
2022
- 2022-01-27 DE DE102022000365.1A patent/DE102022000365B3/en active Active
Patent Citations (9)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
DE2220119A1 (en) | 1972-04-25 | 1973-10-31 | Volkswagenwerk Ag | REAR AXLE FOR MOTOR VEHICLES |
EP0061944A1 (en) | 1981-03-30 | 1982-10-06 | Automobiles Peugeot | Set of wheels for a vehicle |
DE3636878A1 (en) | 1985-11-07 | 1987-05-14 | Volkswagen Ag | Axle suspension for motor vehicles, comprising two longitudinal control arms and a flexurally rigid but torsionally soft cross strut, the ends of which are connected, angularly rigid, to the two longitudinal control arms |
FR2612460A1 (en) | 1987-03-16 | 1988-09-23 | Peugeot | Rear axle assembly for a motor vehicle and motor vehicle equipped with such an axle assembly |
US20040188973A1 (en) | 2003-01-15 | 2004-09-30 | Mark Molitor | Vehicle suspension assembly |
DE102005056878A1 (en) | 2005-11-28 | 2007-07-12 | Zf Friedrichshafen Ag | Hollow-port connection |
US20090302567A1 (en) | 2008-06-03 | 2009-12-10 | John Stuart Gregg | Trailing arm vehicle suspension system |
WO2012059597A1 (en) | 2010-11-05 | 2012-05-10 | Renault S.A.S. | Partially adhered flexible axle for a motor vehicle |
DE102015226124A1 (en) | 2015-12-21 | 2017-06-22 | Zf Friedrichshafen Ag | Twist-beam axle, method for producing a torsion-beam axle and vehicle with a torsion-beam axle |
Similar Documents
Publication | Publication Date | Title |
---|---|---|
DE3243434C2 (en) | Independent wheel suspension for the rear wheels of a motor vehicle | |
DE102013210338A1 (en) | Multi-link rear axle for a vehicle | |
DE102016220786B4 (en) | Rear suspension for motor vehicles | |
DE102009031846A1 (en) | Rear axle of the compound type of steering wheel for motor vehicles | |
DE102014205632A1 (en) | Independent and rear suspension with independent wheel suspension for a vehicle and vehicle equipped accordingly | |
DE102019202910A1 (en) | Rear suspension | |
DE102017215630A1 (en) | Independent suspension of a two-lane vehicle with a wheel-guiding transverse leaf spring element | |
EP3922489A1 (en) | X suspension device for a motor vehicle wheel suspension | |
DE102014205635A1 (en) | Independent and rear suspension with independent wheel suspension for a vehicle and vehicle equipped accordingly | |
DE19619189A1 (en) | Independent wheel suspension for an air-sprung, steerable wheel of a bus or truck | |
EP0452835B1 (en) | Rear axle of a motor car | |
EP0352541A1 (en) | Resilient axle suspension for motor vehicles, in particular for utility vehicles | |
DE102013213674A1 (en) | Wheel suspension for a motor vehicle with a curved transverse leaf spring | |
DE102022000365B3 (en) | Offset link axle for vehicles with a low loading area height and large wheel diameters | |
DE202016102649U1 (en) | suspension system | |
DE2455191A1 (en) | CYCLED VEHICLE | |
DE202014101432U1 (en) | Independent and rear suspension with independent wheel suspension for a vehicle and vehicle equipped accordingly | |
DE102017202186A1 (en) | Vehicle axle for a two-lane vehicle | |
DE3302627A1 (en) | Independent wheel suspension for the wheels of a motor vehicle rear axle | |
DE202015101117U1 (en) | Independent and rear suspension with independent wheel suspensions for one vehicle | |
DE202022100469U1 (en) | Linkage axle in a cranked design for means of transport with a low loading area height and large wheel diameters | |
DE102019111271A1 (en) | Independent wheel suspension for a two-track vehicle, axle and vehicle | |
EP4219197A1 (en) | Transport means and semi-rigid axle therefor | |
DE2553108A1 (en) | WHEEL SUSPENSION FOR VEHICLES, IN PARTICULAR TRAILERS | |
DE3207109C2 (en) | Rear axle for motor vehicles |
Legal Events
Date | Code | Title | Description |
---|---|---|---|
R086 | Non-binding declaration of licensing interest | ||
R012 | Request for examination validly filed | ||
R016 | Response to examination communication | ||
R016 | Response to examination communication | ||
R018 | Grant decision by examination section/examining division | ||
R082 | Change of representative |
Representative=s name: LENZING GERBER STUTE PARTNERSCHAFTSGESELLSCHAF, DE |
|
R020 | Patent grant now final |