DE102020125919B4 - Mobile device that can be operated by a temperature difference for cleaning and disinfecting room air and a test device therefor - Google Patents

Abstract

Mobile device (1) according to Figure 1, which can be operated by a temperature difference, for cleaning and disinfecting room air, comprising a vertical, tubular outer wall (1.1) with a horizontal bottom (1.4), a thermally and electrically insulating first inner tube (4.3) with a horizontal one bottom (4.3.1), thermal insulation (4), between the first inner tube (4.3) and a second inner tube (4.2), a cooling system (2.4) comprising a concentric cooling tube (2.4.1), cooling half-shells (2.4.1 ) or vertical cooling lines (2.4.1) as well as horizontal cooling lines (2.4.4) which are in contact with the cold side of a Peltier element (2; 2.2), the latter being arranged in the second inner tube (4.2) in such a way that its cold side (2.2) associated with the horizontal cooling lines (2.4.4) and its hot side (2.1) facing a boiler room (3.2) above (2; 2.1), air inlets (3.1) through the outer wall (1.1), the first inner tube (4.3), the thermal insulation (4) and the second inner pipe (4.2) for introducing air (3) into the boiler room (3.2), an exchangeable cartridge (5) which is open at the top and air-permeable at the bottom and which is cooled at its upper end with the cooling system (2.4). and contains beds of inorganic, bactericidal and virucidal coated carrier materials (5.8) and/or inorganic, bactericidal and/or virucidal materials (5.8.1) as well as absorbents and adsorbents (5.7), a rechargeable accumulator (10) as a power source for the Peltier element (2) and an electronic control unit (9) for controlling the power output of the Peltier element (2); Method for cleaning and disinfecting using the chimney effect and the use of the device (1).

Description

field of invention

The present invention relates to a mobile device for cleaning and disinfecting room air that can be operated by a temperature difference.

The present invention also relates to a method for cleaning and disinfecting room air using a mobile device operated by a temperature difference.

Furthermore, the present invention relates in particular to the use of the mobile device, which can be operated by a temperature difference, for killing microorganisms, specifically viruses and virions, which are collectively referred to below as viruses.

Last but not least, the present invention relates to a test device for testing the effectiveness of the mobile device, which can be operated by a temperature difference, for cleaning and disinfecting room air

State of the art

Microorganisms are archaea, bacteria, eukaryotes, protists, fungi and green algae. It is still a matter of debate whether viruses or virions should be considered organisms at all. Microorganisms and viruses are the source of a number of serious diseases, epidemics and pandemics such as the current Covid-19 pandemic.

Numerous pesticides such as fungicides, herbicides, insecticides, algaecides, molluscicides, rodenticides, acaricides, and slimicides have been developed to combat the deleterious effects on multicellular humans and plants.

Likewise, numerous antimicrobial agents such as germicides, antibiotics, bactericides, virucides, antifungal agents, antiprotozoal agents and antiparasitic agents have been developed to cure the diseases caused by the microorganisms.

• Propioconazol (±)-1-{[2-(2,4-Dichlorphenyl)-4-propyl-1,3-dioxolan-2-yl]methyl}-H-1,2,4-triazol (IUPAC),
• Folpet N-(Trichlormethylthio)phthalimid,
• Chlorkresole,
• Fludioxonil 4-(2,2-Difluor-benzo[1,3]dioxol-4-yl)pyrrol-3-carbonitril (IUPAC), and
• Azoxvstrobin Methyl-(E)-2-{2-[6-(2-cyanophenoxy)pyrimidin-4-yloxyl]phenyl}-3-methoxyacrylat (IUPAC)

werden als genehmigte Schutzmittel für Fasern, Leder, Gummi und polymerisierte Materialien in dem „Helpdesk - Genehmigte Wirkstoffe - Bundesanstalt für Arbeitsschutz und Arbeitsmedizin”:

• https://www.reach-clp-biozid-helpdesk.de/DE/Biozide/Wirkstoffe/Genehmigte-Wirkstoffe/Genehmigte-Wirkstoffe-0.html#PT9

aufgeführt.The constant threat of microorganisms, especially viruses and virions and especially the coronavirus SARS-Co-V2, has created a growing demand for efficient and effective methods for decontamination and disinfection. The "List N: Products with Emerging Viral Pathogens AND Human Coronavirus Claims for Use against SARS-CoV-2, Date Accessed: 05/31/2020 of the EPA lists, US Govt.," lists numerous organic and inorganic active compounds such as HOCl , peroxoacetic acid, quaternary ammonium, potassium peroxomonosulphate, chlorine dioxide, hydrogen peroxide, citric acid, lactic acid, dichloroisocyanurate, sodium hypochlorite or ethanol. However, these disinfectants can only be used in cleaning solutions or wiping solutions and have no permanent disinfecting effect.

• Propioconazole (±)-1-{[2-(2,4-Dichlorophenyl)-4-propyl-1,3-dioxolan-2-yl]methyl}-H-1,2,4-triazole (IUPAC),
• Folpet N-(trichloromethylthio)phthalimide,
• chlorocresols,
• Fludioxonil 4-(2,2-Difluoro-benzo[1,3]dioxol-4-yl)pyrrole-3-carbonitrile (IUPAC), and
• Azoxvstrobin methyl (E)-2-{2-[6-(2-cyanophenoxy)pyrimidin-4-yloxyl]phenyl}-3-methoxyacrylate (IUPAC)

are listed as approved protective agents for fibers, leather, rubber and polymerized materials in the "Helpdesk - Approved Active Substances - Federal Institute for Occupational Safety and Health":

• https://www.reach-clp-biozid-helpdesk.de/DE/Biozide/Wirkstoffe/Genahmete-Wirkstoffe/Genahmete-Wirkstoffe-0.html#PT9

listed.

However, these active ingredients are low molecular weight compounds, so there is always a risk that they will leach out of the protected materials.

For this reason there have already been numerous attempts to immobilize the disinfecting active ingredients and pharmaceuticals in order to achieve a permanent disinfecting and/or pharmaceutically active surface.

The international patent application discloses this WO 96/39821 A1 Reagents and methods for modifying textiles to inactivate viruses on contact. To do this, the textiles are modified by photochemically immobilizing hydrophilic polymers containing quaternary ammonium groups and hydrocarbon chains, resulting in a surface capable of disrupting lipid-enveloped viruses on contact. However, when these hydrophilic polymers are applied to non-woven fabrics, there is no guarantee that they will be fully crosslinked by the light because portions will necessarily be shaded. As a result, a certain proportion of the polymers always remains soluble.

From the American patent US 5,883,155A produce films of elastomers in which active chemicals such as biocides for medical use are uniformly dispersed in the form of gel inclusions. For example, the elastomeric film contains as active ingredients quaternary ammonium, phthalaldehyde, phenol derivatives, formalin, nonionic surfactants containing at least one polyoxyethylene block, hexamidine, iodine compounds, surface-active substances with a virucidal effect, sodium and potassium dichromate and hydrochlorites. However, these active ingredients are toxic and carcinogenic and are released into the environment.

The American Patent US 6,180,584 B1 discloses disinfectant mixtures with a longer-lasting biocidal effect. The mixtures form an adhesive, transparent, water-insoluble polymer film on the substrate surfaces, which has a longer-lasting antimicrobial disinfecting effect. The effect lasts longer even without a new order. The disinfecting effect of the surface is based on direct contact and the components are not released into a contacting solution in an amount that would disinfect the solution. The active ingredient is a metallic material, particularly silver iodide. However, this salt is sensitive to light, so dark spots will form in the mixture over time.

The American patent application 2007/0031512 A1 discloses that layered phyllosilicates are capable of adsorbing and/or binding viruses and thus deactivating them. The layered phyllosilicates can be sprayed into the human nostrils or can be included in a face mask to prevent infection. They can be suspended in water intended for skin contact to inactivate the virus, or be part of an HVAC filter that prevents the transfer of viruses from room to room, for example in a hospital. The phyllosilicates can be incorporated into a paper or wipe to deactivate viruses on hospital and operating room furniture and surgical equipment. In addition, the layered phyllosilicates can be used in paints for clean rooms.

The international patent application WO 2007/120509 A2 discloses a mask containing a plurality of layers, the first layer containing an acid or a salt or ester of the acid. The second layer contains a base or a salt or ester of the base. The third layer of the mask contains a metallic germicide selected from the group consisting of zinc, copper, nickel, iodine, manganese, tin, boron, silver and their salts, complexing agents and surfactants. Apparently the third layer in particular contains toxic substances.

The American patent application U.S. 2007/0292486 A1 discloses biocidal polymer nanoparticle/microparticle composites containing an ionic polymer and biocidal metal salts, particularly silver bromide. The silver bromide is evenly distributed in the polymer matrix. It is believed that the biocidal effect is due to silver particles releasing silver ions and bromide ions. In addition, it is believed that the bromide ions make textiles flame retardant. The disadvantages of these composites are the high price of silver bromide, the sensitivity of the salt to light, which causes dark discolorations in the composite layers, and the leaching of toxic silver ions. In addition, the biocidal metal salts are not concentrated on the surface of the composites, so most of the metal salts do not come into contact with the microorganisms.

The international patent application WO 2008/127416 A2 discloses hydrophobic polymeric coatings that can be applied non-covalently to solid surfaces of metals, plastics, glass, polymers, textiles and other substrates such as fabrics, gauze, bandages, cloths and fibers in the same manner as paints by brushing, spraying or dipping to make the surfaces biocidal or bactericidal. The hydrophobic polymers contain quaternary ammonium groups with long chain aliphatic groups containing more than 10 carbon atoms. However, the hydrophobic polymers can be damaged by organic solvents and even completely removed from the surfaces.

The American patent application U.S. 2009/0081249 A1 discloses antimicrobial compositions containing two or more antiviral agents covalently linked to a polymer. Suitable antiviral agents are sialic acid, zanamivir, oseltamivir, amantadine and rimantadine. The polymer is preferably water soluble such as poly(isobutylene maleic anhydride), polyaspartic acid, poly(1-glutamic acid), chitosan, carboxymethyl cellulose, carboxymethyl dextran or polyethyleneimine. The compositions can be formulated for enteral or parenteral administration. However, the antimicrobial compositions are difficult to produce on an industrial scale.

The American patent application U.S. 2009/0320849 A1 discloses a face mask containing a filter material made from a fibrous substrate. Its fibers contain, on their surface, in particular a fleece made of polypropylene or polyester, which contains an acidic polymer, in particular of the polycarboxylic acid type. The face mask has an antiviral effect against inhaled or exhaled air. However, since the polycarboxylic acids, such as polyacrylic acid, are water-soluble, they can be corroded by aqueous aerosols

The American patent application U.S. 2012/0016055 A1 discloses biocidal coating compositions containing a biocide and nonionic polymers and solvents. The coating compositions form clear and non-tacky films and surfaces, but because of their solubility they can be easily removed.

The American patent application U.S. 2013/0344122 A1 discloses medical articles with antimicrobial properties and good barrier properties. The medical articles contain non-woven fabrics made of polypropylene and a coating containing chlorhexidine acetate and trichlosan. For example, these pharmaceuticals are dissolved in ethanol and sprayed onto the tissue until it is evenly saturated. The fabric samples are then dried. The medical articles can be gowns, shoe covers, drapes, wraps, caps, lab coats, and face masks. The disadvantage of these medical articles is that the pharmaceuticals are not firmly bound to the fibers of the non-woven material and can easily be dusted off or washed away by solvents.

The international patent application WO 2014/149321 A1 discloses a coating with a reactive surface that has disinfectant and biocidal properties. The reactive compositions are renewable or "rechargeable" through reapplication of the active component and do not need to be removed, discarded, or replaced. The reactive composition includes a hygroscopic polymer film, such as crosslinked polyvinylpyrrolidone, which has been treated with a liquid or gaseous oxidizing agent, such as hydrogen peroxide, chlorine, peracetic acid, iodine, or mixtures thereof, long enough for the oxidizing agent to react with or be absorbed into the polymer film. The disadvantages of these reactive surface coatings are that they must be activated with toxic and corrosive or gaseous oxidants, which oxidants are then released from the coatings.

The American patent application U.S. 2014/0127517 A1 discloses films of linear or branched polyethylene cores having antiviral properties. These films are covalently bound to surfaces and quaternized with hydrophobic side chains and modified with groups crosslinkable with actinic radiation. The disadvantages of these films are that the polyethyleneimines have to be modified by polymer-analogous reactions. After their application to surfaces, they must be irradiated with UV light. However, if they are applied to non-woven materials, it cannot be guaranteed that all of the modified polyethylenimine will be reached and crosslinked by the UV radiation.

The international patent application WO 2016/116259 A1 discloses biocidal materials containing an organic polymer matrix or an inorganic ceramic matrix in which biocidal polyoxometalates are inhomogeneously distributed. The concentration of the polyoxometalates on the surface of the matrices can be higher than on the inside.

The American patent application 2017/0275472 A1 discloses antimicrobial coating materials for surface coating containing (i) biocides such as chlorine dioxide, hydrogen peroxide, peroxyacids, alcohols, essential oils, antimicrobial components of essential oils, bleaches, antibiotics, phytochemicals and mixtures thereof, (ii) inorganic-organic hollow bodies used for biocides are permeable, the inorganic materials being metal oxides, metal complexes, metal salts, metal particles and mixtures thereof, and the organic materials being non-ionic polymers such as polyethylene glycol or polyvinylpyrrolidone. The antimicrobial coating material is believed to have durable and versatile antimicrobial activity at high temperatures through contact kill, release, non-stick, and self-cleaning. The disadvantage is that volatile biocides are used, which are permanently released from the coating materials.

That American Patent 10,227,495 B2 claims biocidal biopolymer coatings made from crosslinked functionalized triglycerides and covalently bonded quaternary ammonium compounds. Crosslinking can take place by irradiation with actinic light or by polyisocyanates. The disadvantage is that the biocidal effect is limited to the use of one class of compounds, namely quaternary ammonium compounds.

Since the start of the SARS-Co-V2 pandemic, numerous attempts have been made to develop new methods and materials to prevent the spread of the virus.

Thus, A.J. Galante et al. from the Department of Industrial Engineering, University of Pittsburgh, and The Department of Ophthalmology, Charles T. Campbell Laboratory of Ophthalmic Microbiology, University of Pittsburgh, School of Medicine, superhemophobic anti-virofouling coatings for medical apparel (see also: SpecialChem, The material selection platform, Coating Ingredients, "Researchers Create New Washable, Textile, Coating the Can Repel Viruses.", Published on 2020-05-26"; and "New coating could improve medical gear by making the coronavirus slide right off."; https ://www.zmescience.com/science/newsscience/coating-personal-protection-equipment-252342/) The tough, multilayer coatings are made by sintering polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) nanoparticles in a solvent onto polypropylene microfibers is that their production requires a lot of energy and solvents, expensive PTFE and they do not kill the viruses.

Researchers from Ben Gurion University, Israel, have developed coatings based on nanoparticles to prevent the spread of the coronavirus. They have found that copper nanoparticles are the most effective in this regard. The antiviral coatings can be brushed or sprayed onto surfaces. Conventional and known polymers containing nanoparticles of copper can be used. The nanoparticles enable the controlled release of metal ions onto the coated surfaces (see also SpecialChem, The material selection platform, Coating Ingredients, published on 2020-05-21). However, the copper nanoparticles and the copper ions are not only toxic for microorganisms and viruses, but also for higher animals and humans.

Bio-Fence, Inc., Israel, has developed new antimicrobial coatings intended to provide durable protection against coronavirus. Apparently the coatings contain a polymer comprising active chlorine that can be replenished by hydrochlorite solutions (see SpecialChem, The material selection platform, Coating Ingredients, published on 2020-05-12). The disadvantage of these coatings is the use of corrosive hypochlorite and active chlorine presumably bound to nitrogen atoms in the form of >N-Cl groups. Thus, these materials are toxic and have an intense unpleasant odor.

• https://physicsworld.com/a/cellular-nanosponaes-could-neutralize-sars-cov-2/?utm medium=email&utm source=iop&utm term=&utm campaian=14258-46562&utm content=Title%3A%20Cellular%20nanosponges%20could%20neutralize%20SARS -CoV-2%20%20-%20research_update&Campaign+Owner=

On June 30, 2020, the SpecialChem website published a note regarding "New Hybrid Coatings to Protect Interior Walls from Microbial Contamination" based on polyacrylates that contain 3-(methacrylamino)propyltrimethylammonium chloride as a comonomer. The pendant quaternary ammonium groups act as biocidal centers:

• https://physicsworld.com/a/cellular-nanosponaes-could-neutralize-sars-cov-2/?utm medium=email&utm source=iop&utm term=&utm campaian=14258-46562&utm content=Title%3A%20Cellular%20nanosponges% 20could%20neutralize%20SARS -CoV-2%20%20-%20research_update&Campaign+Owner=

• https://www.conordia.ca/content/shared/en/news/stories/2020/05/28/a-canada-wide-researchnetwork-based-at-concordia-is-ready-to-make-work-surfeces-safer-for-frontline-staff.html

A different approach is being pursued at Concordia University, Canada, and the Canada-wide research network based at Concordia. These are copper and titanium dioxide spray paints intended to prevent the spread of Covid 19:

• https://www.conordia.ca/content/shared/en/news/stories/2020/05/28/a-canada-wide-researchnetwork-based-at-concordia-is-ready-to-make-work- surfeces-safer-for-frontline-staff.html

• https://coatings.specialchem.com/news/industry-news/siegwerk-to-distribute-varcotecantimicrobial-coating-innovation-000221983?lr=ipc20061570&li=200165733&utm source=NL&utm medium=EML&utm campai gn=ipc20061570&m i=NcWvxMS IgE4uDtFR2SUvnvKpGP6scLXvpSt5WIN3KriGtDbdz%2Bxz VTOAM%2Bgw0%2BV%2B21wdgflul3gOabGieKUHdikvRbBNp

Yet another approach is being pursued by researchers at the University Hospitals of the University of Regensburg, Germany, by the company TriOptoTec. (See "SpecialChem" June 29, 2020:

• https://coatings.specialchem.com/news/industry-news/siegwerk-to-distribute-varcotecantimicrobial-coating-innovation-000221983?lr=ipc20061570&li=200165733&utm source=NL&utm medium=EML&utm campai gn=ipc20061570&m i=NcWvxMS IgE4uDtFR2SUvnvKpGP6scLXvpSt5WIN3KriGtDbdz% 2Bxz VTOAM%2Bgw0%2BV%2B21wdgflul3gOabGieKUHdikvRbBNp

The paint in question apparently contains dioctyl sodium sulfosuccinate in butyl diglycol. It also contains 10H-Benzo[G]pteridine-2,4-dione derivatives (cf. American patents U.S. 10,227,348 B2 and U.S. 9,796,715 B2 ) or phenalen-1-one derivatives (cf. the American patent U.S. 9,302,004 B2 ) as photosensitizers. The varnish is mainly applied to paper or cardboard. When exposed to visible light, the photosensitizer produces singlet oxygen that kills the microorganisms on the surface of the paper or board. The disadvantage is that this reaction only takes place in the light and not in the shade, so that numerous applications are ruled out.

In the field of surface technology, it is generally known that a particularly strong lotus effect or super hydrophobicity can be achieved through a hierarchically structured surface design. This is what the American patent application discloses US 2014/0238646 A1 describe a method for the fabrication of hierarchically arranged structures of nanoscale inorganic phosphate particles homogeneously distributed on the surface of micrometer-scale phyllosilicate particles. Because these surfaces are not wetted and condensed moisture immediately forms droplets that roll off the surfaces, the contact time is too short for a biocidal or virucidal effect.

• https://coatings.specialchem.com/news/industry-news/new-superhydrophobic-antiviral-coatingself-cleaning-properties-000221961?lr=ipc20061569&li=200165733&utm source=NL&utm medium=EML&utm campai gn=ipc20061569&m i=owCobZpJ7BFfD70L%2BHEhcWDRZ0rH4AKAPPd55vGetHRPb8itAEQ FCfeJRcddTTWGNwEzLArkBh9IQcRenmgXfr87TriboV
• https://www.technicaltextile.net/news/iit-ism-s-silver-nanoparticle-anti-viral-textile-coating-268082. html

Aditya Kumar, Kalpita Nath and Poonam Chauhan from the Department of Chemical Engineering developed a superhydrophobic antiviral coating with self-cleaning properties based on silver nanoparticles irradiated with UV radiation and subsequently treated with perfluorodecyltriethoxysilane:

• https://coatings.specialchem.com/news/industry-news/new-superhydrophobic-antiviral-coatingself-cleaning-properties-000221961?lr=ipc20061569&li=200165733&utm source=NL&utm medium=EML&utm campai gn=ipc20061569&m i=owCobZpJ7BFfD70L%2BHEhcWDRZ0rH4AKAPPd55vGetHRPb8itAEQ FCfeJRcddTTWGNwezLArkBh9IQcRenmgXfr87TriboV
• https://www.technicaltextile.net/news/iit-ism-s-silver-nanoparticle-anti-viral-textile-coating-268082. html

(See also SpecialChem for Coatings, Industry News, June 23, 2020). Because of the superhydrophobicity, however, the disadvantages described above are also to be expected here.

• https://coatings.specialchem.com/news/industry-news/new-way-cu-coatings-masks-covid19-transmission-000222593?lr=ipc20091591&li=200165733&utm source=NL&utm medium=EML&utm campai gn=ipc20091591&m i=LKHowSxEDOQgaf6IRKgtys82gOFcOeUHDQgfVgznX2JyZxguMONNd HnP8g95KPhnJ0ofLb9h8b0 4U4K4g4szOnptKr2LD&status=valid

und „Anti-viral copper coatings could help slow the transmission of COVID 19“, Department of Mechanical & Industrial Engineering, University of Toronto, Iynsey@mie.utoronto.ca; 31.8.2020.Yet another approach is followed by J. Mostaghimi of the University of Toronto, Canada. See "SpecialChem The material selection platform, September 7th, 2020", Twin-wire Arc Spray Technology to Deposit Cu on Fabrics):

• https://coatings.specialchem.com/news/industry-news/new-way-cu-coatings-masks-covid19-transmission-000222593?lr=ipc20091591&li=200165733&utm source=NL&utm medium=EML&utm campai gn=ipc20091591&m i=LKHowSxEDOQgaf6IRKgtys82gOFcOeUHDQgfVgznX2JyZxguMONNd HnP8g95KPhnJ0ofLb9h8b0 4U4K4g4szOnptKr2LD&status=valid

and "Anti-viral copper coatings could help slow the transmission of COVID 19", Department of Mechanical & Industrial Engineering, University of Toronto, Iynsey@mie.utoronto.ca; 8/31/2020.

Jinghzi Pu et al. mask filter developed by the School of Science at IUBUI, Iniana, USA, which mimics the internal structure of fish gills. The complex structures are produced by 3D printing and subsequent coating of the surface with copper by electroplating. By increasing the surface area over which the air passes, the biocidal effect of the copper is said to increase. The developers speculate that these structures could also be suitable for filters for air conditioning systems in buildings and airplanes (see SpecialChem, Industry News, Researchers Use Cu Coating on Plastic Mask Filters to Reduce Virus Spread, Publ. September 17, 2020
https://coatings.specialchem.com/news/industry-news/cu-coating-plastic-mask-filters-reducevirus-spread-
000222707?lr=ipc20091594&li=200165733&utm source=NL&utm medium=EML&utm campai gn=ipc20091594&m i=fM1fEM0ZwQ1A6LPH0ipPWKoH2EusD4Rm30xmwWHtDbV2rPu33i6w C0fu0%2Bwy4Rm1vNWcGxaS2K9Fxo WpaHR7r3%2B8aWffp&status=valid
cf. also
https://news.iu.edu/stories/2020/09/iupui/releases/16-copper-coating-3d-printed-plastic-fillerspandemic-fighter. html).

However, it is to be feared that these complex structures will generate intense noises such as hissing or whistling if there is a high air throughput with high flow velocities.

• - Hochleistungs-Partikelfilter (EPA = Efficient Particulate Air filter), kleinste filtrierbare Teilchengröße: 100 nm,
• - Schwebstofffilter (HEPA = High Efficiency Particulate Air filter), kleinste filtrierbare Teilchengröße: 100 nm,
• - Hochleistungs-Schwebstofffilter (ULPA = Ultra Low Penetration Air filter), kleinste filtrierbare Teilchengröße: 50 nm,
• - Medium-Filter, kleinste filtrierbare Teilchengröße: 300 nm,
• - Vorfilter, kleinste filtrierbare Teilchengröße: 1000 nm, und
• - Automobilinnenraumfilter, kleinste filtrierbare Teilchengröße: 500 nm

unterteilt werden. Für den Bereich von 1 nm bis 50 nm stehen somit keine Filter zur Verfügung.Air purifiers are mobile devices for cleaning air using filters. According to their separation efficiency, the filters can be

• - High-performance particle filter (EPA = Efficient Particulate Air filter), smallest filterable particle size: 100 nm,
• - Particle filter (HEPA = High Efficiency Particulate Air filter), smallest filterable particle size: 100 nm,
• - High-performance particulate filter (ULPA = Ultra Low Penetration Air filter), smallest filterable particle size: 50 nm,
• - Medium filter, smallest filterable particle size: 300 nm,
• - Pre-filter, smallest filterable particle size: 1000 nm, and
• - Automotive cabin filter, smallest filterable particle size: 500 nm

be subdivided. There are therefore no filters available for the range from 1 nm to 50 nm.

• - Diffusionseffekt: Sehr kleine Partikel (Partikelgröße: 50 nm bis 100 nm) folgen nicht dem Gasstrom, sondern haben durch ihre Zusammenstöße mit den Gasmolekülen einer der Brownschen Bewegung ähnliche Flugbahn und stoßen dadurch mit den Filterfasern zusammen, woran sie haften bleiben. Dieser Effekt wird auch als Diffusionscharakteristik (diffusion regime) bezeichnet.
• - Sperreffekt: Kleinere Partikel (Partikelgröße: 100 nm bis 500 nm), die dem Gasstrom um die Faser folgen, bleiben haften, wenn sie der Filterphase zu nahekommen. Dieser Effekt wird auch als Abfangcharakteristik (interception regime) bezeichnet.
• - Trägheitseffekt: Größere Partikel (Partikelgröße: 500 nm bis >1 µm) folgen nicht dem Gasstrom um die Faser, sondern prallen aufgrund ihrer Trägheit dagegen und bleiben daran haften. Dieser Effekt wird auch als inerte Einschlags- und Abfangcharakteristik (inertial impaction regime) bezeichnet.

Depending on the particle size, their filter effect is based on the following effects:

• - Diffusion effect: Very small particles (particle size: 50 nm to 100 nm) do not follow the gas flow, but have a trajectory similar to Brownian movement due to their collisions with the gas molecules and thus collide with the filter fibers, to which they adhere. This effect is also known as the diffusion regime.
• - Barrier effect: Smaller particles (particle size: 100 nm to 500 nm) following the gas flow around the fiber will stick if they get too close to the filter phase. This effect is also known as the interception regime.
• - Effect of inertia: Larger particles (particle size: 500 nm to >1 µm) do not follow the gas flow around the fiber but, due to their inertia, collide against it and stick to it. This effect is also referred to as the inertial impaction regime.

In the particle size range from 100 nm to 500 nm, the diffusion effect and the blocking effect occur together. In the particle size range from 500 nm to >1 µm, the inertia effect and the blocking effect also occur together.

According to the filter effects, particles with a particle size of 200 nm to 400 nm are the most difficult to separate. They are also referred to as MMPS = most penetrating particle size. The filter efficiency drops to 50% in this size range. Larger and smaller particles are better separated due to their physical properties.

EPA, HEPA and UPLA are classified according to their effectiveness for these grain sizes using a test aerosol of di-2-ethylhexyl sebacate (DEHS). K.W. Lee and B.Y.H. Liu give formulas in their article "On the Minimum Efficiency and the Most Penetrating Particle Size for Fibrous Filters" in Journal of the Air Pollution Control Association, Vol. 30, No. 4, April 1980, pages 377-381 which allow to calculate the minimum efficiency and MMPS for fiber filters due to the diffusion effect and the inertial effect. The results show that MMPS decreases with increasing filtration speed and fiber volume fraction and increases with increasing fiber size.

However, the fact that there are no filters for nanoparticles with an average particle size d ₅₀ of 1 nm to <50 nm is also particularly critical. Ironically, these particles are easily deposited in the bronchi and alveoli and generally have the highest mortality and toxicity. You can therefore diseases such as asthma, bronchitis, arteriosclerosis, arrhythmia, dermatitis, autoimmune diseases, cancer, Crohn's disease or organ failure.

This is particularly critical since the depth filters or HEPA filters are used in medical areas such as operating rooms, intensive care units and laboratories, as well as in clean rooms, in nuclear technology and in air washers.

1. 1. Freisetzung von elektrischen Ladungen, meist Elektronen,
2. 2. Aufladung der Staubpartikel im elektrischen Feld oder Ionisator,
3. 3. Transport der geladenen Staubteilchen zu der Niederschlagselektrode
4. 4. Anhaftungen der Staubpartikel an der Niederschlagselektrode und
5. 5. Entfernung der Staubschicht von der Niederschlagselektrode.

Another technology that is problematic in this respect is electrostatic precipitators for electric gas cleaning, electric dust filters or electrostatic stats, which are based on the separation of particles from gases using the electrostatic principle. Separation in the electrostatic precipitator can take place in five separate phases:

1. 1. Release of electrical charges, mostly electrons,
2. 2. charging of the dust particles in the electric field or ionizer,
3. 3. Transport of the charged dust particles to the collecting electrode
4. 4. Adhesion of the dust particles to the collecting electrode and
5. 5. Removal of the dust layer from the collecting electrode.

However, it is not possible to completely separate particles in the nanometer range, so that there is a risk of contamination with respirable particles in the vicinity of such systems.

These electric dust filters are often used in exhaust gas treatment. Amines, carbon dioxide, ammonia, hydrochloric acid, hydrogen sulfide and other toxic gases are removed from the exhaust gas flow using membranes. Since the electrostatic accumulation filters cannot completely remove the finest particles, they damage the membranes and reduce their separation efficiency.

For details regarding the toxicology, see the review articles by Günter Oberdörster, Eva Oberdörster and Jan Oberdörster, “Nanotoxicology. An Emerging Discipline Evolving from Studies of Ultrafine Particles”, in Environmental Health Perpectives Volume 113. (7), 2005, 823-839, and Günter Oberdörster, Vicki Stone and Ken Donaldson, “Toxicology of nanoparticles: A historical perspective”, Nanotoxicology, March 2007; 1(1): 2-25, referenced.

Viruses present outside of cells are scientifically called virions. They have a diameter of 15 nm to 440 nm and are significantly smaller than bacteria, most of which have a diameter of 1 µm to 5 µm. The viruses or virions thus have sizes that fall within the "filter gaps" of 1 nm to 50 nm and 200 nm to 400 nm.

Therefore, the air purifiers equipped with filters can at best reduce the concentration of viruses or virions in the indoor air, but they cannot completely remove or destroy them because of the lack of a disinfecting effect.

Non-sedimenting aerosols generated by humans and animals, particularly aerosols created by breathing, coughing or sneezing and which disperse very rapidly in large volumes in enclosed spaces, play a central role in the transmission of viruses from human to human, from animal to animal Human, animal to animal and human to animal. They contribute significantly to the spread of diseases. Since the non-sedimenting aerosols generally have a particle diameter of 0.1 nm to 100 nm, they can only be intercepted incompletely - if at all - by the air filters.

If you want to keep the concentration of viruses and virions in the air in closed rooms below a threshold above which there is a high risk of infection, the air must be constantly circulated in large quantities. However, this currently only works with stationary air conditioning systems, which often cannot be retrofitted to buildings, means of transport, etc. Another disadvantage is that powerful air conditioners, blowers and mobile air purifiers often make a loud noise, which is perceived as annoying. Their particularly strong air currents often cause health problems such as colds and joint pain.

In the company publication of "LUFTREINIGERDEPOT your specialist for healthy indoor air",
https://www.luftreinigungdepot.de/gegen/bakterien-und-viren?p=1&o=2&n=20&f=784
downloaded on August 25th, 2020, the problems are clarified again (original quote at the beginning):

"Air purifier against viruses & bacteria - also against the corona virus?

An air purifier against bacteria and viruses is particularly useful for waiting rooms in medical practices, for offices or parcels, for other public spaces such as canteens, hairdressing salons or nail salons. Wherever people come together and the air is more or less still, the risk of infection increases, which can be reduced by using air purifiers. Whether air purifiers also work specifically against the Covid 19 corona virus has not yet been tested due to the fact that it has not been around for long. Since it is not a completely new virus, but a mutated form of already known viruses, there is a lot to be said for its effectiveness.

You can find out below which air purifiers are particularly suitable against bacteria and viruses.

IMPORTANT NOTE:

Please note that while air purifiers significantly reduce the concentration of viruses and bacteria in the air, they cannot completely prevent them. The best protection against the corona virus is avoiding social contacts and washing your hands frequently and thoroughly. In any case, please follow the requirements of the federal and state governments.

“Due to the small size of bacteria and viruses, air purifiers must have the right filters to safely capture airborne hazards. Air purifiers with HEPA filters work very effectively against microscopic sources of infection and also reliably filter particularly tiny bacteria with a particle size of just 0.3 micrometers (µm) from the room air. Additional methods such as photocatalytic filters, nano-silver filters or switched-on ionizers can help to further improve the efficiency of air purifiers. In order to catch bacteria and viruses as quickly as possible in the available filters, a high air flow rate is also important for air purifiers. An air purifier should be able to clean the entire room air at least twice an hour. Manufacturers of premium devices are targeting a complete cleaning of the room air up to 5 times per hour.”

(End of original quote).

Another way to reduce the concentration of virions and aerosols in closed rooms is intensive forced ventilation with outside air. On the one hand, this presupposes that the rooms are on the outside of buildings so that such ventilation options are available at all and, if so, that the weather conditions permit ventilation. This is likely to be difficult at low outside temperatures, driving rain, thunderstorms, hail, snow, freezing rain, etc.

From the Japanese patent application JP 2012-181008 A (machine translation) is known an air purification device comprising a Peltier element. The patent application shows an air purification device that can be operated by a temperature difference, having a vertical, tubular housing with a fan arranged in the floor area and an air inlet and an air outlet in the upper area, the air inlet channel and the air outlet channel in the housing being separated from one another by a vertical wall. The vertical partition has a Peltier element near the air inlet/air outlet, the hot side of which is in contact with the air inlet duct and preheats or warms the incoming air, and the cold side of which is in contact with the air outlet duct and cools the exhaust air. After heating the incoming air at the Peltier element, the air is cleaned at a catalyst heated by a PCT heating element and then deflected by the blower into the exhaust air duct, where it is cooled by the Peltier element before the air outlet. (see. 16 in conjunction with paragraph [0037]). In the known air purification device, the Peltier element is neither arranged in the bottom area nor connected to a cooling line, which has a cooling ring in the upper area. In addition, no hangable cartridge with biocidal sorbents for air purification is provided. A thermal insulation of the housing is also not mentioned. In addition, the well-known air cleaning device is not mobile, but permanently installed.

From the German patent application DE 3103303 A1 another air cleaning device that can be operated by a temperature difference and has Peltier elements for heating/cooling the air and two cleaning stages of sorption and catalyst masses is known. The device consists of a horizontal housing with an air inlet and an air outlet, both located on the same side of the housing, and a series of Peltier elements dividing the housing horizontally into a heating zone and a cooling zone, with an air deflection he follows. Above the warm-up zone There are two separately arranged chambers next to each other with the two cleaning stages, whereby the air is only slightly heated after entering the device at the first Peltier element, in order to then pass through the first chamber with the sorption masses and then through further heating to the following chambers in the direction of flow further Peltier elements to be heated to higher temperatures and then fed to the catalyst masses. After leaving the catalyst cleaning stage, the air flow is deflected and guided past the cold sides of the Peltier elements in the lower area of the housing. (Fig. in conjunction with para. [0020] -[0025]).

Japanese patent application JP H11-304 281 A1 (machine translation) describes an air purification device that can be operated by a temperature difference as an air conditioner with a Peltier element, which is arranged between two air supply ducts, the cold side being in contact with the cold air duct and the warm side being in contact with the warm air duct. Both air ducts are thermally separated from each other. Furthermore, the warm side of the Peltier element is provided with a carrier catalyst coating (porous glass film with embedded metals), so that air purification takes place on the warm air side at the same time. ( 1 in connection with claims 1-4).

The international patent application WO 2009/010528 A1 discloses a mobile air conditioner for heating / cooling with a fan and a replaceable air filter cartridge with biocidal granules as a bed between layers of gauze. In contrast to the subject of the application, however, the air filter cartridge is arranged in front of the heating/cooling system, with a Peltier element also being able to be provided in the case of air cooling. In addition, neither additional cooling devices nor thermal insulation of the housing are provided. ( 1 , 3 , 7 , 8th in connection with claims 1, 6-10, 16, 27 and page 3, line 25, to page 4, line 6, page 4, line 19 to page 5, line 29, page 6, line 20, to page 7, line 2) .

The German patent application DE 102 17 159 A1 shows an air cleaning device for cleaning breathing air with a vertical housing in which, after the air inlet, a heating chamber, a first bed of biocidal adsorber granules (spheres, cylinders with an active surface such as zeolites, molecular sieves + Ca, Mg aluminate), a separating sieve and a second Bed of a catalyst granules (made of metals) are arranged with a separate heater. The air is guided through an inner tube to the air outlet and cooled by heat exchangers before it is supplied as breathing air. ( 1 , 2 in connection with claims 1-5, 7-10 and paragraphs [0011]-[0013]). In this device, there is no insertable cartridge for the air-cleaning granules. In addition, the heating/cooling of the air is not carried out with a Peltier element in conjunction with a cooling line. There is also no provision for thermal insulation of the housing.

The German patent 10 2005 001 726 B4 shows another air purification device that can be operated with a temperature difference, in which the following assemblies are arranged one after the other in the direction of flow: a coarse filter made of stainless steel/aluminum with a coating of a thermoelectric material (e.g. bismuth), on which a voltage is applied to achieve thermoelectric cooling (= Peltier effect), a ceramic fine filter unit with catalytically active additives (e.g. metal-polymers with a biocidal effect) combined with a microwave radiator for heating the same, a control unit and a fan. ( 1 in connection with claims 10-15, para. [0021], [0030]). In this device, the Peltier element is used to cool the incoming air and this is only heated downstream by microwave radiation. In addition, neither a filter cartridge, a cooling circuit nor a thermal insulation of the housing are mentioned.

The German patent 10 2015 104 354 B4 shows e.g. B. A device for demonstrating the operation of an air cleaner, comprising a housing for introducing an air cleaner, the housing having an inlet port for connecting an external source of a contaminant, in particular vapor or smoke (aerosol cloud), and an outlet port with a filter element for retaining the contaminants within the housing, and the inlet and outlet may also be fitted with valves to control airflow. A sensor for measuring the air quality, eg a particle sensor, is also installed in the housing. ( 1 in connection with claims 1, 4, 7-9, 12 and paragraphs [0032] - [0034], [0037]). The demonstration device has neither a nebulizing nozzle for an aerosol nor an exhaust hood for the exhaust air, in which an additional particle sensor is arranged in order to determine the effectiveness of the air cleaner accurately. There is also no additional connection for cleaned, dry air as a flushing line. A sensor for flow measurement is also missing.

From the German utility model DE 298 16 225 U1 a measuring device for in-situ functional testing of a filter of a filter system by determining the number of particles in a gas sample and filter system for separating particles from a gas flow is known. This is where the air is sucked in (Sampling) by means of a vacuum via inlet and outlet side probes. The air quality is determined on the inlet/outlet side using a laser particle sensor. The gas samples are previously diluted by a gas dilution device in order to protect the particle sensor. ( 1 in connection with claims). The in situ sampling is done directly from the air cleaning device and the sample is taken to a measurement station and the air cleaning device is not contained as such in a sealed, closed chamber of a test device. There is also no supply line for an aerosol with a nebulizer nozzle or an additional flushing line for cleaned, dry air. A flow meter is also missing.

The German utility model DE 299 05 469 U1 shows an air filter test stand with dosing lines for test gases as well as a connection for a dust dosing device and a holder for the air filter. Here, too, analogously to the DB, test air is extracted via sampling probes before and after the filter test object and fed to a particle counter, which can be charged with either raw or clean gas via a switching unit. ( 1 in conjunction with page 1, last paragraph - page 2, 1st paragraph). This measuring device is also not suitable for accommodating a mobile air purification device.

Object of the present invention

The present invention was based on the object of proposing a low-noise or ideally noiseless, mobile device for cleaning and disinfecting room air, which no longer has the disadvantages of the prior art, but which allows contaminated room air from a wide variety of noxae and Permanently rid of microorganisms. In particular, the mobile device should eliminate bacteria and/or viruses and aerosols contaminated by bacteria and/or viruses, specifically SARS-Co-V2 viruses and aerosols contaminated by SARS-Co-V2 viruses, and absorb and/or the resulting decomposition products adsorb.

This is also intended to ensure that the volume of air that has to be circulated in order to achieve a lasting effect can be significantly reduced. This should also reduce energy consumption in the long term. Overall, an optimal balance should be achieved between the air volume to be circulated, the contact time of the viruses and bacteria with the biocides and the size of the devices.

Furthermore, the devices should be easy to produce and only contain bactericidal and virucidal substances that are officially approved for these purposes.

In addition, the devices should not emit any dust, vapors or aerosols into the cleaned and disinfected room air.

The solution according to the invention

Accordingly, the mobile device for cleaning and disinfecting room air that can be operated by temperature difference was found according to independent patent claim 1, which is referred to below as the “device according to the invention”. Advantageous embodiments of the device according to the invention are the subject matter of dependent claims 2 to 21.

In addition, the method for cleaning and disinfecting room air using the device according to the invention according to claim 22 was found. The method is referred to below as the “method according to the invention”. Advantageous embodiments of the method according to the invention are the subject matter of dependent claims 23 to 24.

Furthermore, the use of the device according to the invention and the method according to the invention for eliminating free or aerosol-bound bacteria, viruses and other noxae in the air according to independent patent claim 25 was found. This use is referred to below as “use according to the invention”.

Last but not least, the test device for testing the effectiveness of the mobile device (device according to the invention) that can be operated by a temperature difference for cleaning and disinfecting room air according to independent claim 26 was found, which is referred to below as "test device according to the invention".

Advantages of the Invention

In view of the prior art, it was surprising and unforeseeable for the person skilled in the art that the object on which the present invention is based could be achieved with the aid of the device according to the invention, the method according to the invention and the use according to the invention.

In particular, it was surprising that the device according to the invention no longer had the disadvantages of the prior art, but instead allowed contaminated room air to be permanently freed from a wide variety of noxae and microorganisms. In particular, using the device and method according to the invention, bacteria and viruses and aerosols contaminated by bacteria and/or viruses, specifically SARS-Co-V2 viruses and aerosols contaminated by SARS-Co-V2 viruses, could be eliminated by contact and the resulting Decay products are absorbed and / or adsorbed.

This also made it possible to significantly reduce the volume of air that had to be circulated in order to achieve a lasting effect. This also resulted in a sustained reduction in energy consumption. Overall, an optimal balance was achieved between the volume of air to be circulated, the contact time of the viruses and bacteria with the biocides and the size of the devices.

Furthermore, the device according to the invention could be manufactured and operated automatically in a simple manner and contained only bactericidal and virucidal substances that are also officially approved for these purposes. In addition, all components of the device according to the invention could also be provided with a coating with a permanent virucidal and bactericidal effect, which advantageously further increased the overall effect.

In addition, the device according to the invention did not release any dust, vapors or aerosols into the cleaned and disinfected room air.

The device according to the invention and the method according to the invention could be used in a wide variety of closed rooms, with their mobility proving to be a further particular advantage.

Another significant advantage of the device according to the invention was that used virucidal and/or bactericidal bulk materials and the used adsorbents and/or the adsorbents of the cartridge to be used according to the invention can be decontaminated in a simple manner directly by mechanochemical processes in which harmful organic substances have been converted into carbon could become.

Because of their significantly smaller dimensions and space requirements compared to fans with filters or electrostatic fans, the devices according to the invention are particularly well suited to cleaning and decontaminating the room air in the corners of rooms silently or almost silently. Therefore, they can also be used particularly well in classrooms or conference rooms, where loudly noisy fans are particularly annoying.

Further advantages of the invention appear from the following description.

Detailed Description of the Invention

The device according to the invention is used to clean and disinfect the air in rooms of all kinds. In particular, it is used to eliminate free bacteria or bacteria, viruses and other noxae bound to aerosols in the air of living rooms, sick rooms, operating theaters, treatment rooms in doctor's offices and physiotherapy facilities, laboratories of all kinds, pubs, restaurants, bistros, hotel rooms, classrooms, classrooms, fitness centers, trains, cars, buses, taxis, caravans, mobile homes, camping tents, airplanes, ship cabins, offices, conference rooms, meeting rooms, theaters, cinemas, ship terminals, train stations, airport terminals , elevators, workshops, factory buildings, stairwells and shops of all kinds.

The device according to the invention comprises the components described below.

In an advantageous embodiment of the device according to the invention, the surfaces of the components, in particular the surfaces that come into contact with air, are provided with at least one of the bactericidal and/or virucidal coatings described below.

The device according to the invention has a vertical, tubular outer wall with a horizontal bottom. The horizontal cross section of the vertical tubular outer wall can be circular, elliptical, oval, square, quadrangular or hexagonal. In particular, it is circular.

The diameter of the tubular outer wall and thus of the device according to the invention can vary widely and depends primarily on the volume of air that is to be decontaminated. The diameter is preferably 5 cm to 50 cm. The wall thickness is preferably 0.2 cm to 2 cm, particularly preferably 0.3 cm to 1.5 cm and in particular 0.5 cm to 1 cm.

The height of the tubular outer wall and thus of the device according to the invention can also vary widely and depends primarily on the volume of air that is to be decontaminated. The height is preferably 30 cm to 300 cm, preferably 50 cm to 300 cm and in particular 60 cm to 300 cm.

The outer wall can be constructed from a wide variety of materials. These materials preferably have a low thermal conductivity λ. The thermal conductivity λ is preferably below 80 W/(m.K). Examples of suitable materials are plastics, glasses, hardwoods and metals and composites thereof.

Suitable plastics are customary and known linear and/or branched and/or block, comb and/or random polyaddition resins, polycondensation resins and/or (co)polymers of ethylenically unsaturated monomers.

Examples of suitable (co)polymers are (meth)acrylate (co)polymers and/or polystyrene, polyvinyl esters, polyvinyl ethers, polyvinyl halides, polyvinylamides, polyacrylonitriles, polyethylenes, polypropylenes, polybutylenes, polyisoprenes and/or their copolymers.

Examples of suitable polyaddition resins or polycondensation resins are polyesters, alkyds, polylactones, polycarbonates, polyethers, proteins, epoxy resin-amine adducts, polyurethanes, alkyd resins, polysiloxanes, phenol-formaldehyde resins, urea-formaldehyde resins, melamine-formaldehyde resins, cellulose, polysulfides, polyacetals , polyethylene oxides, polycaprolactams, polylactones, polylactides, polyimides, and/or polyureas.

As is known, thermosets are produced from multifunctional, low molecular weight and/or oligomeric compounds by (co)polymerization initiated thermally and/or with actinic radiation.

The plastics can contain customary and known reinforcing fibers and fillers, provided the latter do not increase the thermal conductivity λ to more than 80 W/(m.K).

Examples of suitable metals are chromium steel, high-alloy steel, low-alloy ferritic steel, unalloyed steel and titanium.

Examples of suitable hardwoods are beech, oak and ash.

Examples of suitable glasses are in Rompp-Online under the keywords "glass", "hard glass" or "safety glass" or in the German translation of the European patent EP 0 847 965 B1 with the case number DE 697 312 168 T2 , page 8, paragraph [0053]. Examples of particularly suitable glasses are non-tempered, partially tempered and tempered float glass, cast glass or ceramic glass.

The vertical, tubular outer wall has at least one circumferential separation point and preferably two circumferential separation points at which or at which the outer wall can be disassembled and reassembled. These separation points can be plug connections, bayonet connections, flange connections or screw connections. The separation points facilitate assembly and maintenance of the device according to the invention.

Furthermore, the device according to the invention has a thermally and electrically insulating first inner tube with a horizontal base, which rests against the inner wall and the base of the vertical, tubular outer wall. The upper end of the first inner tube terminates below the upper end of the outer wall. The first inner tube is preferably made of at least one plastic with a thermal conductivity λ of 0.5 W/(mK) to 1.5 W/(mK) and/or at least one glass with a thermal conductivity λ of 0.5 W/(mK) to 1 .5 W/(mK) built up. The plastics and glasses listed above come into consideration here.

Furthermore, the device according to the invention has a thermal insulation that fills the cavity between the thermally and electrically insulating first inner tube and the second inner tube described below and which encloses the thermally conductive cold conduction system or cooling system described below up to a horizontal level that covers a short distance terminating below the upper ends of the first and second inner tubes. The tops of the two concentric inner tubes are at the same horizontal level.

In the second inner tube there are at least three thermally and electrically insulating elastic plugs which protrude into the interior and consist of a conventional and known thermoplastic elastomer such as EPDM rubber or a cross-linked elastomer such as rubber or hard rubber. They are arranged at the corners of an imaginary, regular, horizontal polygon, as described in more detail below. They serve to dampen vibrations for the centrally arranged, exchangeable, open-topped cartridge described in more detail below. However, the plugs can be extended laterally horizontally so that they collide at the extensions. Then they form a flow barrier for the heated rising air, for which the only way left is through the cartridge.

Conventional and known insulating materials that have a thermal conductivity λ of 0.001 W/(m.K) to 1.0 W/(m.K) can be used for thermal insulation. The thermal insulation is preferably a bed of particulate, chemically inert carrier material which preferably has an average particle size of 500 nm to 1.5 mm, determined by sieve analysis. This is preferably an inorganic carrier material. Its particles can have a wide variety of shapes, from the group consisting of spheres, hollow spheres, shards, granules, ground lumps, shards and granules, pellets, rings, spheres with core-shell structures, ellipsoids, cubes, cuboids, pyramids, Cones, cylinders, rhombuses, dodecahedrons, truncated dodecahedrons, icosahedrons, truncated icosahedrons, dumbbells, tori, platelets, needles having circular, oval, elliptical, square, triangular, quadrangular, pentagonal, hexagonal, heptagonal, octagonal or star-shaped cross-sections and in at least one shards, rings, dumbbells, tori, needles and plates, bent in the direction of space.

Particulate foam glass, foam glass gravel, pumice stones, zeolites, expanded clay, expanded glass, expanded mica, expanded perlite, foam cement and/or ceramic foam are preferably used.

The use of particles has the significant advantage that the insulation can be made in a simple manner by pouring it into said cavity. In the same way, the insulation can also be poured out and replaced if necessary.

The thermally conductive refrigeration system or refrigeration system comprises at least two half-shells facing each other, or a vertical concentric tube, or at least three vertical refrigeration ducts placed at the vertices of an imaginary regular polygon. The regular polygon is in particular an isosceles triangle, a square, a pentagon, a hexagon or an octagon, but in particular a triangle or a square.

The vertical cooling lines or cooling half-shells are each connected to a removable, thermally conductive cooling head and the vertical cooling pipe is connected to a removable, annular, thermally conductive cooling ring by plug connections. To intensify the conduction of cold, a thermally conductive paste, in particular a graphite, nanocarbon, silver, diamond or aluminum nitride thermally conductive paste, can be used in the plug connections.

The cooling heads or the cooling ring are flush with the upper end of the thermally and electrically insulating second inner tube. In order to improve flushness, the cooling heads or cooling rings can have correspondingly shaped grooves on their undersides, which interact with the upper end of the second inner tube in the sense of a tongue and groove connection.

The cooling heads or the cooling ring have a short projection protruding into the interior of the device according to the invention as a horizontal support for the cartridge holder described below. The top horizontal surface of the cooling heads or air ring is located below the top of the outer wall.

The cooling heads are encased in a thermally and electrically insulating slip-on ring. The slip-on ring sealingly abuts the inside of the outer wall, lies flush on the upper ends of the first and second inner tubes, and projects a distance into the gap between the first and second inner tubes to the level of the thermal insulation. The top horizontal surface of the clip-on ring is located below the top of the outer wall.

In the case of the cooling ring, this is surrounded flush on its horizontal upper side and its rear side by the slip-on ring, with the slip-on ring only reaching the level of the thermal insulation on the rear side.

The slip-on ring is constructed from the plastics and glasses described above with low thermal conductivity λ. Foam materials and cork also come into consideration.

An air-permeable cover made of the above-described plastics and glasses with a low thermal conductivity λ rests on the peripheral slip-on ring.

If desired, a filter can be placed in the space below the air-permeable cover, with the HEPA filters listed above coming into consideration.

The at least two horizontal cooling ducts are in thermally conductive contact with the cold side of at least one Peltier element and extend from the center of the cold side of the at least one Peltier element to the lower ends of the cooling ducts or the cooling half-shells. However, a horizontal cooling disk can also be used, which is in thermally conductive contact with the cold side and the lower ends of the cooling lines or the cooling half-shells or the lower end of the cooling tube.

The thermal contact between the cold side of the at least one Peltier element and the at least two horizontal cooling lines or the horizontal cooling disk can be further intensified by a thermally conductive paste, in particular one of the thermally conductive pastes listed above, and/or an aluminum nitride ceramic disk.

The refrigeration system or cooling system can be made of a wide variety of solid materials, as long as they have a thermal conductivity λ of 20 W/(m.K) to 430 W/(m.K). Examples of suitable materials of this type are low-alloy ferritic steel, chromium steel, unalloyed steel, lead, titanium, tantalum, tin, platinum, iron, nickel, tungsten, zinc, brass, molybdenum, aluminum, aluminum alloys, gold, copper alloys, copper and silver.

The second inner tube described above is flush with the horizontal cooling lines or the horizontal cooling disc. In order to improve flushness, the latter can have correspondingly shaped grooves which interact with the end of the second inner tube in the sense of a tongue and groove connection. In addition, the second inner tube encloses the at least one Peltier element on the side, except for an opening for the electrical cables to pass through.

The at least one Peltier element is arranged in the second inner tube in such a way that its cold side is assigned to the horizontal cooling lines or the horizontal cooling disk, whereas the hot side faces the heating space described below.

The number, size, shape, number of stages (single-stage or multi-stage) and power of the Peltier element or elements can vary widely and depends primarily on the desired temperature difference between the hot side and the cold side the amount of air to be converted during a unit of time, and thus according to the size of the device according to the invention. Those skilled in the art can easily select suitable, commercially available Peltier elements based on these specifications.

Above the level of the hot side of the at least one Peltier element there is at least one air inlet in the form of an air tube through the outer wall, the first inner tube, the thermal Insulation and the second inner tube. The at least one air inlet can have a grid at its inlet opening, with the help of which it is avoided that larger parts penetrate into the boiler room.

The at least one air tube or preferably the at least two, preferably the at least three and in particular the at least four air tubes can have different cross sections. Thus, the cross-section can be circular, elliptical, oval, rectangular, square, or columnar. The at least one air pipe or the at least two air pipes can run in a straight line or run curved so that the air enters the heating space tangentially, as a result of which vortices are formed in the incoming air, which promote heat transfer. The clear width of the cross section can expand in a funnel shape from the inlet to the outlet. For better air guidance towards the inlet of the at least one air tube, the outer wall can have a correspondingly shaped air guiding groove. The wall of the at least one air tube can be constructed from a wide variety of materials, with the materials described above having low thermal conductivity preferably being considered.

Above the boiler room is the replaceable, open-topped cartridge with a thermally electrically insulating cartridge wall, an air-permeable cartridge base, the openings of which are on the one hand so small that the fillings described below cannot fall out and on the other hand are so large that the air resistance is low stays, arranged.

The cartridge wall is preferably constructed from the plastics and/or glasses described above.

The cross section of the concentrically arranged cartridge wall depends on the cross sections of the outer wall and the two inner tubes. Preferably the cross section is circular. In the case of a circular cross-section, this can be constant over the entire length of the cartridge, or the cartridge can have the shape of a venturi tube.

The upper end of the cartridge is formed by a circumferential cooling ring made of a highly thermally conductive material. The metals and alloys with high thermal conductivity described above can be considered as materials here. Highly thermally conductive thin, horizontal, crossed, or parallel struts can run through the interior of the ring, providing cooling across the entire opening of the cartridge without appreciably increasing drag.

The rotating cooling ring is in thermally conductive contact with the cooling heads or cooling ring described above. The thermally conductive contact can be intensified by a thermally conductive paste, in particular one of the thermally conductive pastes listed above.

• (i) mindestens einer Schüttung aus mindestens einer Art eines partikulären, anorganischen, bakterizid und/oder viruzid beschichteten, inerten Trägermaterials und/oder mindestens einer Art eines partikulären, anorganischen, bakteriziden und/oder viruziden Materials und mit
• (ii) mindestens einer Schüttung aus mindestens einer Art von partikulären, anorganischen und/oder metallorganischen Adsorbentien und/oder Absorbentien

gemischt oder schichtweise gefüllt.The cartridge is included

• (i) at least one bed of at least one type of particulate, inorganic, bactericidal and/or virucidal coated, inert carrier material and/or at least one type of particulate, inorganic, bactericidal and/or virucidal material and with
• (ii) at least one bed of at least one type of particulate, inorganic and/or organometallic adsorbents and/or absorbents

mixed or filled in layers.

This is advantageously achieved in that the inner wall of the cartridge is fitted with circumferential supports for air-permeable intermediate floors, the openings of which are on the one hand so small that the fill cannot fall out and on the other hand are so large that the air resistance remains low. The intermediate bases are preferably constructed from the same material as the cartridge wall.

In the embodiment in which the cartridge is in the form of a Venturi tube, there are (i) the bed of at least one type of particulate, inorganic, bactericidal and virucidal coated, inert carrier material and/or the bed of at least one type of particulate, inorganic and /or a particulate, inorganic, bactericidal and/or virucidal material and (ii) the bed of at least one type of particulate, in particular non-combustible, inorganic and/or organometallic adsorbents and/or absorbents, as a mixed bed.

Preferably, the at least one type of particulate, inorganic, bactericidal and/or virucidal coated, inert carrier material from the group consisting of packing for columns such as Raschig rings, spheres, hollow spheres, shards, granules, ground lumps, shards and granules, pellets, rings , spheres with core-shell structures, ellipsoids, cubes, parallelepipeds, pyramids, cones, cylinders, rhombuses, dodecahedrons, truncated dodecahedrons, icosahedrons, truncated icosahedrons, dumbbells, tori, platelets, needles with circular, oval, elliptical, square, triangular , quadrangular, pentagonal, hexagonal, heptagonal, octagonal or star-shaped cross-sections, shards curved in at least one spatial direction, rings, dumbbells, tori, needles and platelets of sheet silicates, foam glass, foam glass gravel, pumice stones, zeolites, expanded clay, expanded glass, expanded mica, expanded perlite, foam cements and ceramic foams.

Preferably, at least one type of one of the particulate, inorganic, bactericidal and/or virucidal materials described below from the group consisting of spheres, hollow spheres, shards, granules, ground chunks, shards and granules, pellets, rings, spheres with core Shell structures, ellipsoids, cubes, parallelepipeds, pyramids, cones, cylinders, rhombuses, dodecahedrons, truncated dodecahedrons, icosahedrons, truncated icosahedrons, dumbbells, tori, platelets, needles with circular, oval, elliptical, square, triangular, quadrangular, pentagonal, hexagonal, heptagonal, octagonal or star-shaped cross-sections, shards bent in at least one direction of space, rings, dumbbells, tori, needles and plates and foams.

• - Inselsilikate
• - Gruppensilikate
• - Ringsilikate
• - Ketten- und Bandsilikate
• - Übergangsstrukturen zwischen Ketten- und Schichtsilikaten
• - Schichtsilikate
• - Gerüstsilikate

Due to their structural peculiarity, phyllosilicates are preferably used or at least used as well. The elemental composition and the structure of the layered silicate microparticles can vary widely. For example, the classification of silicates into the following structures is known:

• - Island silicates
• - group silicates
• - ring silicates
• - chain and ribbon silicates
• - Transitional structures between chain and sheet silicates
• - layered silicates
• - tectosilicates

Layered silicates are silicates whose silicate cations consist of layers of corner-linked SiO ₄ tetrahedrons. These layers and/or double layers are not further linked to one another. The technically important clay minerals that are widespread in sedimentary rock are also phyllosilicates. The layered structure of these minerals determines the shape and properties of the crystals. They are mostly tabular to laminar with good to perfect cleavage parallel to the layers. The number of rings that make up the silicate layers often determines the symmetry and shape of the crystals. Water molecules, large cations and/or lipids can be stored between the layers.

In Table 1 below, layered silicates are listed by way of example and not exhaustively. The person skilled in the art can easily select further phyllosilicates that are particularly well suited for the respective individual case. Table 1: Molecular formulas of suitable phyllosilicates ^a) No. Type molecular formula 1 martinite (Na,Ca) ₁₁ Ca ₄ (Si,S,B) ₁₄ B ₂ O ₄₀ F ₂ 4(H ₂ O) 2 Apophyllite-(NaF) NaCa ₄ Si ₈ O ₂₀ F 8H ₂ O 3 Apophyllite-(KF) (K,Na)Ca ₄ Si ₈ O ₂₀ (F,OH) 8H ₂ O 4 Apophyllite-(KOH) KCa ₄ Si ₈ O ₂₀ (OH,F) 8H ₂ O 5 Cuprorivait _{CaCuSi4O10 _} 6 wesselsite (Sr,Ba) _Cu [ _Si4O10 ] 7 effenbergerite _BaCu [ _Si4O10 ] 8th Gillespit BaFe ²⁺ Si ₄ O ₁₀ 9 sanbornite _{BaSi2O5 _} 10 Bigcreekit _{BaSi2O5.4H2O _ _} 11 davanite _{K2TiSi6O15 _ _} 12 Dalyit _{K2ZrSi6O15 _ _} 13 fenaksite _{KNaFe2 +} ^Si4O10 14 Manaksite ^KNaMn2 ₊ [ _Si4O10 ] 15 Ershovit K ₃ Na ₄ (Fe,Mn,Ti) ₂ [Si ₈ O ₂₀ (OH) ₄ ] 4H ₂ O 16 Paraershovit Na ₃ K ₃ Fe ³⁺ ₂ Si ₈ O ₂₀ (OH) ₄ 4H ₂ O 17 Natrosilite _{Na2Si2O5 _ _} 18 kanemite _{NaSi2O5.3H2O _ _} 19 revdit Na ₁₆ Si ₁₆ O ₂₇ (OH) ₂₆ .28H ₂ O 20 Latiumit (Ca,K) ₄ (Si,Al) ₅ O ₁₁ (SO ₄ ,CO ₃ ) 21 Tuscanite K(Ca,Na) ₆ (Si,Al) ₁₀ O ₂₂ (SO ₄ ,CO ₃ ,(OH) ₂ H ₂ O 22 carletonite KNa ₄ Ca ₄ Si ₈ O ₁₈ (CO ₃ ) ₄ (OH,F) H ₂ O 23 pyrophyllite _Al2Si4O10 ( _{OH ) 2} 24 ferripyrophyllite Fe ³⁺ Si ₂ O ₅ (OH) 25 Macaulayite (Fe ³⁺ ,Al) ₂₄ Si ₄ O ₄₃ (OH) ₂ 26 talc _Mg3Si4O10 ( _{OH ) 2} 27 Minnesota _Fe ²⁺ ₃ Si ₄ O ₁₀ (OH) ₂ 28 Willemseit (Ni, _Mg ) _3Si4O10 (OH _{) 2} 29 pimelite _{Ni3Si4O10 ( OH ) 2.4H2O} 30 Kegelite Pb ₄ Al ₂ Si ₄ O ₄ (SO ₄ )(CO ₃ ) ₂ (OH) ₄ 31 aluminoseladonite K(Mg,Fe ²⁺ )Al[(OH) ₂₁ Si ₄ O ₁₀ ] 32 ferroaluminoseladonite K(Fe ²⁺ ,Mg)(Al, Fe ³⁺ )[(OH) ₂ |Si ₄ O ₁₀ ] 33 celadonite K(Mg,Fe ²⁺ )(Fe ³⁺ ,Al)Si ₄ O ₁₀ (OH) ₂ 34 chromium celadonite KMgCr[(OH) ₂ |Si ₄ O ₁₀ ] 35 Ferroseladonite K(Fe ²⁺ ,Mg)(Fe ³ +,Al)[(OH) ₂ |Si ₄ O ₁₀ ] 36 paragonite NaAl ₂ (Si ₃ Al)O ₁₀ (OH) ₂ 37 boromuscovite KAl ₂ (Si ₃ B)O ₁₀ (OH,F) ₂ 38 Muscovite KAl ₂ (Si ₃ Al)O ₁₀ (OH,F) ₂ 39 Chromphyllite K(Cr,Al) ₂ [(OH,F) ₂ |AlSi ₃ O ₁₀ ] 40 roscoelite K(V,Al,Mg) ₂ AlSi ₃ O ₁₀ (OH) ₂ 41 ganterite (Ba,Na,K)(Al,Mg) ₂ [(OH,F) ₂ |(Al,Si)Si ₂ O ₁₀ ] 42 Tobelith (NH ₄ ,K)Al ₂ (Si ₃ Al)O ₁₀ (OH) ₂ 43 Nanpingit CsAl ₂ (Si,Al) ₄ O ₁₀ (OH,F) ₂ 44 polylithionite KLi ₂ AlSi ₄ O ₁₀ (F,OH) ₂ 45 tainiolite _{KLiMg2Si4O10F2 _ _ _} 46 Norrishit KLiMn ³⁺ ₂ Si ₄ O ₁₂ 47 shirokshinite KNaMg ₂ [F ₂ |Si ₄ O ₁₀ ] 48 Montdorite KMn _0.5 ²⁺ Fe _1.5 ²⁺ Mg _0.5 [F ₂ |Si ₄ O ₁₀ ] 49 trilithionite KLi _1.5 Al _1.5 [F ₂ |AlSi ₃ O ₁₀ ] 50 masutomilite K(Li,Al,Mn2 ⁺ ) ₃ (Si,Al) ₄ O ₁₀ (F,OH) ₂ 51 Aspidolite-1M NaMg ₃ (AlSi ₃ )O ₁₀ (OH) ₂ 52 fluorophlogopite _KMg3 ( _{AlSi3 ) O10F2} 53 phlogopite KMg ₃ (Si ₃ Al)O ₁₀ (F,OH) ₂ 54 tetraferriphlogopite KMg ₃ [(F,OH) ₂ |(Al,Fe ³⁺ )Si ₃ O ₁₀ ] 55 Hendricksit K(Zn,Mn) ₃ Si ₃ AlO ₁₀ (OH) ₂ 56 Shirozulite K(Mn ²⁺ ,Mg) ₃ [(OH) ₂ |AlSi ₃ O ₁₀ ] 57 Fluorannite KFe ₃ ²⁺ [(F,OH) ₂ |AlSi ₃ O ₁₀ ] 58 annit KFe ²⁺ ₃ (Si ₃ Al)O ₁₀ (OH,F) ₂ 59 tetraferriannite KFe ²⁺ ₃ (Si ₃ Fe ³⁺ )O ₁₀ (OH) ₂ 60 Ephesite NaLiAl2( _{Al2Si2 ) O10} (OH _{) 2} 61 price work kit _{NaMg2Al3Si2O10 ( OH ) 2} 62 eastonite KMg ₂ Al[(OH) ₂ |Al ₂ Si ₂ O ₁₀ ] 63 siderophyllite KFe ₂ ²⁺ Al(Al ₂ Si ₂ )O ₁₀ (F,OH) ₂ 64 anandite (Ba,K)(Fe ²⁺ ,Mg) ₃ (Si,Al,Fe) ₄ O ₁₀ (S,OH) ₂ 65 bitit CaLiAl ₂ (AlBeSi ₂ )O ₁₀ (OH) ₂ 66 oxykinoshitalite (Ba,K)(Mg,Fe ²⁺ ,Ti ⁴⁺ ) ₃ (Si,Al) ₄ O ₁₀ O ₂ 67 Kinoshitalith (Ba,K)(Mg,Mn,Al) ₃ Si ₂ Al ₂ O ₁₀ (OH) ₂ 68 ferrokinoshitalite Ba(Fe ²⁺ ,Mg) ₃ [(OH,F) ₂ |Al ₂ Si ₂ O ₁₀ ] 69 margarita CaAl ₂ (Al ₂ Si ₂ )O ₁₀ (OH) ₂ 70 Chernykhit BaV2( _{Si2Al2 ) O10} (OH _{) 2} 71 clintonite Ca(Mg,Al) ₃ (Al ₃ Si)O ₁₀ OH) ₂ 72 wonesite (Na,K,)(Mg,Fe,Al) ₆ (Si,Al) ₈ O ₂₀ (OH,F) ₄ 73 Brammallite (Na,H ₃ O)(Al,Mg,Fe) ₂ (Si,Al) ₄ O ₁₀ [(OH) ₂ ,H ₂ O] 74 illiterate (K,H ₃ O)Al ₂ (Si ₃ Al)O ₁₀ (H ₂ O,OH) ₂ 75 glauconite (K,Na)(Fe ³⁺ ,Al,Mg) ₂ (Si,Al) ₄ O ₁₀ (OH) ₂ 76 agrelite _{NaCa2Si4O10F _ _} 77 glagolevite NaMg ₆ [(OH,O) ₈ |AlSi ₃ O ₁₀ ] H ₂ O 78 erlianite Fe ²⁺ ₄ Fe ³⁺ ₂ Si ₆ O ₁₅ (OH) ₈ 79 bannisterite (Ca,K,Na)(Mn ²⁺ ,Fe ²⁺ ,Mg,Zn) ₁₀ (Si,Al) ₁₆ O ₃₈ (OH) ₈ nH ₂ O 80 barium bannisterite (K,H ₃ O)(Ba,Ca)(Mn ²⁺ ,Fe ²⁺ ,Mg) ₂₁ (Si,Al) ₃₂ O ₈₀ (O,OH) ₁₆ 4-12 H ₂ O 81 Lennilenapei K _6-7 (Mg,Mn,Fe ²⁺ ,Fe ³⁺ ,Zn) ₄₈ (Si,Al) ₇₂ (O,OH) ₂₁₆ ·16H ₂ O 82 style pnomelane K(Fe ²⁺ ,Mg,Fe ³⁺ ,Al) ₈ (Si,Al) ₁₂ (O,OH) ₂₇ .2H ₂ O 83 Franklin Philite (K,Na) _1-x (Mn ²⁺ ,Mg,Zn,Fe ³⁺ ) ₈ (Si,Al) ₁₂ (O,OH) ₃₆ nH ₂ O 84 parsette site (K,Na,Ca) _7.5 (Mn,Mg) ₄₉ Si ₇₂ O ₁₆₈ (OH) ₅₀ nH ₂ O 85 Middendorfit _{K3Na2Mn5Si12 ( O} , _{OH ) 362H2O} 86 Eggletonite (Na,K,Ca) ₂ (Mn,Fe) ₈ (Si,Al) ₁₂ O ₂₉ (OH) ₇ 11H ₂ O 87 ganophyllite (K,Na) _x Mn ²⁺ ₆ (Si,Al) ₁₀ O ₂₄ (OH) ₄ nH ₂ O {x = 1-2}{n = 7-11} 88 Tamait (Ca,K,Ba,Na) _3-4 Mn ²⁺ ₂₄ [(OH) ₁₂ |{(Si,Al) ₄ (O,OH) ₁₀ } ₁₀ ] 21H ₂ O 89 Ekmanite (Fe ²⁺ ,Mg,Mn,Fe ³⁺ ) ₃ (Si,Al) ₄ O ₁₀ (OH) ₂ 2H ₂ O 90 Lunijianlait Li _0.7 Al _6.2 (Si ₇ AlO ₂₀ )(OH,O) ₁₀ 91 saliotite Na _0.5 Li _0.5 Al ₃ [(OH) ₅ | AlSi ₃ O ₁₀ ] 92 coolness Na _0.35 Mg ₈ Al(AlSi ₇ )O ₂₀ (OH) ₁₀ 93 Aliettit Ca _0.2 Mg ₆ (Si,Al) ₈ O ₂₀ (OH) ₄ 4H ₂ O 94 rectorite (Na,Ca)Al ₄ (Si,Al) ₈ O ₂₀ (OH) ₄ .2H ₂ O 95 Tarasovite (Na,K,H ₃ O,Ca) ₂ Al ₄ [(OH) ₂ |(Si,Al) ₄ O ₁₀ ] ₂ H ₂ O 96 Tosudit Na _0.5 (Al,Mg) ₆ (Si,Al) ₈ O ₁₈ (OH) ₁₂ 5H ₂ O 97 Corrupt site (Ca,Na,K)(Mg,Fe,Al) ₉ (Si,Al) ₈ O ₂₀ (OH) ₁₀ nH ₂ O 98 Brinrobertsit (Na,K,Ca) _0.3 (Al,Fe,Mg) ₄ (Si,Al) ₈ O ₂₀ (OH) ₄ 3.5H ₂ O 99 montmorillonite (Na,Ca) _0.3 (Al,Mg) ₂ Si ₄ O ₁₀ (OH) ₂ nH ₂ O 100 beidellite (Na,Ca _0.5 ) _0.3 Al ₂ (Si,Al) ₄ O ₁₀ (OH) ₂ .4H ₂ O 101 nontronite Na _0.3 Fe ₂ ³⁺ (Si,Al) ₄ O ₁₀ (OH) ₂ 4H ₂ O 102 Volkonskoit Ca _0.3 (Cr ³⁺ ,Mg,Fe ³⁺ ) ₂ (Si,Al) ₄ O ₁₀ (OH) ₂ 4H ₂ O 103 Swinefordite (Ca,Na) _0.3 (Al,Li,Mg) ₂ (Si,Al) ₄ O ₁₀ (OH,F) ₂ 2H ₂ O 104 Yakhontovit (Ca,Na,K) _0.3 (CuFe ²⁺ Mg) ₂ Si ₄ O ₁₀ (OH) ₂ 3H ₂ O 105 hectorite Na _0.3 (Mg,Li) ₃ Si ₄ O ₁₀ (F,OH) ₂ 106 saponite (Ca| ₂ , Na) _0.3 (Mg, Fe ²⁺ ) ₃ (Si,Al) ₄ O ₁₀ (OH) ₂ 4H ₂ O 107 ferrosaponite Ca _0.3 (Fe ²⁺ ,Mg,Fe ³⁺ ) ₃ [(OH) ₂ |(Si,Al)Si ₃ O ₁₀ ] 4H ₂ O 108 spadait MgSiO ₂ (OH) ₂ H ₂ O 109 Stevensite (Ca| ₂ ) _0.3 Mg ₃ Si ₄ O ₁₀ (OH) ₂ 110 Sauconite Na _0.3 Zn ₃ (Si,Al) ₄ O ₁₀ (OH) ₂ 4H ₂ O 111 zinc silite Zn ₃ Si ₄ O ₁₀ (OH) ₂ 4H ₂ O 112 vermiculite Mg _0.7 (Mg,Fe,Al) ₆ (Si,Al) ₈ O ₂₀ (OH) ₄ 8H ₂ O 113 rilandite (C _r ³⁺ ,Al) ₆ SiO ₁₁ .5H ₂ O 114 Donbasit Al _2.3 [(OH) ₈ |AlSi ₃ O ₁₀ ] 115 sudoit _Mg2Al3 ( _Si3Al ) _O10 ( _OH ) ₈ 116 clinochlore (Mg,Fe ²⁺ ) ₅ Al(Si ₃ Al)O ₁₀ (OH) ₈ 117 chamosite (Fe ²⁺ ,Mg,Fe ³⁺ ) ₅ Al(Si ₃ Al)O ₁₀ (OH,O) ₈ 118 orthochamosite (Fe ²⁺ , Mg, Fe ³⁺ ) ₅ Al(Si ₃ Al)O ₁₀ (OH,O) ₈ 119 Baileychlor (Zn, Fe ²⁺ ,Al, Mg) ₆ (Si,Al) ₄ O ₁₀ (OH) ₈ 120 pennantite Mn ²⁺ ₅ Al(Si ₃ Al)O ₁₀ (OH) ₈ 121 Nimit (Ni, Mg, Fe ²⁺ ) ₅ Al(Si ₃ Al)O ₁₀ (OH) ₈ 122 Gonyerite Mn ²⁺ ₅ Fe ³⁺ (Si ₃ Fe ³⁺ O ₁₀ )(OH) ₈ 123 Cookeit LiAl ₄ (Si ₃ Al)O ₁₀ (OH) ₈ 124 Borocooness Li _1-1.5 Al _4-3.5 [(OH,F) ₈ |(B,Al)Si ₃ O ₁₀ ] 125 manandonite _Li2Al4 [( _Si2AlB ) _O10 ]( _OH ) ₈ 126 Franklinfurnaceit Ca ₂ (Fe ³⁺ Al)Mn ³⁺ Mn ₃ ²⁺ Zn ₂ Si ₂ O ₁₀ (OH) ₈ 127 Kämmererite(var.v. clinochlor) Mg ₅ (Al,Cr) ₂ Si ₃ O ₁₀ (OH) ₈ 128 niksergievit (Ba,Ca) ₂ Al ₃ [(OH) ₆ |CO ₃ |(Si,Al) ₄ O ₁₀ ] 0.2 H ₂ O 129 surit Pb ₂ Ca(Al,Mg) ₂ (Si,Al) ₄ O ₁₀ (OH) ₂ (CO ₃ ,OH) ₃ 0.5 H ₂ O 130 ferrisurite (Pb,Ca) _2-3 (Fe ³⁺ ,Al) ₂ [(OH,F) _2.5-3 |(CO ₃ ) _1.5-2 |Si ₄ O ₁₀ ] 0.5 H ₂ O 131 kaolinite _Al2Si2O3 ( _{OH ) 4} 132 dickit _Al2Si2O3 ( _{OH ) 4} 133 Halloysite-7Å _Al2Si2O3 ( _{OH ) 4} 134 sturtit Fe ³⁺ (Mn ²⁺ ,Ca,Mg)Si ₄ O ₁₀ (OH) ₃ .10 H ₂ O 135 allophane Al ₂ O ₃ ·(SiO ₂ ) _1.3-2 ·(H ₂ O) _2.5-3 136 imogolite _Al2SiO3 (OH _{) 4} 137 Odinite (Fe ³⁺ ,Mg,Al,Fe ²⁺ ,Ti,Mn) _2.4 (Si _1.8 Al _0.2 )O ₅ (OH) ₄ 138 Hisingerite Fe ₂ ³⁺ Si ₂ O ₅ (OH) ₄ 2H ₂ O 139 neotokite (Mn,Fe ²⁺ )SiO ₃ .H ₂ O 140 chrysotile _Mg3Si2O5 ( _{OH ) 4} 141 clinochrysotile _M93Si2O5 ( _{OH ) 4} 142 maufit (Mg,Ni)Al ₄ Si ₃ O ₁₃ .4H ₂ O 143 orthochrysotile _Mg3Si2O5 ( _{OH ) 4} 144 parachrysotile _M93Si2O5 ( _{OH ) 4} 145 antigorite (Mg,Fe ²⁺ ) ₃ Si ₂ O ₅ (OH) ₄ 146 lizardite _Mg3Si2O5 ( _{OH ) 4} 147 karyopilite Mn ²⁺ ₃ Si ₂ O ₅ (OH) ₄ 148 Greenalith (Fe ²⁺ , Fe ³⁺ ) _2-3 Si ₂ O ₅ (OH) ₄ 149 Berthierin (Fe ²⁺ ,Fe ³⁺ ,Al) ₃ (Si,Al) ₂ O ₅ (OH) ₄ 150 Fraipontite (Zn,Al) ₃ (Si,Al) ₂ O ₃ (OH) ₄ 151 zinalsite Zn ₇ Al ₄ (SiO ₄ ) ₆ (OH) ₂ 9H ₂ O 152 Dozyit Mg ₇ (Al,Fe ³⁺ ,Cr) ₂ [(OH) ₁₂ |Al ₂ Si ₄ O ₁₅ ] 153 amesite _Mg2Al (SiAl) _O5 (OH) ₄ 154 kellyite (Mn2 ⁺ ,Mg,Al) ₃ (Si,Al) ₂ O ₅ (OH) ₄ 155 Cronstedtite Fe ₂ ²⁺ Fe ³⁺ (SiFe ³⁺ )O ₅ (OH) ₄ 156 carp kite (Mg,Ni) ₂ Si ₂ O ₃ (OH) ₂ 157 Nepouit (Ni, _{M9 ) 3Si2O5} (OH _{) 4} 158 pecoraite _Ni3Si2O3 ( _{OH ) 4} 159 brindleyite (Ni,Mg,Fe ²⁺ ) ₂ Al(SiAl)O ₅ (OH) ₄ 160 Carlosturanite (Mg, Fe ²⁺ Ti) ₂₁ (Si,Al) ₁₂ O ₂₈ (OH) ₃₄ H ₂ O 161 Pyrosmalite-(Fe) (Fe ²⁺ , Mn) ₈ Si ₆ O ₁₅ (Cl, OH) ₁₀ ) 162 Pyrosmalite-(Mn) (Mn, Fe ²⁺ ) ₈ Si ₆ O15(OH, Cl) ₁₀ 163 Brokenhillite (Mn, Fe) ₈ Si ₆ O ₁₅ (OH, Cl) ₁₀ 164 nelenite (Mn, Fe ²⁺ ) ₁₆ Si ₁₂ AS ³⁺ ₃ O ₃₆ (OH) ₁₇ 165 sonic rite (Mn ²⁺ ,Fe ²⁺ ) ₁₆ Si ₁₂ As ³⁺ ₃ O ₃₆ (OH) ₁₇ 166 Friedelit Mn ²⁺ ₈ Si ₆ O ₁₅ (OH,Cl) ₁₀ 167 Mcgillit Mn ²⁺ ₈ Si ₆ O ₁₅ (OH) ₈ Cl ₂ 168 bementite _Mn7Si6O15 ( _{OH ) 8} 169 varennesite Na ₈ (Mn, Fe ³⁺ ,Ti) ₂ [(OH, Cl) ₂ |(Si ₂ O ₅ ) ₅ ] 12H ₂ O 170 naujakasite Na ₆ (Fe ²⁺ , Mn)Al ₄ Si ₈ O ₂₆ 171 manganese aujacasite Na ₆ (Mn ²⁺ , Fe ²⁺ )A ₄ [Si ₈ O ₂₆ ] 172 spodiophyllite (Na,K) ₄ (Mg,Fe ²⁺ ) ₃ (Fe ³⁺ ,Al) ₂ (Si ₈ O ₂₄ ) 173 Sazhinite-(Ce) Na ₂ CeSi ₆ O ₁₄ (OH) nH ₂ O 174 Sazhinite-(La) Na ₃ La[Si ₆ O ₁₅ ] 2H ₂ O 175 Burckhardtit Pb ₂ (Fe ³⁺ Te ⁶⁺ )[AlSi ₃ O ₈ ]O ₆ 176 Tuperssuatsiait Na ₂ (Fe ³⁺ ,Mn ²⁺ ) ₃ Si ₈ O ₂₀ (OH) ₂ .4H ₂ O 177 palygorskite (Mg,Al) ₂ Si ₄ O ₁₀ (OH) 4H ₂ O 178 Yofortierite Mn ²⁺ ₅ Si ₈ O ₂₀ (OH) ₂ 7H ₂ O 179 sepiolite Mg ₄ Si ₆ O ₁₅ (OH) ₂ 6H ₂ O 180 Falcondoit (Ni,Mg) ₄ Si ₆ O ₁₅ (OH) ₂ 6H ₂ O 181 loughlinite Na ₂ Mg ₃ Si ₆ O ₁₆ 8H ₂ O 182 caliber site (K,Na) ₅ Fe ₇ ³⁺ [(OH) ₃ |S ₁₀ O ₂₅ ] ₂ .12H ₂ O 183 minehillite (K,Na) _2-3 Ca ₂₈ (Zri ₄ Al ₄ Si ₄₀ )O ₁₁₂ (OH) ₁₆ 184 truscottite (Ca,Mn) ₁₄ Si ₂₄ O ₅₈ (OH) ₈ 2H ₂ O 185 orlymanite Ca ₄ Mn ₃ ²⁺ Si ₈ O ₂₀ (OH) ₆ 2H ₂ O 186 fedorite (Na,K) _2-3 (Ca, lies Na) ₇ [Si ₄ O ₈ (F,Cl,OH)2|(Si ₄ O ₁₀ ) ₃ ] 3.5H ₂ O 187 reyerite (Na,K) ₄ Ca ₁₄ Si ₂₂ Al ₂ O ₅₈ (OH) ₈ 6H ₂ O 188 gyrolite NaCa ₁₆ Si ₂₃ AlO ₆₀ (OH) ₈ .14H ₂ O 189 tungusite Ca ₁₄ Fe ₉ ²⁺ [(OH) ₂₂ |(Si ₄ O ₁₀ ) ₆ ] 190 zeophyllite Ca ₄ Si ₃ O ₈ (OH,F) ₄ .2H ₂ O 191 armstrongite CaZr(Si ₆ O ₁₅ ) 3H ₂ O 192 jagoite Pb ₁₈ Fe ³⁺ ₄ [Si ₄ (Si, Fe ³⁺ ) ₆ ][Pb ₄ Si ₁₆ (Si, Fe) ₄ ]O ₈₂ Cl ₆ 193 Hyttsjoit Pb ₁₈ Ba ₂ Ca ₅ Mn ₂ ²⁺ Fe ₂ ³⁺ [Cl|(Si ₁₅ O ₄₅ )2] 6H ₂ O 194 Maricopait Ca ₂ Pb ₇ (Si ₃₆ ,Al ₁₂ )(O,OH) ₉₉ ·n(H ₂ O,OH) 195 cavansite Ca( _{VO ) Si4O10.4H2O} 196 pentagonite Ca( _{VO ) Si4O10.4H2O} 197 Weeksit (K,Ba) ₂ [(UO ₂ ) ₂ |Si ₅ O ₁₃ ] 4H ₂ O 198 Coutinhoit Th _0.5 (UO ₂ ) ₂ Si ₅ O ₁₃ .3H ₂ O 199 Haiwide Ca[(UO ₂ ) ₂ | Si ₅ O ₁₂ (OH) ₂ ] 6H ₂ O 200 Metahaiwide Ca(UO ₂ ) ₂ Si ₆ O ₁₅ .nH ₂ O 201 Monteregianite-(Y) _{KNa2YSi8O19.5H2O _ _ _} 202 mountainite KNa ₂ Ca ₂ [Si ₈ O ₁₉ (OH)] 6H ₂ O 203 Rhodesite _{KHCa2Si8O19.5H2O _ _ _} 204 Delhayelith K ₇ Na ₃ Ca ₅ Al ₂ Si ₁₄ O ₃₈ F ₄ Cl ₂ 205 hydrodel hayelite KCa ₂ AlSi ₇ O ₁₇ (OH) ₂ .6H ₂ O 206 Macdonaldite BaCa ₄ Si ₁₆ O ₃₆ (OH) ₂ .10H ₂ O 207 cymrite Ba(Si,Al) ₄ (O, OH) ₈ H ₂ O 208 battle it Ba ₁₂ (Si ₁₁ Al ₅ )O ₃₁ (CO ₃ ) ₈ Cl ₅ 209 Lourenswalsite (K,Ba) ₂ (Ti,Mg,Ca,Fe) ₄ (Si,Al,Fe) ₆ O ₁₄ (OH) ₁₂ 210 Tienshanite (Na,K) _9-10 (Ca,Y) ₂ Ba ₆ (Mn ²⁺ ,Fe ²⁺ ,Ti ⁴⁺ ,Zn) ₆ (Ti,Nb) [(O,F,OH) ₁₁ |B ₂ O ₄ | _{Si6O15 ] 6} 211 wickenburgite Pb ₃ CaAl[Si ₁₀ O ₂₇ ] 3H ₂ O 212 silhydrite _{Si3O6.H2O _ _} 213 magadiite _{Na2Si14O29.11H2O _ _ _} 214 Stratlingit Ca ₂ Al[(OH) ₆ AlSiO ₂ (OH) ₄ ] 2.5 H ₂ O 215 vertumnit Ca ₄ Al ₄ Si ₄ O ₆ (OH) ₂₄ .3H ₂ O 216 Zussmanit K(Fe ²⁺ ,Mg,Mn) ₁₃ (Si,Al) ₁₈ O ₄₂ (OH) ₁₄ 217 coombsite K(Mn ²⁺ ,Fe ²⁺ ,Mg), ₁₃ [(OH) ₇ |(Si,Al) ₃ O ₃ |Si ₆ O ₁₈ ] ₂ a) cf. Mineralienatlas, mineral class VIII/H - sheet silicates (phyllosilicates), Strunz 8 systematics

Very particular preference is given to using bentonite from the group of montmorillonites ((Na,Ca) _0.3 (Al,Mg) ₂ Si ₄ O ₁₀ (OH) ₂ .nH ₂ O). Bentonite is a mixture of different clay minerals and contains montmorillonite as the most important component.

Other suitable carrier materials are sclerites and skeletons of diatoms, radiolarians, starfish, corals and sponges.

The carrier material preferably has a thermal conductivity λ of 0.001 W/(m.K) to 1.0 W/(m.K).

The phyllosilicates described above are not only suitable as support materials, but also outstandingly suitable as adsorbents and/or absorbents.

The at least one type of particulate adsorbent and/or absorbent from the group consisting of spheres, hollow spheres, shards, granules, ground lumps, shards and granules, pellets, rings, spheres with core-shell structures, ellipsoids, cubes, Blocks, pyramids, cones, cylinders, rhombuses, dodecahedrons, truncated dodecahedrons, icosahedrons, truncated icosahedrons, dumbbells, tori, platelets, needles with circular, oval, elliptical, square, triangular, quadrilateral, pentagonal, hexagonal, heptagonal, octagonal or star-shaped cross-sections shards, rings, dumbbells, tori, needles and plates of particulate, in particular non-combustible, adsorbents and/or absorbents that are bent in at least one spatial direction.

Particulate adsorbents and/or absorbents are preferably selected from the group consisting of activated coke, activated coke/lime hydrate, phyllosilicates, zeolites, silica gels, aluminum oxide, alumina, activated alumina, metal-organic frameworks (MOFs) and trass.

The particulate, inorganic carrier materials, the particulate, inorganic, bactericidal and/or virucidal materials and the particulate adsorbents and/or absorbents preferably have an average particle size, determined by sieve analysis, of 0.5 mm to 12 mm, in particular 1 mm to 10 mm.

According to the present invention, the particulate, inorganic, bactericidal and/or virucidal coated, inert carrier material has a coating which preferably has a thickness of 100 nm to 100 μm. The coating preferably has a contact angle θ with water of ≤90°. Without being bound to a theory, it is assumed that as a result aerosols wet the virucidal and/or bactericidal coatings better and the contact of the microorganisms contained therein, in particular the bacteria and/or viruses, with the biocides is intensified.

The coating contains at least one biocide, in particular at least one bactericide and/or virucide, in particular at least one pharmaceutical and/or disinfectant, which is or are fixed to the cured binder matrix of the coating in the form of microparticles and/or dispersed or dissolved in the cured binder matrix are.

The biocides are preferably solids or liquids with a boiling point at atmospheric pressure above 150° C. or a decomposition temperature above 150°. Or they have no boiling point and/or a very low vapor pressure at their service temperature. They do not emit unpleasant odors and harmful, toxic and/or corrosive substances such as chlorine, bromine, iodine, organic halogen compounds, organic and inorganic acids, ammonia, organic amines, inorganic and organic sulfur compounds such as hydrogen sulfide or mercaptans, ozone, organic or inorganic phosphorus compounds such as Phosphines or organic compounds such as formaldehyde, ketones, esters or terpenes at the temperatures at which the coated substrates are used.

The solid biocides, in particular the solid bactericides and/or virucides, are preferably microparticles at their temperature of use, which can be produced, for example, by spray drying (cf. R. Vehring in "Pharmaceutical Particle Engineering via Spray Drying", in Pharmaceutical Research 2007, Expert Review ).

Like the carrier materials, the microparticles can have a wide variety of morphologies such as spheres, hollow spheres, shards, granules, ground lumps, shards and granules, pellets, rings, spheres with core-shell structures, ellipsoids, cubes, cuboids, pyramids, cones, cylinders, rhombuses , dodecahedron, truncated dodecahedron, icosahedron, truncated icosahedron, dumbbell, tori, platelet, needle with circular, oval, elliptical, square, triangular, quadrangular, pentagonal, hexagonal, heptagonal, octagonal or star-shaped cross-sections and/or in at least one direction of space curved shards, rings, dumbbells, tori, needles and plates. In addition, the corners and edges can be rounded. Two or more microparticles can form aggregates or agglomerates. The microparticles can be of the same or different types. Two or three cylindrical microparticles may be bonded to each other in a T or Y-shape. Last but not least, their surface can contain depressions, resulting in strawberry-shaped, raspberry-shaped or blackberry-shaped morphologies.

In the context of the present invention, the diameter of microparticles that do not have a spherical shape is considered to be the longest distance laid through the microparticles.

The average diameter or the average particle size of the microparticles is preferably determined by light microscopy, dry sieving, wet sieving, Coulter Counter measurements or Fraunhofer scattering.

• Biphenyl-2ol
• DCCP 1-(2,3-Dichlorphenyl)piperazin
• L(+)-Milchsäure
• Zitronensäure
• Ascorbinsäure
• MIT Methylisothiazolinon
• CMIT, CMI, MCI Chloromethylisothiazolinon
• BIT Benzisothiazolinon
• OIT. OI Octylisothiazolinon
• DCOIT, DCOI Dichlorooctylisothiazolinon
• BBIT Butylbenzisothiazolinon
• PHMB polvhexanid Poly(iminocarbonylimidoyl-iminocarbonylimidoylimino-1,6-hexanediyl)-hydrochlorid
• Propioconazol (±)-1-{[2-(2,4-Dichlorphenyl)-4-propyl-1,3-dioxolan-2-yl]methyl}-H-1,2,4-triazol (IUPAC)
• Folpet N-(Trichlormethylthio)phthalimid
• Chlorkresole,
• Fludioxonil 4-(2,2-Difluor-benzo[1,3]dioxol-4-yl)pyrrol-3-carbonitril (IUPAC),
• Azoxystrobin Methyl-(E)-2-{2-[6-(2-cyanophenoxy)pyrimidin-4-yloxyl]phenyl}-3-methoxyacrylat (IUPAC)
• Quaternäres Ammonium Reaktionsprodukt von N-(C₁₀-C₁₆)-N-Trimethylamin mit Chloressigsäure
• Calcium/Magnesium-Oxid
• Calcium/Magnesium-Oxidtetrahydrate
• Kalkhydrat
• Kalk
• IPBC 3-lod-2-propinyl-butylcarbamat
• Bronopol 2-Brom-2-nitropropan-1,3-diol
• 1R-trans-Phenothrine 3-Phenoxybenzyl-(1R,3R)-2,2-dimethyl-3-(2-methylprop-1-enyl)cyclopropancarboxylat
• 2-Phenoxvethanol
• Diamin N-(3-Aminopropyl)-N-dodecylpropan-1,3-diamin
• DTBMA 2,2'-Dithiobis[N-methylbenzamid]
• DBDCB 2- Brom-2- (brommethyl)pentandinitril
• IPBC 3-lod-2-propynylbutylcarbamat
• DDAC (C8-10) Didecyldimethylammoniumchlorid
• BBIT 2-Butyl-benzo[d]isothiazol-3-on
• PHMB (1600;1.8) Polyhexamethylenebiguanidehydrochlorid mit einem zahlenmittlerem Molekulargewicht (Mn) von 1600 und einer mittleren Polydispersität (PDI) von 1.8
• MBIT Poly[iminocarbonimidoyliminocarbonimidoylimino-1, 6-hexandiyl]hydrochloride 49
• Mischung von CMIT/MIT
• Natriumpyrithion 2-Methyl-1,2-benzothiazol-3(2H)-on
• Pyridin-2-thiol-1-oxid- Natriumsalz Reaktionsmasse von Titandioxid und Silberchlorid
• DBNPA 2,2-Dibrom-2-cyanoacetamide
• Zinkpyrithion
• Dodecylguanidinmonohydrochlorid
• p-Diiodmethyl)sulphonyl]toluol
• Dichlofluanid, Euparen N-(Dichlorfluormethylthio)-N',N'-dimethyl-N-phenylsulfamid (IUPAC)
• Thiachloprid, Calypso {(2Z)-3-[(6-Chlor-3-pyridinyl)methyl]-1,3-thiazolidin-2-yliden}cyanamid (IUPAC)
• Chlothianidin (E)-1-(2-chlor-1,3-thiazol-5-ylmethyl)-3-methyl-2-nitroguanidine
• Etofenprox, Trebon 2-(4-Ethoxyphenyl)-2-methylpropyl-3-phenoxybenzylether
• Tebuconazol (RS)-1-tert-Butyl-1-(4-chlorphenethyl)-2-(1 H-1, 2, 4-triazol-1-yl)ethanol
• K-HDO N-Cyclohexylhydroxydiazen-1-oxid-Natriumssalz
• Thiabendazol 2-(4-Thiazolyl)-1 H-benzimidazol
• Thiamethoxam 3-(2-Chlor-thiazol-5-ylmethyl)-5-methyl(1,3,5)oxadiazinan-4-yliden-N-nitroamin (Zersetzung bei 147°C)
• Fenpropimorph (±)-cis-4-[3-(4-tert-Butylphenyl)-2-methylpropyl]-2,6-dimethylmorpholin (IUPAC; bp. 120°C)
• Borsäure
• Boroxid
• Dinatriumoctaborattetrahydrat
• Dinatriumoctaboratpentahydrat
• Dinatriumtetraboratdecahydrat
• Tolylfluanid N-[Dichlor(fluor)methyl]sulfanyl-N-(dimethylsulfamoyl)-4-methylanilin (IUPAC; Zersetzung ab 150 °C)
• Dazomet 3,5-Dimethylperhydro-1,3,5-thiadiazin-2-thion (Schmelzpunkt 140°C unter Zersetzung)
• Fenoxycarb Ethyl-N-[2-(4-phenoxyphenoxy)ethyl]carbamat
• Bifentrin (1R*,3R*)-3-(2-Chlor-3,3,3-trifluor-1-propenyl)-2,2-dimethylcyclopropan-carbonsäure(2-methylbiphenyl-3-yl)methylester
• DCOIT 4,5-Dichlor-2-n-octyl-4-isothiazolin-3-on
• Kupferhydroxid
• Basisches Kupfercarbonat
• Flufenoxuron N-[[4-[2-Chlor-4-(trifluormethyl)phenoxy]-2-fluorphenyl]carbamoyl]-2,6-difluorbenzamid
• DDA carbonate N,N-Didecyl-N,N-dimethylammoniumcarbonat
• ADBAC N-Alkyl-N-benzyl-N,N-dimethylammoniumchlorid
• Chlorfenpyr 4-Bromo-2-(4-chlorphenyl)-1-ethoxymethyl-5-trifluormethyl-pyrrol-3-carbonitril
• Cypermethrin (R, S)-α-Cyano-3-phenoxybenzyl-(1RS)-cis,trans-3-(2,2-dichlorvinyl)-2,2-dimethylcyclopropancarboxylat
• Cu-HDO Bis-(N-cyclohexyldiazeniumdioxy)-kupfer
• Cyproconazol 2-(4-Chlorphenyl)-3-cyclopropyl-1-(1H-1,2,4-triazol-1-yl)butan-2-ol (IUPAC)
• Permethrin 3-(2,2-Dichloroethenyl)-2,2-dimethylcyclopropancarbonsäure-(3-phenoxyphenyl)methylester
• Natriumsorbat
• Granuliertes Kupfer
• Didecylmethylpoly(oxyethyl)ammoniumpropionat
• ATMAC/TMAC Cocoalkyltrimethylammoniumchlorid
• OIT 2-Octyl-2H-isothiazol-3-on (Siedepunkt 120°C)
• Penflufen 2'-[(RS)-1,3-Dimethylbutyl]-5-fluor-1,3-dimethylpyrazol-4-carboxanilid
• MBM Natriumdiethyldithiocarbamat
• Difethialon 3-[3-(4'-Brom[1,1'-biphenyl]-4-yl)-1,2,3,4-tetrahydronaphth-1-yl]-4-hydroxy-2/-/-1-benzothiopyran-2-on
• Difenacoum 3-(3-(1,1'-Biphenyl)-4-yl-1,2,3,4-tetrahydro-1-naphthalenyl)-4-hydroxy-2H-1-benzopyran-2-on
• Chloralose C1,2-O-(2,2,2-Trichlorethyliden)-α-D-glucofuranose
• Bromadiolon 3-(3-(4'-Brom(1,1'-biphenyl)-4-yl)-3-hydroxy-1-phenyl-propyl)-4-hydroxy-2H-1-benzopyran-2-on
• Chlorphacinon (RS)-2-(α-(4-Chlorphenyl)phenylacetyl)indan-1,3-dion
• Coumatetralyl 4-Hydroxy-3-(1,2,3,4-tetrahydro-1 -naphthyl)cumarin
• Flocumafen 4-Hydroxy-3-(1,2,3,4-tetrahydro-3-(4-(4-trifluormethylbenzyloxy)phenyl)-1-naphthyl)-cumarin
• Warfarin (RS)-4-Hydroxy-3-(3-oxo-1-phenyl-butyl)-cumarin (IUPAC)
• Warfarin Natrium
• Brodifacum 3-[3-(4'-Bromo-1, 1'-biphenyl-4-yl)-1 ,2,3,4-tetrahydro-1-naphthyl]-4-hydroxycumarin
• Cholecalciferol 3-[2-[7a-Methyl-1-(6-methylheptan-2-yl)- 2,3,3a,5,6,7-hexahydro-1H-inden-4-yliden]ethyliden]-4-methyliden-cyclohexan-1-ol
• Indoxocarb (RS)-Methyl-7-chlor-2,3,4a,5-tetrahydro-2-[methoxycarbonyl-(4-trifluormethoxyphenyl)carbamoyl]indeno[1,2-e][1,3,4]oxadiazin-4a-carboxylat
• Methofluthrin (1RS,3RS;1SR,3SR)-2,2-Dimethyl-3-(EZ)-(prop-1-enyl)cyclopropancarbonsäure-2,3,5,6-tetrafluoro-4-(methoxymethyl)benzylester
• Spinosad
  
• Imidacloprid 1-(6-Chlor-3-pyridinylmethyl)-N-nitroimidazolidin-2-ylidenamin
• Abamectin
  
• Fipronil (RS)-5-Amino-1-(2,6-dichlor-α,α,α-trifluor-p-tolyl)-4-trifluormethylsulfinyl-1H-pyrazol-3-carbonitril
• Lamba-Cyhalotrin 3-(2-Chlor-3,3,3-trifluor-1-propenyl)-2,2-dimethyl-cyclopropan-carbonsäure-cyano(3-phenoxyphenyl)methylester
• Deltamethrin (1R,3R)-[(S)-α-Cyano-3-phenoxybenzyl-3-(2,2-dibromvinyl)]-2,2-dimethylcyclopropancarboxylat (IUPAC)
• Bendiocarb 2,2-Dimethyl-1,3-benzodioxol-4-yl-N-methylcarbamat
• Pyriproxyfen (RS)-4-Phenoxyphenyl2-(2-pyridyloxy)propylether
• Diflubenzuron N-{[4-Chlorphenyl)amino]carbonyl}-2,6-difluorbenzamid
• 1R-trans-Phenothrin 2,2-Dimethyl-3-(2-methylpropenyl)cyclopropancarbonsäure-m-phenoxybenzylester
• S-Methopren 11-Methoxy-3,7,1 1-trimethyl-2,4-dodecadiensäure-1-methylethylester
• Transfluthrin (1R)-trans-3-(2,2-Dichlorvinyl)-2-dimethylcyclopropancarbonsäure-2,3,5,6-tetrafluorbenzylester
• Synthetisches amorphes Siliziumdioxid
• Oberflächenmodifiziertes synthetisches amorphes Siliziumdioxid
• Dinotefuran (RS)-N-Methyl-N'-nitro-N''-[(tetrahydro-3-furanyl)methyl]guanidin
• Hexaflumuron 1-[3,5-Dichlor-4-(1,1,2,2-tetrafluorethoxy)phenyl]-3-(2,6-difluorbenzoyl)harnstoff (IUPAC)
• Cyromazin N-Cyclopropyl-1,3,5-triazin-2,4,6-triamin
• Cyfluthrin alpha-Cyano-4-fluor-3-phenoxybenzyl-3-(2,2-dichlorvinyl)-2,2-dimethylcyclopropancarboxylat
• PBO 5-[2-(2-Butoxyethoxy)ethoxymethyl]-6-propyl-1,3-benzodioxol
• Epsilon-Momfluorothrin 2,3,5,6-Tetrafluor-4-(methoxymethyl)benzyl (1R,3R)-3-[(Z)-2-cyanoprop-1-enyl]-2,2-dimethylcyclopropancarboxylat
• Imiprothrin (2,5-Dioxo-3-prop-2-inylimidazolidin-1-yl)methyl-2,2-dimethyl-3-(2-methylprop-1-enyl)cyclopropan-1-carboxylat
• Acetamiprid (E)-N¹-[(6-Chlor-3-pyridyl)methyl]-N²-cyano-N¹-methylacetamidin (IUPAC)
• Cyphenotrin [Cyano-(3-phenoxyphenyl)methyl]-2,2-dimethyl-3-(2-methylprop-1-enyl)cyclopropan-1-carboxylat
• DEET N, N-Diethyl-3-methylbenzamid
• Nonansäure
• Decansäure
• (Z.E)-TDA (Z, E)-Tetradeca-9,12-dienylacetat
• Methylnonylketone 2-Undecanon
• Zineb Zink-ethylen-1,2-bis-dithiocarbamat
• cis-9-Tricosen
• DCOIT Dichloroctyl-isothiazolinone
• OBPA 10,10'-Oxybisphenoxoarsin
• Kupfer-Pyrithion Pyridin-2-thiol-1-oxid-Kupfer
• Trichlosan Polychlorierte Phenoxyphenole
• Medetomidin (RS)-4-[1-(2,3-Dimethylphenyl)ethyl]-1 H-imidazol
• Tralopyril 4-Brom-2-(4-chlorphenyl)-5-(trifluormethyl)-1H-pyrrol-3-carbonitril (IUPAC)
• Kupferflocken beschichtet mit einem Film aus einer aliphatischen Carbonsäuren
• Dikupferoxid-Mikropartikel
• Kupferoxid-Mikropartikel
• Kupferthiocvanat-Mikropartikel.
• Silbermikropartikel
• Siberchloridmikropartikel
• Chlorhexidin (RS)-4-[1-(2,3-Dimethylphenyl)ethyl]-1H-imidazolchlorid und -gluconat
• Octenidin N,N'-(Decan-1,10-diyldi-1(4H)-pyridyl-4-yliden)bis(octylammonium)dichlorid
• Taurolidin 4-[(1, 1-Dioxo-1 ,2,4-thiadiazinan-4-yl)methyl]-1 ,2,4-thiadiazinan-1, 1-dioxide
• 2-Oxido-4-[(2-oxido-1-oxo-1,2,4-thiadiazinan-2-ium-4-yl)methyll-1,2,4-thiadiazinan-2-ium-1-oxide
• 4-[(1,1-Dioxothiadiazinan-4-vl)methyllthiadiazinan-1,1-dioxid
• 2-[(1,1-Dioxo-1,2,4-thiadiazinan-2-yl)methyll-1,2,4-thiadiazinan-1,1-dioxid
• 3-[(1,1-Dioxo-1,2,4-thiadiazinan-3-yl)methyll-1,2,4-thiadiazinan-1,1-dioxid
• 2-Hydroxy-4-f(2-hydroxy-1-oxo-1,2,4-thiadiazinan-4-yl)methyll-1,2,4-thiadiazinan-1-oxid
• N-(4-Azidobutyl)-2-methylsulfonylethansulfonamid
• 4-N-Cyclopropylpiperazin-1,4-disulfonamid
• (2,2-Dimethyl-l-methylsulfonylpropyl)-(methyldiazenyl)sulfonyldiazen
• 6-Methyl-N-[1-(methylamino)ethenyl]-1,1-dioxo-1,2,6-thiadiazinan-2-sulfonamid
• Azodicarbonamid
• Cicloxolone Natrium 18beta-glycyrrhetinsäure-(H)-(1R)-cis-cyclohexan-1 ,2-dicarboxylat
• Dichlorisocyanursäure-Natriumsalz
• Kongorot Dinatrium-3,3'-[4,4'-biphenyldiyldi(E)-2,1-diazenediyl]bis(4-amino-1-naphthalinsulfonat) (IUPAC)
• Para-aminobenzoesäure
• Bis(monosuccinamid)-Derivat von p,p'-Bis(2-aminoethyl)diphenyl-C60 (Fulleren)
• Merocyanin 1-Methyl-4-[(oxocyclohexadienyliden)ethyliden]-1,4-dihydropyridin
• Bengal Rosa, Acid Red 94 4,5,6,7-Tetrachloro-3',6'-dihydroxy-2',4',5',7'-tetraiodspiro[isobenzofuran-1 (3H),9'-[9H]xanthen]-3-on
• Hypericin 1,3,4,6,8,13-Hexahydroxy-10,11-dimethylphenanthro[1,10,9,8-opqra]perylen-7,14-dion (IUPAC)
• Hypocrellin (12R, 13S)-12-Acetyl-9, 13, 17 -trihydroxy-5, 10, 16,21-tetramethoxy-13-methylhexacyclo[13.8.0.0^2,11.0^3,8.0^4,22.0^18,23]tricosa-1 (15),2(11),3(8),4(22),5,9,16,18(23),20-nonaen-7,19-dion
• Von Pflanzen extrahierte Anthrachinone
• Sulfonierte Anthrachinone
• Anthrachinonderivative Acid blue 40 und 129, Acid black 48, Alizarin violet R, Reactive blue 2
• Gramicidin Lineares Pentadecapeptid
• Gossypol 2,2'-Bis(formyl-1,6,7-trihydroxy-5-isopropyl-3-methylnaphthalin)
• Extrakte von ledum palustre, leonurus cardiaca, Celandine, Schwarzer Johannisbeere, Preiselbeere und Blaubeere
• Alkaloide und Phytosterylester Marigenolkonzentrate, enthaltend Taxol und/oder Taxanester als Wirkstoffe
• Extrakte von Cordia salicifolia
• Dampfdestillat von Houttuvnia cordata (Saururaceae) und seinen Bestandteilen
• 5,6,7-Trimethoxvflavon von Calicarpa iaponica
• Isocullarein 5,7,8,4'-Tetrahydroxyflavon von Scutellaria baikalensis undnd Isocutellarein-8-methylether
• Amantadin 1-Tricyclo[3.3.1.13,7]decylamin (IUPAC)
• Sialinsäure Neuraminsäure
• Zanamivir (4S,5R,6R)-5-Acetylamino-4-guanidino-6-[(1R,2R)-1,2,3-trihydroxypropyl]-5,6-dihydro-4H-pyran-2-carbonsäure
• Oseltamivir (3R,4R,5S)-4-Acetamido-5-amino-3-(1-ethylpropoxy)cyclohex-1-en-1-carbonsäureethylester
• Rimantadin (RS)-Adamantan-1-yl-ethylamin (IUPAC)
• Diuron 3-(3,4-Dichlorphenyl)-1,1-dimethylharnstoff

Biocides, in particular bactericides and/or virucides, which are approved by state or interstate authorities are preferably used. In particular, the biocides are selected from the following group:

• biphenyl-2ol
• DCCP 1-(2,3-Dichlorophenyl)piperazine
• L(+)-lactic acid
• citric acid
• ascorbic acid
• WITH methylisothiazolinone
• CMIT, CMI, MCI Chloromethylisothiazolinone
• BIT Benzisothiazolinone
• OIT. OI Octylisothiazolinone
• DCOIT, DCOI Dichlorooctylisothiazolinone
• BBIT butylbenzisothiazolinone
• PHMB polyhexanide Poly(iminocarbonylimidoyl-iminocarbonylimidoylimino-1,6-hexanediyl) hydrochloride
• Propioconazole (±)-1-{[2-(2,4-Dichlorophenyl)-4-propyl-1,3-dioxolan-2-yl]methyl}-H-1,2,4-triazole (IUPAC)
• Folpet N-(trichloromethylthio)phthalimide
• chlorocresols,
• fludioxonil 4-(2,2-difluoro-benzo[1,3]dioxol-4-yl)pyrrole-3-carbonitrile (IUPAC),
• Azoxystrobin methyl (E)-2-{2-[6-(2-cyanophenoxy)pyrimidin-4-yloxyl]phenyl}-3-methoxyacrylate (IUPAC)
• Quaternary ammonium reaction product of N-(C ₁₀ -C ₁₆ )-N-trimethylamine with chloroacetic acid
• Calcium/Magnesium Oxide
• Calcium/Magnesium Oxide Tetrahydrate
• hydrated lime
• lime
• IPBC 3-iodo-2-propynyl butyl carbamate
• Bronopol 2-bromo-2-nitropropane-1,3-diol
• 1R-trans-Phenothrine 3-Phenoxybenzyl-(1R,3R)-2,2-dimethyl-3-(2-methylprop-1-enyl)cyclopropanecarboxylate
• 2-Phenoxvethanol
• Diamine N-(3-aminopropyl)-N-dodecylpropane-1,3-diamine
• DTBMA 2,2'-dithiobis[N-methylbenzamide]
• DBDCB 2-bromo-2-(bromomethyl)pentanedinitrile
• IPBC 3-iodo-2-propynylbutyl carbamate
• DDAC (C8-10) didecyldimethylammonium chloride
• BBIT 2-butyl-benzo[d]isothiazol-3-one
• PHMB (1600;1.8) Polyhexamethylenebiguanide hydrochloride having a number average molecular weight (Mn) of 1600 and an average polydispersity (PDI) of 1.8
• MBIT Poly[iminocarbonimidoyliminocarbonimidoylimino-1,6-hexanediyl]hydrochloride 49
• Mixture of CMIT/MIT
• Sodium pyrithione 2-methyl-1,2-benzothiazol-3(2H)-one
• Pyridine-2-thiol-1-oxide sodium salt Reaction mass of titanium dioxide and silver chloride
• DBNPA 2,2-dibromo-2-cyanoacetamide
• zinc pyrithione
• dodecylguanidine monohydrochloride
• p-diiodomethyl)sulphonyl]toluene
• Dichlofluanide, Euparen N-(Dichlorofluoromethylthio)-N',N'-dimethyl-N-phenylsulfamide (IUPAC)
• Thiachlopride, Calypso {(2Z)-3-[(6-Chloro-3-pyridinyl)methyl]-1,3-thiazolidin-2-ylidene}cyanamide (IUPAC)
• Clothianidin (E)-1-(2-chloro-1,3-thiazol-5-ylmethyl)-3-methyl-2-nitroguanidine
• Etofenprox, Trebon 2-(4-Ethoxyphenyl)-2-methylpropyl-3-phenoxybenzyl ether
• Tebuconazole (RS)-1-tert-butyl-1-(4-chlorophenethyl)-2-(1H-1,2,4-triazol-1-yl)ethanol
• K-HDO N-cyclohexylhydroxydiazene-1-oxide sodium salt
• Thiabendazole 2-(4-Thiazolyl)-1 H -benzimidazole
• Thiamethoxam 3-(2-Chloro-thiazol-5-ylmethyl)-5-methyl(1,3,5)oxadiazinan-4-ylidene-N-nitroamine (decomp. at 147°C)
• Fenpropimorph (±)-cis-4-[3-(4-tert-butylphenyl)-2-methylpropyl]-2,6-dimethylmorpholine (IUPAC; bp. 120°C)
• boric acid
• boron oxide
• disodium octaborate tetrahydrate
• disodium octaborate pentahydrate
• disodium tetraborate decahydrate
• Tolylfluanid N-[Dichloro(fluoro)methyl]sulfanyl-N-(dimethylsulfamoyl)-4-methylaniline (IUPAC; decomposition above 150 °C)
• Dazomet 3,5-dimethylperhydro-1,3,5-thiadiazine-2-thione (mp 140°C with decomposition)
• Fenoxycarb Ethyl N-[2-(4-phenoxyphenoxy)ethyl]carbamate
• Bifentrin (1R*,3R*)-3-(2-Chloro-3,3,3-trifluoro-1-propenyl)-2,2-dimethylcyclopropanecarboxylic acid (2-methylbiphenyl-3-yl)methyl ester
• DCOIT 4,5-dichloro-2-n-octyl-4-isothiazolin-3-one
• copper hydroxide
• Basic copper carbonate
• Flufenoxuron N -[[4-[2-Chloro-4-(trifluoromethyl)phenoxy]-2-fluorophenyl]carbamoyl]-2,6-difluorobenzamide
• DDA carbonate N,N-didecyl-N,N-dimethylammonium carbonate
• ADBAC N-alkyl-N-benzyl-N,N-dimethylammonium chloride
• Chlorfenpyr 4-Bromo-2-(4-chlorophenyl)-1-ethoxymethyl-5-trifluoromethyl-pyrrole-3-carbonitrile
• Cypermethrin (R,S)-α-cyano-3-phenoxybenzyl-(1RS)-cis,trans-3-(2,2-dichlorovinyl)-2,2-dimethylcyclopropanecarboxylate
• Cu-HDO bis(N-cyclohexyldiazeniumdioxy) copper
• Cyproconazole 2-(4-chlorophenyl)-3-cyclopropyl-1-(1H-1,2,4-triazol-1-yl)butan-2-ol (IUPAC)
• Permethrin 3-(2,2-Dichloroethenyl)-2,2-dimethylcyclopropanecarboxylic acid (3-phenoxyphenyl)methyl ester
• sodium sorbate
• Granulated Copper
• didecylmethyl poly(oxyethyl)ammonium propionate
• ATMAC/TMAC cocoalkyl trimethyl ammonium chloride
• OIT 2-Octyl-2H-isothiazol-3-one (bp 120°C)
• Penflufen 2'-[(RS)-1,3-dimethylbutyl]-5-fluoro-1,3-dimethylpyrazole-4-carboxanilide
• MBM sodium diethyldithiocarbamate
• Difethialone 3-[3-(4'-Bromo[1,1'-biphenyl]-4-yl)-1,2,3,4-tetrahydronaphth-1-yl]-4-hydroxy-2/-/-1 -benzothiopyran-2-one
• Difenacoum 3-(3-(1,1'-Biphenyl)-4-yl-1,2,3,4-tetrahydro-1-naphthalenyl)-4-hydroxy-2H-1-benzopyran-2-one
• Chloralose C1,2-O-(2,2,2-Trichloroethylidene)-α-D-glucofuranose
• Bromadiolone 3-(3-(4'-Bromo(1,1'-biphenyl)-4-yl)-3-hydroxy-1-phenyl-propyl)-4-hydroxy-2H-1-benzopyran-2-one
• Chlorphacinone (RS)-2-(α-(4-Chlorophenyl)phenylacetyl)indan-1,3-dione
• Coumatetralyl 4-Hydroxy-3-(1,2,3,4-tetrahydro-1-naphthyl)coumarin
• Flocumafen 4-Hydroxy-3-(1,2,3,4-tetrahydro-3-(4-(4-trifluoromethylbenzyloxy)phenyl)-1-naphthyl)coumarin
• Warfarin (RS)-4-Hydroxy-3-(3-oxo-1-phenylbutyl)coumarin (IUPAC)
• warfarin sodium
• Brodifacum 3-[3-(4'-bromo-1,1'-biphenyl-4-yl)-1,2,3,4-tetrahydro-1-naphthyl]-4-hydroxycoumarin
• Cholecalciferol 3-[2-[7a-Methyl-1-(6-methylheptan-2-yl)-2,3,3a,5,6,7-hexahydro-1H-inden-4-ylidene]ethylidene]-4- methylidene-cyclohexan-1-ol
• Indoxocarb (RS)-methyl-7-chloro-2,3,4a,5-tetrahydro-2-[methoxycarbonyl-(4-trifluoromethoxyphenyl)carbamoyl]indeno[1,2-e][1,3,4]oxadiazine- 4a-carboxylate
• Methofluthrin (1RS,3RS;1SR,3SR)-2,2-dimethyl-3-(EZ)-(prop-1-enyl)cyclopropanecarboxylic acid 2,3,5,6-tetrafluoro-4-(methoxymethyl)benzyl ester
• spinosad
  
• Imidacloprid 1-(6-Chloro-3-pyridinylmethyl)-N-nitroimidazolidin-2-ylideneamine
• abamectin
  
• Fipronil (RS)-5-amino-1-(2,6-dichloro-α,α,α-trifluoro-p-tolyl)-4-trifluoromethylsulphinyl-1H-pyrazole-3-carbonitrile
• Lamba-Cyhalotrin 3-(2-Chloro-3,3,3-trifluoro-1-propenyl)-2,2-dimethyl-cyclopropane-carboxylic acid cyano(3-phenoxyphenyl)methyl ester
• Deltamethrin (1R,3R)-[(S)-α-cyano-3-phenoxybenzyl-3-(2,2-dibromovinyl)]-2,2-dimethylcyclopropanecarboxylate (IUPAC)
• Bendiocarb 2,2-dimethyl-1,3-benzodioxol-4-yl N-methylcarbamate
• Pyriproxyfen (RS)-4-phenoxyphenyl 2-(2-pyridyloxy)propyl ether
• Diflubenzuron N -{[4-Chlorophenyl)amino]carbonyl}-2,6-difluorobenzamide
• 1R-trans-Phenothrin 2,2-dimethyl-3-(2-methylpropenyl)cyclopropanecarboxylic acid m-phenoxybenzyl ester
• S-Methoprene 11-Methoxy-3,7,1-1-trimethyl-2,4-dodecadienoic acid 1-methylethyl ester
• Transfluthrin (1R)-trans-3-(2,2-Dichlorovinyl)-2-dimethylcyclopropanecarboxylic acid 2,3,5,6-tetrafluorobenzyl ester
• Synthetic amorphous silica
• Surface modified synthetic amorphous silica
• Dinotefuran (RS)-N-methyl-N'-nitro-N''-[(tetrahydro-3-furanyl)methyl]guanidine
• Hexaflumuron 1-[3,5-dichloro-4-(1,1,2,2-tetrafluoroethoxy)phenyl]-3-(2,6-difluorobenzoyl)urea (IUPAC)
• Cyromazine N-cyclopropyl-1,3,5-triazine-2,4,6-triamine
• Cyfluthrin alpha-cyano-4-fluoro-3-phenoxybenzyl 3-(2,2-dichlorovinyl)-2,2-dimethylcyclopropanecarboxylate
• PBO 5-[2-(2-Butoxyethoxy)ethoxymethyl]-6-propyl-1,3-benzodioxole
• Epsilon momfluorothrin 2,3,5,6-Tetrafluoro-4-(methoxymethyl)benzyl (1R,3R)-3-[(Z)-2-cyanoprop-1-enyl]-2,2-dimethylcyclopropanecarboxylate
• Imiprothrin (2,5-dioxo-3-prop-2-inylimidazolidin-1-yl)methyl 2,2-dimethyl-3-(2-methylprop-1-enyl)cyclopropane-1-carboxylate
• Acetamiprid (E)-N ¹ -[(6-chloro-3-pyridyl)methyl]-N ² -cyano-N ¹ -methylacetamidine (IUPAC)
• Cyphenotrin [cyano-(3-phenoxyphenyl)methyl]-2,2-dimethyl-3-(2-methylprop-1-enyl)cyclopropane-1-carboxylate
• DEET N, N-diethyl-3-methylbenzamide
• nonanoic acid
• decanoic acid
• (ZE)-TDA (Z,E)-Tetradeca-9,12-dienyl acetate
• Methyl nonyl ketone 2-undecanone
• Zineb zinc ethylene 1,2-bis-dithiocarbamate
• cis-9-tricoses
• DCOIT Dichloroctyl-isothiazolinone
• OBPA 10,10'-oxybisphenoxoarsine
• Copper pyrithione pyridine-2-thiol-1-oxide copper
• Trichlosan Polychlorinated Phenoxyphenols
• Medetomidine (RS)-4-[1-(2,3-dimethylphenyl)ethyl]-1 H -imidazole
• Tralopyril 4-Bromo-2-(4-chlorophenyl)-5-(trifluoromethyl)-1H-pyrrole-3-carbonitrile (IUPAC)
• Copper flakes coated with a film of an aliphatic carboxylic acid
• Dicopper Oxide microparticles
• copper oxide microparticles
• Copper thiocyanate microparticles.
• silver microparticles
• silver chloride microparticles
• Chlorhexidine (RS)-4-[1-(2,3-dimethylphenyl)ethyl]-1H-imidazole chloride and gluconate
• Octenidine N,N'-(decane-1,10-diyldi-1(4H)-pyridyl-4-ylidene)bis(octylammonium) dichloride
• Taurolidine 4-[(1,1-dioxo-1,2,4-thiadiazinan-4-yl)methyl]-1,2,4-thiadiazinan-1,1-dioxide
• 2-Oxido-4-[(2-oxido-1-oxo-1,2,4-thiadiazinan-2-ium-4-yl)methyl-1,2,4-thiadiazinan-2-ium-1-oxide
• 4-[(1,1-dioxothiadiazine-4-vl)methyllthiadiazine-1,1-dioxide
• 2-[(1,1-dioxo-1,2,4-thiadiazinan-2-yl)methyl-1,2,4-thiadiazinan-1,1-dioxide
• 3-[(1,1-dioxo-1,2,4-thiadiazinan-3-yl)methyl-1,2,4-thiadiazinan-1,1-dioxide
• 2-Hydroxy-4-f(2-hydroxy-1-oxo-1,2,4-thiadiazinan-4-yl)methyl-1,2,4-thiadiazinan-1-oxide
• N-(4-Azidobutyl)-2-methylsulfonylethanesulfonamide
• 4-N-Cyclopropylpiperazine-1,4-disulfonamide
• (2,2-dimethyl-1-methylsulfonylpropyl)-(methyldiazenyl)sulfonyldiazene
• 6-Methyl-N-[1-(methylamino)ethenyl]-1,1-dioxo-1,2,6-thiadiazine-2-sulfonamide
• azodicarbonamide
• Cicloxolone sodium 18beta-glycyrrhetinic acid (H)-(1R)-cis-cyclohexane-1,2-dicarboxylate
• Dichloroisocyanuric acid sodium salt
• Congo Red disodium 3,3'-[4,4'-biphenyldiyldi(E)-2,1-diazenediyl]bis(4-amino-1-naphthalenesulfonate) (IUPAC)
• para-aminobenzoic acid
• Bis(monosuccinamide) derivative of p,p'-bis(2-aminoethyl)diphenyl-C60 (fullerene)
• Merocyanine 1-Methyl-4-[(oxocyclohexadienylidene)ethylidene]-1,4-dihydropyridine
• Bengal Rosa, Acid Red 94 4,5,6,7-Tetrachloro-3',6'-dihydroxy-2',4',5',7'-tetraiodospiro[isobenzofuran-1(3H),9'-[9H ]xanthene]-3-one
• Hypericin 1,3,4,6,8,13-hexahydroxy-10,11-dimethylphenanthro[1,10,9,8-opqra]perylene-7,14-dione (IUPAC)
• Hypocrellin (12R,13S)-12-acetyl-9,13,17-trihydroxy-5,10,16,21-tetramethoxy-13-methylhexacyclo[13.8.0.0 ^2.11 .0 ^3.8 .0 ^4.22 . 0 ^18.23 ]tricosa-1(15),2(11),3(8),4(22),5,9,16,18(23),20-nonaen-7,19-dione
• Anthraquinones extracted from plants
• Sulfonated Anthraquinones
• Anthraquinone derivatives Acid blue 40 and 129, Acid black 48, Alizarin violet R, Reactive blue 2
• Gramicidin Linear Pentadecapeptide
• Gossypol 2,2'-bis(formyl-1,6,7-trihydroxy-5-isopropyl-3-methylnaphthalene)
• Extracts of ledum palustre, leonurus cardiaca, celandine, black currant, lingonberry and blueberry
• Alkaloids and phytosteryl esters Marigenol concentrates containing taxol and/or taxane esters as active ingredients
• Cordia salicifolia extracts
• Steam distillate of Houttuvnia cordata (Saururaceae) and its components
• 5,6,7-trimethoxyflavone from Calicarpa iaponica
• Isocullarein 5,7,8,4'-tetrahydroxyflavone from Scutellaria baikalensis and isocutellarein 8-methyl ether
• Amantadine 1-Tricyclo[3.3.1.13,7]decylamine (IUPAC)
• sialic acid neuraminic acid
• Zanamivir (4S,5R,6R)-5-acetylamino-4-guanidino-6-[(1R,2R)-1,2,3-trihydroxypropyl]-5,6-dihydro-4H-pyran-2-carboxylic acid
• Oseltamivir (3R,4R,5S)-4-acetamido-5-amino-3-(1-ethylpropoxy)cyclohex-1-en-1-carboxylic acid ethyl ester
• Rimantadine (RS)-adamantan-1-yl-ethylamine (IUPAC)
• Diuron 3-(3,4-dichlorophenyl)-1,1-dimethylurea

Quaternized chitosan (cf., A. Domard et al., "New method for the quaternization of chitosan", International Journal of Biological Macromolecules, Volume 8, Issue 2, April, 1986, pages 105-107).

(A detailed description of some of these virucides can be found in A.S. Galabov, "Virucidal agents in the of manorapid synergy™", in GMS Hospital Hygiene Interdisciplinary, 2007 2(1): Doc 18).

Other suitable bactericides and/or virucides are polyoxometalates, which are referred to below with the abbreviation “POM”.

The elemental composition and the structure of the POM can vary widely.

• - das Lindquist-Hexamolybdatanion, Mo₆O₁₉ ^2-,
• - das Decavanadatanion, V₁₀O₂₈ ^6-,
• - das Paratungstatanion, H₂W₁₂O₄₂ ^10-,
• - Mo₃₆-Polymolybdate, Mo₃₆O₁₁₂(H₂O)^8-,
• - die Strandberg-Struktur, HP₂Mo₅O₂₃ ^4-,
• - die Keggin-Struktur, XM₁₂O₄₀ ^n-,
• - die Doppel-Keggin-Struktur,
• - die Keggin-Sandwichstruktur,
• - die monolacunare Keggin-Struktur,
• - die dilacunare Keggin-Struktur,
• - die Wells-Dawson-Struktur, X₂M₁₈O₆₂ ^n-,
• - die Anderson-Struktur, XM₆O₂₄ ^n-,
• - die Allman-Waugh-Struktur, X₁₂M₁₈O₃₂ ^n-,
• - die Weakley-Yamase- Struktur, XM₁₀O₃₆ ^n-, und
• - die Dexter-Silverton-Struktur, XM₁₂O₄₂ ^n-.

For example, the classification of the POM into the following structures is known:

• - the Lindquist hexamolybdate anion, Mo ₆ O ₁₉ ^2- ,
• - the decavanadate anion, V ₁₀ O ₂₈ ^6- ,
• - the paratungstate anion, H ₂ W ₁₂ O ₄₂ ^10- ,
• - Mo ₃₆ -polymolybdates, Mo ₃₆ O ₁₁₂ (H ₂ O) ^8- ,
• - the Strandberg structure, HP ₂ Mo ₅ O ₂₃ ^4- ,
• - the Keggin structure, XM ₁₂ O ₄₀ ^n- ,
• - the double Keggin structure,
• - the Keggin sandwich structure,
• - the monolacunar Keggin structure,
• - the dilacunar Keggin structure,
• - the Wells-Dawson structure, X ₂ M ₁₈ O ₆₂ ^n- ,
• - the Anderson structure, XM ₆ O ₂₄ ^n- ,
• - the Allman-Waugh structure, X ₁₂ M ₁₈ O ₃₂ ^n- ,
• - the Weakley-Yamase structure, XM ₁₀ O ₃₆ ^n- , and
• - the Dexter-Silverton structure, XM ₁₂ O ₄₂ ^n- .

Here, the exponent n is an integer from 3 to 20 denotes the valency of an anion, which varies depending on the X and M variables.

Formulas I to XIII can serve as a further organizing principle for POM: - (BW ₁₂ O ₄₀ ) ^5- (I), - (W ₁₀ O ₃₂ ) ^4- (II), - (P ₂ W ₁₈ O ₆₂ ) ^6- (III), - (PW ₁₁ O ₃₉ ) ^7- (IV), - (SiW ₁₁ O ₃₉ ) ^8- (V), - (HSiW ₉ O ₃₄ ) ^9- (VI), - (HPW ₉ O ₃₄ ) ^8- (VII), - (TM) ₄ (PW ₉ 0 ₃₄ ) ^t - (VIII), - (TM) ₄ (P ₂ W ₁₅ O ₅₆ ) ₂ ^t - (IX), - (NaP ₅ W ₃₀ O ₁₁₀ ^14- (X), - (TM) ₃ (PW ₉ O ₃₄ ) ₂ ^12- (XI) and -( _P2W18O6 ^)6- _{( XII} ).

In formulas I to XII, TM represents a divalent or trivalent transition metal ion such as Mn ²⁺ , Fe ²⁺ , Fe ³⁺ , Co ²⁺ , Co ³⁺ , Ni ²⁺ , Cu ²⁺ and Zn ²⁺ . The exponent t is an integer and denotes the valence of an anion, which varies depending on the valence of the variable TM.

POMs of the general formula XIII can also be considered: - (A _x Ga _y Nb _a O _b ) ^z - (XIII).

In formula XIII, the variable A is phosphorus, silicon or germanium and the subscript x is 0 or an integer from 1 to 40. The subscript y is an integer from 1 to 10, the subscript a is one is an integer from 1 to 8 and the subscript b is an integer from 15 to 150. The exponent z varies depending on the nature and degree of oxidation of the variable A. Aqua complexes and active fragments of POM XIII can also be considered.

When the index x is 0, y is preferably 6-a, where the index a is an integer from 1 to 5 and the index b is 19.

When the variable A is silicon or germanium, the subscript x is 2, the subscript y is 18, the subscript a is 6, and the subscript b is 77.

If the variable A is P, then the index x is 2 or 4, the index y is 12, 15, 17, or 30, the index a is 1, 3, or 6, and the index b is 62 or 123.

In addition, the isomers of the POM come into consideration. Thus, the Keggin structure has five isomers, the alpha, beta, gamma, delta, and epsilon structure. Furthermore, defect structures or lacunar structures as well as partial structures come into consideration.

The anions I to XIII are preferably used in the form of salts with cations which are approved for cleaning and personal care and pharmaceutical use.

• - einwertige Kationen wie Wasserstoff-, Lithium-, Natrium-, Kalium-, Rubidium-, Cäsium-, Kupfer(I)- und Silberionen;
• - zweiwertige Kationen wie Magnesium-, Calcium-, Strontium-, Barium-, Kupfer (II)-, Eisen (II)-, Nickel-, Kobalt-, Zinn (II) und Zinkionen;
• - dreiwertige Kationen wie Aluminium-, Eisen (III)-, Lanthanoid- und Actinoidionen;
• - vierwertige Kationen wie Blei (IV)-Kationen;
• - Mono-, Di-, Tri- oder Tetra-(C₁-C₂₀-alkylammonium) wie Pentadecyldimethylferrocenylmethylammonium, Undecyldimethylferrocenylmethylammonium, Hexadecyltrimethylammonium, Octadecyltrimethylammonium, Didodecyldimethylammonium, Ditetradecyldimethylammonium, Dihexadecyl-dimethylammonium, Dioctadecyldimethylammonium, Dioctadecylviologen, Trioctadecylmethylammonium und Tetrabutylammonium;
• - Mono-, Di-, Tri- oder Tetra-(C₁-C₂₀-alkanolammonium) wie Ethanolammonium Diethanolammonium und Triethanolammonium; und
• - Monokationen natürlich vorkommender Aminosäuren wie Histidinium (HISH⁺), Argininium (ARGH⁺) oder Lysinium (LYSH⁺) oder Oligo- oder Polypeptide mit einem oder mehreren protonierten basischen Aminosäurerest(en).

Examples of suitable cations are

• - monovalent cations such as hydrogen, lithium, sodium, potassium, rubidium, cesium, cuprous and silver ions;
• - divalent cations such as magnesium, calcium, strontium, barium, copper(II), iron(II), nickel, cobalt, tin(II) and zinc ions;
• - trivalent cations such as aluminum, ferric, lanthanide and actinide ions;
• - tetravalent cations such as lead (IV) cations;
• - mono-, di-, tri- or tetra-(C ₁ -C ₂₀ -alkylammonium) such as pentadecyldimethylferrocenylmethylammonium, undecyldimethylferrocenylmethylammonium, hexadecyltrimethylammonium, octadecyltrimethylammonium, didodecyldimethylammonium, ditetradecyldimethylammonium, dihexadecyldimethylammonium, dioctadecyldimethylammonium, dioctadecylviologen, trioctadecylmethylammonium and tetrabutylammonium;
• - mono-, di-, tri- or tetra-(C ₁ -C ₂₀ -alkanolammonium) such as ethanolammonium, diethanolammonium and triethanolammonium; and
• - Monocations of naturally occurring amino acids such as histidinium (HISH ⁺ ), argininium (ARGH ⁺ ) or lysinium (LYSH ⁺ ) or oligo- or polypeptides with one or more protonated basic amino acid residue(s).

[See. eg US 6,020,369A Column 3, line 6 through Column 4, line 29]

Also contemplated are natural, modified natural, and synthetic cationic oligomers and polymers, i.e., oligomers and polymers bearing primary, secondary, tertiary, and quaternary ammonium groups, primary, secondary, and tertiary sulfonium groups, and/or primary, secondary, and tertiary phosphonium groups. Synthetic oligomers and polymers are common and well known and are used, for example, in electrocoatings. Examples of natural cationic oligomers and polymers are polyaminoaccharides such as polyglucosamines such as chitin, N-acetylglycosides and in particular chitosan.

The chain length and the molecular weight of the chitosan can be varied very widely. Thus, short and long chain length and/or low and high molecular weight chitosans can be used. They can be connected to the POM by chemical crosslinking, entanglement with the polymeric chains and/or by covalent and/or ionic bonds, by hydrogen bonds and/or by Van der Waals forces and/or London forces.

• a) vgl. US 6,020,369 A , TABLE 1, Spalten 3 bis 10;
• b) Tierui Zhang, Shaoquin Liu, Dirk G. Kurth und Charl F. J. Faul, »Organized Nanostructured Complexes of Polyoxometalates and Surfactants that Exhibit Photoluminescence and Electrochromism, Advanced Functional Materials, 2009, 19, Seiten 642 bis 652;
• n Zahl, insbesondere ganze Zahl, von 1 bis 50.

Table 2 shows examples of suitable POMs. Table 2: Molecular formulas of suitable POM ^a) no . molecular formula structural family 1 [( _{NMP ) 2H} ] _3PW12O40 2 [( _{DMA ) 2H} ] _3PMo12O40 3 (NH ₄ ) _i7 Na[NaSb ₉ W ₂₁ O ₈₆ ] Inorganic Crypt 4 a- and bH ₅ BW ₁₂ O ₄₀ ” 5 _{a- and bH6ZnW12O40} ” 6 a- and bH ₆ P ₂ W ₁₈ O ₆₂ ” 7 alpha-(NH ₄ ) ₆ P ₂ W ₁₈ O ₆₂ Wells-Dawson structure 8th _{K10CU4 ( H2O )2 ( PW9O34 ) 2.20H2O} ” 9 _{K10CO4 ( H2O )2 ( PW9O34 ) 2.20H2O} ” 10 _{Na7PW11O39 _ _} ” Na ₇ PW ₁₁ O ₃₉ .20H ₂ O + 2 C ₆ H ₅ P(O)(OH) ₂ ” 11 [(n-butyl) ₄ N] ₄ H ₃ PW ₁₁ O ₃₉ ” 12 _{b - Na8HPW9O34} ” 13 [(n-butyl) ₄ N] ₃ PMoW ₁₁ O ₃₉ ” 14 a-[(n-Butyl) ₄ N] ₄ Mo8O26 ” 15 [(n-butyl) ₄ N] ₂ W ₆ O ₁₉ ” 16 [(n-Butyl) ₄ N] ₂ M0 ₆ O ₁₉ ” 17 a-(NH ₄ ) _n H( _4-n )SiW ₁₂ O ₄₀ ” 18 a-(NH ₄ ) _n H( _5-n )BW ₁₂ O ₄₀ ” 19 aK ₅ BW ₁₂ O ₄₀ ” 20 _{K4W4O10 ( O2 ) 6} ” 21 _{b - Na9HSiW9O34} ” 22 _{Na6H2W12O40 _ _ _} 23 (NH ₄ ) ₁₄ [NaP ₅ W ₃₀ O ₁₁₀ ] Preyssler structure 24 a-(NH ₄ ) ₅ BW ₁₂ O ₄₀ ” 25 a- _{Na5 BW12 O40} ” 26 _{( NH4 ) 4W10O32} ” "27 _{( Me4N ) 4W10O32} ” 28 (HISH ⁺ ) _n H( _5-n )BW ₁₂ O ₄₀ ” 29 (LYSH ⁺ ) _n H( _5-n )BW ₁₂ O ₄₀ ” 30 (ARGH ⁺ ) _n H( _5-n )BW ₁₂ O ₄₀ ” 31 (HISH ⁺ ) _n H( _4-n )SiW ₁₂ O ₄₀ ” 32 (LYSH ⁺ ) _n H( _4-n )SiW ₁₂ O ₄₀ ” 34 (ARGH ⁺ ) _n H( _4-n )SiW ₁₂ O ₄₀ ” 35 K ₁₂ [EuP ₅ W ₃₀ O ₁₁₀ ].22H ₂ O ^b ) ” 36 _{aK8SiW11O39 _ _} ” 37 _{K10 ( H2W12O42 )} ” 38 K ₁₂ Ni ₃ (II)(PW ₉ O ₃₄ ) ₂ .nH ₂ O ” 39 (NH ₄ ) ₁₀ Co ₄ (II)(PW ₉ O ₃₄ ) ₂ .nH ₂ O ” 40 K ₁₂ Pd ₃ (II)(PW ₉ O ₃₄ ) ₂ .nH ₂ O ” 41 _{Na12P2W15O56.18H2O _ _ _ _} Lacunar (defective) structure 42 Na ₁₆ Cu ₄ (H ₂ O) ₂ (P ₂ W ₁₅ O ₅₆ ) ₂ .nH ₂ O ” 43 Na ₁₆ Zn ₄ (H ₂ O) ₂ (P ₂ W ₁₅ O ₅₆ ) ₂ .nH ₂ O ” 44 Na ₁₆ Co ₄ (H ₂ O) ₂ (P ₂ W ₁₅ O ₅₆ ) ₂ .nH ₂ O ” 45 Na ₁₆ N _i4 (H ₂ O) ₂ (P ₂ W ₁₅ O ₅₆ ) ₂ .nH ₂ O Wells-Dawson sandwich structure 46 _{Na16Mn4 ( H2O ) 2 ( P2W15O56 ) 2.nH2O} ” 47 Na ₁₆ Fe ₄ (H ₂ O) ₂ (P ₂ W ₁₅ O ₅₆ ) ₂ .nH ₂ O ” 48 K ₁₀ Zn ₄ (H ₂ O) ₂ (PW ₉ O ₃₄ ) ₂ .20H ₂ O Keggin sandwich structure 49 K ₁₀ Ni ₄ (H ₂ O) ₂ (PW ₉ O ₃₄ ) ₂ .nH ₂ O ” 50 K ₁₀ Mn ₄ (H ₂ O) ₂ (PW ₉ O ₃₄ ) ₂ .nH ₂ O ” 51 K ₁₀ Fe ₄ (H ₂ O) ₂ (PW ₉ O ₃₄ ) ₂ .nH ₂ O ” 52 K ₁₂ Cu ₃ (PW ₉ O ₃₄ ) ₂ .nH ₂ O ” 53 K ₁₂ (CoH ₂ O) ₃ (PW ₉ O ₃₄ ) ₂ .nH ₂ O ” 54 K ₁₂ Zn ₃ (PN ₉ O ₃₄ ) ₂ .15H ₂ O ” 55 K ₁₂ Mn ₃ (PW ₉ O ₃₄ ) ₂ .15H ₂ O ” 56 K ₁₂ Fe ₃ (PW ₉ O ₃₄ ) ₂ .25H ₂ O ” 57 (ARGH ⁺ ) ₁₀ (NH ₄ ) ₇ Na[NaSb ₉ W ₂₁ O ₈₆ ] ” 58 (ARGH ⁺ ) ₅ HW ₁₁ O ₃₉ .17H ₂ O ” 59 _{K7Ti2W10O40 _ _ _} ” 60 _[ ( _{CH3 ) 4N ] 7Ti2W10O40} ” 61 _{Cs7Ti2W10O40 _ _ _} ” 62 [HISH ⁺ ] ₇ Ti ₂ W ₁₀ O ₄₀ ” 63 [LYSH ⁺ ] _n Na _7-n PTi ₂ W ₁₀ O ₄₀ ” 64 [ARGW] _n Na ₇ - _n PTi ₂ W ₁₀ 0 ₄₀ ” 65 [n-Butyl ₄ N ⁺ ] ₃ H ₃ V ₁₀ O ₂₈ ” 66 _{K7HNb6O19.13H2O _ _} ” 67 [(CH ₃ ) ₄ N ⁺ ] ₄ SiW ₁₁ O ₃₉ -O[SiCH ₂ CH ₂ C(O)OCH ₃ ] ₂ Organically modified structure 68 [(CH ₃ ) ₄ N ⁺ ] ₄ PW ₁₁ O ₃₉ -(SiCH ₂ CH ₂ CH ₂ CN) ” 69 [(CH ₃ ) ₄ N ⁺ ] ₄ PW ₁₁ O ₃₉ -(SiCH ₂ CH ₂ CH ₂ Cl) ” 70 [(CH ₃ ) ₄ N ⁺ ] ₄ PW ₁₁ O ₃₉ -(SiCH ₂ =CH ₂ ) ” 71 Cs ₄ [SiW11O ₃₉ -(SiCH ₂ CH ₂ C(O)OCH ₃ ) ₂ ] ₄ ” 72 Cs ₄ [SiW11O ₃₉ -(SiCH ₂ CH ₂ CH ₂ CN)] ₄ ” 73 Cs ₄ [SiW110 ₃₉ -(SiCH ₂ CH ₂ CH ₂ Cl) ₂ ] ₄ ” 74 Cs ₄ [SiW11O ₃₉ -(SiCH ₂ =CH ₂ )] ₄ ” 75 [(CH ₃ ) ₄ N ⁺ ] ₄ SiW ₁₁ O ₃₉ -O-(SiCH ₂ CH ₂ CH ₂ Cl) ₂ ” 76 [(CH ₃ ) ₄ N ⁺ ] ₄ SiW ₁₁ O ₃₉ -O(SiCH ₂ CH ₂ CH ₂ CN) ₂ ” 77 [(CH ₃ ) ₄ N ⁺ ] ₄ SiW ₁₁ O ₃₉ -O(SiCH ₂ =CH ₂ ) ₂ ” 78 [(CH ₃ ) ₄ N ⁺ ] ₄ SiW ₁₁ O ₃₉ -O[SiC(CH ₃ )] ₂ ” 79 [(CH ₃ ) ₄ N ⁺ ] ₄ SiW ₁₁ O ₃₉ -O[SiCH ₂ CH(CH ₃ )] ₂ ” 80 [(CH ₃ ) ₄ N ⁺ ] ₄ SiW ₁₁ O ₃₉ -O[SiCH ₂ CH ₂ C(O)OCH ₃ ] ₂ ” 81 K ₅ Mn(II)PW ₁₁ O ₃₉ .nH ₂ O Structure substituted with transition metals 82 K ₈ Mn(II)P ₂ W ₁₇ O ₆₁ .nH ₂ O ” 83 K ₆ Mn(II)SiW ₁₁ O ₃₉ .nH ₂ O ” 84 K ₅ PW ₁₁ O ₃₉ [Si(CH ₃ ) ₂ ].nH ₂ O ” 85 K ₃ PW ₁₁ O ₄₁ (PC ₆ H ₅ ) ₂ .nH ₂ O ” 86 _{Na3PW11O41 ( PC6H5 ) 2.nH2O _ _} ” 87 _{K5PTiW11O40 _ _} ” 88 _{Cs5PTiW11O39 _ _} ” 89 K ₆ SiW ₁₁ O ₃₉ [Si(CH ₃ ) ₂ ].nH ₂ O ” 90 KSiW ₁₁ O ₃₉ [Si(C ₆ H ₅ )(tert-C ₄ H ₉ )].nH ₂ O ” 91 K ₆ SiW ₁₁ O ₃₉ [Si(C ₆ H ₅ ) ₂ ].nH ₂ O ” 92 _{K7SiW9Nb3O40.nH2O _ _ _ _} ” 93 _{Cs7SiW9Nb3O40.nH2O _ _ _ _} ” 94 Cs ₈ Si ₂ W ₁₈ Nb ₆ O ₇₇ .nH ₂ O ” 95 [(CH ₃ ) ₃ NH ⁺ ] ₇ SiW ₉ Nb ₃ O ₄₀ .nH ₂ O Substituted Keggin structure 96 _{( CN3H6 ) 7SiW9Nb3O40.nH2O _ _ _} ” 97 _{( CN3H6 ) 8Si2W18Nb6O77.nH2O _ _ _ _} ” 98 Rb ₇ SiW ₉ Nb ₃ O ₄₀ .nH ₂ O ” 99 Rb ₈ Si ₂ W ₁₈ Nb ₆ O ₇₇ .nH ₂ O ” 100 _{K8Si2W18Nb6O77.nH2O _ _ _ _ _} ” 101 _{K6P2Mo18O62.nH2O _ _ _ _} ” 102 _{( C5H5N ) 7HSi2W18Nb6O77.nH2O _ _ _ _} ” 103 _{( C5H5N ) 7SiW9Nb3O40.nH2O _ _ _} ” 104 (ARGH ⁺ ) ₈ SiW ₁₈ Nb ₆ O ₇₇ .18H ₂ O ” 105 (LYSH ⁺ ) ₇ KSiW ₁₈ Nb ₆ O ₇₇ .18H ₂ O ” 106 _{( HISH} ⁺ _{) 6K2SiW18Nb6O77.18H2O _ _} ” 107 [(CH ₃ ) ₄ N ⁺ ] ₄ SiW ₁₁ O ₃₉ -O(SiCH ₂ CH ₃ ) ₂ ” 108 [(CH ₃ ) ₄ N ⁺ ] ₄ SiW ₁₁ O ₃₉ -O(SiCH ₃ ) ₂ ” 109 [(CH ₃ ) ₄ N ⁺ ] ₄ SiW ₁₁ O ₃₉ -O(SiC ₁₆ H ₃₃ ) ₂ ” 110 _{Li9P2V3 ( CH3 ) 3W12O62 _ _} ” 111 _{Li7HSi2W18Nb6O77 _ _ _ _} ” 112 _{Cs9P2V3CH3W12O62 _ _ _ _ _} ” 113 _{Cs12P2V3W12O62 _ _ _ _} ” 114 _{K4H2PV4W8O40 _ _ _ _} ” 115 _{Na12P4W14O58 _ _ _} ” 116 _{Na14H6P6W18O79 _ _ _ _} ” 117 _aK5 ( _{NbO2 ) SiW11O39} ” 118 _{aO2 ) SiW11O39} ” 119 [(CH ₃ ) ₃ NH ⁺ ) ₅ NbSiW ₁₁ O ₄₀ ” 120 [(CH ₃ ) ₃ NH ⁺ ] ₅ TaSiW ₁₁ O ₄₀ ” 121 _{K6Nb3PW9O40 _ _ _} Peroxo Keggin structure 122 [(CH ₃ ) ₃ NH ⁺ ] ₅ (NbO ₂ )SiW ₁₁ O ₃₉ ” 123 [(CH ₃ ) ₃ NH ⁺ ] ₅ (TaO ₂ )SiW ₁₁ O ₃₉ ” 124 K4 ( _{NbO2 ) PW11 O39} ” 125 _{K7 ( NbO2 ) P2W12O61} ” 126 [(CH ₃ ) ₃ NH ⁺ ] ₇ (NbO ₂ ) ₃ SiW ₉ O ₃₇ ” 127 _{Cs7 ( NbO2 ) 3SiW9O37} ” 128 _{K6 ( NbO2 ) 3PW9O37} ” 129 _{Na10 ( H2W12O42 )} ” 130 _{K4NbPW11O40 _ _} ” 131 [(CH ₃ ) ₃ NH+] ₄ NbPW _n O ₄₀ ” 132 _{K5NbSiWnO40 _ _} ” 133 _{K5TaSiW11O40 _ _} ” 134 _{K7NbP2W17O62 _ _ _} Wells-Dawson structure 135 _{K7 ( TiO2 ) 2PW10O38} ” 136 _{K7 ( TaO2 ) 3SiW9O37} ” 137 _{K7Ta3SiW9O40 _ _ _} ” 138 K _e (TaO ₂ ) ₃ PW ₉ O ₃₇ ” 139 _{K6Ta3PW9O40 _ _ _} ” 140 _{K8Co2W113O39 _ _ _} ” 141 H ₂ [(CH ₃ ) ₄ N ⁺ ]4(C ₂ H ₅ Si) ₂ CoW ₁₁ O ₄₀ ” 142 H ₂ [(CH ₃ ) ₄ N ⁺ ] ₄ (iso-C ₄ H ₉ Si) ₂ CoW ₁₁ O ₄₀ ” 143 _{K9Nb3P2W15O62 _ _ _ _} ” 144 _{K9 ( NbO2 ) 3P2W15O59 _} ” 145 _{K12 ( NbO2 ) 6P2W12O56 _} Wells-Dawson peroxo structure 146 _{K12Nb6P2W12O62 _ _ _ _} Wells-Dawson structure ff . 147 _{a2 - K10P2W17O61 _ _} ” 148 K ₆ Fe(III)Nb ₃ P ₂ W ₁₅ O ₆₂ ” 149 _{K7Zn ( II ) Nb3P2W15O62} ” 150 (NH ₄ ) ₆ (aP ₂ W ₁₈ O ₆₂ ).nH ₂ O ” 151 K ₁₂ [H ₂ P ₂ W ₁₂ O ₄₈ ].24H ₂ O ” 152 _{K2Na15H5 [ PtMo6O24 ] .8H2O _} ” 153 K ₈ [a ₂ -P ₂ W ₁₇ MoO ₆₂ ].nH ₂ O ” 154 _{KHP 2V3W15O62.34H2O _ _ _} ” 155 K ₆ [P ₂ W ₁₂ Nb ₆ O ₆₂ ].24H ₂ O ” 156 _Na6 [ _{V10O28 ] .H2O} ” 157 (guanidinium) ₈ H[PV ₁₄ O ₆₂ ].3H ₂ O ” 158 K8H[PV14O62] ” 159 Na ₇ [MnV ₁₃ O ₃₈ ].18H ₂ O ” 160 K ₆ [BW ₁₁ O ₃₉ Ga(OH) ₂ ].13H ₂ O ” 161 _K7H [ _{Nb6O19 ] .13H2O} ” 162 [(CH ₃ ) ₄ N ⁺ /Na ⁺ /K ⁺ ] ₄ [Nb ₂ W ₄ O ₁₉ ] ” 163 [(CH ₃ ) ₄ N ⁺ ] ₉ [P ₂ W ₁₅ Nb ₃ O ₆₂ ] ” 164 [(CH ₃ ) ₄ N ⁺ ] ₁₅ [HP ₄ W ₃₀ Nb ₆ O ₁₂₃ ].16H ₂ O ” 165 [Na/K] ₆ [Nb ₄ W ₂ O ₁₉ ] ” 166 [(CH ₃ ) ₄ N ⁺ /Na ⁺ /K ⁺ ]5[Nb ₃ W ₃ O ₁₉ ].6H ₂ O ” 167 K ₅ [CpTiSiW ₁₁ O ₃₉ ].12H ₂ O ” 169 b ₂ -K ₈ [SiW ₁₁ O ₃₉ ].14H ₂ O ” 170 aK ₈ [SiW ₁₀ 0 ₃₆ ].12H ₂ O ” 171 Cs ₇ Na ₂ [PW ₁₀ O ₃₇ ].8H ₂ O ” 172 Cs ₆ [P ₂ W ₅ O ₂₃ ].7.5H ₂ O ” 173 g-Cs ₇ [PW ₁₀ O ₃₆ ].7H ₂ O ” 174 K ₅ [SiNbW ₁₁ O ₄₀ ].7H ₂ O ” 175 K ₄ [PNbW ₁₁ O ₄₀ ].12H ₂ O ” 176 _{Na6 [ Nb4W2O19 ] .13H2O} ” 177 _{K6 [ Nb4W2O19 ] .7H2O} ” 180 _{K4 [ V2W4O19 ] .3.5H2O} ” 181 _{Na5 [ V3W3O19 ] .12H2O} ” 182 K ₆ [PV ₃ W ₉ O ₄₀ ].14H ₂ O ” 183 Na ₉ [Ab-GeW ₉ O ₃₄ ].8H ₂ O ” 184 Na ₁₀ [Aa-GeW ₉ O ₃₄ ].9H ₂ O ” 185 K ₇ [BV ₂ W ₁₀ O ₄₀ ].6H ₂ O ” 186 Na ₅ [CH ₃ Sn(Nb ₆ O ₁₉ )].10H ₂ O ” 187 Na ₈ [Pt(P(m-SO ₃ C ₆ H ₅ ) ₃ ) ₃ Cl].3H ₂ O ” 188 [(CH ₃ ) ₃ NH ⁺ ] ₁₀ (H)[Si(H) ₃ W ₁₈ O ₆₈ ].10H ₂ O ” 189 K ₇ [Aa-GeNb ₃ W ₉ O ₄₀ ].18H ₂ O ” 190 K ₇ [Ab-SiNb ₃ W ₉ O ₄₀ ].20H ₂ O ” 191 [(CH ₃ ) ₃ NH ⁺ ] ₉ [Aa-HGe ₂ Nb ₆ W ₁₈ O ₇₈ ” 192 K ₇ (H)[Aa-Ge ₂ Nb ₆ W ₁₈ O ₇₇ ].18H ₂ O ” 193 K ₈ [Ab-Si ₂ Nb ₆ W ₁₈ O ₇₇ ] ” 194 [(CH ₃ ) ₃ NH ⁺ ] ₈ [AB-Si ₂ Nb ₆ W ₁₈ O ₇₇ ] ”

• a) cf. US 6,020,369A , TABLE 1, columns 3 to 10;
• b) Tierui Zhang, Shaoquin Liu, Dirk G. Kurth, and Charl FJ Faul, Organized Nanostructured Complexes of Polyoxometalates and Surfactants that Exhibit Photoluminescence and Electrochromism, Advanced Functional Materials, 2009, 19, pp. 642–652;
• n A number, in particular an integer, from 1 to 50.

Further examples of suitable POM are from the American patent U.S. 7,097,858 B2 , column 14, line 56, to column 17, line 19, and from TABLE 8a, column 22, line 41, to column 23, line 28, compounds number 1-53, and TABLE 8b, column 23, line 30 to column 25, line 34, compounds number 1 to 150.

Other preferred POMs are those of J.T.Rhule, CL Hill and DA Judd in the article "Polyoxometalates in Medicine" in Chemical Reviews, Volume 98, pages 327 to 357, in Table 1 "In Vitro Antiviral Activities of Polyoxometalates", pages 332 to 347, and in Table 2 »In Vivo Activities of Polyoxometalates«, page 351, listed polyoxometalates that have been tested for their antiviral activity.

POMs with a Keggin structure, double Keggin structure and Wells-Dawson structure are preferably used.

• - Ammoniumheptamolybdat-Tetrahydrat {(NH₄)₆Mo₇O₂₄] · 4H₂O, CAS-Nr.13106-76-8 (wasserfrei), CAS-Nr. 12054-85-2 (Tetrahydrat), AHMT},
• - Wolframatophosphorsäure-Hydrat {H₃[P(W₃O₁₀)₄] · _xH₂O, CAS-Nr. 1343-93-7 (wasserfrei), CAS-Nr. 12067-99-1 (Hydrat), Wo-Pho},
• - Molybdatophosphorsäure-Hydrat, {H₃P(Mo₃O₁₀)₄] xH2O, CAS-Nr.:12026-57-2 (wasserfrei), CAS-Nr. 51429-74-4 (Hydrat), Mo-Pho} und/oder
• - Wolframatokieselsäure {H₄[Si(W₃O₁₀)₄] · xH₂O, CAS-Nr. 12027-43-9, CAS-Nr. WKS}

und/oder ihre Salze verwendet.are most particularly preferred

• - Ammonium heptamolybdate tetrahydrate {(NH ₄ ) ₆ Mo ₇ O ₂₄ ] 4H ₂ O, CAS no.13106-76-8 (anhydrous), CAS no. 12054-85-2 (tetrahydrate), AHMT},
• - Tungstophosphoric acid hydrate {H ₃ [P(W ₃ O ₁₀ ) ₄ ] _x H ₂ O, CAS no. 1343-93-7 (anhydrous), CAS no. 12067-99-1 (hydrate), Wo-Pho},
• - Molybdophosphoric acid hydrate, {H ₃ P(Mo ₃ O ₁₀ ) ₄ ] xH2O, CAS no.:12026-57-2 (anhydrous), CAS no. 51429-74-4 (hydrate), Mo-Pho} and/or
• - tungstosilicic acid {H ₄ [Si(W ₃ O ₁₀ ) ₄ ] xH ₂ O, CAS no. 12027-43-9, CAS no. WCS}

and/or their salts are used.

In a particularly preferred embodiment, a POM-chitosan composite is used.

The POM microparticles described above are unmodified, oxygen-substituted, functionalized, aggregated, and/or agglomerated. For example, they can be functionalized and agglomerated. However, they can also be non-functionalized and aggregated.

The POM microparticles to be used according to the invention can be produced with the aid of customary and known wet-chemical processes such as precipitation processes. However, it is also possible to dissolve the POM in water and spray the resulting solution against a stream of warm air. It is also possible to evaporate the solution in vacuo by irradiating it with IR radiation. Furthermore, it is possible to apply solutions, in particular aqueous solutions, of POM to cold surfaces, such as deep-frozen, smooth metal surfaces, dry ice, deep-frozen organic solvents and liquefied To spray gases such as methane, ethane, propane, butane, methylcyclohexane or gasoline, liquid nitrogen or liquid helium and to vaporize the dry ice or the liquid substances.

Other suitable bactericides and/or virucides are ionic liquids. They consist exclusively of ions (cations and anions). They can consist of organic cations and organic or inorganic anions or of inorganic cations and organic anions.

In principle, ionic liquids are molten salts with a low melting point. Not only those salt compounds which are liquid at ambient temperature are included, but also all salt compounds which preferably melt below 150.degree. C., preferably below 130.degree. C. and in particular below 100.degree. In contrast to conventional inorganic salts such as table salt (melting point 808°C), lattice energy and symmetry are reduced in ionic liquids due to charge delocalization, which can lead to freezing points down to -80°C and below. Due to the numerous possible combinations of anions and cations, ionic liquids with very different properties can be produced (see also Römpp Online 2007, »ionic liquids«).

Suitable organic cations are all cations that are customarily used in ionic liquids. The onium compounds are preferably non-cyclic or heterocyclic.

Preferred are non-cyclic and heterocyclic onium compounds from the group consisting of quaternary ammonium, oxonium, sulfonium and phosphonium cations and uronium, thiouronium and guanidinium cations in which the single positive charge is delocalized over several heteroatoms, used.

Particular preference is given to using quaternary ammonium cations and very particular preference to using heterocyclic quaternary ammonium cations.

In particular, the heterocyclic quaternary ammonium cations are selected from the group consisting of pyrrolium, imidazolium, 1H-pyrazolium, 3H-pyrazolium, 4H-pyrazolium, 1-pyrazolinium, 2-pyrazolinium, 3-pyrazolinium, 2,3-dihydro-imidazolinium, 4,5-dihydro-imidazolinium, 2,5-dihydro-imidazolinium, pyrrolidinium, 1,2,4-triazolium (quaternary nitrogen atom in 1-position), 1,2 ,4-Triazolium (4-position quaternary nitrogen), 1,2,3-Triazolium (1-position quaternary nitrogen), 1,2,3-Triazolium (4-position quaternary nitrogen), oxazolium- , isooxazolium, thiazolium, isothiazolium, pyridinium, pyridazinium, pyrimidinium, piperidinium, morpholinium, pyrazinium, indolium, quinolinium, isoquinolinium, quinoxalinium and indolinium cations.

• - DE 10 2005 055 815 A , Seite 6, Absatz [0033], bis Seite 15, Absatz [0074],
• - DE 10 2005 035 103 A1 , Seite 3, Absatz [0014], bis Seite 10, Absatz [0051], und
• - DE 103 25 050 A1 , der die Seiten 2 und 3 übergreifende Absatz [0006] in Verbindung mit Seite 3, Absatz [0011], bis Seite 5, Absatz [0020],
• - WO 03/029329 A2 , Seite 4, letzter Absatz, bis Seite 8, zweiter Absatz,
• - WO 2004/052340 A1 , Seite 8, erster Absatz, bis Seite 10, erster Absatz,
• - WO 2004/084627 A2 , Seite 14, zweiter Absatz, bis Seite 16, erster Absatz, und Seite 17, erster Absatz, bis Seite 19, zweiter Absatz,
• - WO 2005/017252 A1 , Seite 11, Zeile 20, bis Seite 12, Zeile 19,
• - WO 2005/017001 A1 , Seite 7, letzter Absatz, bis Seite 9, viertletzter Absatz,
• - WO 2005/023873 A1 , Seite 9, Zeile 7, bis Seite 10, Zeile 20,
• - WO 2006/116126 A2 , Seite 4, Zeile 1, bis Seite 5, Zeile 24,
• - WO 2007/057253 A2 , Seite 4, Zeile 24, bis Seite 18, Zeile 38,
• - WO 2007/085624 A1 , Seite 14, Zeile 27, bis Seite 18, Zeile 11, und
• - US 2007/0006774 A1 Seite 17, Absatz [0157], bis Seite 19, Absatz [0167],

im Detail beschrieben werden. Auf die aufgeführten Passagen der Patentanmeldungen wird zu Zwecken der näheren Erläuterung der vorliegenden Erfindung ausdrücklich Bezug genommen.The organic cations described above are species known per se, for example in the German and international patent applications and in the American patent application

• - DE 10 2005 055 815 A , page 6, paragraph [0033], to page 15, paragraph [0074],
• - DE 10 2005 035 103 A1 , page 3, paragraph [0014], to page 10, paragraph [0051], and
• - DE 103 25 050 A1 , paragraph [0006] covering pages 2 and 3 in connection with page 3, paragraph [0011], to page 5, paragraph [0020],
• - WO 03/029329 A2 , page 4, last paragraph, to page 8, second paragraph,
• - WO 2004/052340 A1 , page 8, first paragraph, to page 10, first paragraph,
• - WO 2004/084627 A2 , page 14, second paragraph, to page 16, first paragraph, and page 17, first paragraph, to page 19, second paragraph,
• - WO 2005/017252 A1 , page 11, line 20, to page 12, line 19,
• - WO 2005/017001 A1 , page 7, last paragraph, to page 9, fourth last paragraph,
• - WO 2005/023873 A1 , page 9, line 7, to page 10, line 20,
• - WO 2006/116126 A2 , page 4, line 1, to page 5, line 24,
• - WO 2007/057253 A2 , page 4, line 24, to page 18, line 38,
• - WO 2007/085624 A1 , page 14, line 27, to page 18, line 11, and
• - US 2007/0006774 A1 Page 17, paragraph [0157], to page 19, paragraph [0167],

be described in detail. Express reference is made to the passages of the patent applications listed for the purpose of explaining the present invention in more detail.

Of the organic cations described above, imidazolium cations, in particular the 1-ethyl-3-methylimidazolium cation (EMIM) or the 1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium cation (BMIM), in which the quaternary nitrogen is in the 1st -position is used.

Suitable inorganic cations are all cations which do not form crystalline salts whose melting point is above 150° C. with the organic anions of the ionic liquids (C). Examples of suitable inorganic cations are the lanthanide cations.

Suitable inorganic anions are basically all anions which do not form crystalline salts with the organic cations of the ionic liquids (C), whose melting point is above 150° C., and which also do not have any undesirable interactions with the organic cations, such as chemical reactions enter.

The inorganic anions are preferably selected from the group consisting of halide, pseudohalide, sulfide, halometallate, cyanometallate, carbonylmetallate, haloborate, halophosphate, haloarsenate and haloantimonate anions and the anions of the oxygen acids of the halides, sulfur, nitrogen, phosphorus, carbon, silicon, boron and transition metals.

Fluoride, chloride, bromide and/or iodide ions are preferred as halide anions, cyanide, cyanate, thiocyanate, isothiocyanate and/or azide anions as pseudohalide anions, sulfide, hydrogensulfide, polysulfide and/or hydrogenpolysulfide anions as sulfide anions, Chlorine and/or bromoaluminates and/or ferrates as halometallate anions, hexacyanoferrate(II) and/or -(III) anions as cyanometallate anions, tetracarbonylferrate anions as carbonylmetallate anions, tetrachloro and/or tetrafluoroborate anions as haloborate anions, halophosphate, haloarsenate anions and haloantimonate anions hexafluorophosphate, hexafluoroarsenate, hexachloroantimonate and/or hexafluoroantimonate anions and as anions of the oxygen acids of the halides, sulfur, nitrogen, phosphorus, carbon, silicon, boron and the transition metals chlorate, perchlorate, bromate , iodate, sulfate, hydrogen sulfate, sulfite, hydrogen sulfite, thiosulfate, nitrite, nitrate, phosphinate, pho sphonate, phosphate, hydrogen phosphate, dihydrogen phosphate, carbonate, hydrogen carbonate, glyoxylate, oxalate, deltaate, squarate, croconate, rhodozonate, silicate, borate, chromate, peroxometallate and/or Permanganate anions used.

The POM anions listed above are particularly preferably used.

In the same way, suitable organic anions are basically all anions which do not form crystalline salts with the organic or inorganic cations of the ionic liquids, whose melting point is above 150° C. and which also have no undesirable interactions with the organic or inorganic cations how chemical reactions occur.

The organic anions of aliphatic, cycloaliphatic and aromatic acids are preferably derived from the group consisting of carboxylic acids, sulfonic acids, acidic sulfate esters, phosphonic acids, phosphinic acids, acidic phosphate esters, hypodiphosphinic acids, hypodiphosphonic acids, hypodiphosphonic acids, acidic boric acid esters, boric acids, acidic silicic acid esters and acidic silanes, or they are selected from the group consisting of aliphatic, cycloaliphatic and aromatic thiolate, alcoholate, phenolate, methide, bis(carbonyl)imide, bis(sulfonyl)imide and carbonylsulfonylimide anions.

• - WO 2005/017252 A1 , Seite 7, Seite 14, bis Seite 11, Seite 6, und
• - WO 2007/057235 A2 , Seite 19, Zeile 5, bis Seite 23, Seite 23,

bekannt. Ganz besonders bevorzugt werden Acetatanionen verwendet.Examples of suitable inorganic and organic anions are from the international patent applications

• - WO 2005/017252 A1 , page 7, page 14, to page 11, page 6, and
• - WO 2007/057235 A2 , page 19, line 5, to page 23, page 23,

known. Acetate anions are very particularly preferably used.

In particular, 1-ethyl-3-methylimidazolium acetate (EMIM Ac) and tetra-(1-ethyl-3-methylimidazolium)tungstate silicate are used as the ionic liquid.

Materials that are only poorly soluble in water are preferably used as particulate, inorganic, bactericidal and/or biocidal materials, so that the materials are not attacked by aerosols. In addition, they should not be highly toxic or carcinogenic to humans or animals and should be safe to handle and dispose of.

Examples of suitable particulate, inorganic, bactericidal and/or biocidal materials are boric acid, boron oxide, disodium octaborate tetrahydrate, disodium tetraborate pentahydrate, disodium tetraborate decahydrate, copper hydroxide, basic copper carbonate, granulated copper, copper flakes, dicopper oxide, copper oxide, copper thiocyanate, silver, silver chloride, silver bromide, calcium carbonate, hydrated lime, lime , calcium magnesium oxide tetrahydrate, calcium magnesium oxide and/or titanium dioxide.

The bactericidal and/or virucidal coatings on the carrier materials described above, containing the biocides described above, are preferably produced from liquid or pulverulent coating materials. Water-based coating materials or those based on organic solvents are used. The liquid coating materials can contain dissolved substances in molecularly disperse form, or they can preferably be dispersions.

The powdered coating materials are applied with the help of customary and known processes such as electrostatic spraying, fluidized bed coating and coil coating processes and subsequent melting. It is advantageous if the substrates are thermally stable, so that they are not damaged by heating. It is a further advantage of powder coating that the solid biocides and/or virucides described above can be sprayed simultaneously with the powders. As a result, the microparticles are concentrated at the surface of the powder coating, where they firmly adhere to the curing coating, making them available for the elimination of bacteria, viruses and virions.

The liquid coating compositions or coating materials can be applied using customary and known coating methods such as dipping methods, spraying methods, in particular compressed air spraying, airless spraying, air-mix spraying, brushing, hot spraying, curtain pouring, knife coating, two-component coating, electrostatic spraying, electrostatically assisted spraying, roller application, wiping, pouring , troweling, strip coating, centrifugation and drum coating.

The solid biocides described above can be dispersed as solid microparticles in the liquid coating materials. However, it is advantageous if some or all of the microparticles are applied to the coated substrate before the liquid coating materials harden. This creates easily accessible virucidal and/or bactericidal centers which can also serve as spacers and thus prevent the coated carrier materials from sticking together.

In the case of thermoplastic powder coating materials, the applied coating materials are physically cured. That is, they solidify on cooling.

Depending on which reactive functional groups are present in the coating materials, the latter are cured thermally or by free-radical polymerization, which is set in motion by actinic radiation or by free-radical initiators. However, both mechanisms can also be combined in one coating material. One speaks then of "Dual Cure". Table 3 gives an overview of suitable functional groups for the crosslinking reactions. Table 3: Examples of complementary reactive functional groups for thermal curing and radiation curing binder and crosslinking agent or crosslinking agent and binder -SH -C(O)-OH -OH -C(O)-OC(O)- -NH-C(O)-OR ¹ _-CH2 -OH _-CH2 -O- _CH3 -NH-C(O)-CH(-C(O)OR ¹ ) ₂ -NH-C(O)-CH(-C(O)OR1 )(-C(O) ^{-R1 )} >Si(OR ¹ ) ₂ -C(O)-OH O -CH-CH ₂ -OC(O) ^-CR5 = _CH2 -OH -O-CR=CH ₂ -C(O)-CH ₂ -C(O)-R ¹ -O-CR=CH ₂ -CH= _CH2 -CR= _CH2 -CH= _CH2

In a preferred method for coating the above-described, particulate, inorganic, inert carrier materials, a system is used which includes automatic feeding of the particulate carrier materials onto an endless belt with a vibrating section, which is guided over at least two transport rollers. The supplied particulate carrier materials are vibrated and sprayed in a first station with at least one of the liquid coating materials described below. The shaking ensures that the substrates are coated as evenly as possible. Before the coating materials are cured, they are sprayed with microparticles of at least one type of biocide while being shaken in a second station, so that the microparticles are evenly distributed on and in the coating materials and remain sticky. In a third station, the coating materials are cured - also with shaking - thermally in a continuous oven, with IR radiators and/or with UV radiation, so that the biocidal coating forms on the carrier materials. The shaking prevents the particles from sticking together and the hardened coating materials from forming firmly adhering films on the endless belt. If this does happen to a certain extent, the particles are separated in a third station and then discharged into a storage vessel. The residues of cured coating materials adhering to the endless belt are scraped off with squeegees after the endless belt has been deflected.

The coating compositions or coating materials can be divided into groups on the basis of their binders.

Coating materials based on oils

These coatings contain natural, drying oils that undergo auto-oxidative polymerization in the presence of catalysts and atmospheric oxygen. Chemically modified oxidative drying oils such as polyurethane oils or low molecular weight polybutadiene oils can also be used.

Coating materials based on cellulose

Nitrocellulose paints usually contain additional resins and solvents to improve their performance properties. Other coating materials based on cellulose contain organic cellulose esters such as cellulose acetate, cellulose acetate butyrate or cellulose acetate propionate.

Rubber-based coating materials

These coating materials based on chlorinated rubber, chlorinated rubber-alkyd resin combinations and chlorinated rubber-acrylic resin combinations are resistant to water, which can be of advantage for the present invention in special applications.

Coating materials based on vinyl resins

These coating materials contain polyolefins and polyolefin derivatives such as polyethylene and polyisobutene. Ethylene copolymers such as ethylene vinyl acetate copolymers or ethylene maleic anhydride copolymers are water soluble and can form salts. Chlorosulfonated polyethylenes have a very high chemical resistance, especially against oxidizing agents.

Coating materials based on polyvinyl halides and vinyl halide copolymers

Coating materials containing polyvinyl chloride and chlorinated polyvinyl chloride have advantageous mechanical properties and high abrasion resistance. Coating materials with vinylidene chloride copolymers have numerous technical applications. Important examples of copolymers without additional functional groups are vinyl acetate, dibutyl maleate or isobutyl vinyl ether copolymers. Terpolymers with carboxyl groups are made with dibutyl maleate or vinyl acetate and a dicarboxylic acid. Copolymers and terpolymers with hydroxyl groups are obtained with hydroxyacrylates or with vinyl acetate and vinyl alcohol. Vinylidene chloride copolymers with acrylonitrile or acrylic resins have excellent chemical resistance and are primarily used as films for food packaging. Polyvinylidene difluoride is a thermoplastic fluoropolymer and can therefore be used for powder coatings. Further examples of fluoropolymers for coating materials are cyclic perfluorinated polymers. Crosslinkable perfluorinated polymers contain epoxy groups, ether groups, hydroxyl groups or carboxyl groups as crosslinking functional groups.

Coating materials based on vinyl ester polymers and copolymers

Coating materials based on vinyl acetate polymers and vinyl acetate copolymers with vinyl laurate, dibutyl maleate or crotonic acid have particularly high lightfastness and strong adhesion to metals. Polyvinyl alcohol is commonly produced by the hydrolysis of polyvinyl acetate. It has a high water solubility and is resistant to oils and fats, lubricants and waxes. Polyvinyl acetals such as polyvinyl formal and polyvinyl butyral are made by reacting polyvinyl acetate with aldehydes. They can be viewed as terpolymers of vinyl acetate, vinyl alcohol and vinyl acetal. They are physically crosslinkable, but can also be chemically crosslinked through hydroxyl groups.

Coating materials based on vinyl ether polymers

Vinyl ether polymers are made from methyl vinyl ether or isobutyl vinyl ether and are often used as plasticizing resins in coatings.

polystyrene and styrene copolymers

Because of their high glass transition temperature, polystyrene dispersions do not form films at room temperature. However, the hardness of polystyrene can be adapted to the specific application of the coating material over a wide temperature range by copolymerization with soft monomers such as butadiene and acrylate ester.

Coating materials based on acrylates

Polyacrylates are only slightly attacked by chemicals and therefore give the coating materials a high level of resistance. They are colourless, transparent and do not yellow even after prolonged thermal stress. They do not absorb radiation above 300 nm and are therefore not degraded by UV radiation as long as they do not contain styrene or similar aromatic compounds. They have no unstable double bonds, but have a high, lasting gloss and are hydrolytically stable. Depending on their lateral functional groups, they can be crosslinked in a variety of ways (see Table 3).

alkyd coating materials

Alkyd resin binders contain oils/fatty acids, dicarboxylic acids (mainly phthalic acid or phthalic anhydride) and polyalcohols. They are classified as short oil, medium oil or long oil resins. They are modified with natural fatty acids or oils. For special technical applications the alkyd resins are additionally modified with resin acids, benzoic acid, styrene, vinyl toluene, isocyanates, acrylates, epoxides and silicone compounds.

Coating materials based on saturated polyesters

Saturated polyesters are made by the polycondensation of polycarboxylic acids such as terephthalic acid and polyalcohols such as ethylene glycol. Polyesters containing hydroxyl groups can be crosslinked with melamine resins, benzoguanamine resins and blocked isocyanates. Saturated polyesters containing carboxyl groups can be crosslinked with triglycidyl isocyanurate or epoxy resins. Saturated polyesters containing lateral acrylate groups can be cured by UV radiation and electron beams.

Coating materials based on unsaturated polyesters

Unsaturated polyester resins or UP resins are soluble linear polycondensation products made by the reaction of commonly unsaturated polybasic carboxylic acids such as maleic acid or fumaric acid and dihydric alcohols such as ethylene glycol. Curing is initiated by peroxide or C-C radical initiators. However, they can also be cured by UV radiation in the presence of photoinitiators.

Coating materials based on polyurethanes

Polyurethanes are binders with urethane, urea, biuret, or allophanate groups as linking groups. The coating materials contain low-molecular, oligomeric or polymeric components that can be crosslinked with blocked polyisocyanates in one-component systems and with free polyisocyanates in two-component systems. The cured coatings have high chemical resistance and excellent light and weather stability.

Coating materials based on epoxy resins

There are different types of epoxy resins such as bisphenol A resins, bisphenol F resins, epoxy novolacs, aliphatic epoxy resins, cycloaliphatic epoxy resins, glycidyl esters and heterocyclic epoxy compounds. They can be crosslinked with amines, polyesters, phenolic resins, amino resins or polyisocyanates. In addition, they can be chemically modified so that epoxy resin esters and epoxy resin (meth)acrylic acid esters result.

Coating materials based on urea, benzoguanamine and melamine resins

Alkylated urea, benzoguanamine, glycoluril, toluenesulfonamide and melamine formaldehyde resins are a versatile group of crosslinking agents for hydroxyl, amide, carboxyl containing polymers. They are used in both waterborne and solventborne coatings.

Coating materials based on phenolic resins

Phenolic resins are polycondensation products of phenols and formaldehyde and are self-crosslinking in the presence of bases or basic salts. Phenolic resins are pale yellow to dark brown in color and are therefore not suitable for color applications. Because they form hard and brittle films, they must be mixed with other resins such as epoxy resins, polyvinyl butyral resins, or polyester resins.

Coating materials based on silicone resins and organic-inorganic hybrid resins

Polysiloxane or silicone resins for coating purposes are prepared from mixtures of di- or trifunctional organosilane monomers such as phenyl- and methyltriethoxysilane, methylphenyldichlorosilane and dimethyldichlorosilane by controlled hydrolysis and condensation. However, pure silicone resins are often too soft and too thermoplastic for coating purposes. Therefore, they are mixed with common and well-known resins such as alkyd resins, acrylic resins, epoxy resins and phenolic resins.

A particularly well suited group of silicone resins are hybrids of siloxane-polyurethane and siloxane-epoxy or siloxane-acrylate and sol-gel polymers.

The sol-gel hybrid polymers are prepared by the polycondensation of siloxanes containing hydrolyzable groups and the organic moieties described below.

The essential component of the hybrid dispersions are surface-modified, cationically stabilized, inorganic nanoparticles of at least one type, in particular one type.

The nanoparticles to be modified are preferably selected from the group consisting of main and subgroup metals and their compounds. The main and subgroup metals are preferably selected from metals of the third to fifth main group, the third to sixth and the first and second subgroup of the periodic table of the elements, and the lanthanides. Particularly preferred are boron, aluminum, gallium, silicon, germanium, tin, arsenic, antimony, silver, zinc, titanium, zirconium, hafnium, vanadium, niobium, tantalum, molybdenum, tungsten and cerium, especially aluminum, silicon, silver, cerium, Titanium and zirconium used.

The compounds of the metals are preferably the oxides, oxide hydrates, sulfates or phosphates.

Silver, silicon dioxide, aluminum oxide, aluminum oxide hydrate, titanium dioxide, zirconium oxide, cerium oxide and mixtures thereof are preferably used, particularly preferably silver, cerium oxide, silicon dioxide, aluminum oxide hydrate and mixtures thereof, very particularly preferably aluminum oxide hydrate and in particular boehmite.

The nanoparticles to be modified preferably have a primary particle size <50 nm, preferably 5 nm to 50 nm, in particular 10 nm to 30 nm.

The nanoparticles or their surface are with at least one compound of the general formula XIV: [(S-) _o -L-] _m M(R) _n (H) p (XIV),
modified.

S

reaktive funktionelle Gruppe;

L

mindestens zweibindige organische verknüpfende Gruppe;

H

hydrolysierbare einbindige Gruppe oder hydrolysierbares Atom;

M

zwei- bis sechswertiges Hauptgruppen- und Nebengruppen-Metall;

R

einbindiger organischer Rest;

o

eine ganze Zahl von 1 bis 5, insbesondere 1;

m + n + p

eine ganze Zahl von 2 bis 6, insbesondere 3 oder 4;

p

eine ganze Zahl von 1 bis 6, insbesondere 1 bis 4;

m und n

Null oder eine ganze Zahl von 1 bis 5, vorzugsweise 1 bis 3, insbesondere 1, speziell m = 1 und n = 0.

In the general formula XIV, the indices and the variables have the following meaning:

S

reactive functional group;

L

at least divalent organic linking group;

H

hydrolyzable monovalent group or atom;

M

divalent to hexavalent main group and subgroup metal;

R

monovalent organic residue;

O

an integer from 1 to 5, especially 1;

m + n + p

an integer from 2 to 6, especially 3 or 4;

p

an integer from 1 to 6, especially 1 to 4;

m and n

Zero or an integer from 1 to 5, preferably 1 to 3, in particular 1, especially m = 1 and n = 0.

The modification can be carried out by physical adsorption of the compounds XIV on the surface of the unmodified nanoparticles and/or by chemical reaction of the compounds XIV with suitable reactive functional groups on the surface of the unmodified nanoparticles. The modification preferably takes place via chemical reactions.

Examples of suitable metals M are those described above.

Preferably, the reactive functional group S is selected from the group consisting of (S 1) reactive functional groups containing at least one bond which can be activated with actinic radiation, and (S 2) reactive functional groups which are linked to groups of their own kind (“with themselves “) and/or undergo thermally initiated reactions with complementary reactive functional groups. Examples more appropriate reactive functional groups (S 2) are the groups described above, in particular epoxide groups.

In the context of the present invention, a bond which can be activated with actinic radiation is understood as meaning a bond which becomes reactive when irradiated with actinic radiation and undergoes polymerization reactions and/or crosslinking reactions with other activated bonds of its type, which proceed according to free-radical and/or ionic mechanisms. Examples of suitable bonds are carbon-hydrogen single bonds or carbon-carbon, carbon-oxygen, carbon-nitrogen, carbon-phosphorus or carbon-silicon single bonds or double bonds. Of these, the carbon-carbon double bonds are particularly advantageous and are therefore used with very particular preference according to the invention. For the sake of brevity, they are hereinafter referred to as “double bonds”.

Accordingly, the reactive group (S1) preferred according to the invention contains one double bond or two, three or four double bonds. If more than one double bond is used, the double bonds can be conjugated. According to the invention, however, it is advantageous if the double bonds are isolated, in particular each terminally, in the group (S1) in question here. According to the invention, it is of particular advantage to use two double bonds, in particular one double bond.

The bonds that can be activated with actinic radiation can be via carbon-carbon bonds or ether, thioether, carboxylic acid ester, thiocarboxylic acid ester, carbonate, thiocarbonate, phosphoric acid ester, thiophosphoric acid ester, phosphonic acid ester, thiophosphonic acid ester, phosphite, thiophosphite, sulfonic acid ester , amide, amine, thioamide, phosphoric acid amide, thiophosphoric acid amide, phosphonic acid amide, thiophosphonic acid amide, sulfonic acid amide, imide, urethane, hydrazide, urea, thiourea, carbonyl, thiocarbonyl, sulfone or sulfoxide groups , but in particular via carbon-carbon bonds, carboxylic acid ester groups and ether groups, be connected to the linking group L.

Particularly preferred reactive functional groups (S1) are therefore (meth)acrylate, ethacrylate, crotonate, cinnamate, vinyl ether, vinyl ester, dicyclopentadienyl, norbornenyl, isoprenyl, isopropenyl, allyl or butenyl groups; Dicyclopentadienyl, norbornenyl, isoprenyl, isopropenyl, allyl or butenyl ether groups or dicyclopentadienyl, norbornenyl, isoprenyl, isopropenyl, allyl or butenyl ester groups, but especially methacrylate groups (S 1).

The variable H represents a hydrolyzable monovalent group or a hydrolyzable atom.

Examples of suitable hydrolyzable atoms are hydrogen and halogen, especially chlorine and bromine.

Preferably the hydrolyzable monovalent groups are used. Examples of suitable groups of this type are groups of the general formula XV: -XR (XV).

In the general formula XV, the variable X represents an oxygen atom, a sulfur atom and/or a group >NR ² , in which R ² represents an alkyl group having 1 to 4 carbon atoms, in particular methyl, ethyl, propyl and n-butyl. Preferably X is an oxygen atom.

R represents a monovalent organic radical. The monovalent radical R can be substituted or unsubstituted; preferably it is unsubstituted. It can be aromatic, aliphatic or cycloaliphatic. A monovalent radical R is considered to be aromatic if X is linked directly to the aromatic radical. This rule applies analogously to aliphatic and cycloaliphatic radicals. Linear or branched, in particular linear, aliphatic radicals are preferably used. Lower aliphatic radicals are preferred. Of these, the methyl group or the ethyl group is most preferably used.

The variable L represents an at least divalent, especially divalent, organic linking group.

• (1) substituierte oder unsubstituierte, bevorzugt unsubstituierte, lineare oder verzweigte, vorzugsweise lineare, Alkandiyl-Reste mit 3 bis 30, bevorzugt 3 bis 20 und insbesondere 3 Kohlenstoffatomen, die innerhalb der Kohlenstoffkette auch cyclische Gruppen enthalten können, insbesondere Trimethylen, Tetramethylen, Pentamethylen, Hexamethylen, Heptamethylen, Octamethylen, Nonan-1,9-diyl, Decan-1,10-diyl, Undecan-1,11-diyl Dodecan-1,12-diyl, Tridecan-1,13-diyl, Tetradecan-1,14-diyl, Pentadecan-1,15-diyl, Hexadecan-1,16-diyl, Heptadecan-1,17-diyl, Octadecan-1,18-diyl, Nonadecan-1,19-diyl oder Eicosan-1,20-diyl, bevorzugt Tetramethylen, Pentamethylen, Hexamethylen, Heptamethylen, Octamethylen, Nonan-1,9-diyl, Decan-1,10-diyl, 2-Heptyl-1-pentyl-cyclohexan-3,4-bis(non-9-yl), Cyclohexan-1,2-, -1,4- oder -1,3-bis(methyl), Cyclohexan-1,2-, 1,4- oder 1,3-bis(eth-2-yl), Cyclohexan-1,3-bis(prop-3-yl) oder Cyclohexan-1,2-, 1,4- oder 1,3-bis(but-4-yl);
• (2) substituierte oder unsubstituierte, bevorzugt unsubstituierte, lineare oder verzweigte, vorzugsweise lineare, Oxalkandiyl-Reste mit 3 bis 30, bevorzugt 3 bis 20 und insbesondere 3 bis 6 Kohlenstoffatomen, die innerhalb der Kohlenstoffkette auch cyclische Gruppen enthalten können, insbesondere Oxapropan-1,4-diyl, Oxabutan-1,5-diyl, Oxapentan-1,5-diyl, Oxahexan-1,7-diyl oder2-Oxapentan-1,5-diyl;
• (3) zweiwertige Polyesterreste mit wiederkehrenden Polyesteranteilen der allgemeinen Formel XV: -(-CO-(CHR³)_r-CH₂-O-)^_ (XVI). Hierbei ist der Index r bevorzugt 4 bis 6 und der Substitutent R³ = Wasserstoff, ein Alkyl-, Cycloalkyl- oder Alkoxy-Rest. Kein Substituent enthält mehr als 12 Kohlenstoffatome;
• (4) lineare Polyetherreste, vorzugsweise mit einem zahlenmittleren Molekulargewicht von 400 bis 5.000, insbesondere von 400 bis 3.000, die sich von Poly(oxyethylen)glykolen, Poly(oxypropylen)glykolen und Poly(oxybutylen)glykolen ableiten;
• (5) lineare Siloxanreste, wie sie beispielsweise in Siliconkautschuken vorliegen, hydrierte Polybutadien- oder Polyisoprenreste, statistische oder alternierende Butadien-Isopren-Copolymerisatreste oder Butadien-Isopren-Pfropfmischpolymerisatreste, die noch Styrol einpolymerisiert enthalten können, sowie Ethylen-Propylen-Dienreste;
• (6) Phen-1,4-, -1,3- oder -1,2-ylen, Naphth-1,4-, -1,3-, -1,2-, -1,5- oder -2,5-ylen, Propan-2,2-di(phen-4'-yl), Methan-di(phen-4'-yl), Diphenyl-4,4'-diyl oder 2,4- oder 2,6-Toluylen; oder
• (7) Cycloalkandiyl-Reste mit 4 bis 20 Kohlenstoffatomen, wie Cyclobutan-1,3-diyl, Cyclopentan-1,3-diyl, Cyclohexan-1,3- oder -1,4-diyl, Cycloheptan-1,4-diyl, Norbornan-1,4-diyl, Adamantan-1,5-diyl, Decalin-diyl, 3,3,5-Trimethyl-cyclohexan-1,5-diyl, 1-Methylcyclohexan-2,6-diyl, Dicyclohexylmethan-4,4'-diyl, 1,1'-Dicyclohexan-4,4'-diyl oder 1,4-Dicyclohexylhexan-4,4"-diyl, insbesondere 3,3,5-Trimethyl-cyclohexan-1,5-diyl oder Dicyclohexylmethan-4,4'-diyl.

Examples of suitable divalent organic linking groups L are optionally heteroatom-containing, aliphatic, aromatic, cycloaliphatic and aromaticcycloaliphatic hydrocarbon radicals, such as

• (1) substituted or unsubstituted, preferably unsubstituted, linear or branched, preferably linear, alkanediyl radicals having 3 to 30, preferably 3 to 20 and in particular 3 carbon atoms, which can also contain cyclic groups within the carbon chain, in particular trimethylene, tetramethylene, pentamethylene , Hexamethylene, Heptamethylene, Octamethylene, Nonane-1,9-diyl, Decane-1,10-diyl, Undecane-1,11-diyl Dodecane-1,12-diyl, Tridecane-1,13-diyl, Tetradecane-1, 14-diyl, pentadecane-1,15-diyl, hexadecane-1,16-diyl, heptadecane-1,17-diyl, octadecane-1,18-diyl, nonadecane-1,19-diyl or eicosane-1,20- diyl, preferably tetramethylene, pentamethylene, hexamethylene, heptamethylene, octamethylene, nonane-1,9-diyl, decane-1,10-diyl, 2-heptyl-1-pentylcyclohexane-3,4-bis(non-9-yl ), cyclohexane-1,2-, -1,4- or -1,3-bis(methyl), cyclohexane-1,2-, 1,4- or 1,3-bis(eth-2-yl), cyclohexane-1,3-bis(prop-3-yl) or cyclohexane-1,2-, 1,4- or 1,3-bis(but-4-yl);
• (2) substituted or unsubstituted, preferably unsubstituted, linear or branched, preferably linear, oxalkandiyl radicals having 3 to 30, preferably 3 to 20 and in particular 3 to 6 carbon atoms, which can also contain cyclic groups within the carbon chain, in particular oxapropane-1 ,4-diyl, oxabutane-1,5-diyl, oxapentane-1,5-diyl, oxahexane-1,7-diyl or 2-oxapentane-1,5-diyl;
• (3) divalent polyester residues with repeating polyester parts of the general formula XV: -(-CO-(CHR ³ ) _r -CH ₂ -O-) ^_ (XVI). Here, the index r is preferably 4 to 6 and the substituent R ³ = hydrogen, an alkyl, cycloalkyl or alkoxy radical. No substituent contains more than 12 carbon atoms;
• (4) linear polyether radicals, preferably having a number average molecular weight of 400 to 5000, more preferably 400 to 3000, derived from poly(oxyethylene) glycols, poly(oxypropylene) glycols and poly(oxybutylene) glycols;
• (5) linear siloxane radicals, such as those present in silicone rubbers, hydrogenated polybutadiene or polyisoprene radicals, random or alternating butadiene-isoprene copolymer radicals or butadiene-isoprene graft copolymer radicals, which may also contain styrene in copolymerized form, and ethylene-propylene-diene radicals;
• (6) Phen-1,4-, -1,3- or -1,2-ylene, naphth-1,4-, -1,3-, -1,2-, -1,5- or -2 ,5-ylene, propan-2,2-di(phen-4'-yl), methane-di(phen-4'-yl), diphenyl-4,4'-diyl or 2,4- or 2,6 -tolylene; or
• (7) Cycloalkanediyl radicals having 4 to 20 carbon atoms, such as cyclobutane-1,3-diyl, cyclopentane-1,3-diyl, cyclohexane-1,3- or -1,4-diyl, cycloheptane-1,4-diyl , Norbornane-1,4-diyl, Adamantane-1,5-diyl, Decalin-diyl, 3,3,5-Trimethylcyclohexane-1,5-diyl, 1-Methylcyclohexane-2,6-diyl, Dicyclohexylmethane-4 ,4'-diyl, 1,1'-dicyclohexane-4,4'-diyl or 1,4-dicyclohexylhexane-4,4"-diyl, in particular 3,3,5-trimethyl-cyclohexane-1,5-diyl or Dicyclohexylmethane-4,4'-diyl.

Particularly preferred are the linking groups L(1) and L(2), most particularly trimethylene, tetramethylene, pentamethylene, hexamethylene, heptamethylene, octamethylene, oxapropane-1,4-diyl or 2-oxapentane-1,5-diyl and especially trimethylene, oxapropane-1,4-diyl or 2-oxapentane-1,5-diyl is used.

In the general formula XIV, the variable o is an integer from 1 to 5, preferably 1 to 4, preferably 1 to 3 and particularly preferably 1 and 2. In particular, o is 1.

The compounds XIV can also be used in complexed form, as is the case, for example, in the international patent application WO 09/52964 A2 , page 8, lines 12-20.

• - internationalen Patentanmeldung WO 99/52964 , Seite 6, Zeile 1, bis Seite 8, Zeile 20,
• - der deutschen Patentanmeldung DE 197 26 829 A 1, Spalte 2, Zeile 27, bis Spalte 3, Zeilen 38,
• - der deutschen Patentanmeldung DE 199 10 876 A 1, Seite 2, Zeile 35, bis Seite 3, Zeile 12,
• - der deutschen Patentanmeldung DE 38 28 098 A 1, Seite 2, Zeile 27, bis Seite 4, Zeile 43, oder
• - der europäischen Patentanmeldung EP 0 450 625 A 1, Seite 2, Zeile 57, bis 5, Zeile 32, bekannt.

The compounds XIV are customary and known and to a large extent commercially available. Well suited compounds XIV are for example from

• - international patent application WO 99/52964 , page 6, line 1, to page 8, line 20,
• - the German patent application DE 197 26 829 A 1, column 2, line 27, to column 3, lines 38,
• - the German patent application DE 199 10 876 A 1, page 2, line 35, to page 3, line 12,
• - the German patent application DE 38 28 098 A 1, page 2, line 27, to page 4, line 43, or
• - the European patent application EP 0 450 625 A 1, page 2, line 57 to 5, line 32.

• - 3-Glycidyloxypropytrimethoxysilan,
• - 3-Glycidyloxypropyltriethoxysilan,
• - 3-Glycidyloxypropylmethyldimethoxysilan,
• - 3-Glyxidyloxypropyldiethoxydimethoxysilan und
• - 3-Methacryloxypropyltrimethoxysilan.

Preferred hydrolyzable siloxanes or silanes intended for polymerisation or for crosslinking or as starting materials therefor (optionally in the form of precondensates and polycondensates).

• - 3-glycidyloxypropyltrimethoxysilane,
• - 3-glycidyloxypropyltriethoxysilane,
• - 3-glycidyloxypropylmethyldimethoxysilane,
• - 3-glyxidyloxypropyldiethoxydimethoxysilane and
• - 3-methacryloxypropyltrimethoxysilane.

Other alkoxysilanes which, as such or preferably in combination with the alkoxysilanes listed above, have groups capable of polyaddition or polycondensation are tetramethoxysilane, tetraethoxysilane, tetra-n-propoxysilane, tetra-n-butoxysilane, cyclohexyltrimethoxysilane, cyclopentyltrimethoxysilane, ethyltrimethoxysilane, phenylethyltrimethoxysilane, phenyltrimethoxysilane, n-propyltrimethoxysilane, cyclohexylmethyldimethoxysilane, dimethyldimethoxysilane, diisopropyldimethoxysilane, phenylmethyldimethoxysilane, phenylethyltriethoxysilane, phenyltriethoxysilane, phenylmethyldiethoxysilane and phenyldimethylethoxysilane.

Furthermore, alkoxides of aluminum, titanium, zirconium, tantalum, niobium, tin, zinc, tungsten, germanium and boron having 1 to 4 carbon atoms in their alkyl radicals can also be used. Suitable representatives of such alkoxides are aluminum sec-butoxide, titanium isopropoxide, titanium propoxide, titanium butoxide, zirconium isopropoxide, zirconium propoxide, zirconium butoxide, zirconium ethoxide, tantalum ethoxide, tantalum butoxide, niobium ethoxide, niobium butoxide, tin tert-butoxide, tungsten(VI) ethoxide, germanium ethoxide, germanium isopropoxide and di-tert-butoxyaluminum triethoxysilane.

In the case of the particularly reactive alkoxides of titanium, aluminum or zirconium, it is advantageous to use the compounds in complexed form. Examples of suitable complexing agents are unsaturated carboxylic acids and beta-dicarbonyl group compounds such as methacrylic acid, acetylacetone and ethyl acetate.

From a methodological point of view, the modification of the surface of the nanoparticles does not offer any special features, but is carried out according to the usual and known methods, which can be found, for example, in the international patent application WO 99/52964 A2 , page 10, line 22 to page 11, line 17, and examples 1 to 20, page 14, line 10 to page 20, line 24, or from the German patent application DE 197 26 829 A 1, examples 1 to 6, column 5, line 63, to column 8, line 38 are known. Preference is given to using the proportions of compounds XIV to unmodified nanoparticles specified there.

The content of the surface-modified, inorganic nanoparticles in the dispersions can vary widely and depends on the requirements of the individual case. The nanoparticles are preferably present in the dispersions in an amount of 60 to 98% by weight, based on the total amount of the components.

In addition to the resins or binders described above, the coating materials may contain customary and known additives. Preferably, these are reactive diluents that can be cured thermally or by actinic radiation, in particular by UV radiation, low-boiling organic solvents and high-boiling organic solvents, water, UV absorbers, free-radical scavengers, thermolabile free-radical initiators, photoinitiators, catalysts for the thermal crosslinking, deaerating agents, slip additives, polymerization inhibitors, defoamers, wetting agents, dispersants, adhesion promoters, smoothing agents, film-forming aids, anti-sag agents, rheology aids (thickeners), flame retardants, drying agents, anti-skinning agents, corrosion inhibitors, waxes and matting agents.

In a further advantageous embodiment, the bactericidal and/or virucidal coatings are applied to the particulate, inorganic, inert carrier materials described above by spraying on biocidal metals such as copper or silver using electric twin-wire arc spraying. This is the main advantage that this techno logy is a mature process and that thereby significant amounts of expensive biocidal copper can be saved, which also reduces the weight of the device according to the invention.

The contact points in the thermal conduction system and the cold conduction system of the device according to the invention to intensify the thermal conduction preferably contain layers of a thermally conductive paste, in particular a graphite, nanocarbon, silver, diamond or aluminum nitride thermally conductive paste and/or AlN ceramic discs.

At least one rechargeable accumulator is built into the horizontal base of the device according to the invention as a power source for the at least one Peltier element. The at least one accumulator is pushed into a correspondingly shaped opening so that it can be removed again. It is connected to an electronic control unit for controlling the power output of the at least one Peltier element in the horizontal floor.

The electronic control unit is preferably connected via signal lines to a miniature anemometer arranged in the upper opening of the cartridge and to a temperature sensor, as well as to a temperature sensor in the heating chamber. The electronic control unit regulates the air flow through the device according to the invention on the basis of the signals received from the sensors.

The front of the electronic control unit preferably includes a turning knob for switching on and for manual control, a socket for the plug of a charging cable, LEDs for indicating operation and a visual display showing the temperature difference between the temperature sensor in the cartridge opening and the temperature sensor in the boiler room.

Below the air-permeable cartridge base, an automatically or manually switchable axial fan with an electronically controlled electric motor with at least two blades can be attached horizontally as an auxiliary unit to a suspension in the second inner tube. In particular, Pope fans, such as those used to ventilate electronic devices, come into consideration as axial fans. The horizontal axial fan can be integrated into the electronic control system and can be activated when needed to start airflow through the cartridge. If the chimney effect then increases the airflow and keeps it running, the axial fan can be switched off automatically or manually.

1. (A) Ansaugen von Luft durch mindestens einen Lufteinlass in den Heizraum oberhalb der heißen Seite des mindestens einen Peltier-Elements,
2. (B) Aufheizen der einströmenden Luft,
3. (C) Erzeugen eines Kamineffekts in der Kartusche durch die Kühlung der umlaufenden, wärmeleitfähigen, kühlbaren Kartuschenhalterung der Kartusche mithilfe der kalten Seite des mindestens einen Peltier-Elements und des Kälteleitsystems oder Kühlsystems, wodurch ein Luftstrom durch (i) die mindestens eine Schüttung aus mindestens einer Art eines partikulären, anorganischen, bakterizid und/oder viruzid beschichteten, inerten Trägermaterials und/oder durch eine Schüttung aus einem partikulären, anorganischen, bakteriziden und/oder viruziden Material und durch (ii) eine Schüttung aus mindestens einer Art eines partikulären Absorbens und/ oder Adsorbens und
4. (D) Eliminierung der in dem Luftstrom vorhandenen freien oder an Aerosole gebundenen Bakterien, Viren, Virionen und anderen Noxen durch Kontakt-Eliminierung an dem partikulären, anorganischen, bakterizid und/oder viruzid beschichteten, inerten Trägermaterial und/oder an dem partikulären, anorganischen, bakteriziden und/oder viruziden Material und Adsorption und/oder Absorption der durch die Eliminierung erzeugten Zerfallsprodukte und Noxen an und/oder in der mindestens einen Art eines partikulären Adsorbens und/oder Absorbens.

The method according to the invention for cleaning and disinfecting room air is carried out using the device according to the invention, which is operated by a temperature difference, and comprises at least the following method steps:

1. (A) drawing in air through at least one air inlet into the heating space above the hot side of the at least one Peltier element,
2. (B) heating the incoming air,
3. (C) Creating a chimney effect in the cartridge by cooling the circumferential, heat-conductive, coolable cartridge holder of the cartridge using the cold side of the at least one Peltier element and the cold conduction system or cooling system, whereby an air flow through (i) the at least one bed of at least a type of particulate, inorganic, bactericidal and/or virucidal coated, inert carrier material and/or by a bed of a particulate, inorganic, bactericidal and/or virucidal material and by (ii) a bed of at least one type of particulate absorbent and/or or adsorbent and
4. (D) Elimination of the free bacteria, viruses, virions and other noxae present in the air stream or those bound to aerosols by contact elimination on the particulate, inorganic, bactericidal and/or virucidal coated, inert carrier material and/or on the particulate, inorganic, bactericidal and/or virucidal material and adsorption and/or absorption of the decomposition products and noxae produced by the elimination on and/or in at least one type of particulate adsorbent and/or absorbent.

• - eine erfindungsgemäße Vorrichtung in einer mit einer Dichtung abgedichteten, geschlossenen Kammer,
• - eine Abzugshaube mit einer Luftableitung für die Abluft,
• - eine Aerosolzuleitung mit einem Gebläse, einem Absperrventil und einer Vernebelungsdüse im Inneren der Kammer zur Erzeugung einer Aerosolwolke,
• - einen Anschluss für gereinigte trockene Luft mit einem Absperrventil und einer Lufteinlassdüse im Inneren der Kammer,
• - einen Sensor für die Partikelzählung durch Laserbeugung in der Luftableitung, der mit einer Signalleitung mit einem Partikelmessgerät verbunden ist,
• - einen weiteren Sensor für die Partikelzählung durch Laserbeugung in der Kammer, der mit einer Signalleitung mit einem weiteren Partikelmessgerät verbunden ist,
• - einen Sensor für die Strömungsmessung in der Luftableitung, der mit einer Signalleitung mit einem Strömungsmessgerät verbunden ist, wobei
• - die Partikelmessgeräte und das Strömungsmessgerät über die Signalleitungen mit der zentralen Datenverarbeitungsanlage zur Verarbeitung der Signale der Messgeräte verbunden sind und wobei
• - die in der Datenverarbeitungsanlage verarbeiteten Signale auf dem Anzeigegerät ausgegeben werden.

The biocidal, in particular bactericidal and virucidal, effect of the device according to the invention can be measured quantitatively and qualitatively using the test device according to the invention. The test device according to the invention comprises

• - a device according to the invention in a closed chamber sealed with a gasket,
• - an extractor hood with an air duct for the exhaust air,
• - an aerosol supply line with a blower, a shut-off valve and a nebulization nozzle inside the chamber to generate an aerosol cloud,
• - a connector for cleaned dry air with a shut-off valve and an air inlet nozzle inside the chamber,
• - a sensor for particle counting by laser diffraction in the air discharge, which is connected to a particle measuring device with a signal line,
• - another sensor for particle counting by laser diffraction in the chamber, which is connected with a signal line to another particle measuring device,
• - a sensor for flow measurement in the air discharge, which is connected to a signal line with a flow meter, wherein
• - the particle measuring devices and the flow measuring device are connected via the signal lines to the central data processing system for processing the signals from the measuring devices and wherein
• - the signals processed in the data processing system are output on the display device.

• 1 die Draufsicht auf einen mittigen Längsschnitt durch die erfindungsgemäße Vorrichtung 1;
• 2 die Draufsicht auf einen mittigen Längsschnitt durch eine weitere Ausführungsform erfindungsgemäße Vorrichtung 1 mit einem Axialventilator (Hilfsaggregat) 11;
• 3 die Draufsicht auf einen Querschnitt durch die erfindungsgemäße Vorrichtung 1 auf der Höhe der Lufteinlässe 3.1;
• 4 die Draufsicht auf einen Querschnitt durch die erfindungsgemäße Vorrichtung 1 unterhalb des Peltier-Elements 2;
• 5 die Draufsicht auf das „nackte“ Wärme- bzw. Kälteleitsystem oder Kühlsystem 2.4 von vorne;
• 6 die Draufsicht auf den mittigen Längsschnitt durch die auswechselbare Kartusche 5; und
• 7 die frontale Ansicht der erfindungsgemäßen Vorrichtung 1 mit einem vergrößerten Ausschnitt, der eine Lufteinlassöffnung 3.1 zeigt, und
• 8 die Draufsicht auf eine schematische Darstellung der Testvorrichtung zur Prüfung des erfindungsgemäßen Konzepts

1 until 8th serve to illustrate the structure of the device according to the invention and its mode of operation. They are therefore not drawn to scale, but instead emphasize their essential features. They are also to be construed as exemplary only and not limiting. It shows

• 1 the plan view of a central longitudinal section through the inventive device 1;
• 2 the top view of a central longitudinal section through a further embodiment of the device 1 according to the invention with an axial fan (auxiliary unit) 11;
• 3 the top view of a cross section through the device 1 according to the invention at the height of the air inlets 3.1;
• 4 the plan view of a cross section through the device 1 according to the invention below the Peltier element 2;
• 5 the top view of the "bare" heat or cold conduction system or cooling system 2.4 from the front;
• 6 the plan view of the central longitudinal section through the replaceable cartridge 5; and
• 7 the front view of the device 1 according to the invention with an enlarged section showing an air inlet opening 3.1, and
• 8th the top view of a schematic representation of the test device for testing the concept according to the invention

1

Durch eine Temperaturdifferenz betriebene, mobile Vorrichtung zur Reinigung und Desinfizierung von Raumluft

1.1

Vertikale Außenwand

1.2

Obere Trennstelle

1.3

Untere Trennstelle

1.4

Horizontaler Boden

1.5

Oberes Ende der Außenwand 1.1

2

Peltier-Element

2.1

Heiße Seite des Peltier-Elements

2.2

Kalte Seite des Peltier-Elements

2.3

Wärmeleitpaste, AIN-Keramikplatte

2.4

Kälteleitsystem oder Kühlsystem

2.4.1

Vertikale Kühlleitung, vertikale Kühlhalbschale oder vertikales Kühlrohr

2.4.2

Abnehmbarer Kühlkopf oder Kühlring

2.4.2.1

Steckverbindung

2.4.3

Horizontale Auflage für die Kartuschenhalterung 5.2

2.4.4

Horizontale Kühlleitung, horizontale Kühlscheibe

3

In den Heizraum 3.2 einströmende Luft

3.1

Lufteinlass

3.2

Heizraum

3.3

Durch die Kartusche 5 aufwärtsströmende Luft, Luftstrom

3.4

Luftrohr

3.5

Luftleitfurche

3.6

Abluft

4

Thermische Isolierung

4.1

Thermisch isolierender Pfropfen zur Schwingungsdämpfung oder mit seitlicher horizontaler Verlängerung als Strömungssperre

4.2

Thermisch und elektrisch isolierendes zweites Innenrohr

4.3

Thermisch und elektrisch isolierendes erstes Innenrohr

4.3.1

Boden des thermisch- und elektrisch isolierenden ersten Innenrohrs 4.3

4.4

Thermisch und elektrisch isolierender Aufsteckring

5

Auswechselbare Kartusche

5.1

Kartuschenwand

5.2

Umlaufende, wärmeleitfähige, kühlbare Kartuschenhalterung

5.3

Luftdurchlässiger Kartuschenboden

5.4

Umlaufender, kühlender Ring

5.4.1

Kleinerer umlaufender, kühlender Ring

5.5

Luftdurchlässiger Zwischenboden

5.4.1.1

Innenseite des kleineren umlaufenden, kühlenden Rings

5.6

Umlaufende Auflage für den Zwischenboden 5.5

5.7

Partikuläres, anorganisches und/oder metallorganisches Absorbens und/oder Adsorbens

5.8

Bakterizid und/oder viruzid beschichtetes, inertes, partikuläres Trägermaterial (nicht abgebildet)

5.8.1

Partikuläres, anorganisches, bakterizides und/oder viruzides Material (nicht abgebildet)

5.9

Schraubverbindung 5.9, Bajonettverbindung 5.9 oder Kleber 5.9

6

Gedachte Verkürzung der Vorrichtung 1

7

Raum für das Einlegen eines Filters (optional; nicht abgebildet)

8

Luftdurchlässige Abdeckung

9

Elektronisches Steuergerät

9.1

Leuchtdioden

9.2

Drehknopf

9.3

Buchse für Ladekabel

9.4

Anzeige der Temperaturdifferenz zwischen dem Heizraum 3.2 und dem Kühlring 2.4.2 oder den Kühlköpfen 2.4.2

10

Wieder aufladbare Akkumulatoren

10.1

Raum zum Einschieben vom Steuergerät 9 und von Akkumulatoren 10

10.2

Einschub- und Halteschienen

11

Axialventilator (Hilfsaggregat)

11.1

Elektronisch gesteuerter Elektromotor

11.2

Flügel

11.3

Aufhängung

11.4

Drehrichtung

12

Geschlossene Kammer

12.1

Dichtung

12.2

Vernebelungsdüse

12.3

Aerosolzuleitung

12.4

Gebläse

12.5

Absperrventil

12.6

Aerosolwolke

13

Festes zellbiologisches Nährmedium auf einer sterilen Folie

13.1

Luftdurchlässiger Träger für das feste zellbiologische Nährmedium 13

13.2

Entnahmeschleuse

14

Abzugshaube

14.1

Luftableitung

15

Zentrale Datenverarbeitungsanlage

15.1

Sensor für die Partikelzählung (Laserbeugung)

15.1.1

Partikelmessgerät

15.1.2

Signalleitung

15.2

Sensor für die Strömungsmessung

15.2.1

Strömungsmessgerät

15.2.2

Signalleitung vom Sensor 15.2 zum Strömungsmessgerät 15.2.1

16

Anzeigegerät

17

Anschluss für gereinigte trockene Luft

17.1

Absperrventil

17.2

Lufteinlassdüse

18

Testvorrichtung

In the 1 until 8th the reference symbols have the following meaning:

1

Mobile device for cleaning and disinfecting room air, operated by a temperature difference

1.1

Vertical outer wall

1.2

Upper separation point

1.3

Lower separation point

1.4

horizontal floor

1.5

Upper end of the outer wall 1.1

2

Peltier element

2.1

Hot side of the Peltier element

2.2

Cold side of the Peltier element

2.3

Thermal paste, AIN ceramic plate

2.4

Refrigeration system or cooling system

2.4.1

Vertical cooling line, vertical cooling half shell or vertical cooling tube

2.4.2

Removable cooling head or cooling ring

2.4.2.1

connector

2.4.3

Horizontal support for the cartridge holder 5.2

2.4.4

Horizontal cooling line, horizontal cooling disk

3

Air flowing into the boiler room 3.2

3.1

air intake

3.2

boiler room

3.3

Air flowing up through the cartridge 5, airflow

3.4

air pipe

3.5

air channel groove

3.6

exhaust air

4

thermal insulation

4.1

Thermally insulating plug for vibration damping or with a lateral horizontal extension as a flow barrier

4.2

Thermally and electrically insulating second inner tube

4.3

Thermally and electrically insulating first inner tube

4.3.1

Bottom of the thermally and electrically insulating first inner tube 4.3

4.4

Thermally and electrically insulating slip-on ring

5

Replaceable cartridge

5.1

cartridge wall

5.2

Circumferential, heat-conductive, coolable cartridge holder

5.3

Air-permeable cartridge base

5.4

Circumferential, cooling ring

5.4.1

Smaller surrounding, cooling ring

5.5

Air-permeable intermediate floor

5.4.1.1

Inside of the smaller surrounding, cooling ring

5.6

Circumferential support for the intermediate floor 5.5

5.7

Particulate, inorganic and/or organometallic absorbent and/or adsorbent

5.8

Bactericidal and/or virucidal coated, inert, particulate carrier material (not shown)

5.8.1

Particulate, inorganic, bactericidal and/or virucidal material (not shown)

5.9

Screw connection 5.9, bayonet connection 5.9 or adhesive 5.9

6

Imaginary shortening of the device 1

7

Space for inserting a filter (optional; not shown)

8th

Air permeable cover

9

Electronic control unit

9.1

light-emitting diodes

9.2

knob

9.3

Socket for charging cable

9.4

Display of the temperature difference between the heating room 3.2 and the cooling ring 2.4.2 or the cooling heads 2.4.2

10

Rechargeable accumulators

10.1

Space for inserting the control unit 9 and accumulators 10

10.2

Slide-in and holding rails

11

axial fan (auxiliary unit)

11.1

Electronically controlled electric motor

11.2

wing

11.3

suspension

11.4

direction of rotation

12

closed chamber

12.1

poetry

12.2

misting nozzle

12.3

aerosol supply line

12.4

fan

12.5

shut-off valve

12.6

aerosol cloud

13

Solid cell biological culture medium on a sterile foil

13.1

Air-permeable carrier for the solid cell biological culture medium 13

13.2

removal sluice

14

extractor hood

14.1

air discharge

15

Central data processing system

15.1

Particle counting sensor (laser diffraction)

15.1.1

particle meter

15.1.2

signal line

15.2

Flow measurement sensor

15.2.1

flow meter

15.2.2

Signal line from the sensor 15.2 to the flow meter 15.2.1

16

display device

17

Connection for cleaned dry air

17.1

shut-off valve

17.2

air inlet nozzle

18

test device

Detailed description of the figures

Figure 1 in connection with Figures 3 to 7

The inventive device 1 of 1 was 100 cm high at the vertical tubular outer wall 1.1 from its horizontal bottom 1.4 to its upper end 1.5 and had a circular cross-section, an inner diameter of 20 cm and an outer wall 1.1 of a thickness of 0.7 cm. The outer wall 1.1 consisted of solid oak wood with a thermal conductivity λ of 0.1 W/(mK). Their inner and outer surfaces were coated with a lacquer based on a crosslinked sol-gel hybrid polymer containing 0.01% by weight of propioconazole and azoxystrobin in a weight ratio of 1:1 as biocides. As a result, the colonization of the surfaces with microorganisms could at least be slowed down, if not prevented altogether.

The outer wall 1.1 contained an upper, horizontal, circumferential separation point 1.2 at a height above the air inlets 3.1 for the air 3 flowing into the boiler room 3.2, and a lower, horizontal, circumferential separation point 1.3 at a height below the air inlets 3.1 for the air 3 in flowing into the heating room 3.2 the form of circumferential plug connections. As a result, the components inside the outer wall 1.1 were easily accessible for maintenance, repair and replacement if necessary.

Two rechargeable accumulators 10, which supplied the electrical energy for the Peltier element 2, were inserted into the horizontal cavity in the floor 1.4. The power output was controlled using the electronic control unit 9 with the LEDs 9.1 as displays. The electronic control unit 9 for controlling the device 1 according to the invention received the signals from a miniature anemometer (not shown) above the outlet opening of the replaceable cartridge 5 via a signal line (not shown). Furthermore, the electronic control unit 9 received the signals from two heat sensors (not shown), one of which was arranged in the outlet opening of the replaceable cartridge 5 and the other in the heating chamber 3.2. By adjusting the temperature difference, the air flow 3.3 through the cartridge 5 could be started and kept going.

A thermally insulating first inner tube 4.3 made of glass with a thermal conductivity λ of 1.0 W/(m.K), a height of 85 cm and a wall thickness of 0.3 cm was fitted precisely to the inner wall of the vertical tubular outer wall 1.1 and the floor 1.4, so that the upper end of the first inner tube 4.3 ended 5 cm below the upper end 1.5 of the outer wall 1.1.

At a distance of 4 cm from the inner wall of the first inner tube 4.3, the second inner tube 4.2, 0.3 cm thick and made of the same glass but without a base, was arranged concentrically. Its upper end was at the same level as the end of the first inner tube 4.3. Its lower end stood on the four cross-shaped horizontal cooling lines 2.4.4 of the refrigeration system or cooling system 2.4 and enclosed a single-stage Peltier element 2 with a diameter of 10 cm, which had a temperature difference between its hot side 2.1 and its cold side 2.2 of 71 °C delivered.

The cold side 2.2 of the Peltier element 2 was coated with a thermally conductive paste 2.3 containing carbon nanoparticles and was in thermally conductive contact with the refrigeration system or cooling system 2.4 via a cross of four 2 cm wide and 0.5 cm thick horizontal cooling lines 2.4.4 made of an aluminum alloy a thermal conductivity Ä of 190 W/(m.K), which protruded 1.5 cm beyond the wall of the second inner tube 4.2 into the thermal insulation 4. The ends of the horizontal cooling lines 2.4.4 rested on spacers 4.3.2. Depending on the embodiment, these elevations were 4.3.2 of the glass floor 4.3.1 or glued plug 4.3.2 made of an elastomer. The space between the floor 4.3.1 and the horizontal floor 1.4 was otherwise filled with the insulation 4.

At their ends, the four horizontal cooling ducts 2.4.4 merge into four vertical cooling ducts 2.4.1, made of the same aluminum alloy and placed at the same level as the first and second inner tubes 4.3; 4.2 ended. At the horizontal flat end of each of the vertical cooling lines 2.4.1 there was a square vertical gap in the middle with a clear width of 0.15 cm and a length of 2.0 cm, which was perpendicular to that of the removable cooling head 2.4.2 made of aluminum alloy below protruding plate formed the connector 2.4.2.1. The plug-in connection 2.4.2.1 was designed in such a way that the flat underside of the cooling head 2.4.2 rested flush on the end of the respective vertical cooling line 2.4.1 and on the end of the second inner tube 4.2. The thermal contact in the connectors 2.4.2.1 was increased using the thermal compound 2.3 mentioned above.

The removable cuboid cooling heads 2.4.2 consisted of the compact aluminum alloy and each had a height of 3 cm, a depth of 2.5 cm and a width of 2 cm. The vertical sides of the removable cooling heads for 2.4.2 facing the inside of the device 1 according to the invention were concave in shape to receive the circumferential, thermally conductive, coolable cartridge holder 5.2 flush. On their undersides, the vertical sides each had a correspondingly curved horizontal projection with a thickness of 0.2 cm and a width of 0.4 cm as a horizontal support 2.4.3 for the cartridge holder 5.2. The 2.8 cm high and 0.2 cm thick circumferential, thermally conductive, ring-shaped, coolable cartridge holder 5.2 made of the aluminum alloy resting on these supports had a clear width of 10.2 cm and formed the circumferential cooling ring 5.4. The part of the circulating, cooling ring 5.4 that encompasses the horizontal support 2.4.3 formed an integral part of a smaller circulating, cooling ring 5.4.1 with a clear width of 9.0 cm.

• - Bei einer zweiten Ausführungsform der erfindungsgemäßen Vorrichtung 1 war der Innenraum des Rings 5.4 von dünnen Streben (nicht dargestellt) aus der wärmeleitfähigen Aluminiumlegierung durchzogen. Dadurch wurden die Kühlung und damit der Luftstrom 3.3 durch die Kartusche 5 gesteigert.

The contact surfaces between the circumferential, thermally conductive, coolable cartridge holder 5.2 and the surface of the horizontal supports 2.4.3 and the vertical concave sides of the removable cooling heads 2.4.2 had a layer of the aforementioned thermal paste 2.3.

• - In a second embodiment of the device 1 according to the invention, the interior of the ring 5.4 was traversed by thin struts (not shown) made of the thermally conductive aluminum alloy. As a result, the cooling and thus the air flow 3.3 through the cartridge 5 were increased.

Three sides of the removable cooling heads 2.4.2 and the rear of the vertical cooling lines 2.4.1 over a distance of 2.0 cm and the outside of the cooling ring 5.4 were connected flush with a thermally and electrically insulating slip-on ring 4.4 made of cork. The upper, flat surface of the slip-on ring 4.4 was 1.5 cm below the upper end of the outer wall 1.1, so that an air-permeable cover 8 could still be placed. The underside of the cork ring 4.4 rested on the surface of the insulation 4.

The inside 5.4.1.1 of the smaller circumferential, coolable ring 5.4.1 was removable again with a screw connection 5.9 or in another embodiment with a bayonet connection 5.9 or in yet another embodiment with an adhesive 5.9 with which the cartridge wall 5.1 of the replaceable cartridge 5 could be detached again or permanently connected. Because of this arrangement, on the one hand, the cartridge wall 5.1 with the rings 5.4; 5.4.1 and, on the other hand, the cartridge 5 as a whole could be easily pulled out of the interior of the device 1 according to the invention and reinserted if necessary.

• - Als beschichtetes Trägermaterial 5.8 wurden bei einer ersten Ausführungsform Granulate aus unregelmäßig geformten Schaumglasschottern mit einer durch Siebanalyse ermittelten mittleren Teilchengröße von 2 mm, die mit der nachstehend beschriebenen viruziden und bakteriziden Beschichtungen dünn beschichtet waren, verwendet.
• - Bei einer zweiten Ausführungsform wurden als Grundlage des beschichteten Trägermaterials 5.8 gemahlene Brocken aus Bimsstein einer durch Siebanalyse ermittelten mittleren Teilchengröße von 2,5 mm verwendet.
• - Bei einer dritten Ausführungsform wurden als Grundlage des beschichteten Trägermaterials 5.8 Raschigringe aus Glas eine Länge von 1 cm, eines Durchmessers von 2 mm und einer lichten Weite von 1,6 cm verwendet.

The tubular cartridge wall 5.1 had a thickness of 0.25 cm. It consisted of the sterilizable high-performance plastic polyethersulfone (PES) with a glass transition temperature of 225 °C and a thermal conductivity λ of 0.17 W/(mK). The clear width of the cartridge 5 below the connection 5.9 was 9.0 cm. Its total length including its horizontal, air-permeable cartridge base 5.3 was 80 cm. The inside of the cartridge wall 5.1 had ten circumferential supports 5.6 for the 0.2 cm thin, air-permeable intermediate floors 5.5. The resulting ten chambers were alternately filled with a bed of particulate, dried bentonite 5.7 with a length of 3 mm and a diameter of 0.1 mm and a bed of a bactericidal and virucidal coated, inert, particulate carrier material 5.8 (not shown) or a bed a particulate, inorganic, bactericidal and virucidal material 5.8.1 (not shown) filled.

• In a first embodiment, the coated carrier material 5.8 was granules of irregularly shaped cellular glass gravel with an average particle size of 2 mm determined by sieve analysis, which were thinly coated with the virucidal and bactericidal coatings described below.
• In a second embodiment, ground chunks of pumice stone with an average particle size of 2.5 mm, determined by sieve analysis, were used as the basis of the coated carrier material 5.8.
• - In a third embodiment, as the basis of the coated carrier material 5.8 Raschig rings made of glass with a length of 1 cm, a diameter of 2 mm and an inside diameter of 1.6 cm were used.

• - In einer ersten Ausführungsform dieser Art wurden als viruzides und bakterizides Material 5.8.1 unregelmäßig geformte, gemahlene Granulate von Calcium/Magnesium-Oxid einer durch Siebanalyse ermittelten mittleren Teilchengröße 3 mm verwendet.
• - In einer zweiten Ausführungsform dieser Art wurden als viruzides und bakterizides Material 5.8.1 Cu₂O-Granulat einer durch Siebanalyse ermittelten mittleren Teilchengröße von 3 mm verwendet.
• - In einer dritten Ausführungsform dieser Art wurde als viruzides und bakterizides Material 5.8.1 Kristalle von Cu₂{H₄[Si(W₃O₁₀)₄]} · xH₂O mit einer durch Siebanalyse ermittelten mittleren Teilchengröße von 3,5 mm verwendet.

These three embodiments with different coated carrier materials 5.8 could be combined in further embodiments with different virucidal and bactericidal materials 5.8.1.

• - In a first embodiment of this type, irregularly shaped, ground granules of calcium/magnesium oxide with an average particle size of 3 mm determined by sieve analysis were used as the virucidal and bactericidal material 5.8.1.
• - In a second embodiment of this type, 5.8.1 Cu ₂ O granules with an average particle size of 3 mm determined by sieve analysis were used as the virucidal and bactericidal material.
• - In a third embodiment of this type, crystals of Cu ₂ {H ₄ [Si(W ₃ O ₁₀ ) ₄ ]} · xH ₂ O with an average particle size determined by sieve analysis of 3.5 mm were used as virucidal and bactericidal material 5.8.1 used.

All of the embodiments described above could be combined with one another, resulting in a large number of permutations. This showed the extraordinarily high versatility of the device 1 according to the invention, which could be optimally adapted to the microorganisms to be eliminated, in particular to bacteria and viruses.

In the second inner wall 4.2, at the level of the cartridge base 5.3, three thermally and electrically insulating elastic plugs 4.1 protruding into the interior were arranged at the corners of an imaginary isosceles triangle. They featured horizontal lateral extensions that joined together to form an encircling ring. They served to dampen vibrations for the cartridge 5 and as a flow barrier.

The heating chamber 3.2 was arranged below the air-permeable cartridge base 5.3, to which air 3 was fed through four air inlets 3.1. The air inlets 3.1 were horizontally columnar in cross section with a horizontal clear width of 0.5 cm and a vertical clear height of 2.5 cm on the outer wall 1.1 of the device 1 according to the invention. and its horizontal clear width widened horn-like to its ends continuously to 3 cm. The air inlets 3.1 were surrounded by a 0.2 cm thick glass wall and formed, as it were, air tubes 3.4, which passed through the openings in the outer wall 1.1, in the first thermally and electrically insulating inner tube 4.3 and in the second thermally and electrically insulating inner tube 4.2 and through the Insulation 4 were performed precisely. In front of the air inlets 3.1, air guiding furrows 3.5 were dug into the outer wall 1.1, which directed the air 3 to the openings. Because of this arrangement, the inflowing air 3 entered the heating chamber 3.2 tangentially, as a result of which vortices were formed, which accelerated the heating of the air 3 by the hot side 2.1 of the Peltier element 2.

• - bei einer ersten Ausführungsform aus gemahlenem Bimssteingranulat 4 einer durch Siebanalyse ermittelten mittleren Teilchengröße von 4 mm,
• - bei einer zweiten Ausführungsform aus Schaumglasschotter 4 einer durch Siebanalyse ermittelten mittleren Teilchengröße von 5 mm,
• - Bei der dritten Ausführungsform aus gemahlenem Schaumzement 4 einer Dichte von 0,3 kg/m³ und einer durch Siebanalyse ermittelten mittleren Teilchengröße von 7 mm.

The insulation 4 was a bed of small insulating materials and consisted

• - In a first embodiment of ground pumice granules 4 determined by sieve analysis mean particle size of 4 mm,
• - in a second embodiment of foam glass gravel 4 determined by sieve analysis average particle size of 5 mm,
• - In the third embodiment of ground foam cement 4 a density of 0.3 kg / m ³ and determined by sieve analysis mean particle size of 7 mm.

These insulations 4 could also be advantageously combined with the various embodiments of the device 1 according to the invention described above, which further increased the variety of designs.

the 7 shows once again the frontal top view of the device 1 according to the invention with the electronic control unit 9, the LEDs 9.1 as function displays, the rotary knob 9.3 for switching on and controlling the Peltier element 2 as well as the display of the temperature difference between the heating room 3.2 and the cooling heads 2.4. 2.

The device 1 according to the invention could be designed in such a way that it could eliminate the most varied of aerosols contaminated with microorganisms, in particular with bacteria and viruses, together with microorganisms.

The beds in the cartridge 5, which were loaded with organic materials, such as decomposition products of viruses after a long period of use, could easily be removed by mechanochemical methods, such as those described in the German Offenlegungsschrift DE 10 2019 006 084 A1 are described, processed. In these processes, the organic materials adsorbed and/or absorbed on and/or in the beds could be converted into activated carbon. Due to its lower density, the activated carbon produced could be separated from the higher-density inorganic materials by sifting and used elsewhere. This was also another important advantage of the device 1 according to the invention and the method according to the invention.

In yet another embodiment, a filter (not shown), for example an automobile cabin filter with a smallest filterable particle size of 500 nm, could be placed between the air-permeable cover 8 and the space 7 between the cover 8 and the opening of the cartridge 5 to intercept any at the beginning of the Chimney effect still existing, loosely bound, escaping larger particles are inserted.

figure 2

The device 1 according to the invention 2 basically had the same structure as the device 1 according to the invention described above, except that the cartridge 5 was 4.0 cm shorter than the cartridge 5 of FIG 1 . This created space for the horizontally arranged axial fan 11 as an auxiliary unit. The axial fan 11 had three blades 11.2 and a suspension 11.3 with a square outline and was attached to the second inner tube 4.2 at four points. The axial fan 11 was driven by an electronically controlled by the electronic control unit 9 electric motor 11.1. The direction of rotation 11.4 was selected in such a way that the air heated in the heating chamber 3.2 was blown through the cartridge 5. As soon as the chimney effect started, the axial fan 11 was switched off automatically or manually. In particular, a Pope fan, such as is used for cooling data processing systems, was used as the axial fan 11 .

The rechargeable accumulator 10 and the electronic control unit 9 were inserted into the space 10.1 for inserting the control unit 9 and accumulators 10 with the aid of slide-in and holding rails 10.2.

manufacturing example

The production of bactericidal and/or virucidal coated, inert, particulate carrier materials 5.8 - General regulation

The production of a boehmite sol

2.78 parts by weight of boehmite (Disperal® P 3 from Sasol Germany GmbH) were added to 25 parts by weight of dilute hydrochloric acid (0.1N) and the mixture was stirred at room temperature until the boehmite had completely dissolved. The colloidal solution was then treated in an ultrasonic bath for 5 minutes. A homogeneous boehmite sol resulted.

The production of a dispersion of a copolymer

1,361.1 parts by weight of deionized water were placed in a reaction vessel equipped with a stirrer and four feed vessels and heated to 75.degree. At this temperature, three feeds were metered in in parallel and simultaneously over a period of 30 minutes. Feed 1 consisted of 24.4 parts by weight of acrylic acid, 44 parts by weight of methyl methacrylate and 3.6 parts by weight of diphenylethylene. Feed 2 consisted of a 25 percent ammonia solution. Feed 3 consisted of a solution of 5.4 parts by weight of ammonium peroxodisulfate in 138.7 parts by weight of deionized water. After the addition, the resulting reaction mixture was polymerized at 75° C. for a further hour and then heated to 90° C. At this temperature, feed 4 was added to the reaction mixture over a period of 4 h. Feed 4 consisted of 191.7 parts by weight of n-butyl methacrylate, 153.4 parts by weight of styrene, 93.3 parts by weight of hydroxypropyl methacrylate, 424.9 parts by weight of hydroxyethyl methacrylate, 173.1 parts by weight of ethylhexyl methacrylate and 207.3 parts by weight of a 50 percent solution of tris(alkoxycarbonylamino) triazine (TACT®; crosslinking agent; see Table 3) in n-butanol. The reaction mixture was then polymerized for a further 2 h at 90° C. and then cooled.

The production of an organic-inorganic hybrid polymer dispersion as a coating material or coating agent

To 5.5 parts by weight of the boehmite sol described above was added 3.3 parts by weight of GLYEO. The reaction mixture thus obtained was stirred at room temperature for 90 min. Then 2.2 parts by weight of glycidyloxypropyltrimethoxysilane (GLYMO) were added. After stirring at room temperature for 2 hours, 0.55 part by weight of ethyl acetoacetate (EEA) was added, after which the resulting reaction mixture was stirred at room temperature for a further 2 hours. Then 0.75 part by weight of isopropanol was added. The resulting reaction mixture was stirred for 15 minutes, 1.25 parts by weight of the dispersion of the copolymer were added and the mixture was stirred at room temperature for a further 2 hours.

Coating process - general rule

• - Als beschichtetes Trägermaterial 5.8 wurden bei einer ersten Ausführungsform die vorstehend beschriebenen Granulate aus unregelmäßig geformten Schaumglasschottern mit der viruziden und bakteriziden Beschichtung dünn beschichtet. Die Beschichtung enthielt, bezogen auf 1000 Gewichtsteile der Beschichtung, 3,2 Gewichtsteile 2-Octyl-2H-isothiazol-3-on, 2,0 Gewichtsteile, 1,0 Gewichtsteile Zinkpyrithion und 2,0 Gewichtsteile (±)-1-{[2-(2,4-dichlorophenyl)-4-propyl-1,3-dioxolane-2-yl]-methyl}-H-1,2,4-triazol.
• - Bei einer zweiten Ausführungsform wurden die vorstehend beschriebenen gemahlenen Brocken aus Bimsstein verwendet. Die dünne, biozide und/oder viruzide Beschichtung enthielt, bezogen auf 1000 Gewichtsteile der Beschichtung, 1,1 Gewichtsteile Mikrokristalle von Cu₂{H₄[Si(W₃O₁₀)₄]} · xH₂O, 1,0 Gewichtsteile Fludioxonil: 4-(2,2-Difluorbenzo[1,3]dioxol-4-yl)pyrrol-3-carbonitril (IUPAC) und 2,0 Gewichtsteile Octenidin: N,N'-(Decan-1,10-diyldi-1(4H)-pyridyl-4-yliden)bis(octylammonium)dichlorid.
• - Bei einer dritten Ausführungsform wurden die vorstehen beschriebenen Raschigringe aus Glas verwendet. Die dünne, biozide und/oder viruzide Beschichtung enthielt, bezogen auf 1000 Gewichtsteile der Beschichtung, 2 Gewichtsteile Diuron: 3-(3,4-Dichlorphenyl)-1,1-dimethylharnstoff und 3 Gewichtsteile Quaternisiertes Chitosan (vg., A. Domard et al., „New method for the quaternization of chitosan“, International Journal of Biological Macromolecules, Band 8, Ausgabe 2, April, 1986, Seiten 105-107).

The coating system used was protected against electrostatic charges and had an extraction system. The uncoated, particulate, inorganic, inert carrier materials were metered using an automatic feed device onto a smooth endless belt coated with a non-stick layer and having a total length of 42 m and a horizontal vibrating section of 20 m length and guided over at least two transport rollers. The vibrating section had side walls to prevent the uncoated carrier material from falling down. The uncoated carrier materials fed in were vibrated and sprayed with the liquid coating material in a first station over a length of 8 m at 30 °C, so that a thin, uncured liquid layer was deposited on the Carrier material formed, which gradually became sticky through evaporation. The shaking ensured that the carrier materials were coated as evenly as possible and did not stick together. Before the coating material was cured, it was sprayed with microparticles of at least one type of biocide and/or virucide while being shaken in a second station with a length of 5 m, so that the microparticles were evenly distributed on and in the coating material and stuck. In a third station, the now biocidal and/or virucidal coating material was thermally cured—also with shaking—in a 5 m long continuous oven at 110° C., so that the biocidal and/or virucidal coating formed on the carrier material 5.8. The shaking prevented the particles 5.8 from sticking together and/or sticking to the endless belt. If this did happen to a certain extent, the particles 5.8 were separated in a 2 m long third station and then discharged into a storage vessel. Any residues of cured coating material adhering to the endless belt were scraped off with scrapers after the endless belt had been deflected.

• - As a coated carrier material 5.8, the granules described above from irregularly shaped cellular glass gravel were thinly coated with the virucidal and bactericidal coating in a first embodiment. The coating contained, based on 1000 parts by weight of the coating, 3.2 parts by weight 2-octyl-2H-isothiazol-3-one, 2.0 parts by weight, 1.0 part by weight zinc pyrithione and 2.0 parts by weight (±)-1-{[ 2-(2,4-dichlorophenyl)-4-propyl-1,3-dioxolane-2-yl]methyl}-H-1,2,4-triazole.
• - In a second embodiment, the ground lumps of pumice described above were used. The thin, biocidal and/or virucidal coating contained, based on 1000 parts by weight of the coating, 1.1 parts by weight of microcrystals of Cu ₂ {H ₄ [Si(W ₃ O ₁₀ ) ₄ ]}.xH ₂ O, 1.0 part by weight of fludioxonil : 4-(2,2-Difluorobenzo[1,3]dioxol-4-yl)pyrrole-3-carbonitrile (IUPAC) and 2.0 parts by weight of octenidine: N,N'-(decane-1,10-diyldi-1 (4H)-pyridyl-4-ylidene) bis(octylammonium) dichloride.
• In a third embodiment, the glass Raschig rings described above were used. The thin, biocidal and/or virucidal coating contained, based on 1000 parts by weight of the coating, 2 parts by weight diuron: 3-(3,4-dichlorophenyl)-1,1-dimethylurea and 3 parts by weight quaternized chitosan (vg., A. Domard et al., "New method for the quaternization of chitosan", International Journal of Biological Macromolecules, Volume 8, Issue 2, April, 1986, pages 105-107).

figure 8

The effectiveness of the devices 1 according to the invention was using the test device according to 18 tested. For this purpose, a device 1 according to the invention was placed in a correspondingly dimensioned, closed chamber 12 . The outlet opening of the device 1 according to the invention was connected to an exhaust hood 14 with an air discharge line 14.1, through which the exhaust air 3.6 could be discharged. The transition from the device 1 according to the invention to the exhaust hood 14 was sealed at the upper end 1.5 with a circumferential seal 12.1. A solid cell-biological nutrient medium 13 on a previously sterilized film was placed on an air-permeable support 13.1 in the extraction hood 14 via a lock 13.2. In the air discharge line 14.1 were a sensor 15.1 for particle counting by laser diffraction, which was connected to a signal line 15.1.2 with a particle measuring device 15.1.1, and a sensor 15.2 for flow measurement, which was connected to a signal line 15.2.2 with a flow measuring device 15.2. 1 was connected arranged. Another sensor 15.1 for particle counting was placed in the area of the air inlets 3.1 of the device according to the invention and connected to another particle measuring device 15.1.1 via a signal line 15.1.2. The two measuring devices 15.1.1 and the measuring device 15.2.1 sent the measurement signals to the central data processing system 15, where they were evaluated and displayed on the display device 16.

Before determining the performance, the respective chamber 12 and the respective device 1 according to the invention were filled with high-purity zero-point air (analytical air) at 23° C. and 1.2 bar flushed the connection 17, the automatically controlled shut-off valve 17.1 and the air inlet nozzle 17.2. As soon as no more particle signals appeared on the display device 16, the rinsing was ended by closing the shut-off valve 17.1, and aerosol clouds 12.6, which for safety reasons contained harmless intestinal bacteria such as Firmicutes, Bacteroidetes, Proteobacteria and Actinobateria, were released via the aerosol feed line 12.3, the blower 12.4, the open shut-off valve 12.5 and the atomizing nozzle 12.1 located inside the chamber 12 are blown into the chamber 12 at 23° C. and 1.2 bar, passed through the respective device 1 according to the invention and discharged via the extractor hood 14 and the air discharge line 14.1.

In the exhaust hood 14, the exhaust air 3.6 was blown directly onto the solid cell-biological nutrient medium 13 on the previously sterilized film.

After exposure for 15 minutes, 30 minutes, 45 minutes, 60 minutes, the cell-biological nutrient medium 13 was removed from the removal lock 13.2 on the previously sterilized film, and a new nutrient medium 13 was introduced immediately. After that, it was tested in a customary and known manner whether there were still intestinal bacteria on the nutrient medium 13 that were capable of reproduction. It was found that after just 15 minutes of exposure there were no viable intestinal bacteria present. This was in accordance with the particle measurement with the sensor 15.1 and the measuring device 15.1.1 in the exhaust air 3.6, with which no more particles of the size in question could be detected.

Claims (26)

Mobile device (1) for cleaning and disinfecting room air, which can be operated by a temperature difference, comprising, seen from the outside inwards, - a vertical, tubular outer wall (1.1) with a horizontal base (1.4), - one attached to the inner wall of the vertical, tubular outer wall (1.1) and the base (1.4) abutting thermally and electrically insulating first inner tube (4.3) with a horizontal base (4.3.1), wherein the first inner tube (4.3) below the upper end (1.5) of the outer wall (1.1) ends, - thermal insulation (4), which fills the cavity between the thermally and electrically insulating first inner tube (4.3) and the thermally and electrically insulating second inner tube (4.2) and which has a thermally conductive cold conduction system or cooling system (2.4) up to a horizontal level which is a short distance below the upper ends of the first and second inner tubes (4.2; 4.3), - the thermally conductive cooling system or Kü hlsystem (2.4), comprising - a concentric cooling tube (2.4.1) or at least two opposing cooling half-shells (2.4.1) or at least three vertical cooling lines (2.4.1), which are arranged at the corner points of an imaginary regular polygon, each with one through a plug-in connection (2.4.2.1) with a thermally conductive, removable cooling ring or cooling head (2.4.2), which is flush with the upper end of the thermally and electrically insulating second inner tube (4.2), a in the interior of the device ( 1) protruding short projection as a horizontal support (2.4.3) for a cartridge holder (5.2) and whose upper horizontal surface is arranged below the upper end (1.5) of the outer wall (1), and - at least two horizontal cooling lines (2.4.4 ), which are in thermally conductive contact with the cold side of at least one Peltier element (2; 2.2) and run from the center of the cold side (2.2) of the at least one Peltier element (2.2) to the lower ends of the cooling lines (2.4.1) or the cooling half-shells (2.4.1), or a horizontal cooling disc (2.4. 4) which is in thermally conductive contact with the cold side (2.2) and the lower ends of the cooling pipes (2.4.1) or the cooling half-shells (2.4.1) or the lower end of the cooling tube (2.4.1), - the second inner tube ( 4.2), which stands with its lower end on the horizontal cooling lines (2.4.4) and laterally encloses at least one Peltier element (2), - the at least one Peltier element (2), which is installed in the second inner tube (4.2) in such a is arranged so that its cold side (2.2) is assigned to the horizontal cooling lines (2.4.4) and its hot side (2.1) faces a heating chamber (3.2), - above the level of the hot side (2.1) of the at least one Peltier Elements (2) at least one air inlet (3.1) in the form of an air tube (3.4) through the A Outer wall (1.1), the first inner tube (4.3), the thermal insulation (4) and the second inner tube (4.2) for introducing air (3) into the boiler room (3.2), - at least three thermally and electrically insulating ones into the interior protruding elastic stoppers (4.1), which are inserted at the corners of an imaginary regular horizontal polygon in the second inner tube (4.2) for vibration damping or with lateral horizontal extensions as a flow barrier, - An exchangeable, open-topped cartridge (5) with a thermally and electrically insulating cartridge wall (5.1), with an air-permeable cartridge base (5.3) and with the peripheral, heat-conductive, coolable cartridge holder (5.2) in the form of a peripheral cooling ring (5.4) , wherein the cartridge holder (5.2) is in thermally conductive contact with the cooling heads (2.4.2) and wherein the cartridge (5) is coated with (i) at least one bed of at least one type of particulate, inorganic, bactericidal and/or virucidal, inert carrier material (5.8) and/or a particulate, inorganic, bactericidal and/or virucidal material (5.8.1) and with (ii) at least one bed of at least one type of particulate, inorganic and/or organometallic absorbent and/or adsorbent (5.7 ) mixed or filled in layers, - a thermally and electrically insulating push-on ring (4.4) which (i) encloses the cooling head (2.4.2) flush the inside of the outer wall (1.1) sealingly abuts, on the upper ends of the first and the second inner tube (4.2; 4.3) lies flush, protrudes a distance far into the space between the first and the second inner pipe (4.2; 4.3) up to the level of the thermal insulation (4) and whose upper surface is arranged below the upper end (1.5) of the outer wall (1.1). or (ii) the cooling ring is encased on its upper side and rear side, - an air-permeable cover (8) which rests on the peripheral slip-on ring (4.4), - at least one rechargeable accumulator (10) as a power source for the at least one Peltier Element (2) in the horizontal floor (1.4) and - at least one electronic control unit (9) for controlling the power output of the Peltier element (2) in the horizontal floor (1.4). Mobile device (1) after claim 1 , characterized in that in the exchangeable, open-topped cartridge (5) - at least one type of a particulate, inorganic, bactericidal and/or virucidal coated, inert carrier material (5.8) from the group consisting of packing for columns, spheres, hollow spheres , shards, granules, ground chunks, shards and granules, pellets, rings, spheres with core-shell structures, ellipsoids, cubes, cuboids, pyramids, cones, cylinders, rhombuses, dodecahedrons, truncated dodecahedrons, icosahedrons, truncated icosahedrons, dumbbells, Tori, plates, needles with circular, oval, elliptical, square, triangular, quadrangular, pentagonal, hexagonal, heptagonal, octagonal or star-shaped cross-sections, shards curved in at least one direction of space, rings, dumbbells, tori, needles and plates of layered silicates, foam glass, foam glass gravel, pumice stones, zeolites, expanded clay, expanded glass, expanded mica, expanded perlite, foamed cements and ceramic foams, - at least one type of a particulate, inorganic, bactericidal and/or virucidal material (5.8.1) from the group consisting of spheres, hollow spheres, shards, granules, ground lumps, shards and granules, pellets , rings, spheres with core-shell structures, ellipsoids, cubes, parallelepipeds, pyramids, cones, cylinders, rhombuses, dodecahedrons, truncated dodecahedrons, icosahedrons, truncated icosahedrons, dumbbells, tori, platelets, needles with circular, oval, elliptical, square , triangular, quadrangular, pentagonal, hexagonal, heptagonal, octagonal or star-shaped cross-sections, in at least one direction of space curved shards, rings, dumbbells, tori, needles and plates and foams of polyoxometalates (POM), boric acid, boron oxide, disodium octaborate tetrahydrate, disodium tetraborate pentahydrate, Disodium tetraborate decahydrate, copper hydroxide, basic copper carbonate, granulated copper er, copper flakes, di-copper oxide, copper oxide, copper thiocyanate, silver, silver chloride, silver bromide, calcium carbonate, hydrated lime, lime, calcium-magnesium oxide tetrahydrate, calcium-magnesium oxide and/or titanium dioxide, and - the at least one type of a particulate, inorganic and/or organometallic absorbent and/or adsorbent (5.7) from the group consisting of spheres, hollow spheres, shards, granules, ground lumps, shards and granules, pellets, rings, spheres with core-shell structures, ellipsoids, cubes , cuboids, pyramids, cones, cylinders, rhombuses, dodecahedrons, truncated dodecahedrons, icosahedrons, truncated icosahedrons, dumbbells, tori, platelets, needles with circular, oval, elliptical, square, triangular, quadrangular, pentagonal, hexagonal, heptagonal, octagonal or star-shaped Cross-sections, shards, rings, dumbbells, tori, needles and plates of activated coke bent in at least one spatial direction, Act ivkoks/hydrated lime, phyllosilicates, zeolites, silica gels, alumina, alumina, activated alumina, metal-organic frameworks (MOFs) and trass. Mobile device (1) after claim 1 or 2 , characterized in that the bactericidal and virucidal coatings on the inert carrier material (5.8) contain at least one type of bactericidal and virucidal pharmaceuticals and/or disinfectants attached to a hardened binder matrix fixed in the form of microparticles and/or dispersed in the cured binder matrix and/or dissolved therein. Mobile device (1) according to one of Claims 1 until 3 , characterized in that the bactericidal and/or virucidal coatings on the inert carrier material (5.8) have a contact angle θ with water of ≤90°. Mobile device (1) according to one of Claims 1 until 4 , characterized in that the cross-section of the exchangeable cartridge (5) is circular, elliptical, oval, square, quadrilateral or hexagonal and from one over the entire length of the cartridge wall (5.1) to the circumferential, heat-conductive, coolable cartridge holder (5.2) is of constant clear width. Mobile device (1) according to one of Claims 1 until 5 , characterized in that the inside of the cartridge wall (5.1) of the replaceable cartridge (5) has at least two horizontally circumferential and vertically spaced supports (5.6) for at least two air-permeable intermediate floors (5.5), resulting in at least two separate areas, one of which one with a bed of particulate adsorbents and/or absorbents (5.7) and the other with a bed of particulate, inorganic, bactericidal and virucidal coated, inert carrier materials (5.8) and/or with a bed of particulate, inorganic, bactericidal and/or or virucidal materials (5.8.1) is filled. Mobile device (1) according to one of Claims 1 until 4 , characterized in that the exchangeable cartridge (5) with a circular cross section has the shape of a Venturi tube, which is coated with a bed of a mixture of particulate, inorganic, bactericidal and virucidal, inert carrier materials (5.8), from particulate, inorganic, bactericidal and /or is filled with virucidal materials (5.8.1) and particulate adsorbents and/or absorbents (5.7). Mobile device (1) according to one of Claims 1 until 7 , characterized in that the particulate, inorganic carrier materials, the particulate, inorganic, bactericidal and / or virucidal materials (5.8.1) and the particulate, inorganic absorbents and / or adsorbents (5.7) determined by sieve analysis mean particle size of 0.5 have mm to 12 mm. Mobile device (1) according to one of Claims 1 until 8th , characterized in that the thermal insulation (4) is a bed of particulate inert insulating materials with an average particle size of 500 nm to 1.5 mm, the insulating materials from the group consisting of spheres, hollow spheres, shards, granules , ground chunks, shards and granules, pellets, rings, spheres with core-shell structures, ellipsoids, cubes, cuboids, pyramids, cones, cylinders, rhombuses, dodecahedrons, truncated dodecahedrons, icosahedrons, truncated icosahedrons, dumbbells, tori, plates, Needles with circular, oval, elliptical, square, triangular, quadrangular, pentagonal, hexagonal, heptagonal, octagonal or star-shaped cross-sections, shards curved in at least one spatial direction, rings, dumbbells, tori, needles and plates of foam glass, foam glass gravel, pumice stones, Zeolites, expanded clays, expanded glasses, expanded mica, expanded perlite, foamed cement and ceramic foams, selected s ind. Mobile device (1) according to one of Claims 1 until 9 , characterized in that the refrigeration system or cooling system (2.4) and the circumferential, thermally conductive, coolable cartridge holder (5.4) have a thermal conductivity Ä of 20 W/(mK) to 430 W/(mK). Mobile device (1) according to one of Claims 1 until 10 , characterized in that the carrier material (5.8), the thermal insulation (4) and the slip-on ring (4.4) have a thermal conductivity A of 0.001 W/(mK) to 1.0 W/(mK). Mobile device (1) according to one of Claims 1 until 11 , characterized in that between the cold side (2.2) of the at least one Peltier element (2) and the horizontal cooling lines (2.4.4) an aluminum nitride ceramic plate (2.3) or a layer (2.3) of a thermally conductive paste is arranged. Mobile device (1) according to one of Claims 1 until 12 , characterized in that between the removable cooling heads (2.4.2) and the coolable cartridge holder (5.2) and / or between layers of thermally conductive paste (2.3) are arranged between the connectors (2.4.2.1) and the vertical cooling lines (2.4.1). Mobile device (1) according to one of Claims 1 until 13 , characterized in that the cartridge wall (5.1) of the replaceable cartridge (5) consists of at least one plastic with a thermal conductivity Ä of 0.1 W/(mK) to 0.5 W/(mK) and/or at least one glass with a thermal conductivity Ä from 0.5 W/(mK) to 1.5 W/(mK). Mobile device (1) according to one of Claims 1 until 14 , characterized in that the first and/or the second inner tube (4.3; 4.2) consists of at least one plastic with a thermal conductivity of λ of 0.1 W/(mK) to 0.5 W/(mK) and/or at least one glass a thermal conductivity A of 0.5 W/(mK) to 1.5 W/(mK). Mobile device (1) according to one of Claims 1 until 15 , characterized in that in the boiler room (3.2) below the air-permeable cartridge base (5.3) a switchable axial fan (11) with an electronically controlled electric motor (11.1) and at least two blades (11.2) on a suspension (4.2) fixed in the second inner tube (4.2) 11.3) is arranged as an auxiliary unit. Mobile device (1) according to one of Claims 1 until 16 , characterized in that it has an electronic control system which has a miniature anemometer arranged in the upper opening of the cartridge (5) and a temperature sensor as well as a temperature sensor in the heating chamber (3.2), which are connected to the electronic control unit (9) with signal lines for control of the at least one Peltier element (2) are connected. Mobile device (1) after Claim 17 , characterized in that the axial fan (11) which can be switched off automatically is integrated into the electronic control system and can be switched on automatically or manually when required to start an air flow (3.3) and switched off again after the onset of the chimney effect. Mobile device (1) according to one of Claims 1 until 18 , characterized in that the outer wall (1.1) has at least two peripheral separation points (1.2; 1.3) arranged one above the other. Mobile device (1) according to one of Claims 1 until 19 , characterized in that it has a diameter of 5 cm to 50 cm and a height of 30 cm to 300 cm. Mobile device (1) according to one of Claims 1 until 20 , characterized in that the surfaces of their components are provided with at least one bactericidal and/or virucidal coating. Method for cleaning and disinfecting room air using a mobile device (1) operated by a temperature difference according to one of Claims 1 until 21 , characterized by the following method steps: (A) sucking in air (3) through at least one air inlet (3.1) into the heating chamber (3.2) above the hot side (2.1) of the at least one Peltier element (2), (B) heating the inflowing air (3), (C) generating a chimney effect in the cartridge (5) by cooling the circumferential, thermally conductive, coolable cartridge holder (5.2) of the cartridge (5) using the cold side (2.2) of the at least one Peltier element (2) and the cold conduction system or cooling system (2.4), whereby an air flow (3.3) through (i) the bed of at least one type of particulate, inorganic, bactericidal and/or virucidal coated, inert carrier material (5.8) and/or the bed of at least one type of particulate, inorganic, bactericidal and/or virucidal material (5.8.1) and by (ii) the bed of at least one type of particulate, inorganic and/or organometallic absorbent and/or Ad sorbent (5.7), (D) Elimination of the free bacteria, viruses, virions and other noxae present in the air stream (3.3) or bound to aerosols by contact elimination on the carrier material (5.8) and adsorption and/or absorption by the elimination generated decomposition products and noxae on and/or in adsorbents and/or absorbents (5.7) and discharging the decontaminated air. procedure after Claim 22 , characterized in that the power output of the at least one Peltier element (2) using a miniature anemometer and a temperature sensor in the upper Area of the cartridge (5) and a temperature sensor in the boiler room (3.2), which are connected to the electronic control unit (9) via signal lines, is automatically controlled. procedure after Claim 22 or 23 , characterized in that the chimney effect is set in motion using an electronically controlled axial fan (11) as an auxiliary unit. Use of the mobile device (1) according to one of Claims 1 until 21 and the method according to any one of Claims 22 until 24 for the elimination of free or aerosol-bound bacteria, viruses, virions and other noxae in the air of living rooms, sick rooms, operating theatres, treatment rooms in medical practices and physiotherapy facilities, laboratories of all kinds, pubs, restaurants, bistros, hotel rooms, classrooms, classrooms, fitness centers , trains, cars, buses, taxis, caravans, mobile homes, camping tents, airplanes, ship cabins, offices, conference rooms, meeting rooms, theaters, cinemas, ship terminals, railway stations, airport terminals, elevators, workshops, factory buildings, stairwells, and shops of all kinds. Test device (18) for testing the effectiveness of the operable by a temperature difference, mobile device (1) for cleaning and disinfecting room air according to one of Claims 1 until 21 , comprising - a mobile device (1) in a closed chamber (12) sealed with a seal (12.1), - a fume hood (14) with an air discharge line (14.1) for the exhaust air (3.6) - an aerosol supply line (12.3). a blower (12.4), a shut-off valve (12.5) and a nebulizing nozzle (12.2) inside the chamber (12) to generate an aerosol cloud (12.6), - a connection (17) for purified dry air with a shut-off valve (17.1) and a Air inlet nozzle (17.2) inside the chamber (12), - a sensor (15.1) for counting particles by laser diffraction in the air outlet (14.1), which is connected to a particle measuring device (15.1.1) with a signal line (15.1.2), - another sensor (15.1) for particle counting by laser diffraction in the chamber (12), which is connected to a further particle measuring device (15.1.1) by a signal line (15.1.2), - a sensor (15.2) for flow measurement, the one with a signal line (15.2.2) with a current tion measuring device (15.2.1), wherein - the particle measuring devices (15.1.1) and the flow measuring device (15.2.1) via the signal lines (15.1.2; 15.2.2) are connected to the central data processing system (15) for processing the signals from the measuring devices and wherein - the signals processed in the data processing system (15) are output on the display device (16).

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