DE102011014769B4 - Press with plunger and machining tool - Google Patents

Abstract

Press, in particular step press for forming a component (14), consisting of a press table (3) on which one or more lower tool parts (4-7) are arranged, which are opposed by strokes of an executing plunger (2) on which one or more Tool upper parts (8-11) are arranged, wherein at least one lower tool part (4-7) or a tool upper part (8-11), a machining tool (45) is arranged, the drive in the machining direction (arrow 27) of the component (14) through the Lifting movement of the plunger (2), characterized in that the component to be deformed (14) is rotationally symmetrical and rotatably driven about the Z-axis, and the machining tool (45) the Umformtechnische introduction of at least one horizontal, circumferential groove (37) or a Performs profile on the rotationally symmetric component (14).

Description

The invention relates to a press with plunger, a method for operating a machining tool in a press and the use of a machining tool in a press according to the preamble of the independent claims.

Presses, in particular step presses, usually consist of a press table, on which one or more lower tool parts are arranged, and further comprising a ram carrying out a lifting movement, on which one or more upper tool parts are arranged.

When the press is moved together, the upper part of the tool moves against the lower part of the tool and carries out a working movement, which acts on a component arranged in the lower part of the tool.

Such presses have proven themselves on a large scale, and when they are designed as step presses, it is known to arrange a number of tool bases on the press table and the opposite to the plunger a series of tool tops, wherein the component to be deformed or machined over several successive the following stages is progressively and progressively processed, each stage is formed from a tool lower part and a tool upper part.

Accordingly, the component to be machined is moved from stage to stage in the horizontal direction with the ram open in the next subsequent lower tool part and further processed with the next press stroke.

If the component to be machined to a processing are supplied, which could not be achieved by a press forming, z. As a machining, a roll forming or similar processing steps, the component had to be removed from the transfer press, subjected to the specific, external processing step and subsequently returned to the transfer press. Thus, the production time is extended, there are inaccuracies due to the removal and re-feeding in the transfer press and the external processing tools must be equipped with a complex drive with its own.

The DE 198 30 825 A1 forms the closest prior art and discloses a press according to the preamble of claim 1, in which in addition to the usual forming process on a workpiece arranged in the press also further machining operations on the workpiece are initiated by the downward movement of the press ram.

The DE 10 2008 063 688 A1 discloses a press with an additional tool that allows machining of the workpiece outside of the actual press cycle, the tool being mechanically driven by the press.

The US 4,706,369 A discloses a press with a press-driven thread cutting device.

The JP H11-207 548 A discloses a press and introducing a profile into a workpiece via horizontally movable slides and a corresponding counter-punch, wherein the slide movement is initiated by the movement of the press ram.

The invention has the object of providing a press, in particular a transfer press, according to the preamble of claim 1 further so that in addition to the pure Pressumformbewegungen an additional rotational deformation or machining of a rotationally symmetrical component in the press is possible.

Furthermore, a novel method for operating a press and a machining tool integrated there is proposed.

To achieve the object, the invention is characterized by the technical teaching of the independent claims.

Although there are already presses in which autonomously driven machining tools are arranged, the z. For example, perform a machining or comparable machining, or even have processing tools that are driven by the lifting movement of the plunger or dependent on this lifting movement. These known autonomous machining tools had to be equipped in a complex manner with an autonomous drive, and their introduction into the cycle of the transfer press required a complex adaptation of the working cycle of the processing tools to the cycle of the press. This was associated with a high control effort. On the other hand, arranged within a press processing tools whose drive is carried out by the lifting movement of the plunger, so far no rotary machining of a component.

It is important that in addition to the forming of the component by a pressing movement between a Werkzeugober- and a lower tool part now in the lower tool part (or alternatively on the upper part of the tool) a machining tool is arranged, which an additional rotational deformation and / or processing of performs rotationally symmetrical component, which is not necessarily a press forming.

It is particularly advantageous that the machining direction for the machining of the component can be arranged perpendicular to the lifting movement of the press ram. This requires an implementation of the lifting movement of the plunger in a perpendicular thereto working movement of the machining tool, which, for example, thereby against the component and put away and executes the necessary processing operations in the delivery.

However, the invention is not limited thereto. In another embodiment, it may be provided that the machining direction of the machining tool in relation to the component also runs parallel to the direction of the press stroke or at an angle other than 90 degrees.

The example of a profile forming this will be explained in more detail.

So far, it has been known in presses, especially in progressive presses, the component in several successive press operations by successive downward movements of the plunger following different forming steps supply.

If, for example, a profiled groove is additionally provided in such a component to be reshaped in the press, then it was necessary during the pressing process to remove the component partially formed by pressing from the press in the region of a certain press stage, to supply it to a processing operation in a separate processing machine and then, after processing, to transport the component so processed back into the transfer press. The problem was therefore always the separate processing of the component outside the press and the then necessary supply of the component in a new press stage set.

However, this is only to be understood as an exemplary embodiment and is not intended to limit the scope of the present invention, which provides that during the pressing process, in particular during the pressing process of a transfer press, takes place in any stage (such a step press) additional machining of the component, the not necessarily involved in press forming, but includes any other machining operation controlled and driven by the press ram.

This eliminates the need for the first time that the component is removed from the press during the current press process, fed to a separate machining operation and returned to the press after processing.

The term "separate processing operation" is to be understood broadly within the meaning of the present invention. The invention provides as an exemplary embodiment a roll forming of a component before, wherein a circumferential profile groove is introduced into a rotationally symmetrical component by roll forming.

This is a horizontally extending profile groove z. B. is attached to a cup-shaped extension of a rotationally symmetrical component during a press stroke in a certain stage of the transfer press.

However, the invention is not limited thereto, but it can take place any other processing operations in the press area during a press stroke, which are driven by the stroke movement of the plunger or at least dependent.

It can also be arranged in several stages of the press several different processing tools, all make the required processing of the component during a press stroke.

Such processing operations can, for. As machining operations of the component, or welding or pressing operations, with the aim to introduce grooves, recesses, depressions or cups or the like.

This results in the universal application of the technical teaching of the invention, which provides that in a press, in particular a stepped press, the press movement for driving and / or for controlling one of the above-mentioned processing tools is provided.

When a transfer press is described in the following description, this is not meant to be limiting. The technical teaching of the invention can also be carried out in a single-stage press, wherein in addition to the known pressing process can take place an additional transformation in the sense of the above-mentioned processing tools.

However, for the sake of simplicity of the description, a step press in which a rotationally symmetrical component is processed step by step in each step during a press stroke will be hereafter. Also, this component does not have to be rotationally symmetrical. In the embodiment described below, this component is therefore only designed to be rotationally symmetrical in order to be able to roll up an outwardly open profile groove on the outer circumference.

For the attachment of grooves for O-rings or for the production of profiles for pulleys usually spinning machines are used, which have a similar construction as lathes. The component to be machined is clamped in a holder (jaw chuck) and set in rotation. The turning tool present in a lathe is here replaced by a profiling roller and is now moved like a turning tool horizontally to the axis of rotation in the direction of component. It is also called a spinning rollers.

Components that are manufactured in advance by forming technology must be removed from the forming press after your forming process to a spinning machine in order to carry out the flow-forming / profiling process. Often after the flow forming or profiling process further forming is provided, and the component is transported after profiling again on a (often the same) forming press for further processing.

The inventive idea of a press and tool integrated profiling represents a significant cost and time savings, since in the forming process, especially on a transfer or transfer press with multiple tool stages of flow-forming or profiling can be combined with the Umformtechnikprozess and the relocation of the component to a other machine and thus a process interruption is eliminated.

The development is based on the fact that in the course of the downward movement of the press ram in the Z direction, the component to be deformed between upper and lower tool in the press installation space is clamped vertically stationary in the Z direction via spring force and a profiling takes place in a rotationally symmetrical component during a press stroke ,

With a transfer system within the forming press, the component is moved centrally via the profiling station.

The component is deposited by the transfer unit / automation unit of the press in the tool holder and thus pre-centered.

The press ram now moves downwards in the Z direction, and the elements in the upper tool clamp the component using a hold-down device. The hold-down is rotatable and sprung, so that at the moment of clamping yet no profiling starts.

The drive motor rotates at a defined speed, which, however, is generally adjustable, wherein the component holder still does not perform any rotational movement, since there is a coupling between the component holder and the drive motor, which only after reaching a small spring travel in the Z direction, the rotational movement to the component holder and thus continues to the component. Only after reaching a sufficient spring travel of the spring unit in the upper tool part, and a sufficient spring travel of the coupling in the lower tool part, the rotational movement of the component begins about the vertical axis.

The onward travel of the press ram is characterized in that, after clamping and continuous rotation of the component, the wedge elements continue to lower in the Z direction and thus the roller receivers and the associated profile rollers move toward the component and subsequently penetrate the component to form the part Carry out flow-forming or profiling. Upon reaching the bottom dead center / inflection point of the press ram, the maximum shaping is simultaneously achieved by the profile rollers in the component.

The process takes place when the plunger return to its top dead center / inflection point opposite to the downward stroke of the press ram. After reaching the position, the component can then be removed from the profiling station and optionally inserted into a further forming station.

• (1) dass im Zuge der Abwärtsbewegung des Pressenstößels in Z-Richtung innerhalb einer Umformpresse eine Vorrichtung das zu verformende Bauteil zwischen Ober- und Unterwerkzeug im Presseneinbauraum ortsfest vertikal in Z-Richtung geklemmt und anschließend um die Z-Achse gedreht wird, um einen Profilierrollvorgang während eines Pressenhubes durch horizontal zum Bauteil angeordnete und in horizontaler Richtung bewegliche Profilrollen stattfinden zu lassen
• (2) dass Keilelemente zugeordnete Rollenaufnahmen und die darin gelagerten Profilrollen während des Abwärtshubes der Presse synchron in Richtung der Mitte des Bauteiles bewegen und dieses bearbeiten
• (3) dass die Kinematik der unter (2) bezeichneten Bewegung durch die Form der Keilelemente frei einstellbar ist.
• (4) dass die Federkraft zur Klemmung des Bauteils mechanisch oder hydraulisch aufgebracht werden kann
• (5) dass die Drehbewegung des Bauteiles über einen Antriebsmotor regelbar ausgeführt werden kann und zwischen Bauteil und Antriebsmotor eine Kupplung angeordnet ist
• (6) dass die Profilrollen innerhalb einer Werkzeugstufe unterschiedliche formgebende Konturen aufweisen können
• (7) dass die Vorrichtung innerhalb einer Presse in einem Werkzeugstufensatz integrierbar ist
• (8) dass auch auf unterschiedlichen vertikal angeordneten Ebenen ein Profilierrollvorgang innerhalb einer Werkzeugstufe möglich ist Jedes der oben genannten Elemente mit den Ziffern 1 bis 8 genießen sowohl jedes für sich in Alleinstellung aber auch in jeder beliebigen Kombination untereinander Schutz.

Essential in the invention, therefore, the forming technical introduction of a horizontal groove or a profile on a rotationally symmetrical component by means of a special device characterized:

• (1) that in the course of the downward movement of the press ram in the Z direction within a forming press a device clamped the component to be deformed between upper and lower tool in the press installation space vertically in the Z direction and then rotated about the Z axis to a profiling rolling to take place during a press stroke by horizontally to the component arranged and movable in the horizontal direction profile rollers
• (2) that wedge elements associated with roller receivers and the profiled rollers stored therein during the downstroke of the press move synchronously in the direction of the center of the component and edit this
• (3) that the kinematics of the motion referred to in (2) is freely adjustable by the shape of the wedge elements.
• (4) that the spring force for clamping the component can be applied mechanically or hydraulically
• (5) that the rotational movement of the component can be made controllable via a drive motor and between the component and the drive motor, a clutch is arranged
• (6) that the profile rollers can have different shaping contours within a tool stage
• (7) that the device can be integrated within a press in a tool step set
• (8) that a Profilierrollvorgang within a tool stage is possible even on different vertically arranged levels Each of the above-mentioned elements with the numbers 1 to 8 enjoy each each in isolation, but also in any combination with each other protection.

The above description of a forming technology introduction of a horizontal groove or a profile on a rotationally symmetric component is not intended to limit the invention. It is thus intended only to illustrate that there are a large number of possibilities for forming machining tools which are arranged in a tool lower part and / or possibly in a tool upper part and which at least partially surround the tool upper part or the plunger or a drive element arranged there are driven.

Especially with the formation of the machining tool as forming tool there are many opportunities for introducing a profile groove, which can be formed not only by a rolling process as a recessed groove, but it can also take place suitable forming or material displacement operations, so instead of a radially inwardly directed Groove and radially outwardly directed beads and the like can be formed.

It can therefore be carried out with the forming tool described below different forming operations.

The subject of the present invention results not only from the subject matter of the individual claims, but also from the combination of the individual claims with each other.

All information and features disclosed in the documents, including the abstract, in particular the spatial design shown in the drawings, are claimed to be essential to the invention insofar as they are novel individually or in combination with respect to the prior art.

In the following the invention will be explained in more detail with reference to drawings showing only one embodiment. Here are from the drawings and their description further features essential to the invention and advantages of the invention.

Show it:

1 : schematized in side view a transfer press with the representation of a total of 4 successive processing stages

2 : one opposite 1 modified embodiment of a press consisting of a single press stage

3 : perspective view of the spatial and processing directions

4 : perspective exploded exploded view of a Rollumformwerkzeuges in a tool base

5 : the side view of the arrangement after 4 with a first processing step, in which the component is inserted into the component holder

6 : after 5 subsequent further processing step, in which a profile groove is rolled on the outer circumference of the component

7 : a detail from 6 in an enlarged view

8th : a detail from 7 in a further enlarged view

In 1 is generally a press 1 in the version shown as a step press, in which on a press table 3 a total of four consecutive tool lower parts 4 . 5 . 6 . 7 are arranged.

These tool parts 4 - 7 are opposite tool shells 8th . 9 . 10 . 11 assigned to a pestle 2 are arranged, in the direction of arrow 12 down against the press table 3 is movable.

In the illustrated embodiment, the plunger 2 shown in its raised position.

A component to be machined in the usual way in the press 14 is in the direction of passage 13 from stage to stage in each case into a tool lower part 4 in conjunction with the associated tool upper part 8th brought after execution of a press stroke to the next stage, for example in the area of the tool base 5 in conjunction with the tool upper part 9 brought, always in the direction of the arrow 15 in the respective tool lower part 4 - 7 inserted and by a press forming when closing the plunger 2 is processed. In this way, the component to be machined 14 successively following the processing steps 14 ' . 14 '' and 14 ''' fed.

In the embodiment shown is in the region of the lower tool part 7 an additional editing tool 45 arranged in the form of a Rollumformwerkzeuges, which of the press stroke of the plunger 2 in the direction of the arrow 12 is driven.

In a departure from the embodiment according to 1 is in 2 Only a single press is shown with a single stage, where it can be seen that in a press frame 16 the pestle 2 in the region of longitudinal guides aligned in the vertical direction 17 is formed vertically movable and against a press table 3 is movable.

The driving force for the ram 2 is about only - only hinted - cylinder 18 applied.

The 3 shows the processing axes to be explained later, focusing on the 2 and the 4 Respectively. The press stroke thus takes place in the direction of the Z axis.

In the illustrated embodiment, which is based on the 4 is shown in more detail, the machining tool works 45 (Forming tool) in the direction of the Y-axis, wherein the press stroke of the plunger 2 takes place in the direction of the Z-axis.

Accordingly, the forming tool works after 4 in a horizontal direction.

This was previously not possible because a forming movement in the Y direction was not possible, because this perpendicular to the stroke movement of the plunger 2 was in the direction of the Z axis.

Therefore, it is possible for the first time with the invention that deviating from the movement of the plunger 2 In the Z direction, an additional processing in the Y direction and optionally also in the X direction is executable.

In the embodiment according to 4 becomes the component to be machined 14 offset in a rotational movement.

For this purpose, a drive motor is in the tool lower part 22 arranged, via its drive axle a clutch 23 drives, rotatably with a component holder 24 connected is.

The invention is not on the arrangement of a drive motor 22 with a rotating component receiving 24 limited. The drive motor 22 can also be in another spatial direction, z. B. in the direction of the X-axis or the Y-axis. In the present case it is arranged in the direction of the Z-axis. It does not have to be an electrically driven drive motor, but it can also be used hydraulic or pneumatic motors.

The drive system of the transfer press, which for a stepwise transport of the component to be machined in the arrow directions 13 is formed, now transported the component to be machined 14 in the field of component acceptance 24 ,

The opposite is - in not yet coupled state - a hold-down 21 arranged with a spring unit 19 coupled, on which a pivot bearing 20 is arranged.

The named hold-down 21 is on the tool upper part 11 arranged.

Furthermore, on the tool upper part 11 two wedge elements arranged at a distance and parallel to each other 30 attached, wherein each wedge member has a same shape. Each wedge element has a lower wedge slope 31 on, in the direction of the direction in the direction of arrow 33 bevelled.

The wedge slope 31 works with one on the lower tool part 7 arranged role recording 25 together, in the X direction aligned one roll each 32 is arranged. The role shots 25 and 25a are designed in the same way.

The role recording 25 . 25a is in the range of a carriage guide 28 . 28a formed displaceable in the Y direction, wherein the roller receptacle 25 each a rotatable profile role 26 receives, whose axis of rotation is aligned in the Z direction.

It is important now that with the stroke of the plunger 2 and thus with the downward movement of the upper tool part 11 in the direction of the arrow 33 a drive movement of the roller holder 25 . 25a in the direction of the arrow 27 , ie in the Y direction.

This will be the profile role 26 delivered against the component under great deformation pressure. However, the component is first driven to rotate before deformation.

For this purpose it is provided that according to 5 first in the course of the downward movement of the plunger 2 the wedge elements 30 in the direction of the arrow 33 drive down, where already the rotary drive for the component to be formed has been made. When lowering the plunger in the direction of the arrow 33 So first, the hold-down is 21 non-positively on the top of the component 14 pressed until the spring unit 19 is curious, and thus holds the hold-down 21 the component 14 firmly. The component 14 is from the component holder 24 taken with it. It becomes, for example, in the direction of rotation 35 driven.

The spacer strips 29 on the bottom of the tool 7 are arranged, limit the stroke and feed the role recording 25 in conjunction with the spacer blocks arranged on the upper part of the tool 34 ,

According to 5 is now the rotary drive for the component to be formed 14 made, and this is at a rotational speed of z. B. 1000 revolutions / min rotationally driven.

At this stage, after 5 drive the wedge elements 30 in the direction of the arrow 33 with the stroke of the plunger 2 continue down until the wedge slopes 31 engaged with the associated rollers 32 come in the role recording 25 are rotatably mounted.

It comes to the situation 6 , where it can be seen that with further downward movement of the plunger, the wedge elements 30 the roll shots 25 . 25a in the direction of the arrow 39 as a feed movement against the oppositely arranged profile rollers 26 move, so that this material in displacing engagement with the outer periphery of the body of the component 14 come and there a profile groove 37 Press in by roll forming.

This is in the 7 and 8th shown. There it can be seen that the profile groove 37 in the region of a material integral with the component and formed out of this by a pressing out cup 36 takes place, at the bottom side of the profile groove 37 is formed.

The bowl 36 Incidentally, this is due to an inward-directed inner flange 41 extended.

The profile rollers 26 are each in the axis of rotation 40 rotatable in the roll holder 25 . 25a stored, in the illustrated embodiment, two opposing profile rollers 26 are provided. However, the invention is not limited thereto. It can either only a single profile role 26 be provided, or it can also be arranged evenly distributed around the circumference three or more profile rollers.

Instead of a Rollumformvorganges with one or more profile roles 26 can be made in accordance with other rotating forming operations, such. B. riveting operations, interrupted Rollumformvorgänge in which z. B. at a mutual distance attached to each other openings, which are arranged in the region of a profile, are attached or the like more.

It is important that in the area of a single or multi-stage press 1 one or more processing tools are arranged, their drive or their control of the stroke of the plunger of the press 1 is dependent.

Likewise, it is within the scope of the present invention that the roll forming is not a radially inwardly directed profile groove 37 ausformt. It may be provided in another embodiment that the Rollumformwerkzeuge in the inner sides of the component 14 engage and an outwardly directed profile groove 37 molding.

Also, the profile shape of the roll profile 38 which the profile groove 37 ausformt, changeable within wide limits. It does not necessarily have cylindrical profile grooves 37 be educated. These can also be asymmetrically shaped and z. B. be formed as a keyways.

The profile rollers 26 are only driven passively and are driven by the rotating driven component 14 taken.

In another embodiment of the invention, it may be provided that the rotary drive the respective profile rollers 26 is assigned and the component 14 has no own rotary drive.

Similarly, the rotational movement of the profile roller 26 and / or the rotatably driven component 14 be made by the plunger movement of the plunger itself. Here it is possible that the lifting movement of the plunger is converted in the downward direction via a spindle in a rotational movement, which either either the component 14 and / or the profile role 26 drives.

LIST OF REFERENCE NUMBERS

1

Press

2

tappet

3

press table

4

Tool part

5

Tool part

6

Tool part

7

Tool part

8th

Upper die

9

Upper die

10

Upper die

11

Upper die

12

arrow

13

Throughput direction

14

component 14 ' . 14 '' . 14 '''

15

arrow

16

press frame

17

longitudinal guide

18

cylinder

19

spring unit

20

Swivel bearing (from 19 )

21

Stripper plate

22

drive motor

23

clutch

24

component pick

25, 25a

roll cradle

26

profile role

27

arrow

28, 28a

Slide guide (for 25 . 25a )

29

spacer bar

30

key member

31

sloping face

32

Roll (from 25 )

33

arrow

34

spacer block

35

direction of rotation

36

Bowl (from 14 )

37

Profile groove (from 14 )

38

Roller profile (from 26 )

39

infeed

40

Rotary axis (from 26 )

41

Inner flange (from 14 )

42

43

44

45

processing tool

Claims (10)

Press, in particular step press for forming a component ( 14 ), consisting of a press table ( 3 ) on which one or more tool parts ( 4 - 7 ) are arranged, which a Hubbewegungen exporting plunger ( 2 ), on which one or more tool shells ( 8th - 11 ) are arranged, wherein at least one lower tool part ( 4 - 7 ) or a tool shell ( 8th - 11 ) a machining tool ( 45 ), whose drive in the machining direction (arrow direction 27 ) of the component ( 14 ) by the lifting movement of the plunger ( 2 ), characterized in that the component to be deformed ( 14 ) is rotationally symmetrical and rotatably driven about the Z-axis, and the machining tool ( 45 ) the forming-technical introduction of at least one horizontal, circumferential groove ( 37 ) or a profile on the rotationally symmetrical component ( 14 ). Press according to claim 1, characterized in that deviating from the movement of the plunger ( 2 ) in the Z direction additional processing in the Y direction and optionally in the X direction is executable. Press according to claim 1 or 2, characterized in that the machining tool ( 45 ) by the lifting movement of the plunger ( 2 ) the press ( 1 ) in the machining direction ( 27 ) of the component ( 14 ) is driven displaceable on this and wegstellbar adjustable. Method for operating a machining tool ( 45 ) in a press, in particular step press, consisting of a press table ( 3 ) on which one or more tool parts ( 4 - 7 ) are arranged, which a Hubbewegungen exporting plunger ( 2 ), on which one or more tool shells ( 8th - 11 ) are arranged, characterized in that in the course of the downward movement of the press ram ( 2 ) in Z direction within the press ( 1 ) a device ( 19 . 20 . 21 ) the component to be deformed ( 14 ) vertically clamped in the Z-direction between upper and lower tool in the press installation space and then rotates about the Z-axis to a Profilierrollvorgang during a press stroke by horizontally to the component ( 14 ) and in the horizontal direction movable profile rollers ( 26 ) to take place. Method according to claim 4 with a device according to one or more of claims 1 to 3, characterized in that on the upper part of the tool ( 8th - 11 ) arranged wedge elements ( 30 ) in assigned role recordings ( 25 . 25a ) and the profiled rollers ( 26 ) synchronously in the direction of the center of the component during the downward stroke of the press ( 14 ) move. Method according to one of claims 4 or 5, characterized in that the rotational movement of the component ( 14 ) via a drive motor ( 22 ), and that between the component ( 14 ) and drive motor ( 22 ) a coupling ( 23 ) is arranged. Method according to one of claims 4 to 6, characterized in that the profile rollers ( 26 ) have different shaping contours within a tool stage. Method according to one of claims 4 to 7, characterized in that the machining tool ( 45 ) within the press in a tool step set ( 4 - 7 or 8th - 11 ) is integrable. Method according to one of claims 4 to 8, characterized in that on different vertically arranged levels in the press ( 1 ) a Profilierrollvorgang within a tool stage ( 4 - 7 or 8th - 11 ) he follows. Using a machining tool ( 45 ) in a press ( 1 ) for carrying out the method according to one of claims 4 to 9.

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