DE102014011705A1 - Photovoltaic (PV) facade systems with phase change materials (PCM) - PV-PCM facades - Google Patents
Photovoltaic (PV) facade systems with phase change materials (PCM) - PV-PCM facades Download PDFInfo
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H02—GENERATION; CONVERSION OR DISTRIBUTION OF ELECTRIC POWER
- H02S—GENERATION OF ELECTRIC POWER BY CONVERSION OF INFRARED RADIATION, VISIBLE LIGHT OR ULTRAVIOLET LIGHT, e.g. USING PHOTOVOLTAIC [PV] MODULES
- H02S20/00—Supporting structures for PV modules
- H02S20/20—Supporting structures directly fixed to an immovable object
- H02S20/22—Supporting structures directly fixed to an immovable object specially adapted for buildings
- H02S20/26—Building materials integrated with PV modules, e.g. façade elements
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- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F24—HEATING; RANGES; VENTILATING
- F24S—SOLAR HEAT COLLECTORS; SOLAR HEAT SYSTEMS
- F24S20/00—Solar heat collectors specially adapted for particular uses or environments
- F24S20/60—Solar heat collectors integrated in fixed constructions, e.g. in buildings
- F24S20/66—Solar heat collectors integrated in fixed constructions, e.g. in buildings in the form of facade constructions, e.g. wall constructions
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- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F24—HEATING; RANGES; VENTILATING
- F24S—SOLAR HEAT COLLECTORS; SOLAR HEAT SYSTEMS
- F24S60/00—Arrangements for storing heat collected by solar heat collectors
- F24S60/10—Arrangements for storing heat collected by solar heat collectors using latent heat
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01L—SEMICONDUCTOR DEVICES NOT COVERED BY CLASS H10
- H01L31/00—Semiconductor devices sensitive to infrared radiation, light, electromagnetic radiation of shorter wavelength or corpuscular radiation and specially adapted either for the conversion of the energy of such radiation into electrical energy or for the control of electrical energy by such radiation; Processes or apparatus specially adapted for the manufacture or treatment thereof or of parts thereof; Details thereof
- H01L31/04—Semiconductor devices sensitive to infrared radiation, light, electromagnetic radiation of shorter wavelength or corpuscular radiation and specially adapted either for the conversion of the energy of such radiation into electrical energy or for the control of electrical energy by such radiation; Processes or apparatus specially adapted for the manufacture or treatment thereof or of parts thereof; Details thereof adapted as photovoltaic [PV] conversion devices
- H01L31/042—PV modules or arrays of single PV cells
- H01L31/048—Encapsulation of modules
- H01L31/0488—Double glass encapsulation, e.g. photovoltaic cells arranged between front and rear glass sheets
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H02—GENERATION; CONVERSION OR DISTRIBUTION OF ELECTRIC POWER
- H02S—GENERATION OF ELECTRIC POWER BY CONVERSION OF INFRARED RADIATION, VISIBLE LIGHT OR ULTRAVIOLET LIGHT, e.g. USING PHOTOVOLTAIC [PV] MODULES
- H02S40/00—Components or accessories in combination with PV modules, not provided for in groups H02S10/00 - H02S30/00
- H02S40/40—Thermal components
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- E04F13/00—Coverings or linings, e.g. for walls or ceilings
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- E04F13/08—Coverings or linings, e.g. for walls or ceilings composed of covering or lining elements; Sub-structures therefor; Fastening means therefor composed of a plurality of similar covering or lining elements
- E04F13/0801—Separate fastening elements
- E04F13/0803—Separate fastening elements with load-supporting elongated furring elements between wall and covering elements
- E04F13/081—Separate fastening elements with load-supporting elongated furring elements between wall and covering elements with additional fastening elements between furring elements and covering elements
- E04F13/0821—Separate fastening elements with load-supporting elongated furring elements between wall and covering elements with additional fastening elements between furring elements and covering elements the additional fastening elements located in-between two adjacent covering elements
- E04F13/0826—Separate fastening elements with load-supporting elongated furring elements between wall and covering elements with additional fastening elements between furring elements and covering elements the additional fastening elements located in-between two adjacent covering elements engaging side grooves running along the whole length of the covering elements
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- E—FIXED CONSTRUCTIONS
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- E04F—FINISHING WORK ON BUILDINGS, e.g. STAIRS, FLOORS
- E04F13/00—Coverings or linings, e.g. for walls or ceilings
- E04F13/07—Coverings or linings, e.g. for walls or ceilings composed of covering or lining elements; Sub-structures therefor; Fastening means therefor
- E04F13/08—Coverings or linings, e.g. for walls or ceilings composed of covering or lining elements; Sub-structures therefor; Fastening means therefor composed of a plurality of similar covering or lining elements
- E04F13/0875—Coverings or linings, e.g. for walls or ceilings composed of covering or lining elements; Sub-structures therefor; Fastening means therefor composed of a plurality of similar covering or lining elements having a basic insulating layer and at least one covering layer
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- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
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- F28D—HEAT-EXCHANGE APPARATUS, NOT PROVIDED FOR IN ANOTHER SUBCLASS, IN WHICH THE HEAT-EXCHANGE MEDIA DO NOT COME INTO DIRECT CONTACT
- F28D20/00—Heat storage plants or apparatus in general; Regenerative heat-exchange apparatus not covered by groups F28D17/00 or F28D19/00
- F28D20/02—Heat storage plants or apparatus in general; Regenerative heat-exchange apparatus not covered by groups F28D17/00 or F28D19/00 using latent heat
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- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
- Y02B—CLIMATE CHANGE MITIGATION TECHNOLOGIES RELATED TO BUILDINGS, e.g. HOUSING, HOUSE APPLIANCES OR RELATED END-USER APPLICATIONS
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- Y02B10/10—Photovoltaic [PV]
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- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
- Y02B—CLIMATE CHANGE MITIGATION TECHNOLOGIES RELATED TO BUILDINGS, e.g. HOUSING, HOUSE APPLIANCES OR RELATED END-USER APPLICATIONS
- Y02B10/00—Integration of renewable energy sources in buildings
- Y02B10/20—Solar thermal
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- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
- Y02E—REDUCTION OF GREENHOUSE GAS [GHG] EMISSIONS, RELATED TO ENERGY GENERATION, TRANSMISSION OR DISTRIBUTION
- Y02E10/00—Energy generation through renewable energy sources
- Y02E10/40—Solar thermal energy, e.g. solar towers
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- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
- Y02E—REDUCTION OF GREENHOUSE GAS [GHG] EMISSIONS, RELATED TO ENERGY GENERATION, TRANSMISSION OR DISTRIBUTION
- Y02E10/00—Energy generation through renewable energy sources
- Y02E10/50—Photovoltaic [PV] energy
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Abstract
Die Erfindung liegt im Bereich des Bauwesens und betrifft Fassadenkonstruktionen mit Photovoltaik (PV), in die zur Temperaturregulierung Phasenwechselmaterialen (PCM) integriert werden. Bei den Fassadenkonstruktionen handelt es sich um Dämmpaneele zur Anwendung in Vorhangfassaden, um Wärmedämm-Verbundsysteme und um Vorgehängte hinterlüftete Fassaden.The invention is in the field of construction and relates to facade structures with photovoltaic (PV), in the temperature control phase change materials (PCM) are integrated. The façade constructions are insulation panels for use in curtain walling, thermal insulation composite systems and curtain ventilated facades.
Description
Die Erfindung liegt im Gebiet des Bauwesens. Es handelt sich um ein- und zweischalige Photovoltaik-Fassadenkonstruktionen, in die Phasenwechselmaterialien integriert werden.The invention is in the field of civil engineering. These are single and double-shell photovoltaic façade constructions in which phase change materials are integrated.
Die häufigste Anwendungsart für Photovoltaik sind Freiflächenanlagen, wo eine Hinterlüftung der Photovoltaikmodule erfolgt. Die Wärme der Module aus der absorbierten Sonneneinstrahlung kann zu beiden Seiten durch Konvektion und Strahlung abgegeben werden. Neben den Freiflächen stehen nach wissenschaftlichen Studien über 2000 km2 der Gebäudefläche alleine in Deutschland für die PV-Nutzung zur Verfügung, davon ca. ¼ an der Fassade.The most common type of application for photovoltaic systems are open-space systems where the photovoltaic modules are ventilated. The heat of the modules from the absorbed solar radiation can be emitted on both sides by convection and radiation. In addition to the open spaces, according to scientific studies over 2000 km 2 of the building area are available for PV use in Germany alone, of which about ¼ on the facade.
Fassadenintegrierte Photovoltaik (PV) als Teil der Gebäudeintegrierten Photovoltaik (GIPV) wird bereits in Vorgehängten hinterlüfteten Fassaden (VHF) eingesetzt. Eine Vorgehängte hinterlüftete Fassade (VHF) ist ein zweischaliges System, bei dem die Dämmebene und die Deckschicht durch eine belüftete Luftschicht voneinander getrennt sind. Die Dämmschicht wird direkt auf den Untergrund aufgebracht. Eine Unterkonstruktion, die die Lasten aus der Bekleidung aufnimmt, wird am tragenden Untergrund befestigt. Eine PV-VHF ist eine VHF, bei der die vorderseitige Bekleidung ein PV-Modul ist.Facade-integrated photovoltaic (PV) as part of the building-integrated photovoltaic (BIPV) is already used in curtain wall ventilated facades (VHF). A Curtain Ventilated Facade (VHF) is a two-shell system in which the insulation layer and top layer are separated by a ventilated layer of air. The insulating layer is applied directly to the substrate. A substructure, which absorbs the loads from the clothing, is attached to the supporting ground. A PV-VHF is a VHF where the front-facing garment is a PV module.
Weitere Anwendungsgebiete von GIPV werden das Wärmedämm-Verbundsystem (WDVS) und das in Vorhangfassaden eingesetzte Dämmpaneel sein. Ein Wärmedämm-Verbundsystem (WDVS) setzt sich aus verschiedenen Komponenten zusammen, die einen festen Verbund bilden. Üblicherweise wird mittels eines Klebstoffes bzw. evtl. zusätzlich mittels Dübeln, eine Dämmplatte auf der Außenwand befestigt. Auf den Dämmstoff werden ein gewebebewehrter Unterputz sowie eine Abschlussbeschichtung wie ein Oberputz aufgetragen. Bei einem PV-WDVS ist die Abschlussbeschichtung ein PV-Modul. Ein Dämmpaneel ist ein vorgefertigtes Element zum Einsatz in Vorhangfassaden. Es besteht aus einer Dämmschicht im Kern, einer rückseitigen Verkleidung sowie einer vorderseitigen Abdeckung. Ein PV-Paneel ist ein Dämmpaneel, bei dem die vorderseitige Abdeckung ein PV-Modul ist.Further areas of application for BIPV will be the thermal insulation composite system (ETICS) and the insulation panel used in curtain walls. A thermal insulation composite system (ETICS) is composed of various components that form a solid composite. Usually, by means of an adhesive or possibly additionally by means of dowels, an insulating board mounted on the outer wall. On the insulation material, a textile-reinforced concealed plaster as well as a finishing coating are applied as a finishing coat. For a PV ETICS, the final coating is a PV module. An insulating panel is a prefabricated element for use in curtain walling. It consists of an insulating layer in the core, a rear panel and a front cover. A PV panel is an insulation panel in which the front cover is a PV module.
Photovoltaikmodule wandeln, je nach Zellmaterial und Bauart, unter Standard Test Conditions (STC) bis zu ca. 20% der Solarstrahlung in Strom um. Der Rest der Strahlung wird absorbiert und führt zu einer Temperaturerhöhung im PV-Modul. Eine Temperaturerhöhung des Zellmaterials ist mit einer Leistungsminderung und damit Ertragsminderung verbunden. Dieses Verhalten drückt der Temperaturkoeffizient aus, der, je nach Zellmaterial und Einstrahlungsbedingungen, bis zu ca. 0,5%/K beträgt und die Leistungsminderung in % je Kelvin Temperaturerhöhung über STC (25°C) angibt. Hohe Modultemperaturen führen nicht nur zu einer Leistungsminderung, sondern darüber hinaus auch zu einer Belastung der Materialien im PV-Modul.Depending on the cell material and design, photovoltaic modules convert up to approx. 20% of the solar radiation into electricity under standard test conditions (STC). The rest of the radiation is absorbed and leads to a temperature increase in the PV module. A temperature increase of the cell material is associated with a reduction in performance and thus yield reduction. This behavior is expressed by the temperature coefficient, which, depending on the cell material and irradiation conditions, is up to approx. 0.5% / K and the power reduction in% per Kelvin indicates an increase in temperature above STC (25 ° C). High module temperatures not only lead to a reduction in performance, but also to a load on the materials in the PV module.
Um die Temperaturen im PV-Modul zu senken, gibt es verschiedene Ansätze in der Forschung und Praxis. Z. B. werden zur Kühlung hinter dem PV-Modul Kollektoren als Wärmetauscher mit Wasser oder Luft als Speichermedium angeordnet. Auch Phasenwechselmaterialien (PCM) sind Gegenstand der Untersuchungen. Phasenwechselmaterialien zeichnen sich dadurch aus, dass die Enthalpie bei Zustandsänderungen (häufig von fest zu flüssig) genutzt wird. Das bedeutet, dass ein Energieeintrag über die Wärmespeicherkapazität hinaus nicht zu einer Temperaturerhöhung führt, sondern die Energie für einen Phasenwechsel genutzt wird. Dieser Vorgang ist reversibel, d. h. bei Temperatursenkungen wird die Energie wieder frei.In order to reduce the temperatures in the PV module, there are different approaches in research and practice. For example, collectors are arranged as a heat exchanger with water or air as a storage medium for cooling behind the PV module. Phase change materials (PCM) are also the subject of investigations. Phase change materials are characterized by the fact that the enthalpy is used for state changes (often from solid to liquid). This means that an energy input beyond the heat storage capacity does not lead to an increase in temperature, but the energy is used for a phase change. This process is reversible, d. H. When the temperature drops, the energy is released again.
Die Veröffentlichungen und Schriften, die sich mit der Kühlung von PV durch PCM beschäftigen, behandeln zum einen Messungen an Probekörpern und Simulationen, wodurch Aussagen über mögliche Temperatursenkungen getroffen werden können (z. B.
Einschalige, opake Fassaden benötigen nach den heutigen Anforderungen an die Energieeinsparung meist eine Dämmung, die außen- oder innenseitig auf der Gebäudehülle angebracht wird. Bei einer einschaligen Konstruktion bedeutet eine Integration eines Photovoltaikmoduls als äußerste Schicht, dass dieses seine Wärme aus der absorbierten Solarstrahlung fast ausschließlich nach außen abgegeben kann, denn die Abgabe nach innen ist aufgrund der Dämmung vernachlässigbar gering. Single-shell, opaque facades usually require an insulation that is applied to the outside or inside of the building envelope, according to today's requirements for energy saving. In a single-shell construction, integration of a photovoltaic module as the outermost layer means that it can dissipate its heat from the absorbed solar radiation almost exclusively to the outside, because the discharge to the inside is negligible due to the insulation.
Eigene Untersuchungen und Simulationen haben gezeigt, dass in diesen einschaligen, gedämmten Konstruktionen in Deutschland Temperaturen im Modul entstehen, die um 20 K höher sind als in frei hinterlüfteten PV-Konstruktionen. Damit ist eine Temperatursenkung der gebäudeintegrierten PV-Module noch bedeutender als bei frei hinterlüfteten PV-Modulen.Our own investigations and simulations have shown that in these single-walled, insulated constructions in Germany temperatures in the module arise which are 20 K higher than in free-ventilated PV constructions. This means that lowering the temperature of building-integrated PV modules is even more important than with freely ventilated PV modules.
Die Erfindung beinhaltet die Temperaturregulierung von PV-Modulen bei einer Gebäudeintegration mit hinterlegter Wärmedämmung bzw. nicht freier Hinterlüftung. Die Regulierung erfolgt durch die Verwendung von Phasenwechselmaterialien (PCM). Die Erfindung bietet außerdem mehrere Varianten zur konstruktiven Umsetzung von einschaligen und zweischaligen Fassadenkonstruktionen mit Phasenwechselmaterialien. Bei den einschaligen Fassaden handelt es sich zum einen um in Vorhangfassaden eingesetzte Dämmpaneele und zum anderen um Wärmedämm-Verbundsysteme (WDVS). Bei den zweischaligen Fassaden handelt es sich um Vorgehängte hinterlüftete Fassaden (VHF).The invention includes the temperature regulation of PV modules in a building integration with deposited heat insulation or non-free rear ventilation. Regulation is through the use of phase change materials (PCM). The invention also offers several variants for the structural implementation of single-shell and two-shell facade constructions with phase change materials. The single-shell façades are, on the one hand, insulating panels used in curtain walls and, on the other, thermal insulation composite systems (ETICS). The two-shell façades are curtain ventilated facades (VHF).
PV-PCM-Paneel (Abb. 1–Abb. 3) – System Nr. 1PV-PCM panel (Fig. 1-Fig. 3) - System No. 1
Ein PV-PCM-Paneel ist ein PV-Paneel, bei dem hinter dem PV-Modul eine PCM-Schicht integriert ist. Die
Ausführungsbeispiel für ein PV-PCM-Paneel: Ein Glas-Glas-Modul mit CIS-Absorber bildet die Deckschicht des Paneels (
PV-PCM-WDVS (Abb. 4–Abb. 6) – System Nr. 2PV-PCM-ETICS (Fig. 4-Fig. 6) - System No. 2
In einem PV-PCM-WDVS ist hinter dem PV-Modul eine PCM-Schicht integriert. Die
Ausführungsbeispiel für ein PC-PCM-WDVS: Ein Folie/Folie-Modul mit CIS-Absorber (
PV-PCM-VHF (Abb. 7–Abb. 10) – System Nr. 3PV-PCM-VHF (Fig. 7-Fig. 10) - System No. 3
Eine PV-PCM-VHF ist eine PV-VHF, bei der hinter dem PV-Modul eine PCM-Schicht angeordnet ist. Die
Die Aufbauten in
Ausführungsbeispiel für eine PV-PCM-VHF: Ein Glas/Glas-Modul (
Die Erfindung kombiniert in allen Ausführungsvarianten handelsübliche Materialien zur Erzielung der vorgesehenen Leistung. Nicht handelsübliche Materialien können verwendet werden, stellen aber keine Abweichung von den Ansprüchen des Patentes dar.The invention combines in all variants commercial materials to achieve the intended performance. Non-commercial materials may be used, but are not a departure from the claims of the patent.
Hinsichtlich der PV-Module unterscheidet man je nach Material der PV-Modulvorderseite und Rückseite Glas/Glas-Module, Glas/Folie-Module oder Folie/Folie-Module. Die Art der verwendeten Module richtet sich nach dem jeweiligen Fassadensystem und der expliziten Bauart des jeweiligen Systems. Die Erfindung ist nicht auf ein PV-Modul einer bestimmten Bauart beschränkt.With regard to the PV modules, a distinction is made between glass / glass modules, glass / film modules or film / film modules, depending on the material of the PV module front and back. The type of modules used depends on the respective façade system and the explicit design of the respective system. The invention is not limited to a PV module of a specific type.
Das eingesetzte Zellmaterial der PV-Module besitzt eine untergeordnete Bedeutung und hängt von der gewählten Konstruktion ab. In Folie/Folie-Modulen können nur bruchunempfindliche Absorber verwendet werden, wie sie z. B. in Kupfer-Indium-Selen(CIS)-Dünnschichtsolarzellen vorliegen.The used cell material of the PV modules is of subordinate importance and depends on the chosen construction. In foil / foil modules only break-insensitive absorbers can be used as they are eg. In copper-indium-selenium (CIS) thin-film solar cells.
Hinsichtlich des verwendeten PCM werden lediglich allgemeine Anforderungen formuliert. Die Phasenwechseltemperatur sowie die Art des Phasenwechsels (fest/flüssig oder fest/fest) richten sich nach dem zur Verwendung kommenden Fassadensystem (Nr. 1, Nr. 2 oder Nr. 3) und den klimatischen Umgebungsbedingungen. Das Material selbst (wie Salze oder Paraffine) wird durch bautechnische und baurechtliche Anforderungen (wie Brandschutz) sowie weiteren technischen Randbedingungen (wie Korrosion beteiligter Metalle) bestimmt. Die Art und das Material des PCM-Behältnisses (wie Beutel oder steifer Behälter) ergeben sich ebenfalls beispielsweise aus der Art des Phasenwechsels, des Fassadensystems und den weiteren technischen Randbedingungen. Die obigen allgemeinen Anforderungen sind nicht nur auf das Phasenwechselmaterial beschränkt, sondern umfassen alle weiteren erforderlichen und beteiligten Stoffe, die mit dem PCM zusammenwirken wie entsprechende Zusätze in Form von Bindemitteln oder Zusätze zur Erhöhung der Leitfähigkeit und ggf. der Festigkeit.With regard to the PCM used, only general requirements are formulated. The phase change temperature and the type of phase change (solid / liquid or solid / solid) depend on the facade system (No. 1, No. 2 or No. 3) used for the application and the climatic ambient conditions. The material itself (such as salts or paraffins) is determined by structural and building regulations requirements (such as fire protection) as well as other technical boundary conditions (such as corrosion of participating metals). The type and material of the PCM container (such as bags or rigid container) also result, for example, from the type of phase change, the facade system and the other technical constraints. The above general requirements are not limited only to the phase change material, but include all other necessary and involved substances that interact with the PCM such as appropriate additives in the form of binders or additives to increase the conductivity and possibly the strength.
ZITATE ENTHALTEN IN DER BESCHREIBUNG QUOTES INCLUDE IN THE DESCRIPTION
Diese Liste der vom Anmelder aufgeführten Dokumente wurde automatisiert erzeugt und ist ausschließlich zur besseren Information des Lesers aufgenommen. Die Liste ist nicht Bestandteil der deutschen Patent- bzw. Gebrauchsmusteranmeldung. Das DPMA übernimmt keinerlei Haftung für etwaige Fehler oder Auslassungen.This list of the documents listed by the applicant has been generated automatically and is included solely for the better information of the reader. The list is not part of the German patent or utility model application. The DPMA assumes no liability for any errors or omissions.
Zitierte PatentliteraturCited patent literature
- WO 2014/093081 A2 [0007] WO 2014/093081 A2 [0007]
- WO 2010/132638 A1 [0007] WO 2010/132638 A1 [0007]
- WO 2014/086503 A1 [0007] WO 2014/086503 A1 [0007]
- OE 102009022670 A1 [0007] OE 102009022670 A1 [0007]
Zitierte Nicht-PatentliteraturCited non-patent literature
- Bouzoukas, Asterios: New Approaches for cooling Photovoltaic/Thermal (PV/T), Doctoral Thesis 2008, University of Nottigham [0007] Bouzoukas, Asterios: Photovoltaic / Thermal (PV / T) New Approaches for Cooling, Doctoral Thesis 2008, University of Nottigham [0007]
- Hassan, Ahmad: Phase Change Materials for Thermal Regulation of Building Integrated Photovoltaics, Doctoral Thesis 2010, Dublin Institute of Technology [0007] Hassan, Ahmad: Phase Change Materials for Thermal Regulation of Building Integrated Photovoltaics, Doctoral Thesis 2010, Dublin Institute of Technology [0007]
- Huang, Ming Jun: The effect of using two PCMs on the thermal regulation performance of BIPV systems, in: Solar Energy Materials & Solar Cells, 2011, S. 957–963 [0007] Huang, Ming Jun: The Effect of Using Two PCMs on the Thermal Regulation Performance of BIPV Systems, in: Solar Energy Materials & Solar Cells, 2011, pp. 957-963 [0007]
- Maiti, Subarna et al.: Self regulation of photovolaic module temperature in V-trough using a metal-wax composite phase change matrix, in: Solar Energy, 2011, S. 1805–1816 [0007] Maiti, Subarna et al .: Self-regulation of photovoltaic module temperature in V-through using a metal-wax composite phase change matrix, in: Solar Energy, 2011, pp. 1805-1816 [0007]
- Ho, C. J.: Thermal and electrical performance of a BIPV integrated with a microencapsulated phase change material layer, in: Energy and Buildings, 2012, S. 331–338 [0007] Ho, CJ: Thermal and electrical performance of a BIPV integrated with a microencapsulated phase change material layer, in: Energy and Buildings, 2012, pp. 331-338 [0007]
Claims (13)
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