DE202020105699U1 - Mobile device for cleaning and disinfecting room air that can be operated using a temperature difference - Google Patents

Abstract

Mobile device (1) that can be operated by a temperature difference for cleaning and disinfecting room air, comprising, viewed from the outside in,
- A vertical, tubular outer wall (1.1) with a floor area (1.7) with a horizontal standing floor (1.7.1), at least one upper separation point (1.2), at least one lower separation point (1.3), an upper opening (1.5) at the upper end (1.5), at least one space (1.7.2) for the insertion of at least one rechargeable accumulator (7) and an electronic control device (4) for regulating the air flow (3.2) through the cartridge (5) that can be generated by the chimney effect,
- A replaceable cartridge (5) with an upper opening (1.5), a cartridge holder (5.4) surrounding the upper opening (1.5) with low thermal conductivity λ, a cartridge wall (5.1) with low thermal conductivity Ä and an air-permeable cartridge base (5.3) with low Thermal conductivity λ and a cooling ring (2.4) with high thermal conductivity λ in the upper area of the cartridge (5), which is in thermally conductive contact with the cold sides (2.2) of at least two Peltier elements (2),
- At least one biocidal, particulate cartridge filling (5.2) contained in the exchangeable cartridge (5) in the form of at least one air-permeable bulk, containing (i) at least one type of particulate, inorganic, bactericidal and / or virucidal coated, inert carrier material (5.2 .1) and / or (ii) at least one type of particulate, inorganic, bactericidal and / or virucidal material (5.2.2) and (iii) at least one type of particulate, inorganic and / or organometallic absorbent and / or adsorbent (5.2 .3),
- At least two Peltier elements (2) arranged vertically below the upper opening (1.6) of the cartridge (5) and the circumferential cartridge holder (5.4), which are arranged with their cold sides (2.2) with the cooling ring (2.4) and with their hot sides (2.1) are in thermally conductive contact with at least two vertical heat conductors (2.1.1),
- A horizontal heating plate (2.1.2) arranged on the floor area (1.7), which is in thermally conductive contact with the at least two vertical heat lines (2.1.1) so that it can be heated,
- a heating room (2.1.6) above the heating plate (2.1.2) for heating the air (3.1) flowing in through at least two air inlets (3),
- A thermal insulation coating (2.1.4) which completely covers the inside of the outer wall (1.1) and the heat pipes (2.1.1), the at least two Peltier elements (2) on the side and the heating plate (2.1.2) up to the top .

Description

Field of invention

The present invention relates to a mobile device for cleaning and disinfecting room air that can be operated by a temperature difference.

State of the art

Microorganisms are archaea, bacteria, eukaryotes, protists, fungi and green algae. It is still a matter of debate whether viruses or virions should be considered as organisms at all. The microorganisms and viruses are the source of a number of serious diseases, epidemics and pandemics such as the current Covid-19 pandemic.

Numerous pesticides such as fungicides, herbicides, insecticides, algicides, molluscicides, rodenticides, acaricides and slime control agents have been developed to control the harmful effects on multicellular human animals and plants.

Similarly, numerous antimicrobial agents such as germicides, antibiotics, bactericides, virucides, antimycotics, antiprotozoal agents, and antiparasite agents have been developed to cure the diseases caused by the microorganisms.

The permanent threat from microorganisms, especially from viruses and virions and especially from the coronavirus SARS-Co-V2, has created a growing demand for efficient and effective methods for decontamination and disinfection. The "List N: Products with Emerging Viral Pathogens AND Human Coronavirus Claims for Use against SARS-CoV-2, Date Accessed: 05/31/2020 of the EPA lists, US Govt." Lists numerous organic and inorganic active compounds such as HOCI, Peroxyacetic acid, quaternary ammonium, potassium peroxomonosulfate, chlorine dioxide, hydrogen peroxide, citric acid, lactic acid, dichloroisocyanurate, sodium hypochlorite or ethanol. These disinfectants can only be used in cleaning solutions or wiping solutions and have no permanent disinfecting effect.

Propioconazole
(±) -1 - {[2- (2,4-dichlorophenyl) -4-propyl-1,3-dioxolan-2-yl] methyl} -H-1,2,4-triazole (IUPAC),
Folpet
N- (trichloromethylthio) phthalimide,
Chlorocresols,
Fludioxonil
4- (2,2-Difluoro-benzo [1,3] dioxol-4-yl) pyrrole-3-carbonitrile (IUPAC), and
Azoxystrobin
Methyl (E) -2- {2- [6- (2-cyanophenoxy) pyrimidin-4-yloxyl] phenyl} -3-methoxyacrylate (IUPAC)
are approved as protective agents for fibers, leather, rubber and polymerized materials in the "Helpdesk - Approved Active Ingredients - Federal Institute for Occupational Safety and Health":
https://www.reach-clp-biozid-helpdesk.de/DE/Biozide/Wirkstoffe/Genehmigte-Wirkstoffe/Genehmiate-Wirkstoffe-0.html#PT9
listed.

However, these active ingredients are low molecular weight compounds, so there is always the risk that they will be leached from the protected materials.

For this reason there have been numerous attempts to immobilize the disinfecting active ingredients and pharmaceuticals in order to achieve a permanent disinfecting and / or pharmaceutically effective surface.

So the international patent application discloses WO 96/39821 Reagents and processes for modifying textiles with the aim of deactivating viruses on contact. To do this, the textiles are modified by photochemically immobilizing hydrophilic polymers containing quaternary ammonium groups and hydrocarbon chains, whereby a surface is obtained that is able to tear apart lipid-coated viruses on contact. But when these hydrophilic polymers are applied to nonwovens, there is no guarantee that they will be completely networked by the light, because parts of the area are necessarily shaded. As a result, a certain proportion of the polymers always remains soluble.

From the American patent U.S. 5,883,155 emerge films made of elastomers in which active chemicals such as biocides for medical purposes are uniformly dispersed in the form of gel inclusions. For example, the elastomeric film contains quaternary ammonium, phthalaldehyde, phenol derivatives, formalin, nonionic surfactants containing at least one polyoxyethylene block, hexamidine, iodine compounds, surface-active substances with a virucidal effect, sodium and potassium dichromate and hydrochlorite as active ingredients. However, these active ingredients are toxic and carcinogenic and are released into the environment.

The American patent US 6,180,584 B1 discloses disinfecting mixtures with a longer-lasting biocidal effect. The mixtures form an adhesive, transparent, water-insoluble polymer film on the substrate surface, which has a longer-lasting antimicrobial disinfecting effect. The effect lasts longer even without a new application. The disinfecting effect of the surface is based on direct contact and the components are not released into a contacting solution in an amount that would disinfect the solution. The active ingredient is a metallic material, especially silver iodide. However, this salt is sensitive to light so that dark spots form in the mixture over time.

The American patent application 2007/0031512 A1 discloses that layered phyllosilicates are suitable for adsorbing and / or binding viruses and thus deactivating them. The layered phyllosilicates can be sprayed into the human nostril or can be included in a face mask to prevent infection. They can be suspended in water intended for skin contact to inactivate the viruses or they can be part of an HVAC filter that prevents the transfer of viruses from room to room, for example in a hospital. The phyllosilicates can be contained in a paper or wipe to disable viruses on hospital and operating room furniture and surgical equipment. In addition, the layered phyllosilicates can be used in paints for clean rooms.

The international patent application WO 2007/120509 discloses a mask containing a plurality of layers, the first layer containing an acid or a salt or ester of the acid. The second layer contains a base or a salt or ester of the base. The third layer of the mask contains a metallic germicide selected from the group consisting of zinc, copper, nickel, iodine, manganese, tin, boron, silver and their salts, complexing agents and surfactants. Apparently the third layer in particular contains toxic substances.

The American patent application US 2007/0292486 A1 discloses biocidal polymer-nano / microparticle composites which contain an ionic polymer and biocidal metal salts, in particular silver bromide. The silver bromide is evenly distributed in the polymer matrix. It is believed that the biocidal effect is based on silver particles that release silver ions and bromide ions. It is also believed that the bromide ions make textiles flame retardant. The disadvantages of these composites are the high price of silver bromide, the photosensitivity of the salt, which causes dark discoloration in the composite layers, and the leaching of toxic silver ions. In addition, the biocidal metal salts are not concentrated on the surface of the composites, so that most of the metal salts do not come into contact with the microorganisms.

The international patent application WO 2008/127416 A2 discloses hydrophobic polymer coatings which can be applied non-covalently to solid surfaces of metals, plastics, glass, polymers, textiles and other substrates such as fabrics, gauze, bandages, cloths and fibers in the same way as paints by brush application, spraying or dipping to make the surfaces biocidal or bactericidal. The hydrophobic polymers contain quaternary ammonium groups with long chain aliphatic groups that contain more than 10 carbon atoms. The hydrophobic polymers can, however, be damaged by organic solvents and even be completely removed from the surfaces.

The American patent application US 2009/0081249 A1 discloses antimicrobial compositions containing two or more antiviral agents covalently linked to a polymer. Suitable antiviral agents are sialic acid, zanamivir, oseltamivir, amantadine and rimantadine. The polymer is preferably water-soluble such as poly (isobutylene-maleic anhydride), polyaspartic acid, poly (1-glutamic acid), chitosan, carboxymethyl cellulose, carboxymethyldextran or polyethyleneimine. The compositions can be prepared for enteral or parenteral administration. However, the antimicrobial compositions are difficult to manufacture on an industrial scale.

The American patent application US 2009/0320849 A1 discloses a face mask that includes a filter material from a fibrous substrate. Its fibers contain on their surface in particular a fleece made of polypropylene or polyester, which contains an acidic polymer, in particular of the polycarboxylic acid type. The face mask has an antiviral effect against inhaled or exhaled air. However, since the polycarboxylic acids such as polyacrylic acid are water-soluble, they can be corroded by aqueous aerosols

The American patent application US 2012/0016055 A1 discloses biocidal coating compositions containing a biocide and non-ionic polymers and solvents. The coating compositions form clear and non-tacky films and surfaces which, however, can easily be removed because of their solubility.

The American patent application US 2013/0344122 A1 discloses medical articles with antimicrobial properties and good barrier properties. The medical articles contain nonwovens made of polypropylene and a coating that contains chlorhexidine acetate and trichlosan. These pharmaceuticals are, for example, dissolved in ethanol and sprayed onto the tissue until it is evenly saturated. The fabric samples are then dried. The medical items can be gowns, shoe covers, drapes, swaddles, caps, lab coats, and face masks. The disadvantage of these medical articles is that the pharmaceuticals are not tightly bound to the fibers of the nonwoven material and can easily be removed therefrom as dust or washed out by solvents.

The international patent application WO 2014/149321 A1 discloses a coating with a reactive surface that has disinfectant and biocidal properties. The reactive compositions are renewable or "rechargeable" by reapplication of the active component and do not have to be removed, disposed of or replaced. The reactive composition contains a hygroscopic polymer film such as crosslinked polyvinylpyrrolidone, which has been treated with a liquid or gaseous oxidizing agent such as hydrogen peroxide, chlorine, peracetic acid, iodine or mixtures thereof for so long that the oxidizing agent has reacted with the polymer film or is absorbed therein. The disadvantages of these reactive surface coatings are that they have to be activated with toxic and corrosive or gaseous oxidizing agents, these oxidizing agents being given off again by the coatings.

The American patent application US 2014/0127517 A1 discloses films of linear or branched polyethylene leads with antiviral properties. These films are covalently bound to surfaces and quaternized with hydrophobic side chains and modified with groups that can be crosslinked with actinic radiation. The disadvantages of these films are that the polyethyleneimines have to be modified by polymer-analogous reactions. After they have been applied to surfaces, they must be irradiated with UV light. However, if they are applied to nonwoven materials, it cannot be guaranteed that all of the modified polyethyleneimine will be reached and crosslinked by the UV radiation.

The international patent application WO 2016/116259 A1 discloses biocidal materials which contain an organic polymer matrix or an inorganic ceramic matrix in which biocidal polyoxometalates are inhomogeneously distributed. The concentration of the polyoxometalates on the surface of the matrices can be higher than on the inside.

The American patent application 2017/0275472 A1 discloses antimicrobial coating materials for surface coating, the (i) biocides such as chlorine dioxide, hydrogen peroxide, peroxyacids, alcohols, essential oils, antimicrobial components of essential oils, bleaches, antibiotics, phytochemicals and mixtures thereof, (ii) inorganic-organic hollow bodies that are used for biocides are permeable, the inorganic materials being metal oxides, metal complexes, metal salts, metal particles and mixtures thereof and the organic materials being non-ionic polymers such as polyethylene glycol or polyvinylpyrrolidone. It is believed that the antimicrobial coating material has a durable and versatile antimicrobial effect at high temperatures through contact kill, release, non-stick and self-cleaning. The disadvantage is that volatile biocides are used that are permanently released from the coating materials.

The American patent 10,227,495 B2 claims biocidal biopolymer coatings made from cross-linked functionalized triglycerides and covalently bound quaternary ammonium compounds. The crosslinking can take place by irradiation with actinic light or by polyisocyanates. The disadvantage is that the biocidal effect is limited to the use of one class of compounds, namely quaternary ammonium compounds.

Since the beginning of the SARS-Co-V2 pandemic, numerous attempts have been made to develop new methods and materials to prevent the virus from spreading.

So describe AJ Galante et al. from the Department of Industrial Engineering, University of Pittsburgh, and The Department of Ophthalmology, Charles T. Campbell Laboratory of Ophthalmic Microbiology, University of Pittsburgh, School of Medicine, superhemophobic anti-virofouling coatings for medical clothing (see also: SpecialChem, The material selection platform, Coating Ingredients, "Researchers Create New Washable, Textile, Coating the Can Repel Viruses.", Published on 2020-05-26 " ; and "New coating could improve medical gear by making the coronavirus slide right off."; https://www.zmescience.com/science/newsscience/coating-personal-protection-equipment-252342/). The resistant, multi-layer coatings are produced by sintering polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) nanoparticles in a solvent on polypropylene microfibers. The disadvantage is that their production requires a lot of energy and solvents as well as expensive PTFE. Plus, they don't kill the viruses.

Researchers from Ben Gurion University, Israel, have developed coatings based on nanoparticles to prevent the spread of the coronavirus. They found that copper nanoparticles are most effective in this regard. The antiviral coatings can be brushed or sprayed onto surfaces. Common and known polymers containing nanoparticles of copper can be used. The nanoparticles enable the controlled release of metal ions onto the coated surfaces (see also SpecialChem, The material selection platform, Coating Ingredients, published on 2020-05-21). The copper nanoparticles and the copper ions are not only toxic to microorganisms and viruses, but also to higher animals and humans.

Bio-Fence, Inc., Israel, has developed new antimicrobial coatings that are said to provide permanent protection against coronaviruses. Apparently the coatings contain a polymer that contains active chlorine that can be refreshed with hydrochlorite solutions (see SpecialChem, The material selection platform, Coating Ingredients, published on 2020-05-12). The disadvantage of these coatings is the use of corrosive hypochlorite and active chlorine, which is believed to be bound to nitrogen atoms in the form of> N-Cl groups. Thus, these materials are toxic and have an intense unpleasant odor.

On June 30th, 2020 the SpecialChem website published a note regarding “New Hybrid Coatings to Protect Interior Walls from Microbial Contamination” based on polyacrylates containing 3- (methacrylamino) propyltrimethylammonium chloride as a comonomer. The lateral quaternary ammonium groups function as biocidal centers:
https://physicsworld.com/a/cellular-nanosponges-could-neutralize-sars-cov-2/?utmmedium=email&utmsource=iop&utmterm=&utmcampaign 46562 & utmcontent = Title% 3A% 20Cellular% 20nanosponges% 20could% 20neutralize% 20SARS
-CoV-2% 20% 20-% 20research_update & Campaian + Owner =

Another approach is being pursued at Concordia University, Canada, and the Canada-wide research network based at Concordia. These are copper and titanium dioxide spray paints intended to prevent the spread of Covid 19:
https://www.conordia.ca/content/shared/en/news/stories/2020/05/28/a-canada-wide-researchnetwork-based-at-concordia-is-ready-to-make-work- surfeces-safer-for-frontline-staff.html

Another approach is being pursued by the company TriOptoTec by researchers from the university clinics of the University of Regensburg, Germany. (See "SpecialChem" 29.6.2020:
https://coatings.specialchem.com/news/industry-news/siegwerk-to-distribute-varcotecantimicrobial-coating-innovation-000221983?lr=ipc20061570&li=200165733&utmsource=NL&utmmedium=EML&utm_campai gn = ipc20061570 & mi = NcWvxMSlqE4uDtFR2SUvnvKpGP6scLXvpSt5WIN3KriGtDbdz% 2Bxz VTOAM% 2BqwO% 2BV% 2B21wdqflul3qQabGieKUHdikvRbBNp

The paint in question apparently contains dioctyl sodium sulfosuccinate in butyl diglycol. It also contains 10H-benzo [G] pteridine-2,4-dione derivatives (cf. the American patents US 10,227,348 B2 and US 9,796,715 B2 ) or phenalen-1-one derivatives (see the American patent US 9,302,004 B2 ) as photosensitizers. The lacquer is mainly applied to paper or cardboard. When irradiating with visible The photosensitizer produces singlet oxygen, which kills the microorganisms on the surface of the paper or cardboard. The disadvantage is that this reaction only takes place in light but not in shade, so that numerous applications are excluded.

In the field of surface technology, it is generally known that a particularly strong lotus effect or superhydrophobicity can be achieved through a hierarchically structured surface design. So the American patent application discloses US 2014/0238646 A1 a method for the production of hierarchically arranged structures of nanoscale inorganic phosphate particles, which are homogeneously distributed on the surface of micrometer-scale phyllosilicate particles. Because these surfaces are not wetted and condensed moisture immediately forms droplets that roll off the surfaces, the contact time is too short for a biocidal or virucidal effect.

Aditya Kumar, Kalpita Nath and Poonam Chauhan from the Department of Chemical Engineering have developed a superhydrophobic antiviral coating with self-cleaning properties based on silver nanoparticles that are irradiated with UV radiation and then treated with perfluorodecyltriethoxysilane:
https://coatings.specialchem.com/news/industry-news/new-superhydrophobic-antiviral-coatingself-cleaning-properties-000221961?lr=ipc20061569&li=200165733&utm source = NL & utm medium = EML & utm campai gn = ipc20061569&utm medium = EML & utmcampai gnBZHP855C7WBC2HP FCfeJRcddTTWGNwEzLArkBh9lQcRenmqXfr87TriboV
https://www.technicaltextile.net/news/iit-ism-s-silver-nanoparticle-anti-viral-textile-coating268082.html
(See also SpecialChem for Coatings, Industry News, June 23, 2020). Because of the superhydrophobicity, however, the disadvantages described above are to be expected here too.

Yet another approach is taken by J. Mostaghimi of the University of Toronto, Canada. See "SpecialChem The material selection platform, 7.9.2020", Twin-wire Arc Spray Technology to Deposit Cu on Fabrics):
https://coatings.specialchem.com/news/industry-news/new-way-cu-coatings-masks-covidl9-transmission-000222593?lr=ipc20091591&li=200165733&utmsource=NL&utmmedium=EML&utmcampai gn = ipc20091591 & mi = LKHowSxEDOQqaf6IRKatvs82qOFcOeUHDQaNaznX2JvZxguMONNd HnP8q95KPhnJ0ofLb9h8b04U4K4g4szOnptKr2LD & status = valid
and "Anti-viral copper coatings could help slow the transmission of COVID 19", Department of Mechanical & Industrial Engineering, University of Toronto, lynsey@mie.utoronto.ca: August 31, 2020.

Jinghzi Pu et al. Mask filter developed by the School of Science at IUBUI, Iniana, USA, which mimics the internal structure of fish gills . The complex structures are produced by 3-D printing and subsequent coating of the surface with copper using electroplating. By increasing the surface over which the air sweeps, the biocidal effect of the copper should increase. The developers speculate that these structures could also be suitable for filters for air conditioning systems in buildings and aircraft ( see. SpecialChem, Industry News, Researchers Use Cu Coating on Plastic Mask Filters to Reduce Virus Spread, Publ. 17.9.2020
https://coatings.specialchem.com/news/industry-news/cu-coating- _P lastic-mask-filter-reducevirus-spread-000222707? lr = ipc20091594 & li = 200165733 & utmsource = NL & utmmedium = EML & utmcampai gn = ipc20091594 & mi = fM1fEM0ZwQ1A6LPH0ipPWKoH2EusD4Rm30xmwWHtDbV2rPu33i6w C0fu0% 2Bwv4Rm1vNWcGxaS2K9FxoWpaHR7r3 % 2B8aWffp & status = valid
see. also
https://news.iu.edu/stories/2020/09/iupui/releases/16-copper-coating-3d-printed-plastic-fillerspandemic-fighter.html).

However, it is to be feared that with a high air throughput with high flow speeds, these complex structures generate intense noises such as hissing or whistling.

• - Hochleistungs-Partikelfilter (EPA = Efficient Particulate Air filter), kleinste filtrierbare Teilchengröße: 100 nm,
• - Schwebstofffilter (HEPA = High Efficiency Particulate Air filter), kleinste filtrierbare Teilchengröße: 100 nm,
• - Hochleistungs-Schwebstofffilter (ULPA = Ultra Low Penetration Air filter), kleinste filtrierbare Teilchengröße: 50 nm,
• - Medium-Filter, kleinste filtrierbare Teilchengröße: 300 nm,
• - Vorfilter, kleinste filtrierbare Teilchengröße: 1000 nm, und
• - Automobilinnenraumfilter, kleinste filtrierbare Teilchengröße: 500 nm

unterteilt werden. Für den Bereich von 1 nm bis 50 nm stehen somit keine Filter zur Verfügung.Air purifiers are mobile devices used to purify air using filters. According to their separation efficiency, the filters can be used in

• - High-performance particle filter (EPA = Efficient Particulate Air filter), smallest filterable particle size: 100 nm,
• - HEPA = High Efficiency Particulate Air filter, smallest filterable particle size: 100 nm,
• - High-performance particulate filter (ULPA = Ultra Low Penetration Air filter), smallest filterable particle size: 50 nm,
• - Medium filter, smallest filterable particle size: 300 nm,
• - Pre-filter, smallest filterable particle size: 1000 nm, and
• - Automobile interior filter, smallest filterable particle size: 500 nm

be divided. There are therefore no filters available for the range from 1 nm to 50 nm.

• - Diffusionseffekt: Sehr kleine Partikel (Partikelgröße: 50 nm bis 100 nm) folgen nicht dem Gasstrom, sondern haben durch ihre Zusammenstöße mit den Gasmolekülen einer der Brownschen Bewegung ähnliche Flugbahn und stoßen dadurch mit den Filterfasern zusammen, woran sie haften bleiben. Dieser Effekt wird auch als Diffusionscharakteristik (diffusion regime) bezeichnet.
• - Sperreffekt: Kleinere Partikel (Partikelgröße: 100 nm bis 500 nm), die dem Gasstrom um die Faser folgen, bleiben haften, wenn sie der Filterphase zu nahekommen. Dieser Effekt wird auch als Abfangcharakteristik (interception regime) bezeichnet.
• - Trägheitseffekt: Größere Partikel (Partikelgröße: 500 nm bis >1 µm) folgen nicht dem Gasstrom um die Faser, sondern prallen aufgrund ihrer Trägheit dagegen und bleiben daran haften. Dieser Effekt wird auch als inerte Einschlags- und Abfangcharakteristik (inertial impaction regime) bezeichnet.

Depending on the particle size, their filter effect is based on the following effects:

• - Diffusion effect: Very small particles (particle size: 50 nm to 100 nm) do not follow the gas flow, but instead have a trajectory similar to Brownian motion due to their collision with the gas molecules and thus collide with the filter fibers, to which they stick. This effect is also referred to as the diffusion regime.
• - Blocking effect: smaller particles (particle size: 100 nm to 500 nm) that follow the gas flow around the fiber stick when they get too close to the filter phase. This effect is also referred to as the interception regime.
• - Inertia effect: larger particles (particle size: 500 nm to> 1 µm) do not follow the gas flow around the fiber, but rather collide with it due to their inertia and stick to it. This effect is also referred to as the inertial impaction regime.

In the particle size range from 100 nm to 500 nm, the diffusion effect and the barrier effect occur together. In the particle size range from 500 nm to> 1 µm, the inertia effect and the blocking effect also occur together.

According to the filter effects, particles with a particle size of 200 nm to 400 nm are the most difficult to separate. They are also known as MMPS = most penetrating particle size. The filter efficiency drops to 50% in this size range. Larger and smaller particles are separated better due to their physical properties.

EPA, HEPA and UPLA are classified according to their effectiveness for these grain sizes using a test aerosol made from di-2-ethylhexyl sebacate (DEHS). KW Lee and BYH Liu give in their article "On the Minimum Efficiency and the Most Penetrating Particle Size for Fibrous Filters" in the Journal of the Air Pollution Control Association, Vol. 30, No. 4, April 1980, pages 377-381 , Propose formulas that make it possible to calculate the minimum efficiency and MMPS for fiber filters due to the diffusion effect and the inertia effect. The results show that MMPS decreases with increasing filtration speed and with increasing fiber volume fraction and increases with increasing fiber size.

However, the fact that there are no filters for nanoparticles with an average particle size d ₅₀ of 1 nm to <50 nm is also particularly critical. It is precisely these particles that are easily deposited in the bronchi and alveoli and generally have the highest mortality and toxicity. They can therefore cause diseases such as asthma, bronchitis, arteriosclerosis, arrhythmia, dermatitis, autoimmune diseases, cancer, Crohn's disease or organ failure.

This is particularly critical since the depth filters or particulate filters are used in medical areas such as operating rooms, intensive care units and laboratories as well as in clean rooms, in nuclear technology and in air washers.

1. 1. Freisetzung von elektrischen Ladungen, meist Elektronen,
2. 2. Aufladung der Staubpartikel im elektrischen Feld oder Ionisator,
3. 3. Transport der geladenen Staubteilchen zu der Niederschlagselektrode
4. 4. Anhaftungen der Staubpartikel an der Niederschlagselektrode und
5. 5. Entfernung der Staubschicht von der Niederschlagselektrode.

Another problematic technology in this regard are electrostatic precipitators for electrical gas cleaning, electrical dust filters or electrostats, which are based on the separation of particles from gases using the electrostatic principle. The separation in the electrostatic precipitator can take place in five separate phases:

1. 1. Release of electrical charges, mostly electrons,
2. 2. Charging of the dust particles in the electric field or ionizer,
3. 3. Transport of the charged dust particles to the collecting electrode
4. 4. Adhesion of the dust particles to the collecting electrode and
5. 5. Removal of the dust layer from the collecting electrode.

However, it is not possible to completely separate particles in the nanometer range, so that there is a risk of contamination with respirable particles in the vicinity of such systems.

These electric dust filters are often used in exhaust gas treatment. Amines, carbon dioxide, ammonia, hydrochloric acid, hydrogen sulfide and other toxic gases are removed from the exhaust gas flow with the help of membranes. Since the electric accumulation filters cannot completely remove the finest particles, they damage the membranes and reduce their separation efficiency.

For details on toxicology, see the review articles by Günter Oberdörster, Eva Oberdörster and Jan Oberdörster, “Nanotoxicology. An Emerging Discipline Evolving from Studies of Ultrafine Particles ", in Environmental Health Perpectives Volume 113. (7), 2005, 823-839, and Günter Oberdörster, Vicki Stone and Ken Donaldson," Toxicology of nanoparticles: A historical perspective ", Nanotoxicology, March 2007; 1 (1): 2-25 , referenced.

Viruses that exist outside of cells are scientifically called virions. They have a diameter of 15 nm to 440 nm and are significantly smaller than bacteria, most of which have a diameter of 1 µm to 5 µm. The viruses or virions thus have sizes that fall into the “filter gaps” from 1 nm to 50 nm and from 200 nm to 400 nm.

Therefore, the air purifiers equipped with filters can at best lower the concentration of viruses or virions in the room air, but they cannot completely remove or destroy them because they lack a disinfecting effect.

Non-sedimenting aerosols generated by humans and animals, in particular aerosols that arise through breathing, coughing or sneezing and that are distributed very quickly in large volumes in closed spaces, play a central role in the transmission of viruses from person to person, from animal to animal Human, from animal to animal and from person to animal. They contribute significantly to the spread of diseases. Since the non-sedimenting aerosols generally have a particle diameter of 0.1 nm to 100 nm, they can only be intercepted incompletely by the air filter - if at all.

Therefore, if the concentration of viruses and virions in the air in closed rooms is to be kept below a threshold above which there is a high risk of infection, the air must be constantly circulated in large quantities. At the moment, this only works with stationary air conditioning systems, which, however, often cannot be retrofitted in buildings, means of transport, etc. Another disadvantage is that powerful air conditioning systems, fans and mobile air purifiers often rustle loudly, which is perceived as annoying. Their particularly strong air currents often cause health problems such as colds and joint pain.

In the company brochure of "LUFTREINIGERDEPOT your specialist for healthy indoor air",
https://www.luftreinigerdepot.de/gegen/b Nahrungsmittel-und-viren?p=1&o=2&n=20&f=784
downloaded on August 25th, 2020 the problems are clarified again (original quote at the beginning):
"Air purifiers against viruses & bacteria - also against the coronavirus?
An air purifier against bacteria and viruses is particularly useful for waiting rooms in medical practices, for offices or parcels, for other public spaces such as canteens, hairdressing salons or nail salons. Wherever people come together and the air is more or less the risk of infection increases, which can be reduced by using air purifiers. Whether air purifiers also work specifically against the Covid 19 coronavirus has not yet been tested due to the fact that it has not been around for a long time. Since it is not a completely new virus, but a mutated form of already known viruses, there are many arguments in favor of effectiveness.

You can find out below which air purifiers are particularly good against bacteria and viruses.

IMPORTANT NOTE:

Please note that air purifiers can significantly reduce the concentration of viruses and bacteria in the air, but cannot completely prevent them. The best protection against the coronavirus is to avoid social contacts and wash your hands frequently and thoroughly. In any case, please follow the requirements of the federal and state governments.

“Due to the small size of bacteria and viruses, air purifiers must have the right filters in order to safely capture floating hazards in the air. Air purifiers with HEPA filters work very effectively against microscopic foci of infection and also reliably filter particularly tiny bacteria with a particle size of only 0.3 micrometers (µm) from the room air. Additional methods such as photocatalytic filters, nano-silver filters or activated ionizers can help to improve the efficiency of air purifiers even further. In order to capture bacteria and viruses as quickly as possible in the available filters, a high air flow rate is also important for air purifiers. An air purifier should be able to clean all of the room air at least twice an hour. Manufacturers of premium devices aim to completely clean the room air up to 5 times per hour. "

(Original quote end).

Another possibility to reduce the concentration of virions and aerosols in closed rooms is intensive ventilation with outside air. On the one hand, this assumes that the rooms are on the outside of the building so that such ventilation options are available and, if so, that the weather conditions permit ventilation. This is likely to be difficult with low outside temperatures, driving rain, thunderstorms, hail, snow, freezing rain, etc.

Object of the present invention

The present invention was based on the object of proposing a low-noise or, ideally, noiseless, mobile device for cleaning and disinfecting room air, which no longer has the disadvantages of the prior art, but which allows contaminated room air from a wide variety of noxae and Permanently rid microorganisms. In particular, the mobile device should eliminate bacteria and / or viruses as well as aerosols contaminated by bacteria and / or viruses, especially SARS-Co-V2 viruses and aerosols too contaminated by SARS-Co-V2 viruses, and to absorb and / or the resulting decay products adsorb.

This is also intended to ensure that the volume of air that has to be circulated in order to achieve a lasting effect can be significantly reduced. This should also sustainably reduce energy consumption. Overall, an optimal balance should be achieved between the volume of air to be circulated, the contact time of the viruses and bacteria with the biocides and the size of the devices.

Furthermore, the devices should be easy to manufacture and contain only bactericidal and virucidal substances that are officially approved for these purposes.

In addition, the devices should not emit dust, vapors or aerosols into the cleaned and disinfected room air.

The solution according to the invention

Accordingly, the mobile device for cleaning and disinfecting room air, which can be operated by means of a temperature difference, has been found in accordance with independent patent claim 1, which is hereinafter referred to as "device according to the invention". Advantageous embodiments of the device according to the invention are the subject of the dependent claims 2 to 23.

Advantages of the invention

In view of the prior art, it was surprising and not foreseeable for the person skilled in the art that the object on which the present invention was based could be achieved with the aid of the device according to the invention, the method according to the invention and the use according to the invention.

In particular, it was surprising that the device according to the invention no longer had the disadvantages of the prior art, but instead made it possible to permanently free contaminated room air from a wide variety of noxious substances and microorganisms. In particular, using the device according to the invention and the method according to the invention, bacteria and viruses and aerosols contaminated by bacteria and / or viruses, especially SARS-Co-V2 viruses and aerosols too contaminated by SARS-Co-V2 viruses, could be eliminated through contact and the resulting aerosols Decomposition products are absorbed and / or adsorbed.

This also made it possible to significantly reduce the volume of air that had to be circulated in order to achieve a lasting effect. As a result, energy consumption was also sustainably reduced. Overall, an optimal balance was achieved between the volume of air to be circulated, the contact time of the viruses and bacteria with the biocides and the size of the devices.

Furthermore, the device according to the invention could be produced in a simple manner and operated automatically and only contained bactericidal and virucidal substances that are also officially approved for these purposes. In addition, all the components of the device according to the invention could also be provided with a coating with a permanent virucidal and bactericidal effect, which advantageously further increased the overall effect.

In addition, the device according to the invention did not emit any dusts, vapors or aerosols into the cleaned and disinfected room air.

The device according to the invention and the method according to the invention could be used in the most varied of closed spaces, their mobility being another particular advantage.

Another significant advantage of the device according to the invention was that used virucidal and / or bactericidal beds and the adsorbents and adsorbents of the cartridge to be used according to the invention could be decontaminated in a simple manner directly by mechanochemical processes in which harmful organic waste products were converted into carbon.

Due to their significantly smaller dimensions and space requirements compared to fans with filters or electrostatic fans, the devices according to the invention are particularly well suited to clean and decontaminate the room air even in the corners of rooms noiselessly or almost noiselessly. This is why they can also be used particularly well in classrooms or conference rooms, where noisy fans are particularly annoying.

Further advantages of the invention emerge from the following description.

Detailed description of the invention

The device according to the invention is used to clean and disinfect room air in all types of rooms. In particular, it is used to eliminate bacteria, viruses and other noxious substances that are free or bound to aerosols in the air of living rooms, sick rooms, operating theaters, treatment rooms in doctor's offices and physiotherapy facilities, laboratories of all kinds, pubs, restaurants, bistros, hotel rooms, classrooms, classrooms, fitness centers, trains, cars, buses, taxis, caravans, mobile homes, camping tents, airplanes, ship cabins, offices, conference rooms, meeting rooms, theaters, cinemas, ship terminals, train stations, airport terminals , Elevators, workshops, factories, stairwells and shops of all kinds.

The device according to the invention comprises the components described below.

In an advantageous embodiment of the device according to the invention, the surfaces of the components, in particular the surfaces that come into contact with air, are provided with at least one of the bactericidal and / or virucidal coatings described below.

The device according to the invention has a vertical, tubular outer wall with a floor area with a horizontal standing floor and an upper opening at the upper end.

In the floor area there is at least one, in particular one, space for the insertion of at least one rechargeable accumulator and an electronic control device for regulating the air flow generated by the chimney effect through the cartridge described below.

The diameter of the tubular outer wall and thus of the device according to the invention can vary widely and is primarily based on the volume of air that is to be decontaminated. The diameter is preferably 5 cm to 50 cm. The wall thickness is preferably 0.2 cm to 2 cm, particularly preferably 0.3 cm to 1.5 cm and in particular 0.5 cm to 1 cm. In particular, the clear width for accommodating the components in the tubular outer wall is between 4.6 cm and 49.6 cm.

The height of the tubular outer wall and thus of the device according to the invention can also vary widely and is primarily based on the volume of air that is to be decontaminated. The height is preferably 30 cm to 300 cm, more preferably 50 cm to 300 cm and in particular 60 cm to 300 cm.

The outline of the tubular outer wall is preferably square, hexagonal or octagonal. The connecting lines between the corners can be straight or curved convex outwards. In the case of a quadrangular outline, two opposing surfaces are preferably straight, whereas the other two opposing surfaces can be straight or convex bent outwards. In the case of a hexagonal outline, there are preferably three rectilinear surfaces which are connected by rectilinear or convex surfaces bent outwards. In the case of an octagonal outline, four opposing surfaces are preferably straight, whereas the other four connecting surfaces can be straight or convex bent outwards.

The outer wall can be constructed from a wide variety of materials. These materials preferably have a low thermal conductivity λ. The thermal conductivity λ is preferably below 80 W / (m.K). Examples of suitable materials are plastics, glasses, hardwoods and metals as well as composite materials thereof.

Suitable plastics are customary and known linear and / or branched and / or block-like, comb-like and / or randomly structured polyaddition resins, polycondensation resins and / or (co) polymers of ethylenically unsaturated monomers.

Examples of suitable (co) polymers are (meth) acrylate (co) polymers and / or polystyrene, polyvinyl esters, polyvinyl ethers, polyvinyl halides, polyvinyl amides, polyacrylonitrile, polyethylenes, polypropylenes, polybutylenes, polyisoprenes and / or their copolymers.

Examples of suitable polyaddition resins or polycondensation resins are polyesters, alkyds, polylactones, polycarbonates, polyethers, proteins, epoxy resin-amine adducts, polyurethanes, alkyd resins, polysiloxanes, phenol-formaldehyde resins, urea-formaldehyde resins, melamine-formaldehyde resins, cellulose, polyacetals, , Polyethylene oxides, polycaprolactams, polylactones, polylactides, polyimides, and / or polyureas.

It is known that thermosets are produced from multi-functional, low molecular weight and / or oligomeric compounds by (co) polymerization initiated thermally and / or with actinic radiation.

The plastics can contain customary and known reinforcing fibers and fillers, provided the latter do not increase the thermal conductivity λ above 80 W / (m.K).

Examples of suitable metals are chrome steel, high-alloy steel, low-alloy ferritic steel, unalloyed steel and titanium.

Examples of suitable hardwoods are beech wood, oak wood and ash wood.

Examples of suitable glasses are listed in Römpp-Online under the keywords »glass«, »hard glass« or »safety glass« or in the German translation of the European patent EP 0 847 965 B1 with the file number DE 697 312 168 T2 , Page 8, paragraph [0053]. Examples of particularly suitable glasses are non-toughened, partially toughened and toughened float glass, cast glass or ceramic glass.

The vertical, tubular outer wall has at least one circumferential separation point and preferably two circumferential separation points at which or at which the outer wall can be taken apart and put back together again. These separation points are in particular plug connections or flange connections. The separation points facilitate assembly and maintenance of the device according to the invention.

The vertical inner surface of the outer wall and the horizontal inner surface of the floor area are provided with a thermal insulation coating.

The replaceable cartridge has an upper opening, a cartridge holder surrounding the upper opening with low thermal conductivity λ, a cartridge wall with low thermal conductivity λ and an air-permeable cartridge base likewise with low thermal conductivity λ. The exchangeable cartridge is preferably constructed from at least one of the plastics described above and / or the glasses described above. The thermal conductivity λ of the plastics is preferably 0.1 W / (m.K) to 0.5 W / (m.K) and the glasses 0.5 W / (m.K) to 1.5 W / (m.K).

In addition, the cartridge has a cooling ring with high thermal conductivity λ in the upper area, which is in thermally conductive contact with the cold sides of at least two, in particular four, Peltier elements. The cooling ring preferably has a wall thickness of 0.1 cm to 1.5 cm, preferably 0.2 cm to 1.25 cm and in particular 0.3 to 1.0 cm. Its vertical height is preferably 0.5 cm to 5 cm, more preferably 0.75 cm to 4.5 cm and in particular 1 cm to 4 cm. Its largest horizontal clear width is preferably 2 cm to 18 cm, preferably 3 cm to 18 cm and in particular 4 cm to 18 cm. The clear width or the distance that runs transversely through the center point of the largest horizontal clear width or route can be less than or equal to the largest horizontal clear width.

The interior of the cooling ring can have a wide-meshed grid made of the metallic struts of high thermal conductivity λ, which reinforce the cooling effect of the cooling ring in the area.

The outline of the replaceable cartridge is based on the outline of the outer wall and on the number of Peltier elements arranged horizontally on the flat surfaces. Accordingly, the outline of the exchangeable cartridge is preferably square, hexagonal or octagonal. The surfaces between the corners can be straight or curved convex outwards. In the case of a quadrangular outline, two opposing surfaces are preferably flat in a straight line, whereas the two other opposing surfaces can be curved outward in a straight line or convex. In the case of a hexagonal outline, there are preferably three straight, flat surfaces that are connected by straight or convex surfaces that are bent outwards. In the case of an octagonal outline, four opposing surfaces are preferably straight and planar, whereas the other four connecting surfaces can be straight planar or curved convex outwards. In particular, the Peltier elements are arranged on the straight, flat surfaces.

The cooling ring, which is preferably in thermally conductive contact with the entire surface of the cold sides of the Peltier elements, follows exactly or approximately the outlines of the outer wall and exactly the outlines of the replaceable cartridge

The at least two Peltier elements are arranged vertically in the upper area below the opening in the outer wall and at the level of the cooling ring of the cartridge and below the circumferential cartridge holder. The Peltier elements preferably have a square or rectangular shape.

The number, size, shape, number of stages (single or multi-stage) and the power output of the Peltier elements can vary widely and depends primarily on the desired temperature difference between the hot and cold sides and the amount of air that to be implemented during a unit of time, and thus according to the size of the device according to the invention. The person skilled in the art can easily select suitable, commercially available Peltier elements on the basis of these specifications.

The hot sides of the Peltier elements are in thermally conductive contact with at least two, in particular four, vertical heat conduits of high thermal conductivity λ. The end areas are in turn in thermally conductive contact with the horizontal heating plate arranged on the bottom area, which is heated by the hot sides of the vertical Peltier elements via the vertical heat conduits.

The at least two, in particular at least four, heat conduits preferably have contact surfaces which are as large as the hot sides of the vertical Peltier elements. The heat pipes can have smaller widths below the contact surfaces. The heat pipes are preferably 0.2 cm to 1 cm, more preferably 0.3 cm to 0.8 cm and in particular 0.13 m to 0.7 cm thick. Their length depends basically on the dimensions of the device according to the invention and in particular on the height of the boiler room.

The circumferential cooling ring, the heat pipes and the heating plates preferably have a thermal conductivity λ of 20 W / (m.K) to 430 W / (m.K). The components can be constructed from a wide variety of solid materials, as long as they have the desired thermal conductivity. Examples of suitable materials of this type are low-alloy ferritic steel, chromium steel, unalloyed steel, lead, titanium, tantalum, tin, platinum, iron, nickel, tungsten, zinc, brass, molybdenum, aluminum, aluminum alloys, gold, copper alloys, copper and silver.

Above the upper level of the heating plate there are at least two, preferably at least four, opposing air inlets in the form of air pipes through the outer wall and through the thermal insulation coating. A grille or a pre-filter can be attached to the air inlets at their inlet openings, with the help of which it is avoided that larger parts penetrate into the boiler room.

The at least two, preferably the at least four and in particular at least eight air tubes can have different cross sections. The cross section can be circular, elliptical, oval, rectangular, square or columnar. The at least two air pipes can run in a straight line or curved, so that the air entry into the heating space takes place tangentially, as a result of which eddies are formed in the inflowing air, which promote the heat transfer. The clear width of the cross section from the inlet to the outlet can expand in a funnel-shaped or horn-like manner. For better air guidance towards the inlet of the at least two air pipes, the outer wall can each have a correspondingly shaped air guiding furrow. The wall of the at least two air pipes can be constructed from a wide variety of materials, the above-described materials with low thermal conductivity preferably being considered.

The horizontal Peltier elements are on the side, i. H. Except for the contact surfaces with the heat pipes and the cooling ring, surrounded with a thermal insulation coating. The vertical heat pipes are also covered with a thermal insulation coating, except for the contact surfaces with the horizontal heating plate. The remaining free vertical circumferential surface of the heating plate and its bottom are also provided with a thermal insulation coating. The inner surface of the outer tube also has a thermal insulation coating.

The thermal insulation coating preferably has a thermal conductivity λ of 0.001 W / (m.K) to 1.0 W / (m.K).

The thermal insulation coatings are preferably made from insulation paints selected from the group consisting of cork paints, vapor-permeable insulation paints based on silicone, insulation paints with a high proportion of ceramic hollow spheres, insulation paints with aerogels, foam cement and insulation paints with microfine hollow glass spheres.

Above the heating room above the heating plate is the replaceable cartridge described above, open at the top, with the thermally and electrically insulating cartridge wall, the air-permeable, sieve-like cartridge base, the openings of which are on the one hand so small that the beds described below cannot fall out, and the on the other hand are so large that the air resistance remains low, arranged.

In the embodiment in which the cartridge has the shape of a Venturi tube, there are (i) the bulk of at least one type of particulate, inorganic, bactericidal and virucidal coated, inert carrier material and / or the bulk of at least one type of particulate, inorganic and / or a particulate, inorganic, per se bactericidal and / or virucidal material and (ii) the bed of at least one type of particulate, inorganic and / or organometallic adsorbents and / or absorbents as a mixed bed.

This is advantageously achieved in that circumferential supports for air-permeable intermediate floors are attached to the inner wall of the cartridge, the openings of which are on the one hand so small that the beds cannot fall out, and on the other hand are so large that the air resistance remains low. The intermediate floors are preferably constructed from the same material as the cartridge wall.

In the embodiment in which the cartridge has the shape of a Venturi tube, there are (i) the bulk of at least one type of particulate, inorganic, bactericidal and virucidal coated, inert carrier material and / or the bulk of at least one type of particulate, inorganic and / or a particulate, inorganic, bactericidal and / or virucidal material and (ii) the pouring of at least one type of particulate particulate, in particular non-combustible, adsorbents and / or absorbents as a mixed bed.

The at least one type of particulate, inorganic, bactericidal and / or virucidal coated, inert carrier material from the group consisting of packing elements for columns such as Raschig rings, spheres, hollow spheres, cullet, granules, ground lumps, cullet and granules, pellets, rings is preferably used , Spheres with core-shell structures, ellipsoids, cubes, cuboids, pyramids, cones, cylinders, rhombuses, dodecahedra, truncated dodecahedra, icosahedron, truncated icosahedron, dumbbells, tori, plates, needles with circular, oval, elliptical, square, triangular , square, pentagonal, hexagonal, heptagonal, octagonal or star-shaped cross-sections, shards bent in at least one direction of space, rings, dumbbells, tori, needles and flakes of layered silicates, foam glasses, foam glass gravel, pumice stones, zeolites, expanded clay, expanded glass Foam cements and ceramic foams.

Preferably, the at least one type of one of the particulate, inorganic, bactericidal and / or virucidal materials described below from the group consisting of spheres, hollow spheres, cullet, granules, ground chunks, cullet and granules, pellets, rings, balls with core Shell structures, ellipsoids, cubes, cuboids, pyramids, cones, cylinders, rhombuses, dodecahedra, truncated dodecahedra, icosahedra, truncated icosahedron, dumbbells, tori, platelets, needles with circular, oval, elliptical, square, triangular, quadrangular, hexagonal, heptagonal, octagonal or star-shaped cross-sections, shards, rings, dumbbells, tori, needles and plates and foams that are bent in at least one direction of space.

• - Inselsilikate
• - Gruppensilikate
• - Ringsilikate
• - Ketten- und Bandsilikate
• - Übergangsstrukturen zwischen Ketten- und Schichtsilikaten
• - Schichtsilikate
• - Gerüstsilikate

Because of their structural peculiarities, sheet silicates are preferably used or at least included. The elemental composition and the structure of the layered silicate microparticles can vary widely. For example, the division of silicates into the following structures is known:

• - island silicates
• - group silicates
• - ring silicates
• - Chain and band silicates
• - Transition structures between chain and layered silicates
• - layered silicates
• - framework silicates

Sheet silicates are silicates whose silicate ions consist of layers of corner-linked SiO ₄ tetrahedra. These layers and / or double layers are not further linked to one another. The technically important clay minerals found in sedimentary rocks are also layered silicates. The layered structure of these minerals determines the shape and properties of the crystals. They are usually tabular to leafy with good to perfect cleavage parallel to the layers. The number of rings that make up the silicate layers often determines the symmetry and shape of the crystals. Water molecules, large cations and / or lipids can accumulate between the layers.

1. a) vgl. Mineralienatlas, Mineralklasse VIII/H - Schichtsilikate (Phyllosilikate), Strunz 8 Systematik

In Table 1 below, sheet silicates are listed by way of example and not exhaustively. The person skilled in the art can easily select further sheet silicates which are particularly suitable for the respective individual case. Table 1: Molecular formulas of suitable phyllosilicates ^a ) No. Type Molecular formula 1 Martinite (Na, Ca) _n Ca ₄ (Si, S, B) ₁₄ B ₂ O ₄ oF ₂ · 4 (H ₂ O) 2 Apophyllite (NaF) NaCa ₄ Si ₈ O ₂₀ F • 8H ₂ O 3 Apophyllite (KF) (K, Na) Ca ₄ Si ₈ O ₂₀ (F, OH) • 8H ₂ O 4th Apophyllite (KOH) KCa ₄ Si ₈ O ₂₀ (OH, F) • 8H ₂ O 5 Cuprorivait CaCuSi ₄ O ₁₀ 6th Wesselsit (Sr, Ba) Cu [Si ₄ O ₁₀ ] 7th Effenbergerite BaCu [Si ₄ O ₁₀ ] 8th Gillespit BaFe ²⁺ Si ₄ O ₁₀ 9 Sanbornite BaSi ₂ O ₅ 10 Bigcreekite BaSi ₂ O ₅ · 4H ₂ O 11 Davanite K ₂ TiSi ₆ O ₁₅ 12 Dalyite K ₂ ZrSi ₆ O ₁₅ 13 Fenaksite KNaFe ²⁺ Si ₄ O ₁₀ 14th Manaksit KNaMn ²⁺ [Si ₄ O ₁₀ ] 15th Ershovite K ₃ Na ₄ (Fe, Mn, Ti) ₂ [Si ₈ O ₂₀ ) (OH) ₄ ] • 4H ₂ O 16 Paraershovite Na ₃ K ₃ Fe ³⁺ ₂ Si ₈ O ₂₀ (OH) ₄ · 4H ₂ O 17th Natrosilite Na ₂ Si ₂ O ₅ 18th Kanemite NaSi ₂ O.3H ₂ O 19th Revdit Na ₁₆ Si ₁₆ O ₂₇ (OH) ₂₆ · 28H ₂ O 20th Latiumite (Ca, K) ₄ (Si, Al) ₅ O ₁₁ (SO ₄ , CO ₃ ) 21st Tuscanite K (Ca, Na) ₆ (Si, Al) ₁₀ O ₂₂ (SO ₄ , CO ₃ , (OH ₂ ) · H ₂ O 22nd Carletonite KNa ₄ Ca ₄ Si ₈ O ₁₈ (CO ₃ ) ₄ (OH, F) · H ₂ O 23 Pyrophyllite Al ₂ Si ₄ O ₁₀ (OH) ₂ 24 Ferripyrophyllite Fe ³⁺ Si ₂ O ₅ (OH) 25th Macaulayite (Fe ³⁺ , Al) ₂₄ Si ₄ O ₄₃ (OH) ₂ 26th Talk Mg ₃ Si ₄ O ₁₀ (OH) ₂ 27 Minnesotaite Fe ²⁺ ₃ Si ₄ O ₁₀ (OH) ₂ 28 Willemseit (Ni, Mg) ₃ Si ₄ O ₁₀ (OH) ₂ 29 Pimelite Ni ₃ Si ₄ O ₁₀ (OH) ₂ · 4H ₂ O 30th Cone Pb ₄ Al ₂ Si ₄ O ₁₀ (SO ₄ ) (CO ₃ ) ₂ (OH) ₄ 31 Aluminoseladonite K (Mg, Fe ²⁺ ) Al [(OH) ₂ | Si ₄ O ₁₀ ] 32 Ferroaluminoseladonite K (Fe ²⁺ , Mg) (Al, Fe ³⁺ ) [(OH) ₂ | Si ₄ O ₁₀ 33 Celadonite K (Mg, Fe ²⁺ ) (Fe ³⁺ , Al) Si ₄ O ₁₀ (OH) ₂ 34 Chromium seladonite KMgCr [(OH) ₂ | Si ₄ O ₁₀ )] 35 Ferroseladonite K (Fe ²⁺ , Mg) (Fe ³ +, Al) [(OH) ₂ | Si ₄ O ₁₀ ] 36 Paragonite NaAl ₂ (Si ₃ Al) O ₁₀ (OH) ₂ 37 Boromuscovite KAl ₂ (Si ₃ B) O ₁₀ (OH, F) ₂ 38 Muscovite KAl ₂ (Si ₃ Al) O ₁₀ (OH, F) ₂ 39 Chromophyllite K (Cr, Al) ₂ [(OH, F) ₂ | AlSi ₃ O ₁₀ 40 Roscoelite K (V, Al, Mg) ₂ AlSi ₃ O ₁₀ (OH) ₂ 41 Ganterite (Ba, Na, K) (Al, Mg) ₂ [(OH, F) ₂ | (Al, Si) Si ₂ O ₁₀ ] 42 Tobelith (NH ₄ , K) Al ₂ (Si ₃ Al) O ₁₀ (OH) ₂ 43 Nanpingite CsAl ₂ (Si, Al) ₄ O ₁₀ (OH, F) ₂ 44 Polylithionite KLi ₂ AlSi ₄ O ₁₀ (F, OH) ₂ 45 Tainiolite KLiMg ₂ Si ₄ O ₁₀ F ₂ 46 Norrishit KLiMn ³⁺ ₂ Si ₄ O ₁₂ 47 Shirokshinite KNaMg ₂ [F ₂ | Si ₄ O ₁₀ ] 48 Montdorite KMn _0.5 ²⁺ Fe _1.5 ²⁺ Mg _0.5 [F2 | Si ₄ O ₁₀ ] 49 Trilithionite KLi _1.5 Al _1.5 [F ₂ | AlSi ₃ O ₁₀ ] 50 Masutomilith K (Li, Al, Mn ²⁺ ) ₃ (Si, Al) ₄ O ₁₀ (F, OH) ₂ 51 Aspidolite-1M NaMg ₃ (AlSi ₃ ) O ₁₀ (OH) ₂ 52 Fluorophlogopite KMg ₃ (AlSi ₃ ) O ₁₀ F ₂ 53 Phlogopite KMg ₃ (Si ₃ Al) O ₁₀ (F, OH) ₂ 54 Tetraferriphlogopite KMg ₃ [(F, OH) ₂ | (Al, Fe ³⁺ ) Si ₃ O ₁₀ ] 55 Hendricksite K (Zn, Mn) ₃ Si ₃ AlO ₁₀ (OH) ₂ 56 Shirozulite K (Mn ²⁺ , Mg) ₃ [(OH) ₂ | AlSi ₃ O ₁₀ ] 57 Fluorannite KFe ₃ ²⁺ [(F, OH) ₂ | AlSi ₃ O ₁₀ ] 58 Annit KFe ²⁺ ₃ (Si ₃ Al) O ₁₀ (OH, F) ₂ 59 Tetraferriannite KFe ²⁺ ₃ (Si ₃ Fe ³⁺ ) O ₁₀ (OH) ₂ 60 Ephesite NaLiAl ₂ (Al ₂ Si ₂ ) O ₁₀ (OH) ₂ 61 Price workit NaMg ₂ Al ₃ Si ₂ O ₁₀ (OH) ₂ 62 Eastonite KMg ₂ Al [(OH) ₂ | Al ₂ Si ₂ O ₁₀ ] 63 Siderophyllite KFe ₂ ²⁺ Al (Al ₂ Si ₂ ) O ₁₀ (F, OH) ₂ 64 Anandite (Ba, K) (Fe ²⁺ Mg) ₃ (Si, Al, Fe) ₄ O ₁₀ (S, OH) ₂ 65 Bityit CaLiAl ₂ (AlBeSi ₂ ) O ₁₀ (OH) ₂ 66 Oxykinoshitalite (Ba, K) (Mg, Fe ²⁺ , Ti ⁴⁺ ) ₃ (Si, Al) ₄ O ₁₀ O ₂ 67 Cinema hit (Ba, K) (Mg, Mn, Al) ₃ Si ₂ Al ₂ O ₁₀ (OH) ₂ 68 Ferrokinoshitalite Ba (Fe ²⁺ , Mg) ₃ [(OH, F) ₂ | Al ₂ Si ₂ O ₁₀ ] 69 Margarit CaAl ₂ (Al ₂ Si ₂ ) O ₁₀ (OH) ₂ 70 Chernykhit BaV ₂ (Si ₂ Al ₂ ) O ₁₀ (OH) ₂ 71 Clintonite Ca (Mg, Al) ₃ (Al ₃ Si) O ₁₀ (OH) ₂ 72 Wonesit (Na, K,) (Mg, Fe, Al) ₆ (Si, Al) ₈ O ₂₀ (OH, F) ₄ 73 Brammallite (Na, H ₃ O) (Al, Mg, Fe) ₂ (Si, Al) ₄ O ₁₀ [(OH) ₂ , H ₂ O] 74 Illite (K, H ₃ O) Al ₂ (Si ₃ Al) O ₁₀ (H ₂ O, OH) ₂ 75 Glauconite (K, Na) (Fe ³⁺ , Al, Mg) ₂ (Si, Al) ₄ O ₁₀ (OH) ₂ 76 Agrellite NaCa ₂ Si ₄ O ₁₀ F 77 Glagolevite NaMg ₆ [(OH, O) ₈ | AlSi ₃ O ₁₀ ] • H ₂ O 78 Erlianite Fe ²⁺ ₄ Fe ³⁺ ₂ Si ₆ O ₁₅ (OH) ₈ 79 Bannisterite (Ca, K, Na) (Mn ²⁺ , Fe ²⁺ , Mg, Zn) ₁₀ (Si, Al) ₁₆ O ₃₈ (OH) ₈ · nH ₂ O 80 Barium banisterite (K, H ₃ O) (Ba, Ca) (Mn ²⁺ , Fe ²⁺ , Mg) ₂₁ (Si, Al) ₃₂ O ₈₀ (O, OH) ₁₆ · 4-12 H ₂ O 81 Lennilenapeit K _6-7 (Mg, Mn, Fe ²⁺ , Fe ³⁺ , Zn) ₄₈ (Si, Al) ₇₂ (O, OH) ₂₁₆ · 16H ₂ O 82 Stilpnomelan K (Fe ²⁺ , Mg, Fe ³⁺ , Al) ₈ (Si, Al) ₁₂ (O, OH) ₂₇ · 2H ₂ O 83 Franklinphilit (K, Na) _1-x (Mn ²⁺ , Mg, Zn, Fe ³⁺ ) ₈ (Si, Al) ₁₂ (O, OH) ₃₆ · nH ₂ O 84 Parsettensit (K, Na, Ca) _7.5 (Mn, Mg) ₄₉ Si ₇₂ O ₁₆₈ (OH) ₅₀ nH ₂ O 85 Middendorfite K ₃ Na ₂ Mn ₅ Si ₁₂ (O, OH) ₃₆ · 2H ₂ O 86 Eggletonite (Na, K, Ca) ₂ (Mn, Fe) ₈ (Si, Al) ₁₂ O ₂₉ (OH) ₇ · 11H ₂ O 87 Ganophyllite (K, Na) _x Mn ²⁺ ₆ (Si, Al) ₁₀ O ₂₄ (OH) _{4 ·} nH ₂ O {x = 1-2} {n = 7-11} 88 Tamait (Ca, K, Ba, Na) _3-4 Mn ²⁺ ₂₄ [(OH) ₁₂ | {(Si, Al) ₄ (O, OH) ₁₀ } ₁₀ ] · 21H ₂ O 89 Ekmanite (Fe ²⁺ , Mg, Mn, Fe ³⁺ ) ₃ (Si, Al) ₄ O ₁₀ (OH) ₂ · 2H ₂ O 90 Lunijianlait Li _0.7 Al _6.2 (Si ₇ AlO ₂₀ ) (OH, O) ₁₀ 91 Saliotite Na _0.5 Li _0.5 Al ₃ [(OH) ₅ | AlSi ₃ O ₁₀ ] 92 Coolness Na _0.35 Mg ₈ Al (AlSi ₇ ) O ₂₀ (OH) ₁₀ 93 Aliettite Ca _0.2 Mg ₆ (Si, Al) ₈ O ₂₀ (OH) ₄ · 4H ₂ O 94 Rectorite (Na, Ca) Al ₄ (Si, Al) ₆ O ₂₀ (OH) ₄ · 2H ₂ O 95 Tarasovite (Na, K, H ₃ O, Ca) ₂ Al ₄ [(OH) ₂ | (Si, Al) ₄ O ₁₀ ] ₂ · H ₂ O 96 Tosudite Na _0.5 (Al, Mg) ₆ (Si, Al) ₈ O ₁₈ (OH) ₁₂ · 5H ₂ O 97 Corrensite (Ca, Na, K) (Mg, Fe, Al) ₉ (Si, Al) ₈ O ₂₀ (OH) ₁₀ · nH ₂ O 98 Brinrobertsite (Na, K, Ca) _0.3 (Al, Fe, Mg) ₄ (Si, Al) ₈ O ₂₀ (OH) ₄ · 3.5H ₂ O 99 Montmorillonite (Na, Ca) _0.3 (Al, Mg) ₂ Si ₄ O ₁₀ (OH) ₂ · nH ₂ O 100 Beidellite (Na, Ca _0.5 ) _0.3 Al ₂ (Si, Al) ₄ O ₁₀ (OH) ₂ · 4H ₂ O 101 Nontronite Na _0.3 Fe ₂ ³⁺ (Si, Al) ₄ O ₁₀ (OH) ₂ · 4H ₂ O 102 Volkonskoit Ca _0.3 (Cr ³⁺ , Mg, Fe ³⁺ ) ₂ (Si, Al) ₄ O ₁₀ (OH) ₂ · 4H ₂ O 103 Swinefordite (Ca, Na) _0.3 (Al, Li, Mg) ₂ (Si, Al) ₄ O ₁₀ (OH, F) ₂ · 2H ₂ O 104 Yakhontovit (Ca, Na, K) _0.3 (CuFe ²⁺ Mg) ₂ Si ₄ O ₁₀ (OH) ₂ 3H ₂ O 105 Hectorite Na _0.3 (Mg, Li) ₃ Si ₄ O ₁₀ (F, OH) ₂ 106 Saponite (Ca | ₂ , Na) _0.3 (Mg, Fe ²⁺ ) ₃ (Si, Al) ₄ O ₁₀ (OH) ₂ · 4H ₂ O 107 Ferrosaponite Ca _0.3 (Fe ²⁺ , Mg, Fe ³⁺ ) ₃ [(OH) ₂ | (Si, Al) Si ₃ O ₁₀ ] · 4H ₂ O 108 Spadait MgSiO ₂ (OH) ₂ · H ₂ O 109 Stevensite (Ca | ₂ ) _0.3 Mg ₃ Si ₄ O ₁₀ (OH) ₂ 110 Sauconite Na _0.3 Zn ₃ (Si, Al) ₄ O ₁₀ (OH) ₂ · 4H ₂ O 111 Zinc silite Zn ₃ Si ₄ O ₁₀ (OH) ₂ • 4H ₂ O 112 Vermiculite Mg _0.7 (Mg, Fe, Al) ₆ (Si, Al) ₈ O ₂₀ (OH) ₄ · 8H ₂ O 113 Rilandit (Cr ³⁺ , Al) ₆ SiO ₁₁ 5H ₂ O 114 Donbasit A1 _2.3 [(OH) ₈ | AlSi ₃ O ₁₀ 115 Sudoit Mg ₂ Al ₃ (Si ₃ Al) O ₁₀ (OH) ₈ 116 Clinochlor (Mg, Fe ²⁺ ) ₅ Al (Si ₃ Al) O ₁₀ (OH) ₈ 117 Chamosite (Fe ²⁺ , Mg, Fe ³⁺ ) ₅ Al (Si ₃ Al) O ₁₀ (OH, O) ₈ 118 Orthochamosite (Fe ²⁺ , Mg, Fe ³⁺ ) ₅ Al (Si ₃ Al) O ₁₀ (OH, O) ₈ 119 Baileychlor (Zn, Fe ²⁺ , Al, Mg) ₆ (Si, Al) ₄ O ₁₀ (OH) ₈ 120 Pennantite Mn ²⁺ ₅ Al (Si ₃ Al) O ₁₀ (OH) ₈ 121 Nimit (Ni, Mg, Fe ²⁺ ) ₅ Al (Si ₃ Al) O ₁₀ (OH) ₈ 122 Gonyerite Mn ²⁺ ₅ Fe ³⁺ (Si ₃ Fe ³⁺ O ₁₀ ) (OH) ₈ 123 Cookeit LiAl ₄ (Si ₃ Al) O ₁₀ (OH) ₈ 124 Borocookeit Li _1-1.5 Al _4-3.5 [(OH, F) ₈ | (B, Al) Si ₃ O ₁₀ ] 125 Manandonite Li ₂ Al ₄ [(Si ₂ AlB) O ₁₀ ] (OH) ₈ 126 Franklinfurnaceite Ca ₂ (Fe ³⁺ Al) Mn ³⁺ Mn ₃ ²⁺ Zn ₂ Si ₂ O ₁₀ (OH) ₈ 127 Kämmererit (Var.v. Klinochlor) Mg ₅ (Al, Cr) ₂ Si ₃ O ₁₀ (OH) 8 128 Niksergievit (Ba, Ca) ₂ Al ₃ [(OH) ₆ | CO ₃ | (Si, Al) ₄ O ₁₀ ] · 0.2H ₂ O 129 Surit Pb ₂ Ca (Al, Mg) ₂ (Si, Al) ₄ O ₁₀ (OH) ₂ (CO ₃ , OH) _3. 0.5H ₂ O 130 Ferrisurite (Pb, Ca) _2-3 (Fe ³⁺ , Al) ₂ [(OH, F) _2.5-3 | (CO ₃ ) _1.5-2 | Si ₄ O ₁₀ · 0.5H ₂ O 131 Kaolinite Al ₂ Si ₂ O ₅ (OH) ₄ 132 Dickit Al ₂ Si ₂ O ₅ (OH) ₄ 133 Halloysite-7Å Al ₂ Si ₂ O ₅ (OH) ₄ 134 Sturtite Fe ³⁺ (Mn ²⁺ , Ca, Mg) Si ₄ O ₁₀ (OH) ₃ · 10H ₂ O 135 Allophane Al ₂ O ₃ • ((SiO ₂ ) _1.3-2 • (H ₂ O) _2.5-3 136 Imogolite Al ₂ SiO ₃ (OH) ₄ 137 Odinite (Fe ³⁺ , Mg, Al, Fe ²⁺ , Ti, Mn) _2.4 (Si _1.8 Al _0.2 ) O ₅ (OH) ₄ 138 Hisingerite Fe ₂ ³⁺ Si ₂ O ₅ (OH) ₄ · 2H ₂ O 139 Neotokit (Mn, Fe ²⁺ ) SiO ₃ · H ₂ O 140 Chrysotile Mg ₃ Si ₂ O ₅ (OH) ₄ 141 Clinochrysotile Mg ₃ Si ₂ O ₅ (OH) ₄ 142 Maufit (Mg, Ni) Al ₄ Si ₃ O ₁₃ • 4H ₂ O 143 Orthochrysotile Mg ₃ Si ₂ O ₅ (OH) ₄ 144 Parachrysotile Mg ₃ Si ₂ O ₅ (OH) ₄ 145 Antigorite (Mg, Fe ²⁺ ) ₃ Si ₂ O ₅ (OH) ₄ 146 Lizardite Mg ₃ Si ₂ O ₅ (OH) ₄ 147 Karyopilit Mn ²⁺ ₃ Si ₂ O ₅ (OH) ₄ 148 Greenalith (Fe ²⁺ , Fe ³⁺ ) _2-3 Si ₂ O ₅ (OH) ₄ 149 Berthierin (Fe ²⁺ , Fe ³⁺ , Al) ₃ (Si, Al) ₂ O ₅ (OH) ₄ 150 Fraipontit (Zn, Al) ₃ (Si, Al) ₂ O ₅ (OH) ₄ 151 Zinalsit Zn ₇ Al ₄ (SiO ₄ ) ₆ (OH) ₂ • 9H ₂ O 152 Dozyite Mg ₇ (Al, Fe ³⁺ , Cr) ₂ [(OH) ₁₂ | Al ₂ Si ₄ O ₁₅ ] 153 Amesite Mg ₂ Al (SiAl) O ₅ (OH) ₄ 154 Kellyite (Mn ²⁺ , Mg, Al) ₃ (Si, Al) ₂ O ₅ (OH) 4 155 Cronstedtite Fe ₂ ²⁺ Fe ³⁺ (SiFe ³⁺ ) O ₅ (OH) ₄ 156 Karpinskit (Mg, Ni) ₂ Si ₂ O ₅ (OH) 2 157 Nepouite (Ni, Mg) ₃ Si ₂ O ₅ (OH) ₄ 158 Pecorait Ni ₃ Si ₂ O ₅ (OH) ₄ 159 Brindleyite (Ni, Mg, Fe ²⁺ ) ₂ Al (SiAl) O ₅ (OH) ₄ 160 Carlosturanite (Mg, Fe ²⁺ , Ti) ₂ (Si, Al) ₁₂ O ₂₈ (OH) ₃₄ · H ₂ O 161 Pyrosmalite (Fe) (Fe ²⁺ , Mn) ₈ Si ₆ O ₁₅ (Cl, OH) ₁₀ 162 Pyrosmalite- (Mn) (Mn, Fe ²⁺ ) ₈ Si _e O ₁₅ (OH, CI) ₁₀ 163 Brokenhillite (Mn, Fe) ₈ Si ₆ O ₁₅ (OH, CI) ₁₀ 164 Nelenite (Mn, Fe ²⁺ ) ₁₆ Si ₁₂ As ³⁺ ₃ O ₃₆ (OH) ₁₇ 165 Schallerite (Mn ²⁺ , Fe ²⁺ ) ₁₆ Si ₁₂ As ³⁺ ₃ O ₃₆ (OH) ₁₇ 166 Friedelite Mn ²⁺ ₈ Si ₆ O ₁₅ (OH, Cl) ₁₀ 167 Mcgillit Mn ²⁺ ₈ Si ₆ O ₁₅ (OH) ₈ Cl ₂ 168 Cementite Mn ₇ Si ₆ O ₁₅ (OH) ₈ 169 Varennesite Na ₈ (Mn, Fe ³⁺ , Ti) ₂ [(OH, Cl) ₂ | (Si ₂ O ₅ ) ₅ ] • 12H ₂ O 170 Naujakasite Na ₆ (Fe ²⁺ , Mn) Al ₄ Si ₈ O ₂₆ 171 Manganonaujakasite Na ₆ (Mn ²⁺ , Fe ²⁺ ) Al ₄ [Si ₈ O ₂₆ ] 172 Spodiophyllite (Na, K) ₄ (Mg, Fe ²⁺ ) ₃ (Fe ³⁺ , Al) ₂ (Si ₈ O ₂₄ ) 173 Sazhinite- (Ce) Na ₂ CeSi _e O ₁₄ (OH) • H ₂ O 174 Sazhinit- (La) Na ₃ La [Si ₆ O ₁₅ ] • 2H ₂ O 175 Burckhardtite Pb ₂ (Fe ³⁺ Te ⁶⁺ ) [AlSi ₃ O ₈ ] O ₆ 176 Tupersuatsiait Na ₂ (Fe ³⁺ , Mn ²⁺ ) ₃ Si ₈ O ₂₀ ) (OH) ₂ · 4H ₂ O 177 Palygorskit (Mg, Al) ₂ Si ₄ O ₁₀ (OH) • 4H ₂ O 178 Yofortierite Mn ²⁺ ₅ Si ₈ O ₂₀ (OH) ₂ · 7H ₂ O 179 Sepiolite Mg ₄ Si ₆ O ₁₅ (OH) ₂ • 6H ₂ O 180 Falcondoite (Ni, Mg) ₄ Si ₆ O ₁₅ (OH) ₂ · 6H ₂ O 181 Loughlinite Na ₂ Mg ₃ Si ₆ O _16. 8H ₂ O 182 Califersite (K, Na) ₅ Fe ₇ ³⁺ [(OH) ₃ | Si ₁₀ O ₂₅ ] _{2 ·} 12H ₂ O 183 Minehillit (K, Na) _2-3 Ca ₂₈ (Zn ₄ Al ₄ Si ₄₀ ) O ₁₁₂ (OH) ₁₆ 184 Truscottite (Ca, Mn) ₁₄ Si ₂₄ O ₅₈ (OH) ₈ · 2H ₂ O 185 Orlymanite Ca ₄ Mn ₃ ²⁺ Si ₈ O ₂₀ (OH) ₆ · 2H ₂ O 186 Fedorite (Na, K) _2-3 (Ca, Na) ₇ [Si ₄ O ₈ (F, Cl, OH) 21 (Si ₄ O ₁₀ ) ₃₁ • 3.5H ₂ O 187 Reyerite (Na, K) ₄ Ca ₁₄ Si ₂₂ Al ₂ O ₅₈ (OH) ₈ · 6H ₂ O 188 Gyrolith NaCa ₁₆ Si _{23 60} AlO (OH) ₈ · 14H ₂ O 189 Tungusite Ca ₁₄ Fe ₉ ²⁺ [(OH) ₂₂ | (Si ₄ O ₁₀ ) ₆ ] 190 Zeophyllite Ca ₄ Si ₃ O ₈ (OH, F) ₄ · 2H ₂ O 191 Armstrongite CaZr (Si ₆ O ₁₅ ) • 3H ₂ O 192 Iagoit Pb ₁₈ Fe ³⁺ ₄ [Si ₄ (Si, Fe ³⁺ ) ₆ ] [Pb ₄ Si ₁₆ (Si, Fe) ₄ ] O ₈₂ Cl ₆ 193 Hyttsjöit Pb ₁₈ Ba ₂ Ca _s Mn ₂ ²⁺ Fe ₂ ³⁺ [Cl | (Si ₁₅ O ₄₅ ) 2] · 6H ₂ O 194 Maricopait Ca ₂ Pb ₇ (Si ₃₆ , Al ₁₂ ) (O, OH) _99n (H ₂ O, OH) 195 Cavansite Ca (VO) Si ₄ O ₁₀ · 4H ₂ O 196 Pentagonite Ca (VO) Si ₄ O ₁₀ · 4H ₂ O 197 Weeksit (K, Ba) ₂ [(UO ₂ ) ₂ | Si ₅ O ₁₃ ] • 4H ₂ O 198 Coutinhoit Th _0.5 (UO ₂ ) ₂ Si ₅ O ₁₃ • 3H ₂ O 199 Shark wide Ca [(UO ₂ ) ₂ | Si ₅ O ₁₂ (OH) ₂ ] • 6H ₂ O 200 Metahai-wide Ca (UO ₂ ) ₂ Si ₆ O ₁₅ • nH ₂ O 201 Monteregianite- (Y) KNa ₂ YSi ₈ O ₁₉ · 5H ₂ O 202 Mountainit KNa ₂ Ca ₂ [Si ₈ O ₁₉ (OH)] • 6H ₂ O 203 Rhodesite KHCa ₂ Si ₈ O ₁₉ O 5H ₂ O 204 Delhayelite K ₇ Na ₃ Ca ₅ Al ₂ Si ₁₄ O ₃₈ F ₄ Cl ₂ 205 Hydrodelhayelite KCa ₂ AlSi ₇ O ₁₇ (OH) ₂ • 6H ₂ O 206 Macdonaldit BaCa ₄ Si ₁₆ O ₃₆ (OH) ₂ · 10H ₂ O 207 Cymrite Ba (Si, Al) ₄ (O, OH) ₈ · H ₂ O 208 Kampfit Ba ₁₂ (Si ₁₁ Al ₅ ) O ₃₁ (C0 ₃ ) ₈ Cl ₅ 209 Lourenswalsit (K, Ba) ₂ (Ti, Mg, Ca, Fe) ₄ (Si, Al, Fe) ₆ O ₁₄ (OH) ₁₂ 210 Tienshanite (Na, K) _9-10 (Ca, Y) ₂ Ba ₆ (Mn ²⁺ , Fe ²⁺ , Ti ⁴⁺ , Zn) ₆ (Ti, Nb) [(O, F, OH) ₁₁ | B ₂ O ₄ | Si ₆ O ₁₅ ] ₆ 211 Wickenburgite Pb ₃ CaAl [Si ₁₀ O ₂₇ ] • 3H ₂ O 212 Silhydrite Si ₃ O ₆ · H ₂ O 213 Magadiite Na ₂ Si ₁₄ O _29. 11H ₂ O 214 Stratlingite Ca ₂ Al [(OH) ₆ AlSiO ₂ (OH) ₄ ] • 2.5H ₂ O 215 Vertumnite Ca ₄ Al ₄ Si ₄ O ₆ (OH) ₂₄ · 3H ₂ O 216 Zussmanite K (Fe ²⁺ , Mg, Mn) ₁₃ (Si, Al) ₁₈ O ₄₂ (OH) ₁₄ 217 Coombsit K (Mn ²⁺ , Fe ²⁺ , Mg) ₁₃ [(OH) ₇ | (Si, Al) ₃ | O ₃ | Si ₆ O ₁₈ ] ₂

1. a) cf. Mineral atlas, mineral class VIII / H - sheet silicates (phyllosilicates), Strunz 8th Systematics

Bentonite from the group of montmorillonites ((Na, Ca) _0.3 (Al, Mg) ₂ Si ₄ O ₁₀ (OH) ₂ · nH ₂ O) is very particularly preferably used. Bentonite is a mixture of different clay minerals and contains montmorillonite as its main component.

Other suitable carrier materials are sclerites and skeletons of diatoms, radiolarians, starfish, corals and sponges.

The carrier material preferably has a thermal conductivity λ of 0.001 W / (m.K) to 1.0 W / (m.K).

The at least one type of particulate adsorbent and / or absorbent from the group consisting of spheres, hollow spheres, cullet, granules, ground lumps, cullet and granules, pellets, rings, balls with core-shell structures, ellipsoids, cubes, Blocks, pyramids, cones, cylinders, rhombuses, dodecahedra, truncated dodecahedra, icosahedra, truncated icosahedron, dumbbells, tori, platelets, needles with circular, oval, elliptical, square, triangular, square, pentagonal, hexagonal, hexagonal, seven-cornered , shards, rings, dumbbells, tori, needles and platelets of particulate adsorbents and / or adsorbents, bent in at least one direction of space.

Particulate absorbents and / or adsorbents are preferably selected from the group consisting of activated coke, activated coke / hydrated lime, phyllosilicates, zeolites, silica gels, aluminum oxide, clays, active clays, organometallic framework compounds (MOFs) and trass.

The particulate, inorganic carrier materials, the particulate, inorganic, bactericidal and / or virucidal materials and the particulate adsobents and / or absorbents preferably have an average particle size of 0.5 mm to 12 mm, in particular 1 mm to 10 mm, determined by sieve analysis.

According to the present invention, the particulate, inorganic, bactericidal and / or virucidal coated, inert carrier material has a coating which preferably has a thickness of 100 nm to 100 μm. The coating preferably has a contact angle θ with water of 90 °. Without being bound by any theory, it is assumed that aerosols thereby better wet the virucidal and / or bactericidal coatings and thus the contact of the microorganisms contained therein, in particular the bacteria and / or viruses, with the biocides is intensified.

The coating contains at least one biocide, in particular at least one bactericide and / or virucide, in particular at least one pharmaceutical and / or disinfectant, which is fixed to the cured binder matrix of the coating in the form of microparticles and / or dispersed or dissolved in the cured binder matrix are.

The biocides are preferably solids or liquids with a boiling temperature at atmospheric pressure above 150 ° C. or a decomposition temperature above 150 °. Or they have no boiling point and / or a very low vapor pressure at their use temperature. They do not emit any unpleasant odors or harmful, toxic and / or corrosive substances such as chlorine, bromine, iodine, organic halogen compounds, organic and inorganic acids, ammonia, organic amines, inorganic and organic sulfur compounds such as hydrogen sulfide or mercaptans, ozone, organic or inorganic phosphorus compounds such as Phosphines or organic compounds such as formaldehyde, ketones, esters or terpenes at the temperatures at which the coated carrier materials are used.

The solid biocides, in particular the solid bactericides and / or virucides, are preferably microparticles at their use temperature, which can be produced, for example, by spray drying (cf. R. Vehring in “Pharmaceutical Particle Engineering via Spray Drying”, in Pharmaceutical Research 2007, Expert Review ).

Like the carrier materials, the microparticles can have the most varied of morphologies such as spheres, hollow spheres, cullet, granulates, ground chunks, cullet and granulates, pellets, rings, spheres with core-shell structures, ellipsoids, cubes, cuboids, pyramids, cones, cylinders, rhombuses , Dodecahedron, truncated dodecahedron, icosahedron, truncated icosahedron, dumbbell, tori, plate, needles with circular, oval, elliptical, square, triangular, square, pentagonal, hexagonal, heptagonal, octagonal or star-shaped cross-sections and / or in at least one direction of space curved shards, rings, dumbbells, tori, needles and plates. In addition, the corners and edges can be rounded. Two or more microparticles can form aggregates or agglomerates. The microparticles can be of the same or different types. Two or three cylindrical microparticles can be bound to one another in the form of a T or a Y. Last but not least, their surface can contain depressions, resulting in strawberry-shaped, raspberry-shaped or blackberry-shaped morphologies.

In the context of the present invention, the diameter of microparticles that do not have a spherical shape is considered to be the longest route through the microparticles.

The mean diameter or the mean particle size of the microparticles is preferably determined by light microscopy, dry sieving, wet sieving, Coulter counter measurements or Fraunhofer scattering.

• Biphenyl-2ol
• DCCP
• 1-(2,3- Dichlorphenyl)piperazin
• L(+)-Milchsäure
• Zitronensäure
• Ascorbinsäure
• MIT
• Methylisothiazolinon
• CMIT, CMI, MCI
• Chloromethylisothiazolinon
• BIT
• Benzisothiazolinon
• OIT, Ol
• Octylisothiazolinon
• DCOIT, DCOI
• Dichlorooctylisothiazolinon
• BBIT
• Butylbenzisothiazolinon
• PHMB polyhexanid
• Poly(iminocarbonylimidoyl-iminocarbonylimidoylimino-1,6-hexanediyl)-hydrochlorid
• Propioconazol
• (±)-1-{[2-(2,4-Dichlorphenyl)-4-propyl-1,3-dioxolan-2-yl]methyl}-H-1,2,4-triazol (IUPAC)
• Folpet
• N-(Trichlormethylthio)phthalimid
• Chlorkresole,
• Fludioxonil
• 4-(2,2-Difluor-benzo[1,3]dioxol-4-yl)pyrrol-3-carbonitril (IUPAC),
• Azoxystrobin
• Methyl-(E)-2-{2-[6-(2-cyanophenoxy)pyrimidin-4-yloxyl]phenyl}-3-methoxyacrylat (IUPAC)
• Quaternäres Ammonium
• Reaktionsprodukt von N-(C_1O-C₁₆)-N-Trimethylamin mit Chloressigsäure
• Calcium/Magnesium-Oxid
• Calcium/Magnesium-Oxidtetrahvdrate
• Kalkhydrat
• Kalk
• IPBC
• 3-lod-2-propinyl-butylcarbamat
• Bronopol
• 2-Brom-2-nitropropan-1,3-diol
• 1R-trans-Phenothrine
• 3-Phenoxybenzyl-(1R,3R)-2,2-dimethyl-3-(2-methylprop-1-enyl)cyclopropancarboxylat 2-Phenoxyethanol
• Diamin
• N-(3-Aminopropyl)-N-dodecylpropan-1,3-diamin
• DTBMA
• 2,2'-Dithiobis[N-methylbenzamid]
• DBDCB
• 2-Brom-2-(brommethyl)pentandinitril
• IPBC
• 3-Iod-2-propynylbutylcarbamat
• DDAC (C8-10)
• Didecyldimethylammoniumchlorid
• BBIT
• 2-Butyl-benzo[d]isothiazol-3-on
• PHMB (1600;1.8)
• Polyhexamethylenebiguanidehydrochlorid mit einem zahlenmittleren Molekulargewicht (Mn) von 1600 und einer mittleren Polydispersität (PDI) von 1.8
• MBIT
• Poly[iminocarbonimidoyliminocarbonimidoylimino-1, 6-hexandiyl]hydrochloride 49
• Mischung von CMIT/MIT
• Natriumpyrithion
• 2-Methyl-1,2-benzothiazol-3(2H)-on
• Pyridin-2-thiol-1-oxid- Natriumsalz
• Reaktionsmasse von Titandioxid und Silberchlorid
• DBNPA
• 2,2-Dibrom-2-cyanoacetamide
• Zinkpyrithion
• Dodecylguanidinmonohydrochlorid
• p-Diiodmethyl)sulphonyl]toluol
• Dichlofluanid, Euparen
• N-(Dichlorfluormethylthio)-N',N'-dimethyl-N-phenylsulfamid (IUPAC)
• Thiachloprid, Calypso
• {(2Z)-3-[(6-Chlor-3-pyridinyl)methyl]-1,3-thiazolidin-2-yliden}cyanamid (IUPAC)
• Chlothianidin
• (E)-1-(2-chlor-1,3-thiazol-5-ylmethyl)-3-methyl-2-nitroguanidine
• Etofenprox, Trebon
• 2-(4-Ethoxyphenyl)-2-methylpropyl-3-phenoxybenzylether
• Tebuconazol
• (RS)-1-tert-Butyl-1-(4-chlorphenethyl)-2-(1.H-1,2,4-triazol-1-yl)ethanol
• K-HDO
• N-Cyclohexyl hydroxydiazen-1-oxid-Natriumssalz
• Thiabendazol
• 2-(4-Thiazolyl)-1H-benzimidazol
• Thiamethoxam
• 3-(2-Chlor-thiazol-5-ylmethyl)-5-methyl(1,3,5)oxadiazinan-4-yliden-N-nitroamin (Zersetzung bei 147°C)
• Fenpropimorph
• (±)-cis-4-[3-(4-tert-Butylphenyl)-2-methylpropyl]-2,6-dimethylmorpholin (IUPAC; bp. 120°C)
• Borsäure
• Boroxid
• Dinatriumoctaborattetrahydrat
• Dinatriumoctaboratpentahydrat
• Dinatriumtetraboratdecahydrat
• Tolylfluanid
• N-[Dichlor(fluor)methyl]sulfanyl-N-(dimethylsulfamoyl)-4-methylanilin (IUPAC; Zersetzung ab 150 °C)
• Dazomet
• 3,5-Dimethylperhydro-1,3,5-thiadiazin-2-thion (Schmelzpunkt 140°C unter Zersetzung)
• Fenoxycarb
• Ethyl-N-[2-(4-phenoxyphenoxy)ethyl]carbamat
• Bifentrin
• (1R*,3R*)-3-(2-Chlor-3,3,3-trifluor-1-propenyl)-2,2-dimethylcyclopropan-carbonsäure(2-methylbiphenyl-3-yl)methylester
• DCOIT
• 4,5-Dichlor-2-n-octyl-4-isothiazolin-3-on
• Kupferhydroxid
• Basisches Kupfercarbonat
• Flufenoxuron
• N-[[4-[2-Chlor-4-(trifluormethyl)phenoxy]-2-fluorphenyl]carbamoyl]-2,6-difluorbenzamid
• DDA carbonate
• N,N-Didecyl-N,N-dimethylammoniumcarbonat
• ADBAC
• N-Alkyl-N-benzyl-N,N-dimethylammoniumchlorid
• Chlorfenpyr
• 4-Bromo-2-(4-chlorphenyl)-1-ethoxymethyl-5-trifluormethyl-pyrrol-3-carbonitril
• Cypermethrin
• (R,S)-α-Cyano-3-phenoxybenzyl-(1RS)-cis,trans-3-(2,2-dichlorvinyl)-2,2-dimethylcyclopropancarboxylat
• Cu-HDO
• Bis-(N-cyclohexyldiazeniumdioxy)-kupfer
• Cyproconazol
• 2-(4-Chlorphenyl)-3-cyclopropyl-1-(1H-1,2,4-triazol-1-yl)butan-2-ol (IUPAC)
• Permethrin
• 3-(2,2-Dichloroethenyl)-2,2-dimethylcyclopropancarbonsäure-(3-phenoxyphenyl)methylester Natriumsorbat
• Granuliertes Kupfer
• Didecylmethylpoly(oxyethyl)ammoniumpropionat
• ATMAC/TMAC
• Cocoalkyltrimethylammoniumchlorid
• OIT
• 2-Octyl-2H-isothiazol-3-on (Siedepunkt 120°C)
• Penflufen
• 2'-[(RS)-1,3-Dimethylbutyl]-5-fluor-1,3-dimethylpyrazol-4-carboxanilid
• MBM
• Natriumdiethyldithiocarbamat
• Difethialon
• 3-[3-(4'-Brom[1,1'-biphenyl]-4-yl)-1,2,3,4-tetrahydronaphth-1-yl]-4-hydroxy-2H-1-benzothiopyran-2-on
• Difenacoum
• 3-(3-(1,1'-Biphenyl)-4-yl-1,2,3,4-tetrahydro-1-naphthalenyl)-4-hydroxy-2H-1-benzopyran-2-on
• Chloralose
• C1,2-O-(2,2,2-Trichlorethyliden)-a-D-glucofuranose
• Bromadiolon 3-(3-(4'-Brom(1,1'-biphenyl)-4-yl)-3-hydroxy-1-phenyl-propyl)-4-hydroxy-2H-1-benzopyran-2-on
• Chlorphacinon
• (RS)-2-(a-(4-Chlorphenyl)phenylacetyl)indan-1,3-dion
• Coumatetralyl
• 4-Hydroxy-3-(1,2,3,4-tetrahydro-1-naphthyl)cumarin
• Flocumafen
• 4-Hydroxy-3-(1,2,3,4-tetrahydro-3-(4-(4-trifluormethylbenzyloxy)phenyl)-1-naphthyl)-cumarin
• Warfarin
• (RS)-4-Hydroxy-3-(3-oxo-1-phenyl-butyl)-cumarin (IUPAC)
• Warfarin Natrium
• Brodifacum
• 3-[3-(4'-Bromo-1,1'-biphenyl-4-yl)-1,2,3,4-tetrahydro-1-naphthyl]-4-hydroxycumarin
• Cholecalciferol
• 3-[2-[7a-Methyl-1-(6-methylheptan-2-yl)- 2,3,3a,5,6,7-hexahydro-1H-inden-4-yliden]ethyliden]-4-methyliden-cyclohexan-1-ol
• Indoxocarb
• (RS)-Methyl-7-chlor-2,3,4a,5-tetrahydro-2-[methoxycarbonyl-(4-trifluormethoxyphenyl)carbamoyl]indeno[1,2-e][1,3,4]oxadiazin-4a-carboxylat
• Methofluthrin
• (1RS,3RS;1SR,3SR)-2,2-Dimethyl-3-(EZ)-(prop-1-enyl)cyclopropancarbonsäure-2,3,5,6-tetrafluoro-4-(methoxymethyl)benzylester
• Spinosad
  
• Imidacloprid
• 1-(6-Chlor-3-pyridinylmethyl)-N-nitroimidazolidin-2-ylidenamin
• Abamectin
  
• Fipronil
• (RS)-5-Amino-1-(2,6-dichlor-α,α,α-trifluor-p-tolyl)-4-trifluormethylsulfinyl-1H-pyrazol-3-carbonitril
• Lamba-Cyhalotrin
• 3-(2-Chlor-3,3,3-trifluor-1-propenyl)-2,2-dimethyl-cyclopropan-carbonsäure-cyano(3-phenoxyphenyl)methylester
• Deltamethrin
• (1R,3R)-[(S)-α-Cyano-3-phenoxybenzyl-3-(2,2-dibromvinyl)]-2,2-dimethylcyclopropancarboxylat (IUPAC)
• Bendiocarb 2,2-Dimethyl-1,3-benzodioxol-4-yl-N-methylcarbamat
• Pyriproxyfen
• (RS)-4-Phenoxyphenyl2-(2-pyridyloxy)propylether
• Diflubenzuron
• N-{[(4-Chlorphenyl)amino]carbonyl}-2,6-difluorbenzamid
• 1R-trans-Phenothrin
• 2,2-Dimethyl-3-(2-methylpropenyl)cyclopropancarbonsäure-m-phenoxybenzylester
• S-Methopren
• 11-Methoxy-3,7,11-trimethyl-2,4-dodecadiensäure-1-methylethylester
• Transfluthrin
• (1R)-trans-3-(2,2-Dichlorvinyl)-2-dimethylcyclopropancarbonsäure-2,3,5,6-tetrafluorbenzylester Synthetisches amorphes Siliziumdioxid
• Oberflächenmodifiziertes synthetisches amorphes Siliziumdioxid
• Dinotefuran
• (RS)-N-Methyl-N'-nitro-N''-[(tetrahydro-3-furanyl)methyl]guanidin
• Hexaflumuron
• 1-[3,5-Dichlor-4-(1,1,2,2-tetrafluorethoxy)phenyl]-3-(2,6-difluorbenzoyl)harnstoff (IUPAC)
• Cvromazin
• N-Cyclopropyl-1,3,5-triazin-2,4,6-triamin
• Cvfluthrin
• alpha-Cyano-4-fluor-3-phenoxybenzyl-3-(2,2-dichlorvinyl)-2,2-dimethylcyclopropancarboxylat
• PBO
• 5-[2-(2-Butoxyethoxy)ethoxymethyl]-6-propyl-1,3-benzodioxol
• Epsilon-Momfluorothrin
• 2,3,5,6-Tetrafluor-4-(methoxymethyl)benzyl(1R,3R)-3-[(Z)-2-cyanoprop-1-enyl]-2,2-dimethylcyclopropancarboxylat
• Imiprothrin
• (2,5-Dioxo-3-prop-2-inylimidazolidin-1-yl)methyl-2,2-dimethyl-3-(2-methylprop-1-enyl)cyclopropan-1-carboxylat
• Acetamiprid
• (E)-N¹-[(6-Chlor-3-pyridyl)methyl]-N²-cyano-N¹-methylacetamidin (IUPAC)
• Cyphenotrin
• [Cyano-(3-phenoxyphenyl)methyl]-2 ,2-dimethyl-3-(2-methylprop-1-enyl)cyclopropan-1-carboxylat
• DEET
• N,N-Diethyl-3-methylbenzamid
• Nonansäure
• Decansäure
• (Z,E)-TDA
• (Z,E)-Tetradeca-9, 12-dienylacetat
• Methyl nonyl ketone
• 2-Undecanon
• Zineb
• Zink-ethylen-1,2-bis-dithiocarbamat
• cis-9-Tricosen
• DCOIT
• Dichloroctyl-isothiazolinone
• OBPA
• 10,10'-Oxybisphenoxoarsin
• Kupfer-Pyrithion
• Pyridin-2-thiol-1-oxid-Kupfer
• Trichlosan
• Polychlorierte Phenoxyphenole
• Medetomidin
• (RS)-4-[1-(2,3-Dimethylphenyl)ethyl]-1H-imidazol
• Tralopyril
• 4-Brom-2-(4-chlorphenyl)-5-(trifluormethyl)-1H-pyrrol-3-carbonitril (IUPAC)
• Kupferflocken
• beschichtet mit einem Film aus einer aliphatischen Carbonsäuren Dikupferoxid-Mikropartikel
• Kupferoxid-Mikropartikel
• Kupferthiocyanat-Mikropartikel.
• Silbermikropartikel
• Siberchloridmikropartikel
• Chlorhexidin
• (RS)-4-[1-(2,3-Dimethylphenyl)ethyl]-1H-imidazolchlorid und -gluconat
• Octenidin
• N,N'-(Decan-1,10-diyldi-1(4H)-pyridyl-4-yliden)bis(octylammonium)dichlorid
• Taurolidin
• 4-[(1,1-Dioxo-1,2,4-thiadiazinan-4-yl)methyl]-1,2,4-thiadiazinan-1,1-dioxide
• 2-Oxido-4-[(2-oxido-1-oxo-1,2,4-thiadiazinan-2-ium-4-yl)methyl]-1,2,4-thiadiazinan-2-ium-1-oxide
• 4-[(1,1-Dioxothiadiazinan-4-yl)methyl]thiadiazinan-1,1-dioxid
• 2-f (1,1-Dioxo-1,2,4-thiadiazinan-2-yl)methyl]-1,2,4-thiadiazinan-1,1-dioxid
• 3-[(1,1-Dioxo-1,2,4-thiadiazinan-3-yl)methyl]-1,2,4-thiadiazinan-1,1-dioxid
• 2-Hydroxy-4-[(2-hydroxy-1-oxo-1,2,4-thiadiazinan-4-yl)methyl]-1,2,4-thiadiazinan-1-oxid
• N-(4-Azidobutyl)-2-methylsulfonylethansulfonamid
• 4-N-Cyclopropylpiperazin-1,4-disulfonamid
• (2,2-Dimethyl-1-methylsulfonylpropyl)-(methyldiazenyl)sulfonyldiazen
• 6-Methyl-N-[l-(methylamino)ethenyl]-1,1-dioxo-1,2,6-thiadiazinan-2-sulfonamid
• Azodicarbonamid
• Cicloxolone Natrium
• 18beta-glycyrrhetinsäure-(H)-(1R)-cis-cyclohexan-1,2-dicarboxylat
• Dichlorisocyanursäure- Natriumsalz
• Kongorot
• Dinatrium-3,3'-[4,4'-biphenyldiyldi(E-2,1-diazenediyl]bis(4-amino-1-naphthalinsulfonat) (IUPAC)
• Para-aminobenzoesäure
• Bis(monosuccinamid)-Derivat von p,p'-Bis(2-aminoethyl)diphenyl-C60 (Fulleren)
• Merocyanin
• 1-Methyl-4-[(oxocyclohexadienyliden)ethyliden]-1,4-dihydropyridin
• Bengal Rosa, Acid Red 94
• 4,5,6,7-Tetrachloro-3',6'-dihydroxy-2',4',5',7'-tetraiodspiro[isobenzofuran-1(3H),9'-[9H]xanthen]-3-on
• Hypericin
• 1,3,4,6,8,13-Hexahydroxy-10,11-dimethylphenanthro[1,10,9,8-opqra]perylen-7,14-dion (IUPAC)
• Hypocrellin
• (12R, 13S)-12-Acetyl-9,13,17-trihydroxy-5,10,16,21-tetramethoxy-13-methylhexacyclo[13.8.0.0^2,11.0^3,8.0^4,22.0^18,23]tricosa-1(15),2(11),3(8),4(22),5,9,16,18(23),20-nonaen-7,19-dion
• Von Pflanzen extrahierte Anthrachinone
• Sulfonierte Anthrachinone
• Anthrachinonderivative
• Acid blue 40 und 129, Acid black 48, Alizarin violet R, Reactive blue 2
• Gramicidin
• Lineares Pentadecapeptid
• Gossypol
• 2,2'-Bis(formyl-1,,6,7 -trihydroxy-5-isopropyl-3-methylnaphthalin)
• Extrakte von ledum palustre, leonurus cardiaca, Celandine, Schwarzer Johannisbeere, Preiselbeere und Blaubeere
• Alkaloide und Phytosterylester
• Marigenolkonzentrate, enthaltend Taxol und/oder Taxanester als Wirkstoffe
• Extrakte von Cordia salicifolia
• Dampfdestillat von Houttuynia cordata (Saururaceae) und seinen Bestandteilen 5,6,7-Trimethoxyflavon von Calicarpa japonica
• Isocullarein
• 5,7,8,4'-Tetrahydroxyflavon von Scutellaria baikalensis undnd Isocutellarein-8-methylether
• Amantadin
• 1-Tricyclo[3.3.1.1^3,7]decylamin (IUPAC)
• Sialinsäure
• Neuraminsäure
• Zanamivir
• (4S,5R,6R)-5-Acetylamino-4-guanidino-6-[(1R,2R)-1,2,3-trihydroxypropyl]-5,6-dihydro-4H-pyran-2-carbonsäure
• Oseltamivir
• (3R,4R,5S)-4-Acetamido-5-amino-3-(1-ethylpropoxy)cyclohex-1-en-1-carbonsäureethylester
• Rimantadin
• (RS)-Adamantan-1-yl-ethylamin (IUPAC)
• Diuron
• 3-(3,4-Dichlorphenyl)-1,1-dimethylharnstoff
• Quaternisiertes Chitosan (vg., A. Domard et al., „New method for the quaternization of chitosan“, International Journal of Biological Macromolecules, Band 8, Ausgabe 2, April, 1986, Seiten 105-107 ).

(Eine detaillierte Beschreibung einiger dieser Viruzide findet sich in A. S. Galabov, „Virucidal agents in the of manorapid synergy™“, in GMS Krankenhaushygiene Interdisziplinär, 2007 2(1): Doc 18 ).Preference is given to using biocides, in particular bactericides and / or virucides, which are approved by state or intergovernmental authorities. In particular, the biocides are selected from the following group:

• Biphenyl-2ol
• DCCP
• 1- (2,3-dichlorophenyl) piperazine
• L (+) - lactic acid
• citric acid
• Ascorbic acid
• WITH
• Methylisothiazolinone
• CMIT, CMI, MCI
• Chloromethylisothiazolinone
• BIT
• Benzisothiazolinone
• OIT, Ol
• Octylisothiazolinone
• DCOIT, DCOI
• Dichlorooctylisothiazolinone
• BBIT
• Butylbenzisothiazolinone
• PHMB polyhexanide
• Poly (iminocarbonylimidoyl-iminocarbonylimidoylimino-1,6-hexanediyl) hydrochloride
• Propioconazole
• (±) -1 - {[2- (2,4-dichlorophenyl) -4-propyl-1,3-dioxolan-2-yl] methyl} -H-1,2,4-triazole (IUPAC)
• Folpet
• N- (trichloromethylthio) phthalimide
• Chlorocresols,
• Fludioxonil
• 4- (2,2-Difluoro-benzo [1,3] dioxol-4-yl) pyrrole-3-carbonitrile (IUPAC),
• Azoxystrobin
• Methyl (E) -2- {2- [6- (2-cyanophenoxy) pyrimidin-4-yloxyl] phenyl} -3-methoxyacrylate (IUPAC)
• Quaternary ammonium
• Reaction product of N- (C _1O -C ₁₆ ) -N-trimethylamine with chloroacetic acid
• Calcium / magnesium oxide
• Calcium / magnesium oxide tetrahydrate
• Hydrated lime
• lime
• IPBC
• 3-iodo-2-propynyl butyl carbamate
• Bronopoly
• 2-bromo-2-nitropropane-1,3-diol
• 1R-trans-phenothrins
• 3-Phenoxybenzyl- (1R, 3R) -2,2-dimethyl-3- (2-methylprop-1-enyl) cyclopropanecarboxylate 2-phenoxyethanol
• Diamine
• N- (3-aminopropyl) -N-dodecylpropane-1,3-diamine
• DTBMA
• 2,2'-dithiobis [N-methylbenzamide]
• DBDCB
• 2-bromo-2- (bromomethyl) pentanedinitrile
• IPBC
• 3-iodo-2-propynyl butyl carbamate
• DDAC (C8-10)
• Didecyldimethylammonium chloride
• BBIT
• 2-butyl-benzo [d] isothiazol-3-one
• PHMB (1600; 1.8)
• Polyhexamethylene biguanide hydrochloride with a number average molecular weight (Mn) of 1600 and an average polydispersity (PDI) of 1.8
• MBIT
• Poly [iminocarbonimidoyliminocarbonimidoylimino-1,6-hexanediyl] hydrochloride 49
• Mixture of CMIT / MIT
• Sodium pyrithione
• 2-methyl-1,2-benzothiazol-3 (2H) -one
• Pyridine-2-thiol-1-oxide sodium salt
• Reaction mass of titanium dioxide and silver chloride
• DBNPA
• 2,2-dibromo-2-cyanoacetamide
• Zinc pyrithione
• Dodecylguanidine monohydrochloride
• p-diiodomethyl) sulphonyl] toluene
• Dichlofluanid, euparen
• N- (dichlorofluoromethylthio) -N ', N'-dimethyl-N-phenylsulfamide (IUPAC)
• Thiachloprid, Calypso
• {(2Z) -3 - [(6-chloro-3-pyridinyl) methyl] -1,3-thiazolidin-2-ylidene} cyanamide (IUPAC)
• Chlothianidine
• (E) -1- (2-chloro-1,3-thiazol-5-ylmethyl) -3-methyl-2-nitroguanidines
• Etofenprox, Trebon
• 2- (4-ethoxyphenyl) -2-methylpropyl-3-phenoxybenzyl ether
• Tebuconazole
• (RS) -1-tert -Butyl-1- (4-chlorophenethyl) -2- (1.H-1,2,4-triazol-1-yl) ethanol
• K-HDO
• N-Cyclohexyl hydroxydiazene-1-oxide sodium salt
• Thiabendazole
• 2- (4-thiazolyl) -1H-benzimidazole
• Thiamethoxam
• 3- (2-chlorothiazol-5-ylmethyl) -5-methyl (1,3,5) oxadiazinan-4-ylidene-N-nitroamine (decomposes at 147 ° C)
• Fenpropimorph
• (±) -cis -4- [3- (4-tert-butylphenyl) -2-methylpropyl] -2,6-dimethylmorpholine (IUPAC; bp. 120 ° C)
• Boric acid
• Boron oxide
• Disodium octaborate tetrahydrate
• Disodium octaborate pentahydrate
• Disodium tetraborate decahydrate
• Tolylfluanid
• N- [dichloro (fluoro) methyl] sulfanyl-N- (dimethylsulfamoyl) -4-methylaniline (IUPAC; decomposition from 150 ° C)
• Dazomet
• 3,5-dimethylperhydro-1,3,5-thiadiazine-2-thione (melting point 140 ° C with decomposition)
• Fenoxycarb
• Ethyl N- [2- (4-phenoxyphenoxy) ethyl] carbamate
• Bifentrine
• (1R *, 3R *) - 3- (2-chloro-3,3,3-trifluoro-1-propenyl) -2,2-dimethylcyclopropane-carboxylic acid (2-methylbiphenyl-3-yl) methyl ester
• DCOIT
• 4,5-dichloro-2-n-octyl-4-isothiazolin-3-one
• Copper hydroxide
• Basic copper carbonate
• Flufenoxuron
• N - [[4- [2-chloro-4- (trifluoromethyl) phenoxy] -2-fluorophenyl] carbamoyl] -2,6-difluorobenzamide
• DDA carbonate
• N, N-didecyl-N, N-dimethylammonium carbonate
• ADBAC
• N-alkyl-N-benzyl-N, N-dimethylammonium chloride
• Chlorfenpyr
• 4-Bromo-2- (4-chlorophenyl) -1-ethoxymethyl-5-trifluoromethyl-pyrrole-3-carbonitrile
• Cypermethrin
• (R, S) -α-Cyano-3-phenoxybenzyl- (1RS) -cis, trans -3- (2,2-dichlorovinyl) -2,2-dimethylcyclopropanecarboxylate
• Cu-HDO
• Bis (N-cyclohexyldiazeniumdioxy) copper
• Cyproconazole
• 2- (4-chlorophenyl) -3-cyclopropyl-1- (1H-1,2,4-triazol-1-yl) butan-2-ol (IUPAC)
• Permethrin
• 3- (2,2-Dichloroethenyl) -2,2-dimethylcyclopropanecarboxylic acid (3-phenoxyphenyl) methyl ester, sodium sorbate
• Granulated copper
• Didecylmethyl poly (oxyethyl) ammonium propionate
• ATMAC / TMAC
• Cocoalkyl trimethyl ammonium chloride
• OIT
• 2-Octyl-2H-isothiazol-3-one (boiling point 120 ° C)
• Penflufen
• 2 '- [(RS) -1,3-dimethylbutyl] -5-fluoro-1,3-dimethylpyrazole-4-carboxanilide
• MBM
• Sodium diethyldithiocarbamate
• Difethialone
• 3- [3- (4'-Bromo [1,1'-biphenyl] -4-yl) -1,2,3,4-tetrahydronaphth-1-yl] -4-hydroxy-2H-1-benzothiopyran-2 -on
• Difenacoum
• 3- (3- (1,1'-Biphenyl) -4-yl-1,2,3,4-tetrahydro-1-naphthalenyl) -4-hydroxy-2H-1-benzopyran-2-one
• Chloralose
• C1,2-0- (2,2,2-trichloroethylidene) -aD-glucofuranose
• Bromadiolone 3- [3- (4'-bromo (1,1'-biphenyl) -4-yl) -3-hydroxy-1-phenyl-propyl) -4-hydroxy-2H-1-benzopyran-2-one
• Chlorophacinone
• (RS) -2- (α- (4-chlorophenyl) phenylacetyl) indan-1,3-dione
• Coumatetralyl
• 4-hydroxy-3- (1,2,3,4-tetrahydro-1-naphthyl) coumarin
• Flocumafen
• 4-Hydroxy-3- (1,2,3,4-tetrahydro-3- (4- (4-trifluoromethylbenzyloxy) phenyl) -1-naphthyl) -coumarin
• Warfarin
• (RS) -4-Hydroxy-3- (3-oxo-1-phenyl-butyl) -coumarin (IUPAC)
• Warfarin sodium
• Brodifacum
• 3- [3- (4'-Bromo-1,1'-biphenyl-4-yl) -1,2,3,4-tetrahydro-1-naphthyl] -4-hydroxycoumarin
• Cholecalciferol
• 3- [2- [7a-methyl-1- (6-methylheptan-2-yl) -2,3,3a, 5,6,7-hexahydro-1H-inden-4-ylidene] ethylidene] -4-methylidene -cyclohexan-1-ol
• Indoxocarb
• (RS) -Methyl-7-chloro-2,3,4a, 5-tetrahydro-2- [methoxycarbonyl- (4-trifluoromethoxyphenyl) carbamoyl] indeno [1,2-e] [1,3,4] oxadiazine-4a carboxylate
• Methofluthrin
• (1RS, 3RS; 1SR, 3SR) -2,2-Dimethyl-3- (EZ) - (prop-1-enyl) cyclopropanecarboxylic acid 2,3,5,6-tetrafluoro-4- (methoxymethyl) benzyl ester
• Spinosad
  
• Imidacloprid
• 1- (6-chloro-3-pyridinylmethyl) -N-nitroimidazolidin-2-ylideneamine
• Abamectin
  
• Fipronil
• (RS) -5-Amino-1- (2,6-dichloro-α, α, α-trifluoro-p-tolyl) -4-trifluoromethylsulfinyl-1H-pyrazole-3-carbonitrile
• Lamba cyhalotrin
• 3- (2-Chloro-3,3,3-trifluoro-1-propenyl) -2,2-dimethyl-cyclopropane-carboxylic acid cyano (3-phenoxyphenyl) methyl ester
• Deltamethrin
• (1R, 3R) - [(S) -α-cyano-3-phenoxybenzyl-3- (2,2-dibromovinyl)] - 2,2-dimethylcyclopropanecarboxylate (IUPAC)
• Bendiocarb 2,2-dimethyl-1,3-benzodioxol-4-yl-N-methylcarbamate
• Pyriproxyfen
• (RS) -4-phenoxyphenyl 2- (2-pyridyloxy) propyl ether
• Diflubenzuron
• N - {[(4-chlorophenyl) amino] carbonyl} -2,6-difluorobenzamide
• 1R-trans-phenothrin
• 2,2-Dimethyl-3- (2-methylpropenyl) cyclopropanecarboxylic acid m-phenoxybenzyl ester
• S-methoprene
• 11-methoxy-3,7,11-trimethyl-2,4-dodecadienoic acid 1-methylethyl ester
• Transfluthrin
• (1R) -trans -3- (2,2-dichlorovinyl) -2-dimethylcyclopropanecarboxylic acid 2,3,5,6-tetrafluorobenzyl ester Synthetic amorphous silicon dioxide
• Surface modified synthetic amorphous silicon dioxide
• Dinotefuran
• (RS) -N-methyl-N'-nitro-N "- [(tetrahydro-3-furanyl) methyl] guanidine
• Hexaflumuron
• 1- [3,5-dichloro-4- (1,1,2,2-tetrafluoroethoxy) phenyl] -3- (2,6-difluorobenzoyl) urea (IUPAC)
• Cvromazin
• N-Cyclopropyl-1,3,5-triazine-2,4,6-triamine
• Cvfluthrin
• alpha-cyano-4-fluoro-3-phenoxybenzyl-3- (2,2-dichlorovinyl) -2,2-dimethylcyclopropanecarboxylate
• PBO
• 5- [2- (2-butoxyethoxy) ethoxymethyl] -6-propyl-1,3-benzodioxole
• Epsilon momfluorothrin
• 2,3,5,6-Tetrafluoro-4- (methoxymethyl) benzyl (1R, 3R) -3 - [(Z) -2-cyanoprop-1-enyl] -2,2-dimethylcyclopropanecarboxylate
• Imiprothrin
• (2,5-Dioxo-3-prop-2-ynylimidazolidin-1-yl) methyl 2,2-dimethyl-3- (2-methylprop-1-enyl) cyclopropane-1-carboxylate
• Acetamiprid
• (E) -N ¹ - [(6-chloro-3-pyridyl) methyl] -N ² -cyano-N ¹ -methylacetamidine (IUPAC)
• Cyphenotrin
• [Cyano- (3-phenoxyphenyl) methyl] -2, 2-dimethyl-3- (2-methylprop-1-enyl) cyclopropane-1-carboxylate
• DEET
• N, N-diethyl-3-methylbenzamide
• Nonanoic acid
• Decanoic acid
• (Z, E) -TDA
• (Z, E) -Tetradeca-9, 12-dienyl acetate
• Methyl nonyl ketones
• 2-undecanone
• Zineb
• Zinc-ethylene-1,2-bis-dithiocarbamate
• cis-9 tricoses
• DCOIT
• Dichloroctyl-isothiazolinone
• OBPA
• 10,10'-oxybisphenoxoarsine
• Copper pyrithione
• Pyridine-2-thiol-1-oxide copper
• Trichlosan
• Polychlorinated phenoxyphenols
• Medetomidine
• (RS) -4- [1- (2,3-Dimethylphenyl) ethyl] -1H-imidazole
• Tralopyril
• 4-Bromo-2- (4-chlorophenyl) -5- (trifluoromethyl) -1H-pyrrole-3-carbonitrile (IUPAC)
• Copper flakes
• coated with a film of an aliphatic carboxylic acid dicopper oxide microparticle
• Copper oxide microparticles
• Copper thiocyanate microparticles.
• Silver microparticles
• Silver chloride microparticles
• Chlorhexidine
• (RS) -4- [1- (2,3-Dimethylphenyl) ethyl] -1H-imidazole chloride and gluconate
• Octenidine
• N, N '- (Decane-1,10-diyldi-1 (4H) -pyridyl-4-ylidene) bis (octylammonium) dichloride
• Taurolidine
• 4 - [(1,1-Dioxo-1,2,4-thiadiazinan-4-yl) methyl] -1,2,4-thiadiazinan-1,1-dioxides
• 2-Oxido-4 - [(2-oxido-1-oxo-1,2,4-thiadiazinan-2-ium-4-yl) methyl] -1,2,4-thiadiazinan-2-ium-1-oxides
• 4 - [(1,1-Dioxothiadiazinan-4-yl) methyl] thiadiazinan-1,1-dioxide
• 2-f (1,1-dioxo-1,2,4-thiadiazinan-2-yl) methyl] -1,2,4-thiadiazinan-1,1-dioxide
• 3 - [(1,1-Dioxo-1,2,4-thiadiazinan-3-yl) methyl] -1,2,4-thiadiazinan-1,1-dioxide
• 2-Hydroxy-4 - [(2-hydroxy-1-oxo-1,2,4-thiadiazinan-4-yl) methyl] -1,2,4-thiadiazinan-1-oxide
• N- (4-Azidobutyl) -2-methylsulfonylethanesulfonamide
• 4-N-Cyclopropylpiperazine-1,4-disulfonamide
• (2,2-Dimethyl-1-methylsulfonylpropyl) - (methyldiazenyl) sulfonyldiazene
• 6-Methyl-N- [1- (methylamino) ethenyl] -1,1-dioxo-1,2,6-thiadiazinan-2-sulfonamide
• Azodicarbonamide
• Cicloxolone Sodium
• 18beta-glycyrrhetinic acid (H) - (1R) -cis-cyclohexane-1,2-dicarboxylate
• Dichloroisocyanuric acid sodium salt
• Congo red
• Disodium 3,3 '- [4,4'-biphenyldiyldi (E-2,1-diazenediyl] bis (4-amino-1-naphthalenesulfonate) (IUPAC)
• Para-aminobenzoic acid
• Bis (monosuccinamide) derivative of p, p'-bis (2-aminoethyl) diphenyl-C60 (fullerene)
• Merocyanine
• 1-methyl-4 - [(oxocyclohexadienylidene) ethylidene] -1,4-dihydropyridine
• Bengal Pink, Acid Red 94
• 4,5,6,7-tetrachloro-3 ', 6'-dihydroxy-2', 4 ', 5', 7'-tetraiodspiro [isobenzofuran-1 (3H), 9 '- [9H] xanthene] -3- on
• Hypericin
• 1,3,4,6,8,13-hexahydroxy-10,11-dimethylphenanthro [1,10,9,8-opqra] perylene-7,14-dione (IUPAC)
• Hypocrellin
• (12R, 13S) -12-acetyl-9,13,17-trihydroxy-5,10,16,21-tetramethoxy-13-methylhexacyclo [13.8.0.0 ^2.11 .0 ^3.8 .0 ^4.22 .0 ^18.23 ] tricosa-1 (15), 2 (11), 3 (8), 4 (22), 5,9,16,18 (23), 20-nonaene-7,19-dione
• Anthraquinones extracted from plants
• Sulfonated anthraquinones
• Anthraquinone derivatives
• Acid blue 40 and 129, Acid black 48, Alizarin violet R, Reactive blue 2
• Gramicidin
• Linear pentadecapeptide
• Gossypol
• 2,2'-bis (formyl-1,, 6,7-trihydroxy-5-isopropyl-3-methylnaphthalene)
• Extracts of ledum palustre, leonurus cardiaca, celandine, black currant, lingonberry and blueberry
• Alkaloids and phytosteryl esters
• Marigenol concentrates containing taxol and / or taxane esters as active ingredients
• Cordia salicifolia extracts
• Steam distillate from Houttuynia cordata (Saururaceae) and its components 5,6,7-trimethoxyflavone from Calicarpa japonica
• Isocullarein
• 5,7,8,4'-tetrahydroxyflavone from Scutellaria baikalensis and and isocutellarein 8-methyl ether
• Amantadine
• 1-Tricyclo [3.3.1.1 ^3.7 ] decylamine (IUPAC)
• Sialic acid
• Neuraminic acid
• Zanamivir
• (4S, 5R, 6R) -5-Acetylamino-4-guanidino-6 - [(1R, 2R) -1,2,3-trihydroxypropyl] -5,6-dihydro-4H-pyran-2-carboxylic acid
• Oseltamivir
• (3R, 4R, 5S) -4-Acetamido-5-amino-3- (1-ethylpropoxy) cyclohex-1-en-1-carboxylic acid ethyl ester
• Rimantadine
• (RS) -Adamantan-1-yl-ethylamine (IUPAC)
• Diuron
• 3- (3,4-dichlorophenyl) -1,1-dimethylurea
• Quaternized chitosan (vg., A. Domard et al., "New method for the quaternization of chitosan," International Journal of Biological Macromolecules, Volume 8, Issue 2, April, 1986, pages 105-107 ).

(A detailed description of some of these virucides can be found in AS Galabov, "Virucidal agents in the of manorapid synergy ™", in GMS Hospital Hygiene Interdisciplinary, 2007 2 (1): Doc 18 ).

Further suitable bactericides and / or virucides are polyoxometalates, which are referred to below with the abbreviation “POM”.

The elementary composition and structure of the POM can vary very widely.

• - das Lindquist-Hexamolybdatanion, Mo₆O₁₉ ^2-,
• - das Decavanadatanion, V₁₀O₂₈ ⁶",
• - das Paratungstatanion, H₂W₁₂O₄₂ ¹⁰",
• - Mo₃₆-Polymolybdate, Mo₃₆O₁₁₂(H₂O)^8-,
• - die Strandberg-Struktur, HP₂Mo₅O₂₃ ^4-,
• - die Keggin-Struktur, XM₁₂O₄₀ ⁿ¹,
• - die Doppel-Keggin-Struktur,
• - die Keggin-Sandwichstruktur,
• - die monolacunare Keggin-Struktur,
• - die dilacunare Keggin-Struktur,
• - die Wells-Dawson-Struktur, X₂M₁₈O₆₂ ^n-,
• - die Anderson-Struktur, XM_eO₂₄ ^n-,
• - die Allman-Waugh-Struktur, X₁₂M₁₈O₃₂ ^n-,
• - die Weakley-Yamase- Struktur, XM₁₀O₃₆ ^n-, und
• - die Dexter-Silverton-Struktur, XM₁₂O₄₂ ^n-.

For example, the division of the POM into the following structures is known:

• - the Lindquist hexamolybdate anion, Mo ₆ O ₁₉ ^2- ,
• - the decavanadate anion, V ₁₀ O ₂₈ ⁶ ",
• - the Paratungstatanion, H ₂ W ₁₂ O ₄₂ ¹⁰ ",
• - Mo ₃₆ polymolybdates, Mo ₃₆ O ₁₁₂ (H ₂ O) ^8- ,
• - the Strandberg structure, HB ₂ Mo ₅ O ₂₃ ^4- ,
• - the Keggin structure, XM ₁₂ O ₄₀ ⁿ¹ ,
• - the double keggin structure,
• - the Keggin sandwich structure,
• - the monolacunar Keggin structure,
• - the dilacunar Keggin structure,
• - the Wells-Dawson structure, X ₂ M ₁₈ O ₆₂ ^n- ,
• - the Anderson structure, XM _e O ₂₄ ^n- ,
• - the Allman-Waugh structure, X ₁₂ M ₁₈ O ₃₂ ^n- ,
• - the Weakley-Yamase structure, XM ₁₀ O ₃₆ ^n- , and
• - the Dexter-Silverton structure, XM ₁₂ O ₄₂ ^n- .

The exponent n is here an integer from 3 to 20 denotes the valency of an anion, which varies depending on the variables X and M.

The formulas I to XIII can serve as a further ordering principle for POM:

• - (BW ₁₂ O ₄₀ ) ^5- (I),
• - (W ₁₀ O ₃₂ ) ^4- (II),
• - (P ₂ W ₁₈ O ₆₂ ) ^6- (III),
• - (PW ₁₁ O ₃₉ ) ^7- (IV),
• - (SiW ₁₁ O ₃₉ ) ^8- (V),
• - (HSiW ₉ O ₃₄ ) ^9- (VI),
• - (HPW ₉ O ₃₄ ) ^8- (VII),
• - (TM) ₄ (PW ₉ O ₃₄ ) ^t- (VIII),
• - (TM) ₄ (P ₂ W ₁₅ O ₅₆ ) ₂ ^t- (IX),
• - (NaP ₅ W ₃₀ O ₁₁₀ ) ^14- (X),
• - (TM) ₃ (PW ₉ O ₃₄ ) ₂ ^12- (XI) and
• - (P ₂ W ₁₈ O ₆ ) ^6- (XII).

In the formulas I to XII, TM stands for a divalent or trivalent transition metal ion such as Mn ²⁺ , Fe ²⁺ , Fe ³⁺ , Co ²⁺ , Co ³⁺ , Ni ²⁺ , Cu ²⁺ and Zn ²⁺ . The exponent t is an integer and denotes the valence of an anion, which varies depending on the valence of the variable TM.

• - (A,Ga_yNb_aO_b)^z- (XIII).

POMs of the general formula XIII can also be considered:

• - (A, Ga _y Nb _a O _b ) ^z- (XIII).

In formula XIII, the variable A stands for phosphorus, silicon or germanium and the index x stands for 0 or an integer from 1 to 40. The index y stands for an integer from 1 to 10, the index a stands for one integer from 1 to 8 and the subscript b is an integer from 15 to 150. The exponent z varies depending on the nature and the degree of oxidation of the variable A. Aquacomplexes and the active fragments of POM XIII are also possible.

When the index x is equal to 0, y is preferably equal to 6-a, the index a being equal to an integer from 1 to 5 and the index b being 19.

If the variable A is silicon or germanium, the index x is 2, the index y is 18, the index a is 6, and the index b is 77.

If the variable A is P, the index x is 2 or 4, the index y is 12, 15, 17 or 30, the index a is 1, 3 or 6 and the index b is 62 or 123.

The isomers of POM can also be used. The Keggin structure has five isomers, the alpha, beta, gamma, delta, and epsilon structure. Furthermore, defect structures or lacunar structures as well as partial structures come into consideration.

The anions I to XIII are preferably used in the form of salts with cations which are approved for cleaning and personal care and pharmaceutical use.

• - einwertige Kationen wie Wasserstoff-, Lithium-, Natrium-, Kalium-, Rubidium-, Cäsium-, Kupfer(I)- und Silberionen;
• - zweiwertige Kationen wie Magnesium-, Calcium-, Strontium-, Barium-, Kupfer (II)-, Eisen (II)-, Nickel-, Kobalt-, Zinn (II) und Zinkionen;
• - dreiwertige Kationen wie Aluminium-, Eisen (III)-, Lanthanoid- und Actinoidionen;
• - vierwertige Kationen wie Blei (IV)-Kationen;
• - Mono-, Di-, Tri- oder Tetra-(C₁-C₂₀-alkylammonium) wie Pentadecyldimethylferrocenylmethylammonium, Undecyldimethylferrocenylmethylammonium, Hexadecyltrimethylammonium, Octadecyltrimethylammonium, Didodecyldimethylammonium, Ditetradecyldimethylammonium, Dihexadecyl-dimethylammonium, Dioctadecyldimethylammonium, Dioctadecylviologen, Trioctadecylmethylammonium und Tetrabutylammonium;
• - Mono-, Di-, Tri- oder Tetra-(C₁-C₂₀-alkanolammonium) wie Ethanolammonium Diethanolammonium und Triethanolammonium; und
• - Monokationen natürlich vorkommender Aminosäuren wie Histidinium (HISH⁺), Argininium (ARGH⁺) oder Lysinium (LYSH⁺) oder Oligo- oder Polypeptide mit einem oder mehreren protonierten basischen Aminosäurerest(en).

Examples of suitable cations are

• - monovalent cations such as hydrogen, lithium, sodium, potassium, rubidium, cesium, copper (I) and silver ions;
• - divalent cations such as magnesium, calcium, strontium, barium, copper (II), iron (II), nickel, cobalt, tin (II) and zinc ions;
• - trivalent cations such as aluminum, iron (III), lanthanoid and actinide ions;
• - tetravalent cations such as lead (IV) cations;
• - mono-, di-, tri- or tetra- (C ₁ -C ₂₀ alkylammonium) as Pentadecyldimethylferrocenylmethylammonium, Undecyldimethylferrocenylmethylammonium, hexadecyltrimethylammonium, octadecyltrimethylammonium, didodecyldimethylammonium, Ditetradecyldimethylammonium, dihexadecyl dimethylammonium, Dioctadecyldimethylammonium, Dioctadecylviologen, Trioctadecylmethylammonium and tetrabutylammonium;
• - Mono-, di-, tri- or tetra- (C ₁ -C ₂₀ -alkanolammonium) such as ethanolammonium, diethanolammonium and triethanolammonium; and
• - Monocations of naturally occurring amino acids such as Histidinium (HISH ⁺ ), Argininium (ARGH ⁺ ) or Lysinium (LYSH ⁺ ) or oligo- or polypeptides with one or more protonated basic amino acid residues.

[See. e.g. US 6,020,369, column 3, line 6, to column 4, line 29]

There are also natural, modified natural and synthetic cationic oligomers and polymers, i.e. oligomers and polymers which have primary, secondary, tertiary and quaternary ammonium groups, primary, secondary and tertiary sulfonium groups and / or primary, secondary and tertiary phosphonium groups. Synthetic oligomers and polymers are customary and known and are used, for example, in electrodeposition paints. Examples of natural cationic oligomers and polymers are polyaminoaccharides such as polyglucosamines such as chitin, N-acetylglycosides and in particular chitosan.

The chain length and the molecular weight of the chitosan can be varied very widely. Chitosans with short and long chain lengths and / or low and high molecular weight can thus be used. They can be connected to the POM by chemical crosslinking, entanglement with the polymeric chains and / or by covalent and / or ionic bonds, by hydrogen bonds and / or by Van der Waals forces and / or London forces.

1. a) vgl. US 6,020,369 , TABLE 1, Spalten 3 bis 10;
2. b) T ierui Zhang, Shaoquin Liu, Dirk G. Kurth und Charl F. J. Faul, »Organized Nanostructured Complexes of Polyoxometalates and Surfactants that Exhibit Photoluminescence and Electrochromism, Advanced Functional Materials, 2009, 19, Seiten 642 bis 652 ;

n Zahl, insbesondere ganze Zahl, von 1 bis 50.Examples of suitable POMs can be found in Table 2. Table 2: Molecular formulas of suitable POM ^a) No. Molecular formula Structural family 1 [(NMP) ₂ H] ₃ PW ₁₂ O ₄₀ 2 [(DMA) ₂ H] ₃ PMo ₁₂ O ₄₀ 3 (NH ₄ ) ₁₇ Na [NaSbgW ₂₁ O ₈₆ ] Inorganic cryptate 4th a- and bH ₅ BW ₁₂ O ₄₀ " 5 a- and bH ₆ ZnW ₁₂ O ₄₀ " 6th a- and bH ₆ P ₂ W ₁₈ O ₆₂ " 7th alpha- (NH ₄ ) ₆ P ₂ W ₁₈ O ₆₂ Wells-Dawson structure 8th K ₁₀ CU ₄ (H ₂ O) ₂ (PW ₉ O ₃₄ ) ₂ .20H ₂ O " 9 K ₁₀ Co ₄ (H ₂ O) ₂ (PW ₉ O ₃₄ ) ₂ .20H ₂ O " 10 Na ₇ PW _n O ₃₉ Na ₇ PW ₁₁ O ₃₉ .20H ₂ O + 2 C ₆ H ₅ P (O) (OH) ₂ " 11 [(n-Butyl) ₄ N] ₄ H ₃ PW ₁₁ O ₃₉ " 12 b-Na ₈ HPW ₉ O ₃₄ " 13 [(n-Butyl) ₄ N] ₃ PMoW ₁₁ O ₃₉ " 14th a - [(n-Butyl) ₄ N] ₄ Mo8O26 " 15th [(n-Butyl) ₄ N] ₂ W ₆ O ₁₉ " 16 [(n-Butyl) ₄ N] ₂ Mo ₆ O ₁₉ " 17th a- (NH ₄ ) _n H ( _4-n ) SiW ₁₂ O ₄₀ " 18th a- (NH ₄ ) _n H ( _5-n ) BW ₁₂ O ₄₀ " 19th aK ₅ BW ₁₂ O ₄₀ " 20th K ₄ W ₄ O ₁₀ (O ₂ ) ₆ " 21st b-Na ₉ HSiW ₉ O ₃₄ " 22nd Na ₆ H ₂ W ₁₂ O ₄₀ 23 (NH ₄ ) ₁₄ [NaPsW ₃₀ O ₁₁₀ ] Preyssler structure 24 a- (NH ₄ ) ₅ BW ₁₂ O ₄₀ " 25th a-Na ₅ BW ₁₂ O ₄₀ " 26th (NH ₄ ) ₄ W ₁₀ O ₃₂ " "27 (Me ₄ N) ₄ W ₁₀ O ₃₂ " 28 (HISH ⁺ ), H ( _5-n ) BW ₁₂ O ₄₀ " 29 (LYSH ⁺ ), H ( _5-n ) BW ₁₂ O ₄₀ " 30th (ARGH ⁺ ), H ( _5-n ) BW ₁₂ O ₄₀ " 31 (HISH ⁺ ) _n H ( _4-n ) SiW ₁₂ O ₄₀ " 32 (LYSH ⁺ ) _n H ( _4-n ) SiW ₁₂ O ₄₀ " 34 (ARGH ⁺ ) _n H ( _4-n ) SiW ₁₂ O ₄₀ " 35 K ₁₂ [EuP ₅ W ₃₀ O ₁₁₀ ] .22H ₂ O ^b) " 36 aK ₈ SiW ₁₁ O ₃₉ " 37 K ₁₀ (H ₂ W ₁₂ O ₄₂ ) " 38 K ₁₂ N ₁₃ (II) (PW ₉ O ₃₄ ) ₂ .nH ₂ O " 39 (NH ₄ ) ₁₀ Co ₄ (II) (PW ₉ O ₃₄ ) ₂ .nH ₂ O " 40 K ₁₂ Pd ₃ (II) (PW ₉ O ₃₄ ) ₂ .nH ₂ O " 41 Na ₁₂ P ₂ W ₁₅ O ₅₆ .18H ₂ O Lacunar (defective) structure 42 Na ₁₆ Cu ₄ (H ₂ O) ₂ (P ₂ W ₁₅ O ₅₆ ) ₂ .nH ₂ O " 43 Na ₁₆ Zn ₄ (H ₂ O) ₂ (P ₂ W ₁₅ O ₅₆ ) ₂ .nH ₂ O " 44 Na ₁₆ Co ₄ (H ₂ O) ₂ (P ₂ W ₁₅ O ₅₆ ) ₂ .nH ₂ O " 45 Na ₁₆ N ₁₄ (H ₂ O) ₂ (P ₂ W ₁₅ O ₅₆ ) ₂ .nH ₂ O Wells-Dawson sandwich structure 46 Na ₁₆ Mn ₄ (H ₂ O) ₂ (P ₂ W ₁₅ O ₅₆ ) ₂ .nH ₂ O " 47 Na ₁₆ Fe ₄ (H ₂ O) ₂ (P ₂ W ₁₅ O ₅₆ ) ₂ .nH ₂ O " 48 K ₁₀ Zn ₄ (H ₂ O) ₂ (PW ₉ O ₃₄ ) ₂ .20H ₂ O Keggin sandwich structure 49 K ₁₀ Ni ₄ (H ₂ O) ₂ (PW ₉ O ₃₄ ) ₂ .nH ₂ O " 50 K ₁₀ Mn ₄ (H ₂ O) ₂ (PW ₉ O ₃₄ ) ₂ .nH ₂ O " 51 K ₁₀ Fe ₄ (H ₂ O) ₂ (PW ₉ O ₃₄ ) ₂ .nH ₂ O " 52 K _l2 CU ₃ (PW ₉ O ₃₄ ) ₂ .nH ₂ O " 53 K ₁₂ (CoH ₂ O) ₃ (PW ₉ O ₃₄ ) ₂ .nH ₂ O " 54 K ₁₂ Zn ₃ (PN ₉ O ₃₄ ) ₂ .15H ₂ O " 55 K ₁₂ Mn ₃ (PW ₉ O ₃₄ ) ₂ .15H ₂ O " 56 K ₁₂ Fe ₃ (PW ₉ O ₃₄ ) ₂ .25H ₂ O " 57 (ARGH ⁺ ) ₁₀ (NH ₄ ) ₇ Na [NaSb ₉ W ₂₁ O ₈₆ ] " 58 (ARGH ⁺ ) ₅ HW ₁₁ O ₃₉ 17H ₂ O " 59 K ₇ Ti ₂ W ₁₀ O ₄₀ " 60 [(CH ₃ ) ₄ N] ₇ Ti ₂ W ₁₀ O ₄₀ " 61 Cs ₇ Ti ₂ W ₁₀ O ₄₀ " 62 [HISH ⁺ ] ₇ Ti ₂ W ₁₀ O ₄₀ " 63 [LYSH ⁺ ] _n Na _7-n PTi ₂ W ₁₀ O ₄₀ " 64 [ARGH ⁺ ] _n Na ₇ -n PTi ₂ W ₁₀ O ₄₀ " 65 [n-ButylN ⁺ ] ₃ H ₃ V ₁₀ O ₂₈ " 66 K ₇ HNb ₆ O ₁₉ .13H2O " 67 [(CH ₃ ) ₄ N ⁺ ] ₄ SiW ₁₁ O ₃₉ -O [SiCH ₂ CH ₂ C (O) OCH ₃ ] ₂ Organically modified structure 68 [(CH ₃ ) ₄ N ⁺ ] ₄ PW ₁₁ O ₃₉ - (SiCH ₂ CH ₂ CH ₂ CN) " 69 [(CH ₃ ) ₄ N ⁺ ] ₄ PW ₁₁ O ₃₉ - (SiCH ₂ CH ₂ CH ₂ Cl) " 70 [(CH ₃ ) ₄ N ⁺ ] ₄ PW ₁₁ O ₃₉ - (SiCH ₂ = CH ₂ ) " 71 Cs ₄ [SiW11O ₃₉ - (SiCH ₂ CH ₂ C (O) OCH ₃ ) ₂ ] ₄ " 72 Cs ₄ [SiW11O ₃₉ - (SiCH ₂ CH ₂ CH ₂ CN)] ₄ " 73 Cs ₄ [SiW11O ₃₉ - (SiCH ₂ CH ₂ CH ₂ Cl) ₂ ] ₄ " 74 Cs ₄ [SiW11O ₃₉ - (SiCH ₂ = CH ₂ )] ₄ " 75 [(CH ₃ ) ₄ N +] ₄ SiW ₁₁ O ₃₉ -O- (SiCH ₂ CH ₂ CH ₂ Cl) ₂ " 76 [(CH ₃ ) ₄ N +] ₄ SiW ₁₁ O ₃₉ -O (SiCH ₂ CH ₂ CH ₂ CN) ₂ " 77 [(CH ₃ ) ₄ N ⁺ ] ₄ SiW ₁₁ O ₃₉ -O (SiCH ₂ = CH ₂ ) ₂ " 78 [(CH ₃ ) ₄ N ⁺ ] ₄ SiW ₁₁ O ₃₉ -O [SiC (CH ₃ )] ₂ " 79 [(CH ₃ ) ₄ N ⁺ ] ₄ SiW ₁₁ O ₃₉ -O [SiCH ₂ CH (CH ₃ )] ₂ " 80 [(CH ₃ ) ₄ N +] ₄ SiW ₁₁ O ₃₉ -O [SiCH ₂ CH ₂ C (O) OCH ₃ ] ₂ " 81 K ₅ Mn (II) PW ₁₁ O ₃₉ .nH ₂ O Structure substituted with transition metals 82 K ₈ Mn (II) P ₂ W ₁₇ O ₆₁ .nH ₂ O " 83 K ₆ Mn (II) SiW ₁₁ O ₃₉ .nH ₂ O " 84 K ₅ PW ₁₁ O ₃₉ [Si (CH ₃ ) _2] ^. nH ₂ O " 85 K ₃ PW ₁₁ O ₄₁ (PC ₆ H ₅ ) ₂ .nH ₂ O " 86 Na ₃ PW ₁₁ O ₄₁ (PC ₆ H ₅ ) ₂ .nH ₂ O " 87 K ₅ PTiW ₁₁ O ₄₀ " 88 CS ₅ PTiW ₁₁ O ₃₉ " 89 K ₆ SiW ₁₁ O ₃₉ [Si (CH ₃ ) ₂ ] .nH ₂ O " 90 KSiW ₁₁ O ₃₉ [Si (C ₆ H ₅ ) (tert-C ₄ H ₉ )]. NH ₂ O " 91 K ₆ SiW ₁₁ O ₃₉ [Si (C ₆ H ₅ ) ₂ ] .nH ₂ O " 92 K ₇ SiW ₉ Nb ₃ O ₄₀ .nH ₂ O " 93 Cs ₇ SiW ₉ Nb ₃ O ₄₀ .nH ₂ O " 94 Cs ₈ Si ₂ W ₁₈ Nb ₆ O ₇₇ .nH ₂ O " 95 [(CH ₃ ) ₃ NH ⁺ ] ₇ SiW ₉ Nb ₃ O ₄₀ .nH ₂ O Substituted Keggin structure 96 (CN ₃ H _e ) ₇ SiW ₉ Nb ₃ O ₄₀ .nH ₂ O " 97 (CN ₃ H ₆ ) ₈ Si ₂ W ₁₈ Nb ₆ O ₇₇ .nH ₂ O " 98 Rb ₇ SiW ₉ Nb ₃ O ₄₀ .nH ₂ O " 99 Rb ₈ Si ₂ W ₁₈ Nb ₆ O ₇₇ .nH ₂ O " 100 K ₈ Si ₂ W ₁₈ Nb ₆ O ₇₇ .nH ₂ O " 101 K ₆ P ₂ Mo ₁₈ O ₆₂ .nH ₂ O " 102 (C ₅ H ₅ N) ₇ HSi ₂ W ₁₈ Nb ₆ O ₇₇ .nH ₂ O " 103 (C ₅ H ₅ N) ₇ SiW ₉ Nb ₃ O ₄₀ .nH ₂ O " 104 (ARGH ⁺ ) ₈ SiW ₁₈ Nb ₆ O ₇₇ .18H ₂ O " 105 (LYSH ⁺ ) ₇ KSiW ₁₈ Nb ₆ O ₇₇ .18H ₂ O " 106 (HISH ⁺ ) ₆ K ₂ SiW ₁₈ Nb ₆ O ₇₇ .18H ₂ O " 107 [(CH ₃ ) ₄ N ⁺ ] ₄ SiW ₁₁ O ₃₉ -O (SiCH ₂ CH ₃ ) ₂ " 108 [(CH ₃ ) ₄ N ⁺ ] ₄ SiW ₁₁ O ₃₉ -O (SiCH ₃ ) ₂ " 109 [(CH ₃ ) ₄ N ⁺ ] ₄ SiW ₁₁ O ₃₉ -O (SiC ₁₆ H ₃₃ ) ₂ " 110 Li ₉ P ₂ V ₃ (CH ₃ ) ₃ W ₁₂ O ₆₂ " 111 Li ₇ HSi ₂ W ₁₈ Nb ₆ O ₇₇ " 112 Cs ₉ P ₂ V ₃ CH ₃ W ₁₂ O ₆₂ " 113 Cs ₁₂ P ₂ V ₃ W ₁₂ O ₆₂ " 114 K ₄ H ₂ PV ₄ W ₈ O ₄₀ " 115 Na ₁₂ P ₄ W ₁₄ O ₅₈ " 116 Na ₁₄ H ₆ P ₆ W ₁₈ O ₇₉ " 117 aK ₅ (NbO ₂ ) SiW ₁₁ O ₃₉ " 118 aO ₂ ) SiW ₁₁ O ₃₉ " 119 [(CH ₃ ) ₃ NH ⁺ ) ₅ NbSiW ₁₁ O ₄₀ " 120 [(CH ₃ ) ₃ NH ⁺ ] ₅ TaSiW ₁₁ O ₄₀ " 121 K ₆ Nb ₃ PW ₉ O ₄₀ Peroxo-Keggin structure 122 [(CH ₃ ) ₃ NH ⁺ ] ₅ (NbO ₂ ) SiW ₁₁ O ₃₉ " 123 [(CH ₃ ) ₃ NH ⁺ ] ₅ (TaO ₂ ) SiW ₁₁ O ₃₉ " 124 K ₄ (NbO ₂ ) PW ₁₁ O ₃₉ " 125 K ₇ (NbO ₂ ) P ₂ W ₁₂ O ₆₁ " 126 [(CH ₃ ) ₃ NH ⁺ ] ₇ (NbO ₂ ) ₃ SiW ₉ O ₃₇ " 127 Cs ₇ (NbO ₂ ) ₃ SiW ₉ O ₃₇ " 128 K ₆ (NbO ₂ ) ₃ PW ₉ O ₃₇ " 129 Na ₁₀ (H ₂ W ₁₂ O ₄₂ ) " 130 K ₄ NbPW ₁₁ O ₄₀ " 131 [(CH ₃ ) ₃ NH ₊ ] ₄ NbPW ₁₁ O ₄₀ " 132 K ₅ NbSiW ₁₁ O ₄₀ " 133 K ₅ TaSiW ₁₁ O ₄₀ " 134 K ₇ NbP ₂ W ₁₇ O ₆₂ Wells-Dawson structure 135 K ₇ (TiO ₂ ) ₂ PW ₁₀ O ₃₈ " 136 K ₇ (TaO ₂ ) ₃ SiW ₉ O ₃₇ " 137 K ₇ Ta ₃ SiW ₉ O ₄₀ " 138 K ₆ (TaO ₂ ) ₃ PW ₉ O ₃₇ " 139 K ₆ Ta ₃ PW ₉ O ₄₀ " 140 K ₈ CO ₂ W ₁₁ O ₃₉ " 141 H ₂ [(CH ₃ ) ₄ N ⁺ ] 4 (C ₂ H ₅ Si) ₂ CoW ₁₁ O ₄₀ " 142 H _{2 [} (CH ₃ ) ₄ N ⁺ ] ₄ (iso-C ₄ H ₉ Si) ₂ CoW ₁₁ O ₄₀ " 143 K ₉ Nb ₃ P ₂ W ₁₅ O ₆₂ " 144 K ₉ (NbO ₂ ) ₃ P ₂ W ₁₅ O ₅₉ " 145 K ₁₂ (NbO ₂ ) ₆ P ₂ W ₁₂ O ₅₆ Wells-Dawson peroxo structure 146 K ₁₂ Nb ₆ P ₂ W ₁₂ O ₆₂ Wells-Dawson structure ff. 147 a ₂ -K ₁₀ P ₂ W ₁₇ O ₆₁ " 148 K ₆ Fe (III) Nb ₃ P ₂ W ₁₅ O ₆₂ " 149 K ₇ Zn (II) Nb ₃ P ₂ W ₁₅ O ₆₂ " 150 (NH ₄ ) ₆ (aP ₂ W ₁₈ O ₆₂ ) .nH ₂ O " 151 K ₁₂ [H ₂ P ₂ W ₁₂ O ₄₈ ] .24H ₂ O " 152 K ₂ Na ₁₅ H ₅ [PtMo ₆ O ₂₄ ] .8H ₂ O " 153 K ₈ [a ₂ -P ₂ W ₁₇ MoO ₆₂ ] .nH ₂ O " 154 KHP ₂ V ₃ W ₁₅ O ₆₂ .34H ₂ O " 155 K ₆ [P ₂ W ₁₂ Nb ₆ O ₆₂ ] .24H ₂ O " 156 Na ₆ [V ₁₀ O ₂₈ ] .H ₂ O " 157 (Guanidinium) ₈ H [PV ₄ O ₆₂ ] .3H ₂ O " 158 K8H [PV14O62] " 159 Na ₇ [MnV ₁₃ O ₃₈ ] .18H ₂ O " 160 K ₆ [BW ₁₁ O ₃₉ Ga (OH) ₂ ] .13H ₂ O " 161 K ₇ H [Nb ₆ O ₁₉ ] .13H ₂ O " 162 [(CH ₃ ) ₄ N ⁺ / Na ⁺ / K ⁺ ] ₄ [Nb ₂ W ₄ O ₁₉ ] " 163 [(CH ₃ ) ₄ N ⁺ ] ₉ [P ₂ W ₁₅ Nb ₃ O ₆₂ ] " 164 [(CH ₃ ) ₄ N ⁺ ] ₁₅ [HP ₄ W ₃₀ Nb ₆ O ₁₂₃ ] .16H ₂ O " 165 [Na / K] ₆ [Nb ₄ W ₂ O ₁₉ ] " 166 [(CH ₃ ) ₄ N ⁺ / Na ⁺ / K ⁺ ] 5 [ _Nb3W3O19] .6H ₂ O " 167 K ₅ [CpTiSiW ₁₁ O ₃₉ ] .12H ₂ O " 169 b ₂ -K ₈ [SiW ₁₁ O ₃₉ ] .14H ₂ O " 170 aK ₈ [SiW ₁₀ O ₃₆ ] .12H ₂ O " 171 Cs ₇ Na ₂ [PW ₁₀ O ₃₇ ] .8H ₂ O " 172 Cs ₆ [P ₂ W ₆ O ₂₃ ]. 7.5H ₂ O " 173 g-Cs ₇ [PW ₁₀ O ₃₆ ] .7H ₂ O " 174 K ₅ [SiNbW ₁₁ O ₄₀ ] .7H ₂ O " 175 K ₄ [PNbW ₁₁ O ₄₀ ] .12H ₂ O " 176 Na ₆ [Nb ₄ W ₂ O ₁₉ ] .13H ₂ O " 177 K ₆ [Nb ₄ W ₂ O ₁₉ ] .7H ₂ O " 180 K ₄ [V ₂ W ₄ O ₁₉ ] .3.5H ₂ O " 181 Na ₅ [V ₃ W ₃ O ₁₉ ] .12H ₂ O " 182 K ₆ [PV ₃ W ₉ O ₄₀ ] .14H ₂ O " 183 Na ₉ [Ab-GeW ₉ O ₃₄ ] .8H ₂ O " 184 Na ₁₀ [Aa GeW ₉ O _34] .9H ₂ O " 185 K ₇ [BV ₂ W ₁₀ O ₄₀ ] .6H ₂ O " 186 Na ₅ [CH ₃ Sn (Nb ₆ O ₁₉ )]. 10H ₂ O " 187 Na ₈ [Pt (P (m-SO ₃ C ₆ H ₅ ) ₃ ) ₃ Cl] .3H ₂ O " 188 [(CH ₃ ) ₃ NH ⁺ ] ₁₀ (H) [Si (H) ₃ W ₁₈ O ₆₈ ]. 10H ₂ O " 189 K ₇ [Aa-GeNb ₃ W ₉ O ₄₀ ] .18H ₂ O " 190 K ₇ [Ab-SiNb ₃ W ₉ O ₄₀ ] .20H ₂ O " Need [(CH ₃ ) ₃ NH ⁺ ] ₉ [Aa-HGe ₂ Nb ₆ W ₁₈ O ₇₈ " 191 192 K ₇ (H) [Aa-Ge ₂ Nb ₆ W ₁₈ O ₇₇ ] .18H ₂ O " 193 K ₈ [Ab-Si ₂ Nb ₆ W ₁₈ O ₇₇ ] " 194 [(CH ₃ ) ₃ NH ⁺ ] ₈ [AB-Si ₂ Nb ₆ W ₁₈ O ₇₇ ] "

1. a) cf. U.S. 6,020,369 , TABLE 1, columns 3 to 10;
2. b) T ierui Zhang, Shaoquin Liu, Dirk G. Kurth and Charl FJ Faul, “Organized Nanostructured Complexes of Polyoxometalates and Surfactants that Exhibit Photoluminescence and Electrochromism, Advanced Functional Materials, 2009, 19, pages 642 to 652 ;

n Number, in particular an integer, from 1 to 50.

Further examples of suitable POM are from the American patent US 7,097,858 B2 , Column 14, line 56, to column 17, line 19, and from TABLE 8a, column 22, line 41, to column 23, line 28, compounds number 1-53, and TABLE 8b, column 23, line 30, to column 25, line 34, compounds number 1 to 150, are known.

Further preferred POMs are those of JTRhule, CL Hill and DA Judd in the article "Polyoxometalates in Medicine" in Chemical Reviews, Volume 98, pages 327 to 357, in Table 1 "In Vitro Antiviral Activities of Polyoxometalates", pages 332 to 347, and in Table 2 "In Vivo Activities of Polyoxometalates ", page 351 , listed polyoxometalates that have been tested for their antiviral activity.

POMs with a Keggin structure, double Keggin structure and Wells-Dawson structure are preferably used.

• - Ammoniumheptamolybdat-Tetrahydrat {(NH₄)eMo₇O₂₄] · 4H₂O, CAS-Nr.13106-76-8 (wasserfrei), CAS-Nr. 12054-85-2 (Tetrahydrat), AHMT},
• - Wolframatophosphorsäure-Hydrat {H₃[P(W₃O₁₀)₄] · xH₂O, CAS-Nr. 1343-93-7 (wasserfrei), CAS-Nr. 12067-99-1 (Hydrat), Wo-Pho},
• - Molybdatophosphorsäure-Hydrat, {H₃P(MO₃O₁₀)₄] · xH2O, CAS-Nr.:12026-57-2 (wasserfrei), CAS-Nr. 51429-74-4 (Hydrat), Mo-Pho} und/oder
• - Wolframatokieselsäure {H₄[Si(W₃O₁₀)₄] · xH₂O, CAS-Nr. 12027-43-9, CAS-Nr. WKS}

und/oder ihre Salze verwendet.Are very particularly preferred

• - Ammonium heptamolybdate tetrahydrate {(NH ₄ ) eMo ₇ O ₂₄ ] · 4H ₂ O, CAS-No. 13106-76-8 (anhydrous), CAS-No. 12054-85-2 (tetrahydrate), AHMT},
• - Tungstophosphoric acid hydrate {H ₃ [P (W ₃ O ₁₀ ) ₄ ] · xH ₂ O, CAS no. 1343-93-7 (anhydrous), CAS No. 12067-99-1 (hydrate), Wo-Pho},
• - Molybdophosphoric acid hydrate, {H ₃ P (MO ₃ O ₁₀ ) ₄ ] · xH2O, CAS no .: 12026-57-2 (anhydrous), CAS no. 51429-74-4 (hydrate), Mo-Pho} and / or
• - Tungstosilicic acid {H ₄ [Si (W ₃ O ₁₀ ) ₄ ] · xH ₂ O, CAS no. 12027-43-9, CAS No. WKS}

and / or their salts are used.

In a particularly preferred embodiment, a POM-chitosan composite is used.

The POM microparticles described above are unchanged, oxygen-replaced, functionalized, aggregated, and / or agglomerated. For example, they can be functionalized and agglomerated. But they can also not be functionalized and aggregated.

The POM microparticles to be used according to the invention can be produced with the aid of customary and known wet-chemical processes such as, for example, precipitation processes. But it is also possible to dissolve the POM in water and spray the resulting solution against a stream of warm air. It is also possible to evaporate the solution in vacuo, irradiating it with IR radiation. It is also possible to apply POM solutions, especially aqueous solutions, to cold surfaces, such as frozen, smooth metal surfaces, dry ice, frozen organic solvents and liquefied gases such as methane, ethane, propane, butane, methylcyclohexane or gasoline, liquid nitrogen or liquid helium and to evaporate the dry ice or the liquid substances.

Other suitable bactericides and / or virucides are ionic liquids. They consist exclusively of ions (cations and anions). They can consist of organic cations and organic or inorganic anions or of inorganic cations and organic anions.

In principle, ionic liquids are molten salts with a low melting point. Not only those which are liquid at ambient temperature, but also all salt compounds which melt preferably below 150.degree. C., preferably below 130.degree. C. and in particular below 100.degree. In contrast to conventional inorganic salts such as common salt (melting point 808 ° C), the lattice energy and symmetry of ionic liquids are reduced by charge delocalization, which can lead to solidification points down to -80 ° C and below. Due to the numerous possible combinations of anions and cations, ionic liquids with very different properties can be produced (see also Römpp Online 2007, »ionic liquids«).

All cations such as are usually used in ionic liquids can be used as organic cations. They are preferably non-cyclic or heterocyclic onium compounds.

Preference is given to non-cyclic and heterocyclic onium compounds from the group consisting of quaternary ammonium, oxonium, sulfonium and phosphonium cations as well as uronium, thiouronium and guanidinium cations in which the single positive charge is delocalized over several heteroatoms, used.

Quaternary ammonium cations are particularly preferred and heterocyclic quaternary ammonium cations are very particularly preferred.

In particular, the heterocyclic quaternary ammonium cations from the group consisting of pyrrolium, imidazolium, 1H-pyrazolium, 3H-pyrazolium, 4H-pyrazolium, 1-pyrazolinium, 2-pyrazolinium, 3-pyrazolinium, 2,3-dihydro-imidazolinium, 4,5-dihydro-imidazolinium, 2,5-dihydro-imidazolinium, pyrrolidinium, 1,2,4-triazolium (quaternary nitrogen atom in 1-position), 1,2 , 4-triazolium (quaternary nitrogen atom in 4-position), 1,2,3-triazolium (quaternary nitrogen atom in 1-position), 1,2,3-triazolium (quaternary nitrogen atom in 4-position), oxazolium , Isooxazolium, thiazolium, isothiazolium, pyridinium, pyridazinium, pyrimidinium, piperidinium, morpholinium, pyrazinium, indolium, quinolinium, isoquinolinium, quinoxalinium and indolinium cations.

• - DE 10 2005 055 815 A , Seite 6, Absatz [0033], bis Seite 15, Absatz [0074],
• - DE 10 2005 035 103 A1 , Seite 3, Absatz [0014], bis Seite 10, Absatz [0051], und
• - DE 103 25 050 A1 , der die Seiten 2 und 3 übergreifende Absatz [0006] in Verbindung mit Seite 3, Absatz [0011], bis Seite 5, Absatz [0020],
• - WO 03/029329 A2 , Seite 4, letzter Absatz, bis Seite 8, zweiter Absatz,
• - WO 2004/052340 A1 , Seite 8, erster Absatz, bis Seite 10, erster Absatz,
• - WO 2004/084627 A2 , Seite 14, zweiter Absatz, bis Seite 16, erster Absatz, und Seite 17, erster Absatz, bis Seite 19, zweiter Absatz,
• - WO 2005/017252 A1 , Seite 11, Zeile 20, bis Seite 12, Zeile 19,
• - WO 2005/017001 A1 , Seite 7, letzter Absatz, bis Seite 9, viertletzter Absatz,
• - WO 2005/023873 A1 , Seite 9, Zeile 7, bis Seite 10, Zeile 20,
• - WO 2006/116126 A2 , Seite 4, Zeile 1, bis Seite 5, Zeile 24,
• - WO 2007/057253 A2 , Seite 4, Zeile 24, bis Seite 18, Zeile 38,
• - WO 2007/085624 A1 , Seite 14, Zeile 27, bis Seite 18, Zeile 11, und
• - US 2007/0006774 A1 Seite 17, Absatz [0157], bis Seite 19, Absatz [0167],

im Detail beschrieben werden. Auf die aufgeführten Passagen der Patentanmeldungen wird zu Zwecken der näheren Erläuterung der vorliegenden Erfindung ausdrücklich Bezug genommen.The organic cations described above are known species, for example in the German and international patent applications and in the American patent application

• - DE 10 2005 055 815 A , Page 6, paragraph [0033], to page 15, paragraph [0074],
• - DE 10 2005 035 103 A1 , Page 3, paragraph [0014], to page 10, paragraph [0051], and
• - DE 103 25 050 A1 , the paragraph [0006] covering pages 2 and 3 in connection with page 3, paragraph [0011], to page 5, paragraph [0020],
• - WO 03/029329 A2 , Page 4, last paragraph, to page 8, second paragraph,
• - WO 2004/052340 A1 , Page 8, first paragraph, to page 10, first paragraph,
• - WO 2004/084627 A2 , Page 14, second paragraph, to page 16, first paragraph, and page 17, first paragraph, to page 19, second paragraph,
• - WO 2005/017252 A1 , Page 11, line 20, to page 12, line 19,
• - WO 2005/017001 A1 , Page 7, last paragraph, to page 9, fourth from last paragraph,
• - WO 2005/023873 A1 , Page 9, line 7, to page 10, line 20,
• - WO 2006/116126 A2 , Page 4, line 1, to page 5, line 24,
• - WO 2007/057253 A2 , Page 4, line 24, to page 18, line 38,
• - WO 2007/085624 A1 , Page 14, line 27, to page 18, line 11, and
• - US 2007/0006774 A1 Page 17, paragraph [0157], to page 19, paragraph [0167],

will be described in detail. Reference is expressly made to the passages of the patent applications listed for the purpose of a more detailed explanation of the present invention.

Of the organic cations described above, mainly imidazolium cations, in particular the 1-ethyl-3-methylimidazolium cation (EMIM) or the 1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium cation (BMIM), in which the quaternary nitrogen is in each case in 1 Position is used.

All cations which do not form any crystalline salts with the organic anions of the ionic liquids (C), the melting point of which is above 150 ° C., come into consideration as inorganic cations. Examples of suitable inorganic cations are the cations of the lanthanides.

In principle, all anions that do not form crystalline salts with the organic cations of the ionic liquids (C), whose melting point is above 150 ° C, and which also do not have any undesired interactions with the organic cations, such as chemical reactions, are considered as inorganic anions. enter.

The inorganic anions are preferably selected from the group consisting of halide, pseudohalide, sulfide, halometallate, cyanometallate, carbonylmetalate, haloborate, halophosphate, haloarsenate and haloantimonate anions and the anions of the oxygen acids of the halides, sulfur, of nitrogen, phosphorus, carbon, silicon, boron and transition metals.

Preferred halide anions are fluoride, chloride, bromide and / or iodide ions, pseudohalide anions are cyanide, cyanate, thiocyanate, isothiocyanate and / or azide anions, and sulfide anions are sulfide, hydrogen sulfide, polysulfide and / or hydrogen polysulfide anions, as halometallate anions, chlorine and / or bromoaluminates and / or ferrates, as cyanometallate anions, hexacyanoferrate (II) and / or (III) anions, as carbonylmetalate anions, tetracarbonylferrate anions, as haloborate anions, tetrachloro and / or tetrafluoroborosene phosphate anions, as and haloantimonate anions hexafluorophosphate, hexafluoroarsenate, hexachlorantimonate and / or hexafluoroantimonate anions as well as anions of the oxo acids of the halides, sulfur, nitrogen, phosphorus, carbon, silicon, boron and the transition metals chlorate, perchlorate, bromate , iodate, sulfate, hydrogen sulfate, sulfite, hydrogen sulfite, thiosulfate, nitrite, nitrate, phosphinate, pho sphonate, phosphate, hydrogen phosphate, dihydrogen phosphate, carbonate, hydrogen carbonate, glyoxylate, oxalate, deltaat, square, croconate, rhodizonate, silicate, borate, chromate, peroxometallate and / or Permanganate anions are used.

The POM anions listed above are particularly preferably used.

In the same way, all anions come into consideration as organic anions which do not form crystalline salts with the organic or inorganic cations of the ionic liquids, whose melting point is above 150 ° C., and which also do not have any undesirable interactions with the organic or inorganic cations how chemical reactions enter into.

The organic anions of aliphatic, cycloaliphatic and aromatic acids are preferably derived from the group consisting of carboxylic acids, sulfonic acids, acidic sulfate esters, phosphonic acids, phosphinic acids, acidic phosphate esters, hypodiphosphinic acids, hypodiphosphonic acids, hypodiphosphonic acids, acid boric acid esters, silicic acid esters and acidic or they are selected from the group consisting of aliphatic, cycloaliphatic and aromatic thiolate, alcoholate, phenolate, methide, bis (carbonyl) imide, bis (sulfonyl) imide and carbonylsulfonylimide anions.

• - WO 2005/017252 A1 , Seite 7, Seite 14, bis Seite 11, Seite 6, und
• - WO 2007/057235 A2 , Seite 19, Zeile 5, bis Seite 23, Seite 23,

bekannt.Examples of suitable inorganic and organic anions are from the international patent applications

• - WO 2005/017252 A1 , Page 7, page 14, to page 11, page 6, and
• - WO 2007/057235 A2 , Page 19, line 5, to page 23, page 23,

known.

In particular, 1-ethyl-3-methylimidazolium acetate (EMIM Ac) and tetra- (1-ethyl-3-methylimidazolium) tungstosilicate are used as ionic liquid.

The particulate, inorganic, bactericidal and / or biocidal materials used are preferably materials which are only sparingly soluble in water, so that the materials are not attacked by aerosols. In addition, they should not be highly toxic or carcinogenic for humans or animals and should be safe to handle and dispose of.

Examples of suitable particulate, inorganic, bactericidal and / or biocidal materials are boric acid, boron oxide, disodium octaborate tetrahydrate, disodium tetraborate pentahydrate, disodium tetraborate decahydrate, copper hydroxide, basic copper carbonate, granulated copper, copper flakes, silver, calcium hydroxide, calcium hydroxide, silver calcium carbonate, copper oxide, copper chloride, silver , Calcium magnesium oxide tetrahydrate, calcium magnesium oxide and / or titanium dioxide.

The bactericidal and / or virucidal coatings on the carrier materials described above and containing the biocides described above are preferably produced from liquid or powdery coating materials. Coating materials based on water or organic solvents are used. The liquid coating materials can contain substances dissolved in molecularly disperse form or they can preferably be dispersions.

The powdery coating materials are applied using customary and known processes such as electrostatic spraying, fluidized bed coating and coil coating processes and subsequent melting. It is advantageous if the substrates are thermally stable so that they are not damaged by the heating. Another advantage of powder coating is that the solid biocides and / or virucides described above can be sprayed at the same time as the powders. As a result, the microparticles are concentrated on the surface of the powder coating, where they stick firmly to the hardening coating and are thus available for the elimination of bacteria and viruses.

The liquid coating agents or coating materials can be applied using customary and known coating processes such as dipping processes, spraying processes, in particular compressed air spraying, air-free spraying, air-mix spraying, brushing, hot spraying, curtain casting, knife coating, two-component coating, electrostatic spraying, electrostatically assisted spraying, roller application, wiping, pouring , Skewing, strip coating, centrifugation and drum coating can be applied.

The solid biocides described above can be dispersed as solid microparticles in the liquid coating materials. However, it is advantageous if some or all of the microparticles are applied to the coated carrier materials before the liquid coating materials harden. This creates easily accessible virucidal and / or bactericidal centers that can also serve as spacers and thus prevent the coated carrier materials from sticking together.

In the case of thermoplastic powder coating materials, the applied coating materials are physically cured. That is, they solidify on cooling.

Depending on which reactive functional groups are present in the coating materials, the latter are cured thermally or by radical polymerization, which is set in motion by actinic radiation or by radical initiators. However, both mechanisms can also be combined in one coating material. One then speaks of a “dual cure”. Table 3 gives an overview of suitable functional groups for the crosslinking reactions. Table 3: Examples of complementary reactive functional groups for thermal curing and radiation curing binder and Crosslinking agents or Crosslinking agents and binder -SH -C (O) -OH -OH -C (O) -OC (O) - -NH-C (O) -OR ¹ -CH ₂ -OH -CH ₂ -O-CH ₃ -NH-C (O) -CH (-C (O) OR ¹ ) ₂ -NH-C (O) -CH (-C (O) OR ¹ ) (- C (O) -R ¹ ) > Si (OR ¹ ) ₂ -C (O) -OH O -CH-CH ₂ -OC (O) -CR ⁵ = CH ₂ -OH -O-CR = CH ₂ -C (O) -CH ₂ -C (O) -R ¹ -O-CR = CH ₂ -CH = CH ₂ -CR = CH ₂ -CH = CH ₂

In a preferred method for coating the above-described, particulate, inorganic, inert carrier materials, a system is used which includes automatic feeding of the particulate carrier materials onto an endless belt with a vibrating section, which is guided over at least two transport rollers. The particulate carrier materials supplied are vibrated and, in a first station, sprayed with at least one of the liquid coating materials described below. The shaking ensures that the carrier materials are coated as evenly as possible. Before the coating materials are cured, they are sprayed with microparticles of at least one type of biocide while shaking them in a second station, so that the microparticles are evenly distributed on and in the coating materials and stick. In a third station, the coating materials are cured thermally in a continuous oven, with IR emitters and / or UV radiation, also with shaking, so that the biocidal coating is formed on the carrier materials. The shaking prevents the particles from sticking together and the cured coating materials from not forming firmly adhering films on the endless belt. If this happens to a certain extent, the particles are separated in a third station and then discharged into a storage vessel. The residues of cured coating materials adhering to the endless belt are scraped off with doctor blades after the endless belt has been deflected.

The coating agents or coating materials can be divided into groups based on their binders.

Coating materials based on oils

These coating materials contain natural, drying oils that undergo auto-oxidative polymerisation in the presence of catalysts and atmospheric oxygen. Chemically modified oxidatively drying oils such as polyurethane oils or low molecular weight polybutadiene oils can also be used.

Coating materials based on cellulose

Nitrocellulose lacquers usually contain additional resins and solvents in order to improve their application properties. Further coating materials based on cellulose contain organic cellulose esters such as cellulose acetate, cellulose acetate butyrate or cellulose acetate propionate.

Coating materials with a base of rubber

These coating materials based on chlorinated rubber, chlorinated rubber-alkyd resin combinations and chlorinated rubber-acrylate resin combinations are resistant to water, which can be advantageous for the present invention in special applications.

Coating materials based on vinyl resins

These coating materials contain polyolefins and polyolefin derivatives such as polyethylene and polyisobutenes. Ethylene copolymers such as ethylene-vinyl acetate copolymers or ethylene-maleic anhydride Copolymers are water-soluble and can form salts. Chlorosulfonated polyethylenes have a very high chemical resistance, especially to oxidizing agents.

Coating materials based on polyvinyl halides and vinyl halide copolymers

Coating materials that contain polyvinyl chloride and chlorinated polyvinyl chloride have advantageous mechanical properties and high abrasion resistance. Coating materials with vinylidene chloride copolymers have numerous technical application possibilities. Important examples of copolymers without additional functional groups are vinyl acetate, dibutyl maleate or isobutyl vinyl ether copolymers. Terpolymers with carboxyl groups are made with dibutyl maleate or vinyl acetate and a dicarboxylic acid. Copolymers and terpolymers with hydroxyl groups are obtained with hydroxy acrylates or with vinyl acetate and vinyl alcohol. Vinylidene chloride copolymers with acrylonitrile or acrylic resins have excellent chemical resistance and are mainly used as films for food packaging. Polyvinylidene difluoride is a thermoplastic fluoropolymer and can therefore be used for powder coating materials. Further examples of fluoropolymers for coating materials are cyclic perfluorinated polymers. Crosslinkable perfluorinated polymers contain epoxy groups, ether groups, hydroxyl groups or carboxyl groups as crosslinking functional groups.

Coating materials based on vinyl ester polymers and copolymers

Coating materials based on vinyl acetate polymers and vinyl acetate copolymers with vinyl laurate, dibutyl maleate or crotonic acid have particularly high lightfastness and strong adhesion to metals. Polyvinyl alcohol is usually made by the hydrolysis of polyvinyl acetate. It has a high solubility in water and is resistant to oils and fats, lubricants and waxes. Polyvinyl acetals such as polyvinyl formal and polyvinyl butyral are produced by the reaction of polyvinyl acetate with aldehydes. They can be viewed as terpolymers of vinyl acetate, vinyl alcohol, and vinyl acetal. They can be physically crosslinked, but can also be chemically crosslinked by hydroxyl groups.

Coating materials based on vinyl ether polymers

Vinyl ether polymers are made from methyl vinyl ether or isobutyl vinyl ether and are often used as plasticizing resins in coating materials.

Polystyrene and styrene copolymers

Because of their high glass transition temperature, polystyrene dispersions do not form films at room temperature. The hardness of polystyrene can, however, be adapted to the respective application of the coating material over a wide temperature range by copolymerization with soft monomers such as butadiene and acrylate ester.

Coating materials based on acrylates

Polyacrylates are only slightly attacked by chemicals and therefore give the coating materials a high level of resistance. They are colorless, transparent and do not yellow even after prolonged thermal exposure. They do not absorb radiation above 300 nm and are therefore not degraded by UV radiation as long as they do not contain styrene or similar aromatic compounds. They have no unstable double bonds, but they have a high, permanent gloss and are hydrolysis-stable. Depending on their lateral functional groups, they can be crosslinked in a variety of ways (see Table 3).

Alkyd coating materials

Alkyd resin binders contain oils / fatty acids, dicarboxylic acids (mainly phthalic acid or phthalic anhydride) and polyalcohols. They are classified as short oil, medium oil, or long oil resins. They are modified with natural fatty acids or oils. For special technical applications, the alkyd resins are additionally modified with resin acids, benzoic acid, styrene, vinyl toluene, isocyanates, acrylates, epoxides and silicone compounds.

Coating materials based on saturated polyesters

Saturated polyesters are made by the polycondensation of polycarboxylic acids such as terephthalic acid and polyalcohols such as ethylene glycol. Polyesters containing hydroxyl groups can be crosslinked by melamine resins, benzoguanamine resins and blocked isocyanates. Saturated polyesters containing carboxyl groups can be crosslinked with triglycidyl isocyanurate or epoxy resins. Saturated polyesters containing lateral acrylate groups can be cured by UV radiation and electron beams.

Coating materials based on unsaturated polyester

Unsaturated polyester resins or UP resins are soluble linear polycondensation products that are produced by the reaction of usually unsaturated polybasic carboxylic acids such as malic acid or fumaric acid and dihydric alcohols such as ethylene glycol. Curing is initiated by peroxide or C-C radical initiators. However, they can also be cured by UV radiation in the presence of photoinitiators.

Coating materials based on polyurethanes

Polyurethanes are binders with urethane, urea, biuret or allophanate groups as connecting groups. The coating materials contain low molecular weight, oligomeric or polymeric components which can be crosslinked by blocked polyisocyanates in one-component systems and with free polyisocyanates in two-component systems. The cured coatings have a high chemical resistance and excellent light and weather stability.

Coating materials based on epoxy resins

There are different types of epoxy resins such as bisphenol A resins, bisphenol F resins, epoxy novolacs, aliphatic epoxy resins, cycloaliphatic epoxy resins, glycidyl esters and heterocyclic epoxy compounds. They can be crosslinked by amines, polyesters, phenolic resins, amino resins or polyisocyanates. In addition, they can be chemically modified, so that epoxy resin esters and epoxy resin (meth) acrylic acid esters result.

Coating materials based on urea, benzoguanamine and melamine resins

Alkylated urea, benzoguanamine, glycoluril, toluenesulfonamide and melamine-formaldehyde resins are a versatile group of crosslinking agents for polymers containing hydroxyl, amide, carboxyl groups. They are used in both water-based and solvent-based coatings.

Coating materials based on phenolic resins

Phenolic resins are polycondensation products of phenols and formaldehyde and are self-crosslinking in the presence of bases or basic salts. Phenolic resins are pale yellow to dark brown in color and are therefore not suitable for use in paint. Since they form hard and brittle films, they must be mixed with other resins such as epoxy resins, polyvinyl butyral resins, or polyester resins.

Coating materials based on silicone resins and organic-inorganic hybrid resins

Polysiloxane or silicone resins for coating purposes are made from mixtures of di- or trifunctional organosilane monomers such as phenyl- and methyltriethoxysilane, methylphenyldichlorosilane and dimethyldichlorosilane by controlled hydrolysis and condensation. However, pure silicone resins are often too soft and too thermoplastic for coating purposes. Therefore, they are mixed with common and well-known resins such as alkyd resins, acrylic resins, epoxy resins and phenolic resins.

A particularly suitable group of silicone resins are hybrids of siloxane-polyurethane and siloxane-epoxy or siloxane-acrylate and sol-gel polymers.

The sol-gel hybrid polymers are produced by the polycondensation of siloxanes which contain hydrolyzable groups and the organic radicals described below.

The essential components of the hybrid dispersions are surface-modified, cationically stabilized, inorganic nanoparticles of at least one type, in particular one type.

The nanoparticles to be modified are preferably selected from the group consisting of main and sub-group metals and their compounds. The main and subgroup metals are preferably selected from metals of the third to fifth main group, the third to sixth and the first and second subgroup of the Periodic Table of the Elements and the lanthanides. Boron, aluminum, gallium, silicon, germanium, tin, arsenic, antimony, silver, zinc, titanium, zirconium, hafnium, vanadium, niobium, tantalum, molybdenum, tungsten and cerium, in particular aluminum, silicon, silver, cerium, are particularly preferred Titanium and zirconium.

The compounds of the metals are preferably the oxides, oxide hydrates, sulfates or phosphates.

Silver, silicon dioxide, aluminum oxide, aluminum oxide hydrate, titanium dioxide, zirconium oxide, cerium oxide and mixtures thereof, particularly preferably silver, cerium oxide, silicon dioxide, aluminum oxide hydrate and mixtures thereof, very particularly preferably aluminum oxide hydrate and in particular boehmite, are preferably used.

The nanoparticles to be modified preferably have a primary particle size of <50 nm, preferably 5 nm to 50 nm, in particular 10 nm to 30 nm.

The nanoparticles or their surface are treated with at least one compound of the general formula XIV: [(S-) _o -L-] _m M (R) _n (H) p (XIV), modified.

S

reaktive funktionelle Gruppe;

L

mindestens zweibindige organische verknüpfende Gruppe;

H

hydrolysierbare einbindige Gruppe oder hydrolysierbares Atom;

M

zwei- bis sechswertiges Hauptgruppen- und Nebengruppen-Metall;

R

einbindiger organischer Rest;

o

eine ganze Zahl von 1 bis 5, insbesondere 1;

m + n + p

eine ganze Zahl von 2 bis 6, insbesondere 3 oder 4;

p

eine ganze Zahl von 1 bis 6, insbesondere 1 bis 4;

m und n

Null oder eine ganze Zahl von 1 bis 5, vorzugsweise 1 bis 3, insbesondere 1, speziell m = 1 und n = 0.

In the general formula XIV, the indices and the variables have the following meaning:

S.

reactive functional group;

L.

at least divalent organic linking group;

H

hydrolyzable monovalent group or hydrolyzable atom;

M.

bivalent to hexavalent main group and subgroup metal;

R.

monovalent organic residue;

O

an integer from 1 to 5, especially 1;

m + n + p

an integer from 2 to 6, in particular 3 or 4;

p

an integer from 1 to 6, especially 1 to 4;

m and n

Zero or an integer from 1 to 5, preferably 1 to 3, in particular 1, especially m = 1 and n = 0.

The modification can take place by physical adsorption of the compounds XIV on the surface of the unmodified nanoparticles and / or by chemical reaction of the compounds XIV with suitable reactive functional groups on the surface of the unmodified nanoparticles. The modification is preferably carried out via chemical reactions.

Examples of suitable metals M are those described above.

The reactive functional group S is preferably selected from the group consisting of (S 1) reactive functional groups which contain at least one bond which can be activated with actinic radiation, and (S 2) reactive functional groups which are associated with groups of their kind ("with themselves “) And / or enter into thermally initiated reactions with complementary reactive functional groups, selected. Examples of suitable reactive functional groups (S 2) are the groups described above, in particular epoxy groups.

In the context of the present invention, a bond that can be activated with actinic radiation is understood to mean a bond which becomes reactive when irradiated with actinic radiation and enters into polymerization reactions and / or crosslinking reactions with other activated bonds of their type which proceed according to free radical and / or ionic mechanisms. Examples of suitable bonds are carbon-hydrogen single bonds or carbon-carbon, carbon-oxygen, carbon-nitrogen, carbon-phosphorus or carbon-silicon single bonds or double bonds. Of these, the carbon-carbon double bonds are particularly advantageous and are therefore used with very particular preference according to the invention. For the sake of brevity, they are referred to below as “double bonds”.

Accordingly, the reactive group (S 1) preferred according to the invention contains one double bond or two, three or four double bonds. If more than one double bond is used, the double bonds can be conjugated. According to the invention, however, it is advantageous if the double bonds are isolated, in particular each individually terminal, in the group (S 1) in question here. According to the invention, it is particularly advantageous to use two double bonds, in particular one double bond.

The bonds that can be activated with actinic radiation can be activated via carbon-carbon bonds or ethers, thioethers, carboxylic acid esters, thiocarboxylic acid esters, carbonate, thiocarbonate, phosphoric acid ester, thiophosphoric acid ester, phosphonic acid ester, thiophosphonic acid ester, phosphite, thiophosphite, sulfonic acid ester , Amide, amine, thioamide, phosphoric acid amide, thiophosphoric acid amide, phosphonic acid amide, thiophosphonic acid amide, sulfonic acid amide, imide, urethane, hydrazide, urea, thiourea, carbonyl, thiocarbonyl, sulfone or sulfoxide groups , but in particular be connected to the linking group L via carbon-carbon bonds, carboxylic acid ester groups and ether groups.

Particularly preferred reactive functional groups (S 1) are therefore (meth) acrylate, ethacrylate, crotonate, cinnamate, vinyl ether, vinyl ester, dicyclopentadienyl, norbornenyl, isoprenyl, isopropenyl, allyl or butenyl groups; Dicyclopentadienyl, norbornenyl, isoprenyl, isopropenyl, allyl or butenyl ether groups or dicyclopentadienyl, norbornenyl, isoprenyl, isopropenyl, allyl or butenyl ester groups, but in particular methacrylate groups (S 1).

The variable H stands for a hydrolyzable monovalent group or for a hydrolyzable atom.

Examples of suitable hydrolyzable atoms are hydrogen atoms and halogen atoms, especially chlorine and bromine atoms.

The hydrolyzable monovalent groups are preferably used. Examples of suitable groups of this type are groups of the general formula XV: -XR (XV).

In the general formula XV, the variable X stands for an oxygen atom, a sulfur atom and / or a group> NR ² , in which R ^{2 is} an alkyl group with 1 to 4 carbon atoms, in particular methyl, ethyl, propyl and n-butyl. X preferably represents an oxygen atom.

R stands for a monovalent organic radical. The monovalent radical R can be substituted or unsubstituted; preferably it is unsubstituted. It can be aromatic, aliphatic or cycloaliphatic. A single-bond radical R is regarded as aromatic if X is directly linked to the aromatic radical. This rule applies mutatis mutandis to the aliphatic and cycloaliphatic radicals. Linear or branched, in particular linear, aliphatic radicals are preferably used. Lower aliphatic radicals are preferred. Of these, the methyl groups or the ethyl groups are very particularly preferably used.

The variable L stands for an at least two-bonded, in particular two-bonded, organic linking group.

• (1) substituierte oder unsubstituierte, bevorzugt unsubstituierte, lineare oder verzweigte, vorzugsweise lineare, Alkandiyl-Reste mit 3 bis 30, bevorzugt 3 bis 20 und insbesondere 3 Kohlenstoffatomen, die innerhalb der Kohlenstoffkette auch cyclische Gruppen enthalten können, insbesondere Trimethylen, Tetramethylen, Pentamethylen, Hexamethylen, Heptamethylen, Octamethylen, Nonan-1,9-diyl, Decan-1,10-diyl, Undecan-1,11-diyl Dodecan-1,12-diyl, Tridecan-1,13-diyl, Tetradecan-1,14-diyl, Pentadecan-1,15-diyl, Hexadecan-1,16-diyl, Heptadecan-1,17-diyl, Octadecan-1,18-diyl, Nonadecan-1,19-diyl oder Eicosan-1,20-diyl, bevorzugt Tetramethylen, Pentamethylen, Hexamethylen, Heptamethylen, Octamethylen, Nonan-1,9-diyl, Decan-1,10-diyl, 2-Heptyl-1-pentyl-cyclohexan-3,4-bis(non-9-yl), Cyclohexan-1,2-, -1,4- oder -1,3-bis(methyl), Cyclohexan-1,2-, 1,4- oder 1,3-bis(eth-2-yl), Cyclohexan-1,3-bis(prop-3-yl) oder Cyclohexan-1,2-, 1,4- oder 1,3-bis(but-4-yl);
• (2) substituierte oder unsubstituierte, bevorzugt unsubstituierte, lineare oder verzweigte, vorzugsweise lineare, Oxalkandiyl-Reste mit 3 bis 30, bevorzugt 3 bis 20 und insbesondere 3 bis 6 Kohlenstoffatomen, die innerhalb der Kohlenstoffkette auch cyclische Gruppen enthalten können, insbesondere Oxapropan-1,4-diyl, Oxabutan-1,5-diyl, Oxapentan-1,5-diyl, Oxahexan-1,7-diyl oder2-Oxapentan-1,5-diyl;
• (3) zweiwertige Polyesterreste mit wiederkehrenden Polyesteranteilen der allgemeinen Formel XV: -(-CO-(CHR³)_r-CH₂-O-)- (XVI). Hierbei ist der Index r bevorzugt 4 bis 6 und der Substitutent R³ = Wasserstoff, ein Alkyl-, Cycloalkyl- oder Alkoxy-Rest. Kein Substituent enthält mehr als 12 Kohlenstoffatome;
• (4) lineare Polyetherreste, vorzugsweise mit einem zahlenmittleren Molekulargewicht von 400 bis 5.000, insbesondere von 400 bis 3.000, die sich von Poly(oxyethylen)glykolen, Poly(oxypropylen)glykolen und Poly(oxybutylen)glykolen ableiten;
• (5) lineare Siloxanreste, wie sie beispielsweise in Siliconkautschuken vorliegen, hydrierte Polybutadien- oder Polyisoprenreste, statistische oder alternierende Butadien-Isopren-Copolymerisatreste oder Butadien-Isopren-Pfropfmischpolymerisatreste, die noch Styrol einpolymerisiert enthalten können, sowie Ethylen-Propylen-Dienreste;
• (6) Phen-1,4-, -1,3- oder -1,2-ylen, Naphth-1,4-, -1,3-, -1,2-, -1,5- oder -2,5-ylen, Propan-2,2-di(phen-4'-yl), Methan-di(phen-4'-yl), Diphenyl-4,4'-diyl oder 2,4- oder 2,6-Toluylen; oder
• (7) Cycloalkandiyl-Reste mit 4 bis 20 Kohlenstoffatomen, wie Cyclobutan-1,3-diyl, Cyclopentan-1,3-diyl, Cyclohexan-1,3- oder -1,4-diyl, Cycloheptan-1,4-diyl, Norbornan-1,4-diyl, Adamantan-1,5-diyl, Decalin-diyl, 3,3,5-Trimethyl-cyclohexan-1,5-diyl, 1-Methylcyclohexan-2,6-diyl, Dicyclohexylmethan-4,4'-diyl, 1,1'-Dicyclohexan-4,4'-diyl oder 1,4-Dicyclohexylhexan-4,4"-diyl, insbesondere 3,3,5-Trimethyl-cyclohexan-1,5-diyl oder Dicyclohexylmethan-4,4'-diyl.

Examples of suitable double-bonded organic linking groups L are, if appropriate, aliphatic, aromatic, cycloaliphatic and aromatic-cycloaliphatic hydrocarbon radicals containing heteroatoms, such as

• (1) Substituted or unsubstituted, preferably unsubstituted, linear or branched, preferably linear, alkanediyl radicals with 3 to 30, preferably 3 to 20 and especially 3 carbon atoms, which can also contain cyclic groups within the carbon chain, especially trimethylene, tetramethylene, pentamethylene , Hexamethylene, heptamethylene, octamethylene, nonane-1,9-diyl, decane-1,10-diyl, undecane-1,11-diyl, dodecane-1,12-diyl, tridecane-1,13-diyl, tetradecane-1, 14-diyl, pentadecane-1,15-diyl, hexadecane-1,16-diyl, heptadecane-1,17-diyl, octadecane-1,18-diyl, nonadecane-1,19-diyl or eicosane-1,20- diyl, preferably tetramethylene, pentamethylene, hexamethylene, heptamethylene, octamethylene, nonane-1,9-diyl, decane-1,10-diyl, 2-heptyl-1-pentyl-cyclohexane-3,4-bis (non-9-yl ), Cyclohexane-1,2-, -1,4- or -1,3-bis (methyl), cyclohexane-1,2-, 1,4- or 1,3-bis (eth-2-yl), Cyclohexan-1,3-bis (prop-3-yl) or cyclohexan-1,2-, 1,4- or 1,3-bis (but-4-yl);
• (2) Substituted or unsubstituted, preferably unsubstituted, linear or branched, preferably linear, oxalkanediyl radicals with 3 to 30, preferably 3 to 20 and especially 3 to 6 carbon atoms, which can also contain cyclic groups within the carbon chain, in particular oxapropane-1 , 4-diyl, oxabutane-1,5-diyl, oxapentane-1,5-diyl, oxahexane-1,7-diyl or 2-oxapentane-1,5-diyl;
• (3) Divalent polyester residues with recurring polyester components of the general formula XV: - (- CO- (CHR ³ ) _r -CH ₂ -O -) - (XVI). The index r is preferably 4 to 6 and the substituent R ³ = hydrogen, an alkyl, cycloalkyl or alkoxy radical. No substituent contains more than 12 carbon atoms;
• (4) linear polyether residues, preferably with a number average molecular weight from 400 to 5,000, in particular from 400 to 3,000, which are derived from poly (oxyethylene) glycols, poly (oxypropylene) glycols and poly (oxybutylene) glycols;
• (5) linear siloxane residues, as are present, for example, in silicone rubbers, hydrogenated polybutadiene or polyisoprene residues, random or alternating butadiene-isoprene copolymer residues or butadiene-isoprene graft copolymer residues, which can also contain styrene in polymerized form, and ethylene-propylene-diene residues;
• (6) Phen-1,4-, -1,3- or -1,2-ylene, naphth-1,4-, -1,3-, -1,2-, -1,5- or -2 , 5-ylene, propan-2,2-di (phen-4'-yl), methan-di (phen-4'-yl), diphenyl-4,4'-diyl or 2,4- or 2,6 -Toluylene; or
• (7) Cycloalkanediyl radicals having 4 to 20 carbon atoms, such as cyclobutane-1,3-diyl, cyclopentane-1,3-diyl, cyclohexane-1,3- or 1,4-diyl, cycloheptane-1,4-diyl , Norbornane-1,4-diyl, adamantane-1,5-diyl, decalin-diyl, 3,3,5-trimethyl-cyclohexane-1,5-diyl, 1-methylcyclohexane-2,6-diyl, dicyclohexylmethane-4 , 4'-diyl, 1,1'-dicyclohexane-4,4'-diyl or 1,4-dicyclohexylhexane-4,4 "-diyl, in particular 3,3,5-trimethyl-cyclohexane-1,5-diyl or Dicyclohexylmethane-4,4'-diyl.

The linking groups L (1) and L (2) are particularly preferred, very particularly preferably trimethylene, tetramethylene, pentamethylene, hexamethylene, heptamethylene, octamethylene, oxapropane-1,4-diyl or 2-oxapentane-1,5-diyl and in particular Trimethylene, oxapropane-1,4-diyl or 2-oxapentane-1,5-diyl are used.

In the general formula XIV, the variable o stands for an integer from 1 to 5, preferably 1 to 4, preferably 1 to 3 and particularly preferably 1 and 2. In particular, o is 1.

The compounds XIV can also be used in complexed form, as is the case, for example, in the international patent application WO 09/52964 , Page 8, lines 12 to 20.

• - internationalen Patentanmeldung WO 99/52964 , Seite 6, Zeile 1, bis Seite 8, Zeile 20,
• - der deutschen Patentanmeldung DE 197 26 829 A 1, Spalte 2, Zeile 27, bis Spalte 3, Zeilen 38,
• - der deutschen Patentanmeldung DE 199 10 876 A 1, Seite 2, Zeile 35, bis Seite 3, Zeile 12,
• - der deutschen Patentanmeldung DE 38 28 098 A 1, Seite 2, Zeile 27, bis Seite 4, Zeile 43, oder
• - der europäischen Patentanmeldung EP 0 450 625 A 1, Seite 2, Zeile 57, bis 5, Zeile 32,

bekannt.The compounds XIV are customary and known and to a large extent they are commercially available. Suitable compounds XIV are, for example, from

• - international patent application WO 99/52964 , Page 6, line 1, to page 8, line 20,
• - the German patent application DE 197 26 829 A 1, column 2, line 27, to column 3, lines 38,
• - the German patent application DE 199 10 876 A 1, page 2, line 35, to page 3, line 12,
• - the German patent application DE 38 28 098 A 1, page 2, line 27, to page 4, line 43, or
• - the European patent application EP 0 450 625 A 1, page 2, line 57, to 5, line 32,

known.

• - 3-Glycidyloxypropytrimethoxysilan,
• - 3-Glycidyloxypropyltriethoxysilan,
• - 3-Glycidyloxypropylmethyldimethoxysilan,
• - 3-Glyxidyloxypropyldiethoxydimethoxysilan und
• - 3-Methacryloxypropyltrimethoxysilan.

Preferred hydrolyzable siloxanes or silanes which are for polymerization or for crosslinking or as starting materials therefor (optionally in the form of precondensates and polycondensates)

• - 3-glycidyloxypropytrimethoxysilane,
• - 3-glycidyloxypropyltriethoxysilane,
• - 3-glycidyloxypropylmethyldimethoxysilane,
• - 3-glyxidyloxypropyldiethoxydimethoxysilane and
• - 3-methacryloxypropyltrimethoxysilane.

Further alkoxysilanes which, as such or preferably in combination with the alkoxysilanes listed above, which have groups capable of polyaddition or polycondensation are tetramethoxysilane, tetraethoxysilane, tetra-n-propoxysilane, tetra-n-butoxysilane, cyclohexyltrimethoxysilane, cyclopentyltrimethoxysilane, cyclopentyltrimethoxysilane, phenyltrimethoxysilane, phenyltrimethoxysilane, phenyltrimethoxysilane, cyclopentyltrimethoxysilyltrimethoxysilane, phenyltrimethoxysilane, phenyltrimethoxysilane. n-propyltrimethoxysilane, cyclohexylmethyldimethoxysilane, dimethyldimethoxysilane, diisopropyldimethoxysilane, phenylmethyldimethoxysilane, phenylethyltriethoxysilane, phenyltriethoxysilane, phenylmethyldiethoxysilane and phenyldimethylethoxysilane.

Alkoxides of aluminum, titanium, zirconium, tantalum, niobium, tin, zinc, tungsten, germanium and boron with 1 to 4 carbon atoms in their alkyl radicals can also be used. Suitable representatives of such alkoxides are aluminum sec-butoxide, titanium isopropoxide, titanium propoxide, titanium butoxide, zirconium isopropoxide, zirconium propoxide, zirconium butoxide, zirconium ethoxide, tantalum ethoxide, tantalum butoxide, niobium ethoxide, niobium butoxide, tin tert-butoxide, tungsten (VI) ethoxide, germanium isethoxide and germanium isethoxide di-tert-butoxyaluminum triethoxysilane.

In the case of the particularly reactive alkoxides of titanium, aluminum or zirconium, it is advantageous to use the compounds in complexed form. Examples of suitable complexing agents are unsaturated carboxylic acids and beta-dicarbonyl group compounds such as methacrylic acid, acetylacetone and ethyl acetate.

From a methodological point of view, the modification of the surface of the nanoparticles does not offer any special features, but takes place according to the customary and known processes, for example from the international patent application WO 99/52964 , Page 10, line 22, to page 11, line 17, and examples 1 to 20, page 14, line 10, to page 20, line 24, or from the German patent application DE 197 26 829 A 1, Examples 1 to 6, column 5, line 63 to column 8, line 38 are known. The proportions of compounds XIV to unmodified nanoparticles given there are preferably used.

The content of the surface-modified, inorganic nanoparticles in the dispersions can vary widely and depends on the requirements of the individual case. The nanoparticles are preferably contained in the dispersions in an amount of 60 to 98% by weight, based on the total amount of the constituents).

In addition to the resins or binders described above, the coating materials can contain customary and known additives. These are preferably reactive diluents that can be cured thermally or by actinic radiation, in particular by UV radiation, low-boiling organic solvents and high-boiling organic solvents, water, UV absorbers, radical scavengers, thermolabile radical initiators, photoinitiators, catalysts for the thermal crosslinking, deaerating agents, slip additives, polymerization inhibitors, defoamers, wetting agents, dispersants, adhesion improvers, smoothing agents, film-forming auxiliaries, anti-sagging agents, rheological auxiliaries (thickeners), flame retardants, drying agents, anti-skinning agents, corrosion inhibitors, waxes and matting agents.

In a further advantageous embodiment, the bactericidal and / or virucidal coatings are applied to the particulate, inorganic, inert carrier materials described above by spraying biocidal metals such as copper with the aid of electric twin-wire arc spraying. This has the essential advantage that this technology is a mature process and that considerable amounts of expensive biocidal copper or silver can be saved as a result, which also reduces the weight of the device according to the invention.

The contact points in the heat conduction system and the cold conduction system of the device according to the invention for intensifying the thermal conduction preferably contain layers of a heat-conducting paste, in particular a graphite, nanocarbon, silver, diamond or aluminum nitride heat-conducting paste and / or AlN ceramic disks.

At least one rechargeable accumulator is built into the horizontal base of the device according to the invention as a power source for the at least one Peltier element. The at least one accumulator is inserted into a correspondingly shaped opening so that it can be removed again. It is connected to an electronic control unit in the horizontal floor to regulate the power output of the at least two Peltier elements.

The electronic control device is preferably connected via signal lines to a miniature anemometer arranged in the upper opening of the cartridge and to a temperature sensor and to a temperature sensor in the heating room. The electronic control unit regulates the air flow through the device according to the invention on the basis of the signals received from the sensors.

The front of the electronic control device preferably includes a rotary knob for switching on and for manual control, a receptacle for the plug of a charging cable, light-emitting diodes for function display and a visual display that shows the temperature difference between the temperature sensor in the opening of the cartridge and the temperature sensor in the heating room.

Below the air-permeable cartridge base, an automatically or manually switched off axial fan with an electronically controlled electric motor with at least two blades as an auxiliary unit can be horizontally attached to a suspension in the second inner tube. As an axial fan, and in particular Papst fans, such as those used for ventilating electronic devices, come into consideration. The horizontal axial fan can be integrated into the electronic control system and, if necessary, can be activated to start the air flow through the cartridge. When the chimney effect increases the airflow and keeps it running, the axial fan can be switched off automatically or manually.

The cartridge can also be stabilized by a circumferential, heat-resistant, supporting component with low thermal conductivity Ä in the form of a funnel top part for air guidance. In addition, the cartridge can be stabilized by means of thermally insulating plugs, preferably made of heat-resistant elastomers, for vibration damping or with a lateral horizontal extension for vibration damping and as a flow barrier.

The device according to the invention can also stand on a standing aid such as a horizontal plate with a larger cross section or on inclined or straight legs. Your outside and the standing aids can be designed decoratively, for example painted.

1. (A) Ansaugen von Luft durch mindestens einen Lufteinlass in den Heizraum oberhalb der heißen Seite des mindestens einen Peltier-Elements,
2. (B) Aufheizen der einströmenden Luft,
3. (C) Erzeugen eines Kamineffekts in der Kartusche durch die Kühlung der umlaufenden, wärmeleitfähigen, kühlbaren Kartuschenhalterung der Kartusche mithilfe der kalten Seite des mindestens einen Peltier-Elements und des Kälteleitsystems oder Kühlsystems, wodurch ein Luftstrom durch (i) die mindestens eine Schüttung aus mindestens einer Art eines partikulären, anorganischen, bakterizid und/oder viruzid beschichteten, inerten Trägermaterials und/oder durch eine Schüttung aus einem partikulären, anorganischen, per se bakteriziden und/oder viruziden Material und durch (ii) eine Schüttung aus mindestens einer Art von eines partikulären Absorbens und/Adsorbens und
4. (D) Eliminierung der in dem Luftstrom vorhandenen freien oder an Aerosole gebundenen Bakterien, Viren, Virionen und anderen Noxen durch Kontakt-Eliminierung an dem partikulären, anorganischen, bakterizid und/oder viruzid beschichteten, inerten Trägermaterial und/oder an dem partikulären, anorganischen, bakteriziden und/oder viruziden Material und Adsorption und/oder Absorption der durch die Eliminierung erzeugten Zerfallsprodukte und Noxen an und/oder in der mindestens einen Art eines partikulären Adsorbens und/oder Adsorbens.

The method according to the invention for cleaning and disinfecting room air is carried out with the aid of the device according to the invention operated by a temperature difference and comprises at least the following method steps:

1. (A) Sucking in air through at least one air inlet into the heating space above the hot side of the at least one Peltier element,
2. (B) heating the incoming air,
3. (C) Creating a chimney effect in the cartridge by cooling the circumferential, thermally conductive, coolable cartridge holder of the cartridge with the aid of the cold side of the at least one Peltier element and the cold conduction system or cooling system, whereby an air flow through (i) the at least one bed of at least a kind of a particulate, inorganic, bactericidally and / or virucidally coated, inert carrier material and / or by a bed of a particulate, inorganic, per se bactericidal and / or virucidal material and by (ii) a bed of at least one type of a particulate absorbent and / adsorbent and
4. (D) Elimination of the free or aerosol-bound bacteria, viruses, virions and other noxious agents by contact elimination on the particulate, inorganic, bactericidal and / or virucidal coated, inert carrier material and / or on the particulate, inorganic, bactericidal and / or virucidal material and adsorption and / or absorption of the decomposition products and noxae generated by the elimination on and / or in the at least one type of particulate adsorbent and / or adsorbent.

• - eine erfindungsgemäße Vorrichtung in einer mit einer Dichtung abgedichteten, geschlossenen Kammer,
• - eine Abzugshaube mit einer Luftableitung für die Abluft,
• - eine Aerosolzuleitung mit einem Gebläse, einem Absperrventil und einer Vernebelungsdüse im Inneren der Kammer zur Erzeugung einer Aerosolwolke,
• - einen Anschluss für gereinigte trockene Luft mit einem Absperrventil und einer Lufteinlassdüse im Inneren der Kammer,
• - einen Sensor für die Partikelzählung durch Laserbeugung in der Luftableitung, der mit einer Signalleitung mit einem Partikelmessgerät verbunden ist,
• - einen weiteren Sensor für die Partikelzählung durch Laserbeugung in der Kammer, der mit einer Signalleitung mit einem weiteren Partikelmessgerät verbunden ist,
• - einen Sensor für die Strömungsmessung in der Luftableitung, der mit einer Signalleitung mit einem Strömungsmessgerät verbunden ist, wobei
• - die Partikelmessgeräte und das Strömungsmessgerät über die Signalleitungen mit der zentralen Datenverarbeitungsanlage zur Verarbeitung der Signale der Messgeräte verbunden sind und wobei
• - die in der Datenverarbeitungsanlage verarbeiteten Signale auf dem Anzeigegerät ausgegeben werden.

The biocidal, in particular bactericidal and virucidal, action of the device according to the invention can be measured quantitatively and qualitatively with the aid of a test device. The test device according to the invention comprises

• - A device according to the invention in a closed chamber sealed with a seal,
• - an extractor hood with an air outlet for the exhaust air,
• - an aerosol feed line with a blower, a shut-off valve and a nebulizing nozzle inside the chamber to generate an aerosol cloud,
• - a connection for purified dry air with a shut-off valve and an air inlet nozzle inside the chamber,
• - a sensor for particle counting by laser diffraction in the air discharge, which is connected with a signal line with a particle measuring device,
• - Another sensor for particle counting by laser diffraction in the chamber, which is connected to another particle measuring device by a signal line,
• - A sensor for the flow measurement in the air discharge, which is connected to a signal line with a flow measuring device, wherein
• - The particle measuring devices and the flow measuring device are connected via the signal lines to the central data processing system for processing the signals from the measuring devices, and wherein
• - The signals processed in the data processing system are output on the display device.

• 1 die Draufsicht auf einen mittigen Längsschnitt durch die erfindungsgemäße Vorrichtung 1;
• 2 die Draufsicht auf das Heizsystem mit Peltier-Elementen 2, Wärmeleitungen 2.1.1 und Heizplatte 2.1.2;
• 3 die Draufsicht auf einen Querschnitt durch die erfindungsgemäße Vorrichtung 1 auf der Höhe des umlaufenden Kühlrings 2.4 und
• 4 die frontale Ansicht einer erfindungsgemäße Vorrichtung 1 mit elektronischem Steuergerät 4.

The 1 to 4th serve to illustrate the structure of the device according to the invention and its mode of operation. They are therefore not to scale, but rather emphasize their essential features. They are also only to be regarded as exemplary and not restrictive. It shows

• 1 the top view of a central longitudinal section through the device according to the invention 1 ;
• 2 the top view of the heating system with Peltier elements 2 , Heat pipes 2.1.1 and heating plate 2.1.2 ;
• 3 the top view of a cross section through the device according to the invention 1 at the level of the surrounding cooling ring 2.4 and
• 4th the frontal view of a device according to the invention 1 with electronic control unit 4th .

1

Durch eine Temperaturdifferenz betriebene, mobile Vorrichtung zur Reinigung und Desinfizierung von Raumluft

1.1

Vertikale Außenwand

1.2

Obere Trennstelle

1.3

Untere Trennstelle

1.4

Oberes Ende der Außenwand 1.1

1.5

Obere Öffnung der Vorrichtung 1

1.6

Obere Öffnung der Kartusche 5

1.7

Bodenbereich

1.7.1

Standfläche

1.7.2

Raum für den Einschub des wieder aufladbaren Akkumulators 7 und des elektronischen Steuergeräts 4

1.7.3

Einschubschiene

1.8

Horizontaler Innenboden

1.9

Vertikale Innenwand

2

Peltier-Element

2.1

Heiße Seite des Peltier-Elements

2.1.1

Wärmeleitung

2.1.2

Heizplatte

2.1.3

Heiz- und Luftlenkkegel

2.1.4

Wärmedämmbeschichtung, Wärmedämmfarbe

2.1.5

Thermisch isolierender Pfropfen zur Schwingungsdämpfung oder mit seitlicher horizontaler Verlängerung zur Schwingungsdämpfung und als Strömungssperre

2.1.6

Heizraum

2.2

Kalte Seite des Peltier-Elements

2.3

Wärmeleitpaste, AIN-Keramikplatte

2.4

Kühlring im oberen Bereich der Kartusche 5

3

Lufteinlass

3.1

In den Heizraum 2.1.5 einströmende Luft 3

3.2

Durch die Kartusche 5 aufwärtsströmende Luft, Luftstrom

4

Elektronisches Steuergerät

4.1

Einschalt- und Regelknopf

4.2

Buchse für Ladekabel

4.3

Leuchtdioden

4.4

Anzeige der Temperaturdifferenz zwischen dem Heizraum 2.1.6 und dem Kühlring 2.4

5

Auswechselbare Kartusche

5.1

Kartuschenwand mit geringer Wärmeleitfähigkeit Ä

5.2

Biozide partikuläre Kartuschenfüllung oder luftdurchlässige, biozide Schüttung mit geringer Wärmeleitfähigkeit Ä

5.2.1

Partikuläre, anorganische, bakterizid und viruzid beschichtete, inerte Trägermaterialien

5.2.2

Partikuläre, anorganische, bakterizide und/oder viruzide Materialien

5.3

Luftdurchlässiger Kartuschenboden mit geringer Wärmeleitfähigkeit λ

5.4

Umlaufende Kartuschenhalterung mit geringer Wärmeleitfähigkeit λ

5.5

Umlaufendes, wärmebeständiges stützendes Bauteil mit geringer Wärmeleitfähigkeit λ in der Form eines Trichteroberteils mit Standbeinen 5.5.1 zur Luftlenkung und Stütze der Kartusche 5

5.5.1

Standbeine für 5.5

5.6

Gitterstreben mit hoher Wärmeleitfähigkeit

6

Filter

A-B

Lange Achse des Oktagons

C-D

Kurze Achse des Oktagons

In the 1 to 4th the reference symbols have the following meaning:

1

Mobile device operated by a temperature difference for cleaning and disinfecting room air

1.1

Vertical outer wall

1.2

Upper separation point

1.3

Lower separation point

1.4

Upper end of the outer wall 1.1

1.5

Upper opening of the device 1

1.6

Upper opening of the cartridge 5

1.7

Floor area

1.7.1

Stand space

1.7.2

Space for inserting the rechargeable battery 7th and the electronic control unit 4th

1.7.3

Slide-in rail

1.8

Horizontal interior floor

1.9

Vertical interior wall

2

Peltier element

2.1

Hot side of the Peltier element

2.1.1

Conduction

2.1.2

Heating plate

2.1.3

Heating and air control cones

2.1.4

Thermal insulation coating, thermal insulation paint

2.1.5

Thermally insulating plug for vibration damping or with a horizontal extension at the side for vibration damping and as a flow barrier

2.1.6

Boiler room

2.2

Cold side of the Peltier element

2.3

Thermal compound, AIN ceramic plate

2.4

Cooling ring in the upper area of the cartridge 5

3

Air inlet

3.1

In the boiler room 2.1.5 incoming air 3

3.2

Through the cartridge 5 upward air flow, air flow

4th

Electronic control unit

4.1

Power and control button

4.2

Socket for charging cable

4.3

Light emitting diodes

4.4

Display of the temperature difference between the boiler room 2.1.6 and the cooling ring 2.4

5

Replaceable cartridge

5.1

Cartridge wall with low thermal conductivity Ä

5.2

Biocidal particulate cartridge filling or air-permeable, biocidal fill with low thermal conductivity Ä

5.2.1

Particulate, inorganic, bactericidal and virucidal coated, inert carrier materials

5.2.2

Particulate, inorganic, bactericidal and / or virucidal materials

5.3

Air-permeable cartridge base with low thermal conductivity λ

5.4

Circumferential cartridge holder with low thermal conductivity λ

5.5

Circumferential, heat-resistant supporting component with low thermal conductivity λ in the shape of a funnel top with legs 5.5.1 for air guidance and support of the cartridge 5

5.5.1

Legs for 5.5

5.6

Grid struts with high thermal conductivity

6th

filter

FROM

Long axis of the octagon

CD

Short axis of the octagon

Detailed description of the figures

Figure 1 in conjunction with Figures 2 to 4

Manufacturing example

The production of bactericidal and / or virucidal coated, inert, particulate carrier materials 5.2.1 - General regulation

The production of a boehmite sol

2.78 parts by weight of boehmite (Disperal® P 3 from Sasol Germany GmbH) were added to 25 parts by weight of dilute hydrochloric acid (0.1 N) and the mixture was stirred at room temperature until the boehmite was completely dissolved. The colloidal solution was then treated in an ultrasonic bath for 5 minutes. A homogeneous boehmite sol resulted.

The production of a dispersion of a copolymer

1,361.1 parts by weight of deionized water were placed in a reaction vessel equipped with a stirrer and four feed vessels and heated to 75.degree. At this temperature, three feeds were metered in in parallel and simultaneously over a period of 30 minutes. Feed 1 consisted of 24.4 parts by weight of acrylic acid, 44 parts by weight of methyl methacrylate and 3.6 parts by weight of diphenylethylene. Feed 2 consisted of a 25 percent ammonia solution. Feed 3 consisted of a solution of 5.4 parts by weight of ammonium peroxodisulfate in 138.7 parts by weight of deionized water. After the addition, the resulting reaction mixture was post-polymerized for a further hour at 75.degree. C. and then heated to 90.degree. At this temperature, feed 4 was added to the reaction mixture over a period of 4 hours. Feed 4 consisted of 191.7 parts by weight of n-butyl methacrylate, 153.4 parts by weight of styrene, 93.3 parts by weight of hydroxypropyl methacrylate, 424.9 parts by weight of hydroxethyl methacrylate, 173.1 parts by weight of ethylhexyl methacrylate and 207.3 parts by weight of a 50 percent solution of tris (alkoxycarbonylamino) triazine (TACT®; crosslinking agent; see Table 3) in n-butanol. The reaction mixture was then polymerized for a further 2 hours at 90 ° C. and then cooled.

The production of an organic-inorganic hybrid polymer dispersion as a coating material or coating agent

To 5.5 parts by weight of the boehmite sol described above, 3.3 parts by weight of GLYEO were added. The reaction mixture thus obtained was stirred for 90 minutes at room temperature. Then 2.2 parts by weight of glycidyloxypropyltrimethoxysilane (GLYMO) were added. After stirring for two hours at room temperature, 0.55 part by weight of ethyl acetoacetate (EEA) was added, after which the resulting reaction mixture was stirred for a further 2 hours at room temperature. Then 0.75 parts by weight of isopropanol were added. The resulting reaction mixture was stirred for 15 minutes, 1.25 parts by weight of the dispersion of the copolymer were added and the mixture was stirred at room temperature for a further 2 hours.

Coating method 1 - general regulation

• - Als beschichtetes Trägermaterial 5.2.1 wurden bei einer ersten Ausführungsform die Granulate aus unregelmäßig geformten Schaumglasschottern mit einer durch Siebanalyse ermittelten mittleren Teilchengröße von 2 cm mit der viruziden und bakteriziden Beschichtung dünn beschichtet. Die Beschichtung enthielt, bezogen auf 1000 Gewichtsteile der Beschichtung, 3,2 Gewichtsteile 2-Octyl-2H-isothiazol-3-on, 2,0 Gewichtsteile, 1,0 Gewichtsteile Zinkpyrithion und 2,0 Gewichtsteile (±)-1-{[2-(2,4-dichlorophenyl)-4-propyl-1,3-dioxolane-2-yl]-methyl}-H-1,2,4-triazol.
• - Bei einer zweiten Ausführungsform wurden die gemahlenen Brocken aus Bimsstein einer durch Siebanalyse ermittelten mittleren Teilchengröße von 2,5 cm verwendet. Die dünne, biozide und/oder viruzide Beschichtung enthielt, bezogen auf 1000 Gewichtsteile der Beschichtung, 1,1 Gewichtsteile Mikrokristalle von Cu₂{H₄[Si(W₃O₁₀)₄]) · xH2O, 1,0 Gewichtsteile Fludioxonil: 4-(2,2-Difluor-benzo[1,3]dioxol-4-yl)pyrrol-3-carbonitril (IUPAC) und 2,0 Gewichtsteile Octenidin: N,N'-(Decan-1,10-diyldi-1(4H-pyridyl-4-yliden)bis(octylammonium)dichlorid.
• - Bei einer dritten Ausführungsform wurden die Raschigringe aus Glas einer Länge von 1,5 cm, einer Wandstärke von 2 mmm und einer lichten Weite von 1,6 cm verwendet. Die dünne, biozide und/oder viruzide Beschichtung enthielt, bezogen auf 1000 Gewichtsteile der Beschichtung, 2 Gewichtsteile Diuron: 3-(3,4-Dichlorphenyl)-1,1-dimethylharnstoff und 3 Gewichtsteile Quaternisiertes Chitosan (vg., A. Domard et al., „New method for the quaternization of chitosan“, International Journal of Biological Macromolecules, Band 8, Ausgabe 2, April, 1986, Seiten 105-107 ).

The coating system used was secured against electrostatic charge and featured suction. The uncoated, particulate, inorganic, inert carrier materials 5.2.1 were dosed with the help of an automatic feed device on a smooth, non-stick coated endless belt with a total length of 42 m with a horizontal vibrating section of 20 m length, guided over at least two transport rollers. The vibrating section had side walls in order to prevent the uncoated carrier material from falling down. The uncoated carrier material fed in 5.2.1 were shaken and sprayed with the liquid coating material at a length of 8 m at 30 ° C. in a first station, so that a thin, uncured liquid layer formed on the carrier material, which gradually became sticky as a result of evaporation. The shaking ensured that the carrier materials were coated as evenly as possible and did not stick together. Before the coating material was cured, it was sprayed with at least one type of biocide and / or virucide in a second station with a length of 5 m while shaking it, so that the microparticles were evenly distributed on and in the coating material and stuck. In a third station, the now biocidal and / or virucidal coating material - also with shaking - thermally in a 5 m long continuous oven at 110 ° C, so that the biocidal and / or virucidal coating is on the carrier material 5.2.1 educated. The shaking prevented the particles 5.2.1 glued together and / or glued to the endless belt. If this did happen to some extent, the particles became 5.8 separated in a 2 m long third station and then discharged into a storage vessel. Any residues of cured coating material adhering to the endless belt were scraped off with doctor blades after the endless belt had been deflected.

• - As a coated carrier material 5.2.1 In a first embodiment, the granules of irregularly shaped foam glass gravel with an average particle size of 2 cm determined by sieve analysis were thinly coated with the virucidal and bactericidal coating. The coating contained, based on 1000 parts by weight of the coating, 3.2 parts by weight of 2-octyl-2H-isothiazol-3-one, 2.0 parts by weight, 1.0 part by weight of zinc pyrithione and 2.0 parts by weight of (±) -1 - {[ 2- (2,4-dichlorophenyl) -4-propyl-1,3-dioxolane-2-yl] methyl} -H-1,2,4-triazole.
• In a second embodiment, the ground lumps of pumice stone with an average particle size of 2.5 cm determined by sieve analysis were used. The thin, biocidal and / or virucidal coating contained, based on 1000 parts by weight of the coating, 1.1 parts by weight of microcrystals of Cu ₂ {H ₄ [Si (W ₃ O ₁₀ ) ₄ ]) · xH2O, 1.0 part by weight of fludioxonil: 4 - (2,2-Difluoro-benzo [1,3] dioxol-4-yl) pyrrole-3-carbonitrile (IUPAC) and 2.0 parts by weight of octenidine: N, N '- (decane-1,10-diyldi-1 (4H-pyridyl-4-ylidene) bis (octylammonium) dichloride.
• - In a third embodiment, the Raschig rings made of glass with a length of 1.5 cm, a wall thickness of 2 mm and a clear width of 1.6 cm were used. The thin, biocidal and / or virucidal coating contained, based on 1000 parts by weight of the coating, 2 parts by weight of diuron: 3- (3,4-dichlorophenyl) -1,1-dimethylurea and 3 parts by weight of quaternized chitosan (vg., A. Domard et al., "New method for the quaternization of chitosan," International Journal of Biological Macromolecules, Volume 8, Issue 2, April, 1986, pages 105-107 ).

Coating process 2 - general regulation

• - Als beschichtetes Trägermaterial 5.2.1 wurden bei einer ersten Ausführungsform die vorstehend beschriebenen Granulate aus unregelmäßig geformten Schaumglasschottern mit elektrischem Doppeldrahtsprühen mit Kupfer besprüht.
• - Bei einer zweiten Ausführungsform wurden die vorstehend beschrieben gemahlenen Brocken aus Bimsstein verwendet, die ebenfalls mit Kupfer besprüht wurden.
• - Bei einer dritten Ausführungsform wurden die vorstehend beschrieben Raschigringe aus Glas mit Kupfer besprüht.
• - In den vierten fünftens und sechsten Ausführungsformen wurden die Trägermaterialien 5.2.1 der ersten, zweiten und dritten Ausführungsformen nach dem analogen Verfahren mit Silber besprüht.

The one in the coating process 1 The coating system described was modified to the effect that instead of a spray system for liquid coating materials, a spray system for electrical twin-wire arc spraying was used.

• - As a coated carrier material 5.2.1 In a first embodiment, the above-described granulates made of irregularly shaped foam glass gravel were sprayed with copper using electric twin-wire spraying.
• - In a second embodiment, the above-described ground chunks of pumice stone were used, which were also sprayed with copper.
• In a third embodiment, the glass Raschig rings described above were sprayed with copper.
• - In the fourth, fifth and sixth embodiments, the support materials were 5.2.1 of the first, second and third embodiments sprayed with silver according to the analogous method.

In all cases, island-like and punctiform, bactericidal and virucidal, highly effective, thin metal coatings resulted. Because of this type of coating, considerable amounts of expensive biocidal metals could be saved without the biocidal effect being impaired. In addition, it was possible to save a lot of weight compared to a bed made of pure metal.

The devices according to the invention 1 - general description

Several devices according to the invention were used to carry out the effectiveness tests 1 produced and with beds made of the coated carrier materials described above 5.2.1 and the biocidal materials 5.2.2 filled as described below. The adsorbent and / or absorbent used was dried, platelet-shaped bentonite (sheet silicate, phyllosilicate) with an average particle size of 3 mm determined by sieve analysis.

The devices according to the invention 1 were from their footprint 1.7.1 up to their upper ends 1.4 100 cm high. They had octagonal outer walls 1.1 each with two opposite vertical planar surfaces or sides of a respective horizontal outer diameter of 4 cm. The vertical planar surfaces were with convex curved surfaces with a respective horizontal External diameter of 5 cm connected. The outside walls 1.1 consisted of polished solid beech wood with a wall thickness of 0.8 cm. The outside walls 1.1 each had an upper horizontal separation point 1.2 halfway up the outer walls 1.1 and in each case a lower horizontally circumferential separation point 1.3 above the air inlets 3 in the amount of the boiler rooms 2.1.6 on. Both separation points 1.2 ; 1.3 were formed from plug connections. They were used to make the assembly and maintenance of the devices according to the invention easier 1 . In the areas of the horizontal stand areas 1.7.1 were the outside walls 1.1 1.5 cm thick. The floor areas 1.7 were up to the horizontal interior floors 1.8 a total of 6 cm thick and had horizontal spaces 1.7.2 for inserting rechargeable batteries 7th and electronic control units 4th on. These components were on slide-in rails 1.7.3 in the floor areas 1.7 inserted. The vertical interior walls 1.9 were 94 cm high. You and the horizontal interior floors 1.8 were with a 1 cm thick thermal insulation coating 2.1.4 coated from a thermal insulation paint containing airgel.

The ones from the outside walls 1.1 The horizontal cross-sections formed were octagons with a long axis AB from the outer wall to the opposite outer wall a length of 13 cm and an axis CD running transversely through the center of the axis AB from the outer wall to the opposite outer wall a length of 9.5 cm. The 4 cm wide, 88 cm long and 0.5 cm thick vertical flat heat pipes ran along the four flat sides 2.1.1 made of an aluminum alloy with a thermal conductivity λ of 200 W / mK), which at their upper end areas are in thermally conductive contact with the four Peltier elements 2 measuring 4 cm by 4 cm by 1.5 cm. In their lower end areas, they were in heat-conducting contact with the 1.5 cm thick, octagon-shaped heating plates 2.1.2 from the aluminum alloy. The heating plates 2.1.2 were on the thermal insulation coatings 2.1.4 on the horizontal interior floors 1.8 hung up. Thin layers of thermal paste containing carbon nanoparticles were located between the contact points.

In the center of the heating plates 2.1.2 there were 2 cm high heating and air control cones 2.1.3 whose respective base had a diameter of 2 cm. The heating and air control cones 2.1.3 were integral parts of the heating plates 2.1.2 .

The insides and top ends of the heat pipes 2.1.1 as well as the three free side surfaces of the Peltier elements 2 and the surrounding vertical sides of the heating plates 2.1.2 were also with 1 cm thick thermal insulation coatings 2.1.4 coated from the above-mentioned thermal insulation paint. These thermal insulation coatings 2.1.4 reached to the surfaces of the heating plates 2.1.2 . Circumferential, heat-resistant, supporting components stood on the heating plates 5.5 made of the high-performance plastic polyethersulfone (PES) with a glass temperature of 225 ° C and a thermal conductivity λ of 0.17 W / (mK). The components 5.5 had the shape of upturned funnel tops with an octagon-shaped outline with a wall thickness of 0.3 cm and a height of 2 cm. They each stood on four 3 cm high legs 5.5.1 Made of PES with a circular cross-section with a diameter of 0.3 cm, each of which is spatially connected to the four heat pipes 2.1.1 were assigned.

The components 5.5 supported the air-permeable cartridge bottoms 5.3 a wall thickness of 0.4 cm and holes with a clear width of 0.15 cm in the areas of the transitions from the air-permeable cartridge bases 5.3 in the circumferential octagon-shaped cartridge walls 5 made of PES with a wall thickness of 0.4 cm. The insides of the cartridges 5 were 81.5 cm high in total. At their upper ends went the cartridge walls 5.1 in circumferential octagon-shaped flanges as cartridge holders 5.4 a wall thickness of 0.4 cm and a width of 3 cm above that on the horizontal thermal insulation coatings 2.1.4 pads. The cartridges 5 had distances from the outer wall to the opposite outer wall of 7.7 cm along the long axes AB. Along the short axis CD, they had distances from the outer wall to the opposite outer wall of 4.2 cm.

1.4 cm below the upper openings 1.6 the cartridges 5 were 2 cm high circumferential octagon-shaped cooling rings 2.4 Made of copper with a wall thickness of 0.4 cm, which is in thermal contact with the cold sides 2.3 the Peltier elements 2 stood. The pre-products of the cartridges produced by injection molding were used to attach the cooling ring of 2.4 5 cut in the appropriate places, and there were the cooling rings 2.4 inserted and glued using a construction adhesive. The walls of the cooling rings 2.4 were with a wide-meshed grid of 1 mm thin struts 5.6 connected from copper wire. This significantly increased the cooling effect and thus the chimney effect.

In the four convex curved surfaces of the outer walls 1.1 were slightly above the level of the heating plates 2.1.2 two tubular air inlets each 3 Made of PES with a circular cross-section, a wall thickness of 0.15 cm and a clear width of 1.5 cm. The tubular air inlets 3 ran horizontally through the thermal insulation coatings 2.1.4 between the heat pipes 2.1.1 in the boiler rooms 2.1.6 . In the boiler rooms 2.1.6 became the incoming air 3.1 heated and using the chimney effect as an air stream 3.2 through the permeable cartridge bottoms 5.3 and the cartridges 5 sucked with the biocidal particulate cartridge fillings and through the upper openings 1.5 ; 1.6 decontaminated blown into the room air. The inlets themselves were closed with pre-filters with a smallest filterable particle size of 1 µm in order to prevent the ingress of coarse particles.

The cartridge walls 5.1 had two circumferential 0.3 cm horizontally protruding and 0.3 cm thick rings on their insides for the support of thin air-permeable intermediate floors with holes with a clear width of 0.15 cm (not shown). The first intermediate floors were 30 cm above the cartridge floors 5.3 arranged. The second intermediate floors were 35 cm above the first intermediate floors. As a result, three chambers were formed in each case, the bottom of which was filled with particulate, inorganic, bactericidal and virucidal, loose, air-permeable debris 5.2.2 from irregularly shaped chunks of a mixture of lime and magnesium-calcium oxide in a weight ratio of 1: 1 with an average particle size of 2 cm determined by sieve analysis. The second chambers were filled with loose fillings of one type of the above-described, particulate, inorganic, bactericidal and virucidal coated, inert carrier materials 5.2.1 filled. The uppermost chambers were filled with loose fillings of bentonite particles up to the upper openings 1.6 the cartridges 5 filled.

If necessary, they could use the upper openings 1.5 of the devices 1 still filters 6th with different smallest filterable particle sizes are inserted.

In the upper openings 1.6 the cartridges 5 there was a miniature anemometer and a temperature sensor (not shown), and in the boiler rooms 2.1.6 there was a temperature sensor (not shown) connected to the electronic control units via signal lines (not shown) 4th were connected. This enabled the power output of the Peltier elements 2 and thus the temperatures in the heating plates 2.1.2 and the cooled openings 1.6 the cartridges 5 and with it the chimney effect and the strength of the air currents 3.2 be managed. The temperature differences between the lower and upper temperature sensors could be seen on the displays 4.4 of the electronic control units 4th can be read and using the power and control buttons 4.1 can be set. Also included the electronic control units 4th still light emitting diodes 4.3 for function display and one socket each 4.2 for a charging cable for charging the batteries 7th .

As shown above, the construction according to the invention enabled the most varied of devices according to the invention 1 can be realized, which could be perfectly adapted to the conditions of the individual case.

Were the bulk in the cartridges 5 , especially the beds of absorbents and / or adsorbents, after a very long period of use so heavily contaminated by the decomposition products of bacteria, viruses and virions that an exchange of the materials was necessary, the contaminated beds could be removed by mechanochemical processes, such as those in German Disclosure document DE 10 2019 006 084 A1 are described, processed. In these processes, the organic materials that were adsorbed and / or absorbed on and / or in the beds were converted into activated carbon. Due to its lower density, the activated carbon produced could be separated from the inorganic materials with higher density by sifting and used for other purposes. This, too, was a further essential advantage of the device according to the invention 1 and the method according to the invention.

Test of the effectiveness of the devices according to the invention 1

The effectiveness of the devices according to the invention described above 1 was tested using a test device. A device according to the invention was used for this in each case 1 placed in a suitably sized closed chamber. The exit opening of the device according to the invention 1 was connected to an exhaust hood with an air outlet through which the exhaust air could be discharged. The transition from the device according to the invention 1 to the extractor hood was sealed at the upper end with a circumferential seal. A solid cell biological nutrient medium on a previously sterilized film was placed on an air-permeable carrier in the extractor hood via a lock. A sensor for particle counting by laser diffraction, which was connected by a signal line to a particle measuring device, and a sensor for flow measurement, which was connected to a signal line to a flow measuring device, were arranged in the air outlet. Another sensor for particle counting was placed in the area of the air inlets of the respective device according to the invention and connected to a further particle measuring device via a signal line. The two measuring devices and the measuring device sent the measurement signals to a central data processing system, where they were evaluated and displayed on a display device.

Before determining the effectiveness, the respective chamber and the respective device according to the invention 1 Purged with ultra-pure zero point air (analytical air) at 23 ° C and 1.2 bar via a connection, an automatically controlled shut-off valve and an air inlet nozzle. As soon as no more particle signals appeared on the display device, the flushing was ended by closing the shut-off valve, and aerosol clouds, which for safety reasons contained harmless intestinal bacteria such as Firmicutes, Bacteroidetes, Proteobacteria and Actinobateria, were released via an aerosol line, a fan, an open shut-off valve and a The nebulization nozzle located inside the chamber is blown into the chamber at 23 ° C. and 1.2 bar, through the respective device according to the invention 1 and drained through the hood and air outlet.

In the hood, the exhaust air was blown directly onto the solid cell biological nutrient medium on the previously sterilized film.

After exposure for 15 minutes, 30 minutes, 45 minutes, 60 minutes, the cell biological nutrient medium was removed from the removal lock on the previously sterilized film, and a new nutrient medium was introduced immediately. It was then tested in a customary and known manner whether there were still intestinal bacteria capable of reproduction on the nutrient medium. It was found that after 15 minutes of exposure there were no intestinal bacteria capable of multiplying. This was in accordance with the particle measurement with the sensor and the particle measuring device in the exhaust air, with which no more particles of the size in question could be detected.

QUOTES INCLUDED IN THE DESCRIPTION

This list of the documents listed by the applicant was generated automatically and is included solely for the better information of the reader. The list is not part of the German patent or utility model application. The DPMA assumes no liability for any errors or omissions.

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Claims (23)

Mobile device (1) that can be operated by a temperature difference for cleaning and disinfecting room air, comprising, viewed from the outside in, - A vertical, tubular outer wall (1.1) with a floor area (1.7) with a horizontal standing floor (1.7.1), at least one upper separation point (1.2), at least one lower separation point (1.3), an upper opening (1.5) at the upper end (1.5), at least one space (1.7.2) for the insertion of at least one rechargeable accumulator (7) and an electronic control device (4) for regulating the air flow (3.2) through the cartridge (5) that can be generated by the chimney effect, - A replaceable cartridge (5) with an upper opening (1.5), a cartridge holder (5.4) surrounding the upper opening (1.5) with low thermal conductivity λ, a cartridge wall (5.1) with low thermal conductivity Ä and an air-permeable cartridge base (5.3) with low Thermal conductivity λ and a cooling ring (2.4) with high thermal conductivity λ in the upper area of the cartridge (5), which is in thermally conductive contact with the cold sides (2.2) of at least two Peltier elements (2), - At least one biocidal, particulate cartridge filling (5.2) contained in the exchangeable cartridge (5) in the form of at least one air-permeable bulk, containing (i) at least one type of particulate, inorganic, bactericidal and / or virucidal coated, inert carrier material (5.2 .1) and / or (ii) at least one type of particulate, inorganic, bactericidal and / or virucidal material (5.2.2) and (iii) at least one type of particulate, inorganic and / or organometallic absorbent and / or adsorbent (5.2 .3), - At least two Peltier elements (2) arranged vertically below the upper opening (1.6) of the cartridge (5) and the circumferential cartridge holder (5.4), which are arranged with their cold sides (2.2) with the cooling ring (2.4) and with their hot sides (2.1) are in thermally conductive contact with at least two vertical heat pipes (2.1.1), - A horizontal heating plate (2.1.2) arranged on the floor area (1.7), which is in thermally conductive contact with the at least two vertical heat lines (2.1.1) so that it can be heated, - a heating room (2.1.6) above the heating plate (2.1.2) for heating the air (3.1) flowing in through at least two air inlets (3), - A thermal insulation coating (2.1.4) which completely covers the inside of the outer wall (1.1) and the heat pipes (2.1.1), the at least two Peltier elements (2) on the side and the heating plate (2.1.2) up to the top . Mobile device according to Claim 1 , characterized in that the cartridge wall (5.1) is held by at least two thermally insulating plugs (2.1.5) for vibration damping or with a lateral horizontal extension as a flow barrier or by a circumferential, heat-resistant component (5.5) serving as an air deflector with low thermal conductivity λ is supported in the form of a funnel top at the lower end of the cartridge wall (5.1). Mobile device according to Claim 1 or 2 , characterized in that the thermal insulation coating (2.1.4) is made of insulation paints selected from the group consisting of cork paints, vapor-permeable silicon-based insulation paints, insulation paints with a high proportion of ceramic hollow spheres, insulation paints with aerogels, foam cement and insulation paints with microfine hollow glass spheres . Mobile device according to one of the Claims 1 to 3 , characterized in that the at least one air-permeable biocidal bed (5.2) (i) at least one type of a particulate, inorganic, bactericidal and / or virucidal coated, inert carrier material (5.2.1) and / or (ii) at least one type of a particulate , inorganic, bactericidal and / or virucidal material (5.2.2). Mobile device (1) according to Claim 4 , characterized in that - the at least one type of particulate, inorganic, bactericidal and / or virucidal coated, inert carrier material (5.2.1) from the group consisting of packing elements for columns, spheres, hollow spheres, cullet, granules, ground lumps, cullet and granules, pellets, Rings, spheres with core-shell structures, ellipsoids, cubes, cuboids, pyramids, cones, cylinders, rhombuses, dodecahedra, truncated dodecahedra, icosahedra, truncated icosahedron, dumbbells, tori, platelets, needles with circular, oval, elliptical, square, triangular, square, pentagonal, hexagonal, heptagonal, octagonal or star-shaped cross-sections, shards bent in at least one direction of space, rings, dumbbells, tori, needles and platelets of layered silicates, foam glass, foam glass gravel, pumice stones, zeolites, expanded glass, expanded glass , Foam cements and ceramic foams, - the at least one kind of one particulate, inorganic, bactericidal and / or virucidal material (5.2.2) from the group consisting of spheres, hollow spheres, cullet, granulates, ground lumps, cullet and granulates, pellets, rings, spheres with core-shell structures, ellipsoids, Cubes, cuboids, pyramids, cones, cylinders, rhombuses, dodecahedra, truncated dodecahedra, icosahedra, truncated icosahedron, dumbbells, tori, plates, needles with circular, oval, elliptical, square, triangular, square, pentagonal, octagonal, hexagonal or star-shaped cross-sections, shards, rings, dumbbells, tori, needles and platelets and foams, bent in at least one direction of space, is selected and - the at least one type of particulate, inorganic and / or organometallic adsorbents and / or absorbents (5.2.3) from the group consisting of balls, hollow balls, cullet, granules, ground chunks, cullet and granules, pellets, rings, Spheres with core-shell structures, ellipsoids, cubes, cuboids, pyramids, cones, cylinders, rhombuses, dodecahedra, truncated dodecahedra, icosahedra, truncated icosahedron, dumbbells, tori, plates, needles with circular, oval, elliptical, square, triangular, square, pentagonal, hexagonal, heptagonal, octagonal or star-shaped cross-sections, broken pieces, rings, dumbbells, tori, needles and plates bent in at least one direction of space. Mobile device (1) according to Claim 4 or 5 , characterized in that the bactericidal and virucidal coatings on the inert carrier material (5.2.1) contain at least one type of bactericidal and virucidal pharmaceuticals and / or disinfectants which are fixed to a hardened binder matrix in the form of microparticles and / or in the hardened Binder matrix are dispersed and / or dissolved therein, and / or contain bactericidal and virucidal metal particles which can be applied by electric twin wire spraying Mobile device (1) according to one of the Claims 4 to 6th , characterized in that the bactericidal and / or virucidal coatings on the inert carrier material (5.2.1) have a contact angle θ with water of ≤90 °. Mobile device (1) according to one of the Claims 1 to 7th , characterized in that the cross-section of the replaceable cartridge (5) is circular, elliptical, oval, square, square, hexagonal or octagonal and of constant light from one over the entire length of the cartridge wall (5.1) to the circumferential cartridge holder (5.4) Is wide or has the shape of a venturi tube. Mobile device (1) according to one of the Claims 1 to 8th , characterized in that the inside of the cartridge wall (5.1) of the exchangeable cartridge (5) with constant clear width has at least two horizontally circumferential and vertically spaced supports for at least two air-permeable intermediate floors, so that at least three separate chambers result, of which at least one is filled with a bed (5.2) of particulate absorbents and / or adsorbents (5.2.3) and at least two with (i) a bed (5.2) of particulate, inorganic, bactericidal and virucidal coated, inert carrier materials (5.2.1) and / or (ii) are filled with a bed (5.2) made of particulate, inorganic, bactericidal and / or virucidal materials (5.2.2). Mobile device (1) according to one of the Claims 5 to 9 , characterized in that the exchangeable cartridge (5) with the shape of a Venturi tube is filled with a bed (5.2) which contains a mixture containing (i) particulate, inorganic, bactericidal and virucidal coated, inert carrier materials (5.2.1) and / or particulate, inorganic, bactericidal and / or virucidal materials (5.2.2) and (ii) particulate, inorganic adsorbents and / or absorbents (5.2.3). Mobile device according to one of the Claims 1 to 10 , characterized in that the particulate adsorbents and / or adsorbents (5.2.3) are selected from the group consisting of activated coke, activated coke / hydrated lime, phyllosilicates, zeolites, silica gels, aluminum oxide, clays, active clays, organometallic framework compounds (MOFs) and trass are Mobile device (1) according to one of the Claims 5 to 11 , characterized in that the particulate, inorganic carrier materials (5.2.1), the particulate, inorganic, bactericidal and / or virucidal materials (5.2.2) and the particulate absorbents and / or adsorbents (5.2.3) have an average determined by sieve analysis Have particle size from 0.5 mm to 12 mm. Mobile device (1) according to one of the Claims 1 to 12 , characterized in that the circumferential cooling ring (2.4), the heating plate (2.1.2) and the heat pipes (2.1.1) have a thermal conductivity λ of 20 W / (mK) to 430 W / (mK). Mobile device (1) according to one of the Claims 1 to 13 , characterized in that the outer wall (1.1), the carrier material (5.2.1), the thermal insulation coating (2.1.4) and the component (5.5) have a thermal conductivity A of 0.001 W / (mK) to 1.0 W / (mK ) to have. Mobile device (1) according to one of the Claims 1 to 14th , characterized in that between the cold sides (2.2) of the at least two Peltier elements (2) and the cooling ring (2.4), the hot sides (2.1) of the at least two Peltier elements (2) and / or the heat pipes (2.1 .1) an aluminum nitride ceramic plate (2.3) and / or a layer of a thermal paste (2.3) is arranged. Mobile device (1) according to one of the Claims 1 to 15th , characterized in that a thermally conductive heating and air deflection cone is arranged in the center of the heating plate (2.1.2). Mobile device (1) according to one of the Claims 1 to 16 , characterized in that the cartridge wall (5.1) consists of at least one plastic with a thermal conductivity λ of 0.1 W / (mK) to 0.5 W / (mK) and / or at least one glass with a thermal conductivity λ of 0.5 W / (mK) up to 1.5 W / (mK). Mobile device (1) according to one of the Claims 1 to 17th , characterized in that an axial fan with an electronically controlled electric motor and at least two blades is arranged as an auxiliary unit in the heating room (2.1.6) below the air-permeable cartridge base (5.3). Mobile device (1) according to one of the Claims 1 to 18th , characterized in that it has an electronic control system which has a miniature anemometer arranged in the upper opening (1.6) of the cartridge (5) and a temperature sensor and a temperature sensor in the heating room (2.1.6), which are connected to the electronic control unit with signal lines (4) for controlling the power of the at least two Peltier elements (2) are connected. Mobile device (1) according to Claim 19 , characterized in that the axial fan is integrated into the electronic control system and can be switched on automatically to start an air flow (3.2) and switched off again after the chimney effect has set in. Mobile device (1) according to one of the Claims 1 to 20th , characterized in that the outer wall (1.1) has at least two circumferential separation points (1.2; 1.3) arranged one above the other. Mobile device (1) according to one of the Claims 1 to 21st , characterized in that it has a diameter of 5 cm to 50 cm and a height of 30 cm to 300 cm. Mobile device (1) according to one of the Claims 1 to 22nd , characterized in that the surfaces of at least one of their components are provided with at least one bactericidal and / or virucidal coating.

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