DE102018201802A1 - Method for operating an internal combustion engine - Google Patents
Method for operating an internal combustion engine Download PDFInfo
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- DE102018201802A1 DE102018201802A1 DE102018201802.2A DE102018201802A DE102018201802A1 DE 102018201802 A1 DE102018201802 A1 DE 102018201802A1 DE 102018201802 A DE102018201802 A DE 102018201802A DE 102018201802 A1 DE102018201802 A1 DE 102018201802A1
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- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
- B01D—SEPARATION
- B01D53/00—Separation of gases or vapours; Recovering vapours of volatile solvents from gases; Chemical or biological purification of waste gases, e.g. engine exhaust gases, smoke, fumes, flue gases, aerosols
- B01D53/34—Chemical or biological purification of waste gases
- B01D53/92—Chemical or biological purification of waste gases of engine exhaust gases
- B01D53/94—Chemical or biological purification of waste gases of engine exhaust gases by catalytic processes
- B01D53/9404—Removing only nitrogen compounds
- B01D53/9409—Nitrogen oxides
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C01—INORGANIC CHEMISTRY
- C01B—NON-METALLIC ELEMENTS; COMPOUNDS THEREOF; METALLOIDS OR COMPOUNDS THEREOF NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASS C01C
- C01B3/00—Hydrogen; Gaseous mixtures containing hydrogen; Separation of hydrogen from mixtures containing it; Purification of hydrogen
- C01B3/02—Production of hydrogen or of gaseous mixtures containing a substantial proportion of hydrogen
- C01B3/025—Preparation or purification of gas mixtures for ammonia synthesis
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- C01—INORGANIC CHEMISTRY
- C01B—NON-METALLIC ELEMENTS; COMPOUNDS THEREOF; METALLOIDS OR COMPOUNDS THEREOF NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASS C01C
- C01B3/00—Hydrogen; Gaseous mixtures containing hydrogen; Separation of hydrogen from mixtures containing it; Purification of hydrogen
- C01B3/02—Production of hydrogen or of gaseous mixtures containing a substantial proportion of hydrogen
- C01B3/32—Production of hydrogen or of gaseous mixtures containing a substantial proportion of hydrogen by reaction of gaseous or liquid organic compounds with gasifying agents, e.g. water, carbon dioxide, air
- C01B3/34—Production of hydrogen or of gaseous mixtures containing a substantial proportion of hydrogen by reaction of gaseous or liquid organic compounds with gasifying agents, e.g. water, carbon dioxide, air by reaction of hydrocarbons with gasifying agents
- C01B3/38—Production of hydrogen or of gaseous mixtures containing a substantial proportion of hydrogen by reaction of gaseous or liquid organic compounds with gasifying agents, e.g. water, carbon dioxide, air by reaction of hydrocarbons with gasifying agents using catalysts
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C01—INORGANIC CHEMISTRY
- C01C—AMMONIA; CYANOGEN; COMPOUNDS THEREOF
- C01C1/00—Ammonia; Compounds thereof
- C01C1/02—Preparation, purification or separation of ammonia
- C01C1/04—Preparation of ammonia by synthesis in the gas phase
- C01C1/0405—Preparation of ammonia by synthesis in the gas phase from N2 and H2 in presence of a catalyst
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- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F01—MACHINES OR ENGINES IN GENERAL; ENGINE PLANTS IN GENERAL; STEAM ENGINES
- F01N—GAS-FLOW SILENCERS OR EXHAUST APPARATUS FOR MACHINES OR ENGINES IN GENERAL; GAS-FLOW SILENCERS OR EXHAUST APPARATUS FOR INTERNAL COMBUSTION ENGINES
- F01N3/00—Exhaust or silencing apparatus having means for purifying, rendering innocuous, or otherwise treating exhaust
- F01N3/08—Exhaust or silencing apparatus having means for purifying, rendering innocuous, or otherwise treating exhaust for rendering innocuous
- F01N3/10—Exhaust or silencing apparatus having means for purifying, rendering innocuous, or otherwise treating exhaust for rendering innocuous by thermal or catalytic conversion of noxious components of exhaust
- F01N3/18—Exhaust or silencing apparatus having means for purifying, rendering innocuous, or otherwise treating exhaust for rendering innocuous by thermal or catalytic conversion of noxious components of exhaust characterised by methods of operation; Control
- F01N3/20—Exhaust or silencing apparatus having means for purifying, rendering innocuous, or otherwise treating exhaust for rendering innocuous by thermal or catalytic conversion of noxious components of exhaust characterised by methods of operation; Control specially adapted for catalytic conversion ; Methods of operation or control of catalytic converters
- F01N3/2066—Selective catalytic reduction [SCR]
- F01N3/208—Control of selective catalytic reduction [SCR], e.g. dosing of reducing agent
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- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F02—COMBUSTION ENGINES; HOT-GAS OR COMBUSTION-PRODUCT ENGINE PLANTS
- F02B—INTERNAL-COMBUSTION PISTON ENGINES; COMBUSTION ENGINES IN GENERAL
- F02B43/00—Engines characterised by operating on gaseous fuels; Plants including such engines
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- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
- B01D—SEPARATION
- B01D2251/00—Reactants
- B01D2251/20—Reductants
- B01D2251/206—Ammonium compounds
- B01D2251/2062—Ammonia
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- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
- B01D—SEPARATION
- B01D2258/00—Sources of waste gases
- B01D2258/01—Engine exhaust gases
- B01D2258/018—Natural gas engines
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C01—INORGANIC CHEMISTRY
- C01B—NON-METALLIC ELEMENTS; COMPOUNDS THEREOF; METALLOIDS OR COMPOUNDS THEREOF NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASS C01C
- C01B2203/00—Integrated processes for the production of hydrogen or synthesis gas
- C01B2203/02—Processes for making hydrogen or synthesis gas
- C01B2203/0205—Processes for making hydrogen or synthesis gas containing a reforming step
- C01B2203/0227—Processes for making hydrogen or synthesis gas containing a reforming step containing a catalytic reforming step
- C01B2203/0233—Processes for making hydrogen or synthesis gas containing a reforming step containing a catalytic reforming step the reforming step being a steam reforming step
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C01—INORGANIC CHEMISTRY
- C01B—NON-METALLIC ELEMENTS; COMPOUNDS THEREOF; METALLOIDS OR COMPOUNDS THEREOF NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASS C01C
- C01B2203/00—Integrated processes for the production of hydrogen or synthesis gas
- C01B2203/06—Integration with other chemical processes
- C01B2203/066—Integration with other chemical processes with fuel cells
- C01B2203/067—Integration with other chemical processes with fuel cells the reforming process taking place in the fuel cell
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C01—INORGANIC CHEMISTRY
- C01B—NON-METALLIC ELEMENTS; COMPOUNDS THEREOF; METALLOIDS OR COMPOUNDS THEREOF NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASS C01C
- C01B2203/00—Integrated processes for the production of hydrogen or synthesis gas
- C01B2203/06—Integration with other chemical processes
- C01B2203/068—Ammonia synthesis
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C01—INORGANIC CHEMISTRY
- C01B—NON-METALLIC ELEMENTS; COMPOUNDS THEREOF; METALLOIDS OR COMPOUNDS THEREOF NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASS C01C
- C01B2203/00—Integrated processes for the production of hydrogen or synthesis gas
- C01B2203/12—Feeding the process for making hydrogen or synthesis gas
- C01B2203/1205—Composition of the feed
- C01B2203/1211—Organic compounds or organic mixtures used in the process for making hydrogen or synthesis gas
- C01B2203/1235—Hydrocarbons
- C01B2203/1241—Natural gas or methane
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- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F01—MACHINES OR ENGINES IN GENERAL; ENGINE PLANTS IN GENERAL; STEAM ENGINES
- F01N—GAS-FLOW SILENCERS OR EXHAUST APPARATUS FOR MACHINES OR ENGINES IN GENERAL; GAS-FLOW SILENCERS OR EXHAUST APPARATUS FOR INTERNAL COMBUSTION ENGINES
- F01N2240/00—Combination or association of two or more different exhaust treating devices, or of at least one such device with an auxiliary device, not covered by indexing codes F01N2230/00 or F01N2250/00, one of the devices being
- F01N2240/25—Combination or association of two or more different exhaust treating devices, or of at least one such device with an auxiliary device, not covered by indexing codes F01N2230/00 or F01N2250/00, one of the devices being an ammonia generator
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- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F01—MACHINES OR ENGINES IN GENERAL; ENGINE PLANTS IN GENERAL; STEAM ENGINES
- F01N—GAS-FLOW SILENCERS OR EXHAUST APPARATUS FOR MACHINES OR ENGINES IN GENERAL; GAS-FLOW SILENCERS OR EXHAUST APPARATUS FOR INTERNAL COMBUSTION ENGINES
- F01N2240/00—Combination or association of two or more different exhaust treating devices, or of at least one such device with an auxiliary device, not covered by indexing codes F01N2230/00 or F01N2250/00, one of the devices being
- F01N2240/30—Combination or association of two or more different exhaust treating devices, or of at least one such device with an auxiliary device, not covered by indexing codes F01N2230/00 or F01N2250/00, one of the devices being a fuel reformer
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- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F01—MACHINES OR ENGINES IN GENERAL; ENGINE PLANTS IN GENERAL; STEAM ENGINES
- F01N—GAS-FLOW SILENCERS OR EXHAUST APPARATUS FOR MACHINES OR ENGINES IN GENERAL; GAS-FLOW SILENCERS OR EXHAUST APPARATUS FOR INTERNAL COMBUSTION ENGINES
- F01N2240/00—Combination or association of two or more different exhaust treating devices, or of at least one such device with an auxiliary device, not covered by indexing codes F01N2230/00 or F01N2250/00, one of the devices being
- F01N2240/32—Combination or association of two or more different exhaust treating devices, or of at least one such device with an auxiliary device, not covered by indexing codes F01N2230/00 or F01N2250/00, one of the devices being a fuel cell
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- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F01—MACHINES OR ENGINES IN GENERAL; ENGINE PLANTS IN GENERAL; STEAM ENGINES
- F01N—GAS-FLOW SILENCERS OR EXHAUST APPARATUS FOR MACHINES OR ENGINES IN GENERAL; GAS-FLOW SILENCERS OR EXHAUST APPARATUS FOR INTERNAL COMBUSTION ENGINES
- F01N2610/00—Adding substances to exhaust gases
- F01N2610/02—Adding substances to exhaust gases the substance being ammonia or urea
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- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
- Y02A—TECHNOLOGIES FOR ADAPTATION TO CLIMATE CHANGE
- Y02A50/00—TECHNOLOGIES FOR ADAPTATION TO CLIMATE CHANGE in human health protection, e.g. against extreme weather
- Y02A50/20—Air quality improvement or preservation, e.g. vehicle emission control or emission reduction by using catalytic converters
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- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
- Y02P—CLIMATE CHANGE MITIGATION TECHNOLOGIES IN THE PRODUCTION OR PROCESSING OF GOODS
- Y02P20/00—Technologies relating to chemical industry
- Y02P20/50—Improvements relating to the production of bulk chemicals
- Y02P20/52—Improvements relating to the production of bulk chemicals using catalysts, e.g. selective catalysts
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- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
- Y02T—CLIMATE CHANGE MITIGATION TECHNOLOGIES RELATED TO TRANSPORTATION
- Y02T10/00—Road transport of goods or passengers
- Y02T10/10—Internal combustion engine [ICE] based vehicles
- Y02T10/12—Improving ICE efficiencies
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- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
- Y02T—CLIMATE CHANGE MITIGATION TECHNOLOGIES RELATED TO TRANSPORTATION
- Y02T10/00—Road transport of goods or passengers
- Y02T10/10—Internal combustion engine [ICE] based vehicles
- Y02T10/30—Use of alternative fuels, e.g. biofuels
Abstract
Die Erfindung betrifft ein Verfahren zum Betreiben eines Verbrennungsmotors eines Fahrzeugs mit einem kryogenen Kraftstoff, insbesondere mit Erdgas, bei dem der kryogene Kraftstoff unter Zuhilfenahme eines Kraftstoffversorgungssystems (1) einem Brennraum des Verbrennungsmotors zugeführt und im Brennraum verbrannt wird. Erfindungsgemäß werden bei der Verbrennung entstehende Abgase des Verbrennungsmotors einer Nachbehandlung unterzogen, wobei Ammoniak (NH) eingesetzt wird, das an Bord des Fahrzeugs aus kryogenem Kraftstoff erzeugt wird, der dem Kraftstoffversorgungssystem (1) entnommen wird.The invention relates to a method for operating an internal combustion engine of a vehicle with a cryogenic fuel, in particular with natural gas, in which the cryogenic fuel with the aid of a fuel supply system (1) is supplied to a combustion chamber of the internal combustion engine and burned in the combustion chamber. According to the invention, exhaust gases of the internal combustion engine produced during combustion are subjected to an aftertreatment using ammonia (NH) which is generated aboard the vehicle from cryogenic fuel taken from the fuel supply system (1).
Description
Die Erfindung betrifft ein Verfahren zum Betreiben eines Verbrennungsmotors eines Fahrzeugs mit einem kryogenen Kraftstoff gemäß dem Oberbegriff des Anspruchs 1.The invention relates to a method for operating an internal combustion engine of a vehicle with a cryogenic fuel according to the preamble of claim 1.
Bei dem kryogenem Kraftstoff kann es sich insbesondere um Erdgas (NG, d. h. „Natural Gas“) handeln.The cryogenic fuel may be, in particular, natural gas (NG, ie "natural gas").
Stand der TechnikState of the art
Die Verbrennung von Erdgas zum Betreiben eines Verbrennungsmotors ist aus dem Stand der Technik bekannt. Bei mobilen Anwendungen wird das Erdgas in flüssiger Form (LNG, d. h. „Liquefied Natural Gas“) an Bord eines Fahrzeugs bevorratet, da flüssiges Erdgas ein deutlich geringes Volumen als gasförmiges Erdgas aufweist. Hierzu wird das Erdgas auf Temperaturen von etwa -160°C heruntergekühlt und in einem speziellen Tank („Kryotank“) bevorratet. Der initiale Druck im Tank wird beim Betanken durch den an der Tankstelle vorhandenen Druck festgelegt. Aufgrund externer Wärmezufuhr kann es jedoch im Tank zu einem teilweisen Verdampfen des flüssigen Erdgases und damit zu einem Druckanstieg kommen. Um einen Überdruck im Druckbehälter zu verhindern, wird üblicherweise ein Teil des gasförmigen Kraftstoffs aus dem Druckbehälter mittels eines Sicherheitsventils abgelassen („Boil-Off“).The combustion of natural gas for operating an internal combustion engine is known from the prior art. In mobile applications, the natural gas stored in liquid form (LNG, ie "liquefied natural gas") is stored on board a vehicle, since liquid natural gas has a significantly lower volume than gaseous natural gas. For this purpose, the natural gas is cooled down to temperatures of about -160 ° C and stored in a special tank ("cryotank"). The initial pressure in the tank during refueling is determined by the pressure available at the filling station. Due to external heat supply, however, it can lead to a partial evaporation of the liquid natural gas in the tank and thus to a pressure increase. In order to prevent overpressure in the pressure vessel, usually a part of the gaseous fuel is discharged from the pressure vessel by means of a safety valve ("Boil-Off").
Darüber hinaus sind Dieselmotoren bekannt, deren Abgase zur Reduzierung der Stickoxidemissionen einer Nachbehandlung in einem SCR-Katalysator unterzogen werden, wobei SCR für selektive katalytische Reduktion (englisch: „selective catalytic reduction“) steht. Hierzu wird dem Abgasstrom ein Reduktionsmittel in Form einer wässrigen Harnstofflösung zugeführt, die sich unter den hohen Temperaturen des Abgases zu Ammoniak und Wasserdampf zersetzt. Ammoniak und Stickoxide reagieren dann im SCR-Katalysator zu unschädlichem Stickstoff und Wasser. Die wässrige Harnstofflösung wird in einem separaten Tank an Bord eines Fahrzeugs mitgeführt. Da die wässrige Harnstofflösung bei Temperaturen unter -11°C gefriert, ist der Tank in der Regel beheizbar ausgeführt.In addition, diesel engines are known whose exhaust gases are subjected to a reduction in the nitrogen oxide emissions of a post-treatment in an SCR catalyst, wherein SCR stands for selective catalytic reduction (English: "Selective Catalytic Reduction"). For this purpose, a reducing agent in the form of an aqueous urea solution is supplied to the exhaust gas stream, which decomposes under the high temperatures of the exhaust gas to ammonia and water vapor. Ammonia and nitrogen oxides then react in the SCR catalyst to form harmless nitrogen and water. The aqueous urea solution is carried in a separate tank aboard a vehicle. Since the aqueous urea solution freezes at temperatures below -11 ° C, the tank is usually designed to be heated.
Der Erfindung liegt die Aufgabe zugrunde, ein Verfahren zum Betreiben eines Verbrennungsmotors eines Fahrzeugs mit einem kryogenen Kraftstoff, insbesondere mit Erdgas, anzugeben, das besonders wirtschaftlich bzw. effizient und zugleich wenig belastend für die Umwelt ist.The invention is based on the object of specifying a method for operating an internal combustion engine of a vehicle with a cryogenic fuel, in particular natural gas, which is particularly economical or efficient and at the same time less burdensome for the environment.
Zur Lösung der Aufgabe wird das Verfahren mit den Merkmalen des Anspruchs 1 vorgeschlagen. Vorteilhafte Weiterbildungen der Erfindung sind den Unteransprüchen zu entnehmen.To solve the problem, the method with the features of claim 1 is proposed. Advantageous developments of the invention can be found in the dependent claims.
Offenbarung der ErfindungDisclosure of the invention
Bei dem vorgeschlagenen Verfahren zum Betreiben eines Verbrennungsmotors eines Fahrzeugs mit einem kryogenen Kraftstoff, insbesondere mit Erdgas, wird der kryogene Kraftstoff unter Zuhilfenahme eines Kraftstoffversorgungssystems einem Brennraum des Verbrennungsmotors zugeführt und im Brennraum verbrannt. Erfindungsgemäß werden bei der Verbrennung entstehende Abgase des Verbrennungsmotors einer Nachbehandlung unterzogen, wobei Ammoniak (NH3) eingesetzt wird, das an Bord des Fahrzeugs aus kryogenem Kraftstoff erzeugt wird, der dem Kraftstoffversorgungssystem entnommen wird.In the proposed method for operating an internal combustion engine of a vehicle with a cryogenic fuel, in particular with natural gas, the cryogenic fuel is supplied with the aid of a fuel supply system to a combustion chamber of the internal combustion engine and burned in the combustion chamber. According to the invention, exhaust gases of the internal combustion engine produced during combustion are subjected to a post-treatment using ammonia (NH 3 ) which is generated on board the vehicle from cryogenic fuel which is taken from the fuel supply system.
Das heißt, dass eine bestimmte Menge des kryogenen Kraftstoffs nicht der Verbrennung zugeführt, sondern zur Erzeugung von Ammoniak genutzt wird. Das derart erzeugte Ammoniak kann dann als Reduktionsmittel bei der Nachbehandlung der bei der Verbrennung entstehenden Abgase des Verbrennungsmotors eingesetzt werden, beispielsweise in einem SCR-Katalysator. Das an Bord erzeugte Ammoniak vermag dann die üblicherweise als Reduktionsmittel eingesetzte wässrige Harnstofflösung zu ersetzen, so dass Bevorratungs- und/oder Dosiersysteme für die wässrige Harnstofflösung entfallen. Damit entfällt auch das lästige Nachtanken der wässrigen Harnstofflösung. Da der kryogene Kraftstoff, insbesondere Erdgas, zudem günstiger als die wässrige Harnstofflösung ist, können ferner Kosten eingespart werden.That is, a certain amount of the cryogenic fuel is not supplied to the combustion, but used for the production of ammonia. The ammonia thus produced can then be used as a reducing agent in the aftertreatment of the exhaust gases of the internal combustion engine produced during combustion, for example in an SCR catalytic converter. The ammonia generated on board can then replace the aqueous urea solution usually used as a reducing agent, so that storage and / or metering systems for the aqueous urea solution omitted. This eliminates the annoying refueling of the aqueous urea solution. Further, since the cryogenic fuel, especially natural gas, is cheaper than the aqueous urea solution, cost can be saved.
Großindustriell wird Ammoniak (NH3) katalytisch aus Methan (CH4), Wasser (H2O) und Stickstoff (N2) hergestellt, insbesondere nach dem „Haber-Bosch-Verfahren“. Dieses Verfahren beschreibt die Synthese von Ammoniak aus atmosphärischem Stickstoff und Wasser an einem eisenhaltigen Katalysator bei Drücken von etwa 150 bis 350 bar und Temperaturen von etwa 400 bis 500°C.In the industrial sector, ammonia (NH 3 ) is produced catalytically from methane (CH 4 ), water (H 2 O) and nitrogen (N 2 ), in particular according to the Haber-Bosch process. This process describes the synthesis of ammonia from atmospheric nitrogen and water over a ferric catalyst at pressures of about 150 to 350 bar and temperatures of about 400 to 500 ° C.
Das erfindungsgemäße Verfahren macht sich zunutze, dass beispielsweise Erdgas überwiegend aus Methan besteht. An Bord eines Fahrzeugs mitgeführtes Erdgas kann demnach nicht nur als Kraftstoff, sondern ferner als Methanlieferant zur Synthese von Ammoniak eingesetzt werden. Das Verfahren ist dadurch besonders wirtschaftlich.The method according to the invention makes use of the fact that, for example, natural gas predominantly consists of methane. Natural gas carried on board a vehicle can therefore be used not only as a fuel, but also as a methane supplier for the synthesis of ammonia. The process is thus particularly economical.
Darüber hinaus ist das vorgeschlagene Verfahren zum Betreiben eines Verbrennungsmotors eines Fahrzeugs mit einem kryogenen Kraftstoff besonders umweltfreundlich, da durch die vorgesehene Abgasnachbehandlung Schadstoffemissionen, insbesondere Stickoxidemissionen, reduziert werden. Dies gilt im Besonderen, wenn das an Bord des Fahrzeugs erzeugte Ammoniak als Reduktionsmittel bei der selektiven katalytischen Reduktion eingesetzt wird, bei welcher Stickoxide in Stickstoff und Wasser umgewandelt werden.In addition, the proposed method for operating an internal combustion engine of a vehicle with a cryogenic fuel is particularly environmentally friendly, since pollutant emissions, in particular nitrogen oxide emissions, are reduced by the exhaust gas aftertreatment provided. This is especially true when the ammonia generated on board the vehicle is used as a reductant in selective catalytic reduction which converts nitrogen oxides into nitrogen and water.
Gemäß einer bevorzugten Ausführungsform der Erfindung wird vorgeschlagen, dass an Bord des Fahrzeugs erzeugtes Ammoniak zur Stickoxidreduzierung im Abgas stromaufwärts eines SCR-Katalysators in einen Abgastrakt des Verbrennungsmotors eingebracht wird. Auf diese Weise kann der Abgasstrom zum Einbringen des Ammoniaks in den SCR-Katalysator genutzt werden.According to a preferred embodiment of the invention it is proposed that ammonia generated on board the vehicle for nitrogen oxide reduction in the exhaust gas upstream of an SCR catalyst is introduced into an exhaust tract of the internal combustion engine. In this way, the exhaust gas flow can be used for introducing the ammonia into the SCR catalytic converter.
Vorzugsweise wird an Bord des Fahrzeugs eine bedarfsgerechte Menge an Ammoniak erzeugt, so dass die Zugabe eines weiteren Reduktionsmittels, insbesondere einer wässrigen Harnstofflösung, entbehrlich ist. Somit können die Wirtschaftlichkeit und die Umweltfreundlichkeit des Verfahrens weiter maximiert werden.Preferably, a needs-based amount of ammonia is generated on board the vehicle, so that the addition of a further reducing agent, in particular an aqueous urea solution, is dispensable. Thus, the economy and the environmental friendliness of the process can be further maximized.
Vorteilhafterweise wird zur Erzeugung von Ammoniak an Bord des Fahrzeugs zunächst Wassersoff (H) erzeugt und dieser unter Zugabe von Druck und/oder Wärme in einem Reaktor zu Ammoniak (NH3) katalysiert wird. Der Reaktor ist vorzugsweise dem SCR-Katalysator vorgeschaltet, damit das im Reaktor erzeugte Ammoniak in den SCR-Katalysator gelangt und dort seine Funktion als Reduktionsmittel erfüllen kann.Advantageously, for the production of ammonia on board the vehicle first Wasseroff (H) is generated and this is catalysed with the addition of pressure and / or heat in a reactor to ammonia (NH 3 ). The reactor is preferably upstream of the SCR catalyst so that the ammonia generated in the reactor passes into the SCR catalyst and can fulfill its function there as a reducing agent.
Gemäß einem ersten bevorzugten Verfahren wird zur Erzeugung von Wasserstoff im Kraftstoff enthaltenes Methan (CH4) mittels Dampfreformierung zu Wasserstoff (H2) umgesetzt.According to a first preferred method, methane (CH 4 ) contained in the fuel is converted to hydrogen (H 2 ) by steam reforming to produce hydrogen in the fuel.
Gemäß einem alternativen bevorzugten Verfahren wird zur Erzeugung von Wasserstoff eine Brennstoffzelle, insbesondere eine Festoxidbrennstoffzelle (SOFC, englisch: „solid oxide fuel cell“) mit interner Methanreformierung verwendet. Hierbei kann eine bedarfsgerechte Wasserstoffproduktion für die Zuführung zur Ammoniaksynthese über die Betriebsparameter der Brennstoffzelle eingestellt werden.According to an alternative preferred method, a fuel cell, in particular a solid oxide fuel cell (SOFC) with internal methane reforming, is used to generate hydrogen. Here, a demand-based hydrogen production for the supply of ammonia synthesis via the operating parameters of the fuel cell can be adjusted.
Beide alternativ vorgeschlagenen Verfahren zur Wasserstofferzeugung sind an Bord eines Fahrzeugs in der Weise durchführbar, dass die Wirtschaftlichkeit des Verfahrens nicht beeinträchtigt wird.Both alternative proposed methods for hydrogen production are feasible on board a vehicle in such a way that the economic efficiency of the process is not impaired.
In Weiterbildung der Erfindung wird vorgeschlagen, dass der Kraftstoff zur Erzeugung von Ammoniak einem Tank des Kraftstoffversorgungssystems entnommen wird, in dem der kryogene Kraftstoff bevorratet wird. Auf diese Weise kann zugleich der Tankdruck gesenkt werden, so dass ein Überdruck im Tank vermieden wird. Zudem muss überschüssiger Kraftstoff nicht mehr in die Umwelt abgelassen werden, so dass die Umwelt weniger belastet wird. Darüber hinaus sinkt der Kraftstoffverbrauch. Im Ergebnis kann somit die Effizienz des Verfahrens weiter gesteigert werden.In a further development of the invention it is proposed that the fuel for the production of ammonia is taken from a tank of the fuel supply system, in which the cryogenic fuel is stored. In this way, the tank pressure can be lowered at the same time, so that an overpressure in the tank is avoided. In addition, excess fuel does not have to be discharged into the environment, so that the environment is less burdened. In addition, the fuel consumption drops. As a result, the efficiency of the method can be further increased.
Vorteilhafterweise wird der Kraftstoff zur Erzeugung von Ammoniak mittels eines Ventils aus dem Tank entnommen. Das Ventil ermöglicht die Entnahme einer definierten Kraftstoffmenge. Ferner kann das Ventil zur Regelung des Tankdrucks eingesetzt werden. Vorzugsweise ist das Ventil oberhalb eines im Tank vorhandenen Flüssigkeitsspiegels angeordnet, so dass der Kraftstoff aus einem Bereich des Tanks entnommen wird, in dem der Kraftstoff als Gasphase vorliegt. Auf diese Weise kann der Tank zugleich bestmöglich gekühlt werden.Advantageously, the fuel for the production of ammonia is removed by means of a valve from the tank. The valve allows the removal of a defined amount of fuel. Furthermore, the valve can be used to control the tank pressure. Preferably, the valve is arranged above a liquid level present in the tank, so that the fuel is removed from a region of the tank in which the fuel is present as a gas phase. In this way, the tank can be cooled as well as possible.
Die Erfindung wird nachfolgend anhand der beigefügten Zeichnungen näher erläutert. Diese zeigen:
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1 eine schematische Darstellung einer Vorrichtung zur Durchführung des erfindungsgemäßen Verfahrens, -
2 eine schematische Darstellung des Ablaufs der Ammoniakerzeugung nach dem Haber-Bosch-Verfahren und -
3 eine schematische Darstellung des Ablaufs der Ammoniakerzeugung mit Hilfe einer Festoxidbrennstoffzelle mit integrierter Methanreformierung.
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1 a schematic representation of an apparatus for performing the method according to the invention, -
2 a schematic representation of the process of ammonia production according to the Haber-Bosch method and -
3 a schematic representation of the course of Ammoniakerzeugung using a solid oxide fuel cell with integrated methane reforming.
Ausführliche Beschreibung der ZeichnungenDetailed description of the drawings
Die in der
Im Abgastrakt
Aus dem Erdgas bzw. Methan (CH4), das dem Tank
Der
In der
Wie der
Das nach dem Verfahren
Claims (9)
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