DE102008048955A1 - Storage-type plant for renewable energy or floating body tidal power plant, has clamp-steel flexible wire, rubber engine, bungee cable and spring clamping device for power generation - Google Patents

Abstract

The storage-type plant has a clamp-steel flexible wire, rubber engine, bungee cable and a spring clamping device for power generation. The bridges, towers, structural works, deep borehole and mines are used as storage-type buildings.

Description

1. Technical area

Here is about the storage of wind turbines, from solar technology, or energy derived from hydropower. We will not be able to change that either all wind turbines in a region at peak performance run, or maybe just not a single wind turbine of this region. In the same way, we will have to accept the fact that the Solar systems work unevenly. When using this renewable energy we are of the diversity dependent on our climatic phenomena.

The However, caching setup could give us irregular wind speeds, even from windy winds and from ever-changing Make solar radiation largely independent. It will possible, either into the power grid a steady energy feed of averages or to selectively generate as much power as is currently needed.

There we do not already influence the continuous running of such plants can, can lead to the invention of a simple cache, the Power supply to control user-friendly.

2. State of the art

The Wind turbines and other renewable energies already have gained considerable shares in the total energy produced. These shares will certainly continue to grow when the possibilities the grid feed can be improved.

Of the Quarrel about that, for example the nuclear power plants frequently only have to run (at idle), to cover peak times when needed, or only then used when the "green electricity again "not sufficient, seems familiar. Also the point of contention that connecting of renewable energies, market prices have really skyrocketed has, seems mainly from the irregularity of renewable energy. But I want not on possibilities the network control, but simply contribute to storage facilities to be able to just then the electricity in the needed Feed in quantity when needed.

to There is still nothing really useful on the market. considerations However, there have been many and also quite a long time.

The also to electrically store generated electrical energy, so far to technical limits. Although play in the construction of battery power the weight and the size of this Memory does not matter as much as in the vehicle or Electric glider. But the effectiveness storage in electrical form probably sets the limits even today. Even though lithium-ion technology promises new storage possibilities, so it will probably take at least ten years before this Mains supply can be used. A Japanese technology It already allows 800kW to cache, but these are first series of experiments that have not yet reached the market.

Different It already looks like pumped storage plants. But these are very dependent on geographical conditions and could not enforce as an ideal cache. Not only the efficiency, from the downpouring Water to regain power is not particularly high, but it has to be too even the energy loss that arises when the water is pumped up.

Further considerations go to press compressed air into underground cavities and this if necessary, flow out again to let and convert to electricity. This idea is not new, is also dependent on territorial conditions could not yet prevail as an ideal storage method and has critical voices due to high energy transport and conversion losses receive.

A other consideration goes to put on fuel cells. The excess electricity from wind power could used to electrolyze water into its constituents To split hydrogen and oxygen. The resulting hydrogen can be stored and used anywhere to operate Fuel cells are used. The efficiency, however, seems still low, but also the fuel cells are still on The beginning of their development.

3. Explanation

The The idea is to use energy in the form of potential energy temporarily. Since wind turbines initially captured the kinetic To provide energy from the wind by mechanical means, that's it also conceivable to store this energy by mechanical means. For this purpose, the work of wind turbines is simply used to appropriately designed weights to be raised. Exactly then, when electricity is needed will, can These weights lower again, but not without powering generators.

Should at one time the energy generated by the wind turbines exactly be sufficient, the weights simply remain at rest. Should the wind turbines will generate more energy than is needed at a time the excess energy used to raise the weights further. The existing in the elevator shafts But space should not just be left unused. Much more it is appropriate when applying the weights z. B. simultaneously To tension springs, which additionally strengthen the effect of gravity. Because of this Interplay of the energy of the situation and the spring tension energy let yourself to optimize a mechanical mix capable of storing energy reserves in megawatt sizes.

Granted, This type of energy storage seems right in today's technology age to be simple, or not to have the necessary "elegance". But this method is always innovative and maybe it can us over Help for a few years, until z. B. the storage in a new Generation of accumulators more effective and cheaper is. If now the following constructions, the technical Data and the cost situation convince should, would with this mechanical energy storage already in the short term Relaxation of the problem described above possible. With In the short term I mean that only in dependence from some technical and local Optimizations, some cost calculations and some regional ones Approval phases more comprehensible Construction could start.

4. Functioning and calculation examples

4.1 Transmission the energy

The from the wind energy directly available rotary motion should be used directly without conversion to other forms of energy become the storage houses charge. This works mechanically, only by redirecting the mechanical movement. This could be in the towers of wind turbines and in any connecting structures shafts, chains or wire ropes be used. Through appropriate translations, it is in the warehouses possible, the weights very gradually to screw upwards. Naturally This lifting of the weights can be done only very slowly. simplified can one imagine this like a mechanical clockwork: while the last gear for the hour hand moves barely visible, has the first gear on the restlessness a much faster rotation. in our case that would be slow gear provide the power to spin up the weights, while the fast gears the rotary motion from the wind wheels deep. Not just to find the right translation, but also for cost reasons are in this mechanics mechanical engineering / hoist technical Optimizations for example with spindles, screws, or pulleys with several loose roles makes sense. The arithmetic variables are taken from the input data of the selected Wind turbines, the construction of the storage houses and the original data for the to be driven Generators specified.

The Control to reduce excess energy takes place in the gearbox of the nacelle. Is enough the resistance of the generator at its rated mileage, not to the rotor so in his Keep moving that he from the available standing wind energy is not further accelerated, then takes place an additional Power loss. In this case, the transmission is the branch point for Charging the storage houses additionally connected. This additional Performance should be given a control that it allowed the resistance constantly adjust so that the Rotor is kept at a constant speed. The now fluctuating Result of the additional Performance decrease is secondary because of the irregular course a store boot plays for the later use the memory does not matter. The opportunity through an irregular storage charge different resistances to provide, is even wanted. Because for the generator is a constant speed much more important. Since this in its nominal service life only a uniform resistance can give to the rotor, he is unable to be at constant Power to compensate for fluctuations in wind strength.

No matter, whether the energy is now in compressed air, in hydropower, or in hydrogen was stored, the problem makes it possible for low loss again All have to win electricity. For hydropower turbines you expect with an efficiency of 0.6. In the process, from the soil Stored compressed air to gain power, the efficiency is z. Z. at about 0.5 or even lower. And the efficiency in the hydrogen process cuts well with today's technology even more modest. All The situation is different with existing mechanical energy. Except a few frictional losses in the mechanics and a few heat losses in the Generator is lost in this power generation nothing. You could go with it an efficiency of 0.9 count.

4.2 Example of the energy of the situation

In order to find realistic computational variables, we construct the following storage house: weights are applied on a floor area of 25 m × 50 m. These can be moved over a total height of 25 m. If the weights could be sunk about 10 m into the ground and lifted 15 m from the surface of the earth, no skyscraper would arise, but one gets an aesthetic gable view of the elevator volume of 25 m width and 15 m height. The weights are made of reinforced concrete with a height of 2 m. This gives us a mass of 6,250,000 kg (25 × 50 × 2 × 2.5 × 1,000). According to the equation for the potential energy (m × g × h) we can store 425 kilowatt hours by lifting this mass.
(6,250,000 kg × 9,81 m / s ² × 25 m × 1/1000 × 1 / 3,600 h = 425 kWh)

4.3 Example of spring tension energy

Again, to find arithmetic variables, we choose a compression spring type with a force of 150,000 N and a travel of 15 cm. For the material of which the spring consists and to possible manufacturers, I would like to make no statements at this point. Here it is only about choosing realistic spring characteristics. On one square meter, 36 pieces of these springs can be accommodated. With the formula for the spring span energy (1/2 × F × s) we obtain a storable energy of 0,1125 kWh per m ² (1/2 × 150,000 N × 0.15 m × 1/1000 × 1 / 3,600 × 36 ).

Would we the same pressure surface choose how in the storage house described above, we obtain on this area of 25 m × 50 m from a spring position of a span energy of 140 kWh (0.1125 kWh × 25 m × 50 m).

Now let yourself from this type of spring at one meter height but not just one location but five. With it increased the energy storage is 700 kWh per altitude meter. Would you do the above? Storage building completely over the 25 m height stack with these springs, could theoretically 17,5 MWh Save energy from the spring tension alone.

So pleasing this number, with such a manageable memory house may sound, there were then just 5.625 million springs installed! In such a project will probably not only good buyers, but Even good manufacturers are in demand.

4.4 Combination of both potential energies

There Earth gravity is just as free and unlimited for us disposal stands like the wind, the emphasis should be placed on this be and not unnecessary Energy in the production of expensive spring systems "wasted". Would you the concrete weights in their height of 2 m to just under 5 m, brings the storage house described about 1.0 MWh potential energy. One puts focus more on a large storage mass and not so much on spring systems, then you shift the manufacturing costs a storage building more in the construction industry and reduces the spring technology Mechanical equipment costs. In today's price and economic conditions of both industries, is this is an advantage.

At the seems most reasonable and cost-effective the combination of the potential energy and the spring tension energy. there should the elevator shafts be equipped only with such spring systems that are easily accessible and the weight acceleration towards the center of the earth effectively support. This can be done with continuous spring steel tension springs as well done with elastic ropes made of plastic or bungee cord. Likewise, a sandwich construction of compression springs, which is between support the individual weight positions and the store house ceiling, conceivable.

4.5 Example on the individual wind turbine

As the weights of a cuckoo clock could also power weights generators. Sure it will only be around smaller individual storage act on the individual wind turbine, but a calculation example should also illustrate the possibilities here.

Today's wind turbines have a tower head mass of 400 to 500 tons. Would you about 10% in addition as weights z. B. in a separately on the tower or better built elevator shaft for energy storage about 100 meters in height, you get 12.25 kWh stored storage energy.
(45,000 kg × 9,81 m / s ² × 100 m × 1 / 1,000 × 1 / 3,600 = 12.25 kWh)

Should The tower of the wind turbine was built on a shaft structure been, let still a few kilowatt hours through the Lower the weights in the "basement" win. Again, the elevator shaft should be used to with Federzüge or rubber bands to increase the storable energy.

Another possibility is to arrange inside the tower walls prestressing steel strands, as used in prestressed concrete construction. With 60 tendons, which are evenly distributed over 100 meters in a tower with a diameter of 4.00 m, 11.5 kWh prestressing steel energy can be stored. In this case, I assumed tendons made of St 1470/1670 consisting of 54 strands each with a diameter of 7 mm and a tensile force of 2,430 kN.
(0.5 × 2,430,000 N × 0.57 m × 1 / 1,000 × 1 / 3,600 × 60 = 11.54 kWh)

There the entire energy only in an upper range of 57 cm (tension path) can be entered and removed again, omitted in this proposal the long ways to transfer the mechanical energy from the nacelle gearbox to the storage facility. The removal of energy from the store can therefore also equal done in the gondola. In addition, the prestressing steel transfers his stored energy back into the nacelle transmission and this drives the generator as usual.

A Another storage method is the arrangement of rubber motors. The described design of prestressing steel strands can be taken over only that instead of clamping steel this time rubber ropes are turned so long until they have been twisted together to the specified maximum size. The Fixed camp remains in the tower foot and from The rotating upper bearing can restore the stored energy back be given in the gondola.

In the previously mentioned proposals I always have the storage option calculated and given in kilowatt hours, so relatively fast the economy with the help of those contained in the description Quantities and materials can be determined. Depending on the installation conditions become reinforcements and stiffeners of existing constructions required, as well must be included in the economic considerations. Unfortunately, I agree the Bungeeseilen and the rubber motors no data and must therefore omit at this point the calculations for storage option.

4.6 Example for obtaining potential Energy from the tides

Tidal power plants always seem to have been interesting. I too am the one Opinion, these natural forces To be able to remove energies which can be converted into electricity. Because the tides in contrast more reliable to the wind are, it does not require storage structures for out of this To build hydroelectric power. I lead this idea here but still on, because the way of working identical to the aforementioned memory structures could be and on the use of potential Location energy is due.

Under At point 4.5 I describe how to get out of prestressing steel strands with a working height of 57 cm through mechanical translations, which is connected between the prestressing steel strands and a generator be able to gain electrical energy. Ferry landing stages have working heights of 2 meters and more, depending on the region and port. In comparison to prestressing steel strands is that the fourfold way, so what is the mechanical translation Simplified in power generation. A tendon from the Example given in point 4.5 has a tensile force of 2,430 kN. The pulling power of the buoyancy of a ferry pier bridge or a purpose built float you can calculate yourself very fast. in contrast to the limited Space available in a windmill tower with a diameter of 4 meters available stands, you can on the water surface significantly more square meters use to the desired Determine buoyancy. But this powerhouse should not be only driven by the buoyancy, but also at draining water. For this purpose, the dead weight of the power plant swimming body is used. Today's container ship has a deadweight of about 35,000 Metric tons. Added to this is a carrying capacity of about 100,000 tons (tdw). Would you hang the total weight of crane ropes and delayed after lowering the onset of running water for power generation, you build a power plant that is based on the principle described Memory structures works. The generator resistance (power) is calculated so that the Weights have reached their lowest position only when the water comes back, So the tide begins. When floating the weights works one also with a time delay. Only when the desired Buoyancy is reached, you can leave the Floating weights back to their upper position. Here too will the generator resistance is so great that the weights are only their highest position have reached when the water level just starts to lower. Now the question will arise, what about the power generation in the Pauses is waiting in which to wait until the desired buoyancy or weight available stands. This could be one z. B. so-called satellite floating body, the first set in motion when the main weights go to sleep. These time-shifting weights "rush" with a smaller one Mass, but a higher one Speed up the other weights, over one Period until the main weights can despise work again. So receives a power plant, at low tide, at high tide and at any Between water levels can generate electricity continuously.

Seagoing vessels of newer generations have 1.5 times the capacity of the above mentioned ship. Nevertheless, I would like to reckon with the aforementioned total weight of 135,000 tons. In one year, ie in 8766 hours (365.25 × 24), we have 706 floods (average 24 hours and 50 minutes from the 1st to the 3rd flood). If you would build a power plant from it, stand at an assumed tidal range of 2 Me tern, 1.04 GWh of annual output in the form of potential potential energy.
(135,000,000 kg × 9,81 m / s ² × 706 × 2 m × 2 m × 1/1000 × 1 / 3,600 h = 1,038,879 kWh)

Less the Losses of friction and energy conversion can be from such a float considerable reliable power source produce. Since the power plant floating bodies are located in the seawater area, you will probably on an additional Power amplification by Eliminate rubber cables, although this would be conceivable.

Also if possibly one or the other ship from the 70s (with 50,000 tdw) could be sorted out for safety reasons is it is not my intention to withdraw the seagoing vessels, in order to build power plants. After all, these ships are yes amazing own power plants that bring us another high benefit bring and a much higher Have life expectancy as only 40 years. But I want to suggest with simple floats that z. B. be loaded with earth masses produce remarkable amounts of electricity to be able to.

Even though in certain German North Sea bays a tidal lift of over 4 meters I have in my example only with 2 meters and a float with the data of a common container ship expected.

One Pontoon rug with double buoyancy and weight would be in this North Sea Bay already have a 4 GWh annual output.

In England can be over with 8 meters Tidehub count and the best world locations reach one Tidehub of 20 meters. With these natural phenomena one can worldwide on ecological completely harmless Kind of creating potential situation energies, the gigantic annual performance provide would. Starting with floating harbor storage, the power generation and the goods inventory serve, over Houseboats and hotel complexes, all the way to entire floating districts, the consist of juxtaposed floats, is all what in the future can provide mass-intensive water-related construction projects, conceivable.

a Comparison with the tidal power plants, which the kinetic flow energy over the water Converting turbines into electricity requires my just described power plants do not be afraid. The mere construction of the dams is very mass and costly and can be converted for the production of floats become. These power plants with floats for gaining potential Location energy is also dependent on the tides or can also be used as gravitational power stations be designated. Maybe you will soon find private ones Investors who are interested in such "harbor power plant facilities".

There the generators of these gravitational power stations at any time at will can be switched on or off, the question arises, why we still need storage structures?

5. Construction of the storage houses

5.1 structurally

The Question about storage structures answers when we return to the irregularity return the wind power. that is why I want describe how a storage structure (and of course a tidal power plant with floats) could look. So far, only the physical quantities were considered to determine the storage capacities were required. Add to that still the components are calculated, the one functioning only enable. These include single supports, abutments and retaining walls, beams in the Ceiling constructions, drawstrings, Surrounding constructions and of course Foundations. That leaves too the base area of 25 m × 50 m assumed in point 4.2 becomes larger. Also the indicated elevator height of 25 m must be around the required sizes, like height of Weights, ceiling structures and foundation thicknesses can be increased to accommodate the conversions To be able to calculate the space of a warehouse.

But what about 50 meters of building length in a wind farm, when the tower of today's wind turbine already has a height of 100 meters. Of course, space does not play a significant role, but rather the cost of producing a warehouse. An idea of the space requirement of such storage systems is obtained with the following consideration:
Assuming that the storage facility initially described would be upgraded to accommodate 10MWh over 1,500m ^{2 of} floor space (25m x 50m + walls), then in a less equipped hall with a floor area of 390 x 390m = 1,000 MWh combined potential energy can be stored. Thus, the comparison of the footprint of storage facilities with the areas used by wind farms becomes apparent.

Structurally speaking, the use of space in the storage houses has an advantageous effect. Since the weight and spring equipment do not care what room sizes and spans are available, one should consider the construction of the house directing it to cost-effective grid dimensions and a skeleton construction.

5.2 Design options

Storage houses can be located in all forms and floor plans are trained. You can use it as a shaft and tower structures are built. The facades can as load-bearing solid walls be formed with exposed concrete design. But the facades can even in a skeleton construction as non-bearing panels z. B. as reflective glass facades or "conservatories" are designed. About the Shape, over the facade material and about the Design and colors will be sure of local conditions and decide the desired aesthetics.

at the landscaping of entire wind farms, probably set the manufacturing costs have decisive limits over architectural possibilities.

6. Application examples and cost analysis

6.1 Applications

Mainly Today's wind turbines are used to generate electricity. storage buildings can have the same benefit to all owners, operators, consumers and investors in wind turbines.

Next of electricity generation Pumping equipment, heat generation and drive rotary motion for mechanical use to the application areas. The energy industry, agriculture, water supply and Pipeline operations are probably the most popular areas of use. Here is to be pointed only to already known applications.

Of the ancient United shaft drive from blacksmith hammers or industrial equipment with a high torque consumption is guaranteed in the history books. But in the further development of energy prices, it seems worthwhile to if not at some point the direct torque provision on mechanical Ways out of their own wind power and Storage facility for medium-sized companies is more economical than the high price via the detour of constant energy conversion.

Of the only difference between the storage facilities and the wind turbines then exists that in the storage buildings Energy is stored, which can be retrieved at any time.

6.2 Proposals for Structural Installations

Under Point 4.6 has already been mentioned as the use of floating structures. Port stores, residential complexes, entire urban and commercial areas and Hydraulic structures are in floating storage to generate electricity conceivable.

As well can in earthquake areas energy-storing resilient footing systems be built on which subsequently to mass provision all possible building be constructed earthquake-proof.

Granted, it may take some getting used to, in to live a huge Skyliner who is constantly moving up and down a bit. But for that can one before another Feeling earthquake safe. And who is planning his next Tourist attraction invest millions in a hotel complex anyway would like to, can still do it with a cost-effective, environmentally friendly Generating electricity to refill his wallet.

On Rocket launchers are impressive forces. Why should not too in such areas over an energy concept to be considered. Sure, you can be sure of that anyway high energy consumption also an idea about energy recovery waste. It would be but possible, new ones Starting ramps designed so that they through certain processes with potential energy can be charged. Be prepared by preparatory work gradually weight forces applied to the launch pad. By the start acts briefly a thrust. These forces could to store in the form of potential energy.

A further possibility consists of storage structures as a shaft structure in the form of deep holes to design. A finished storage building could be done by mechanical means provide the drilling power to build a neighboring storage facility. Even if with increasing depth the increasing gravitational force does not play a crucial role in energy storage, so could these Shaft structures with a cost-effective borehole wall lining bring structural and structural advantages over buildings. Of course, several could juxtaposed drill pipes are also brought up out of the earth to then combine them into a block. The spaces between the pipes could so z. B. be concreted. In such combined manhole and Tower structures receives you then many elevator shafts next to each other, although they have smaller inner diameters, but manufactured in considerable elevator heights can be.

Without Profitability calculations should be such a new to be borne Tiefenspeicherbauwerk however not be started. It would be much more useful, to use disused mines, to use them as storage structures to build. The over decades Cavities prefabricated deeper into the earth could be used with rail and elevator systems equipped be that in it huge storage masses up and down let move. That fulfilled a decommissioned mine the best conditions for a storage structure. It has appropriate depths to cost the necessary ways to provide and it is in a mine to transport huge masses, so exactly what to build a memory structure is required.

As a general rule should be newly constructed buildings and the geological conditions on capabilities for storing potential Energies are investigated. In addition to the buildings I want still bridges call.

Me is known that bridge structures u. a. after slimming formulas both for the superstructure, and for the bridge abutments be measured. If it is at a z. Z. in the draft Viaduct not necessarily the aesthetic slimming a bridge pier should go, then he can also z. B. with the multiple of his original Load capacity be measured to play on both sides of it weights allow. If these weights are still to be performed then take you can add a few bungee strings to increase the performance when lifting the weights must be stretched.

It could yes instead of slimming a huge view of the performance one nearby standing wind turbine to be sold. Always were the People fascinated by the movement of gigantic big crowds. There is there is something to see when two "ordinary rocks" on one Pillar 150 meters in height to be pulled. Electricity, on the other hand, though it has far greater energy transport allows is invisible and thus relatively unspectacular.

Assuming that you would use the shape of a windmill nacelle today to fill it to about 2,000 t in weight, you could use two of them on a 150 m high bridge pier. If the earth's gravity were amplified about 3 times with a simple spring system, it would be possible to store 6.5 MWh on each individual pier.
(4,000,000 kg × 9,81 m / s ² × 150 m × 1/1000 × 1 / 3,600 h × 4 = 6,540 kWh)

In order to would it be possible, the average power of a 1.5 MW wind turbine with 2 million Kilowatt hours per year 14 days was in a bridge system with 10 pillars store. But it's all about overproduction to temporarily store a wind turbine in order to cover up The compensation period may vary with this storage facility depending on the regional wind conditions much longer be scheduled as two weeks. That would be the system just described with 65 MWh of storage capacity already a long-term reliable power plant.

The 2 million kWh are annual average values of today's 1.5 MW plants. A reserve of the balanced power plant just described, is additional therein, the previously lost surplus to increase the annual performance to use. It would be possible also, the entire bridge to use as storage weight. If all bridge piers at the same time Pillar foot in guide shoes raised by the same amount then you store potential position energy in the entire bridge one. For height compensation can movable ramp structures are grown.

6.3 Cost analysis

If one of a calculation of 1 million euros for a 1 MW wind turbine You should first think about what benefits the saving of energy brings. If you intend to go through Saving the energy to get a pure power boost can you get the cost for this Calculate additional power through the further construction of wind turbines. With this received sum of money it is possible "without additional costs", the calculation and to start optimizing a storage facility. Should but intend to wind turbines permanently reliable wind turbines to receive a power delivery which can be calculated at any time, is the approach regarding the cost of manufacturing certainly be another. In my view is this latter approach makes more sense. So you should first one Budget from the current Operation of all power generation plants calculate what value it has energy through storage options to use specifically.

In order to apply the calculation values to the example of the viaduct, I assume that the wind turbine costs 1,500,000 euros. If one uses 15% of the cost of this wind turbine to build a storage structure, would be 225,000 euros available, with which you would just manage to make appropriate elevator devices, or to be able to remeasure the bridge pier. Also could be optimize the bridge by B. fixed bearing on the now stronger pillars are arranged and savings can be made to the abutments. But the production of the 20 piece weights a 2,000 t exceeds the cost ratio of the storage structure to the wind turbine. The more preparatory work done by human hands in the materials of the weights, the more uneconomical the whole project becomes. If one starts from the assumption that EUR 500 per ton is stuck in steel, EUR 75 per ton in reinforced concrete and EUR 15 per ton in gravel or aggregate, it quickly becomes clear that the choice of material will determine the success of such a project. In our example, the weights of one aggregate with a price of 15 EUR / t would still strain the budget with 600,000 EUR. In addition, there is the disadvantage that the weights are voluminous at the same tonnage, the untreated the materials are.

Right economically acceptable these storage structures are always there, where huge masses are being moved anyway. Rock material, which For example, in tunnel construction and anyway charged and could be transported in Combined with the construction of a storage structure beneficial be used. Railway ballast, which is a burden on the environment represents and anyway collected and transported for disposal must become, could tied in the construction of a memory structure and thus rendered harmless be used at the same time beneficial.

considerations on the one hand by cost-effective Materials and on the other hand by simultaneously building with others mass-intensive construction projects to reduce the manufacturing costs lead to economic acceptance of such storage structures.

comparing the costs incurred so far by experimenting with the aforementioned, also not yet economic Storage variants of compressed air, pumped storage, hydrogen and electric storage so can By today calculable costs already in the short run functional facilities arising with potential energy storage.

7. Optimizations

7.1 Transmission the energy from the wind turbines in the storage houses

each Conversion of one form of energy into another is associated with losses. Although the energy is not lost, but it is no longer synonymous us available for direct use. That seems to be the reasoning meaningful, existing in the rotor of a wind turbine mechanical Energy to be transferred mechanically into a storage house. Is the storage house in the immediate vicinity of the wind turbine, can Gear, toothed belt, chain, wave or cable systems on conventional Be used manner. The disadvantage is that, depending on Distance transmission structures be required and many deflection points are to be bridged.

A different possibility consists in the transfer in the form of electrical energy.

at longer transmission paths and when merging several wind turbines on a storage structure is the power transmission through Power cable more suitable. Connecting structures can be omitted and the cables can also be misplaced on a detour. The charging of the storage houses takes place then also by electric motors, which are arranged arbitrarily can.

Conceivable is also the number and arrangement of the generators of a storage house are driven to vary.

7.2 vertical wind turbines and mixed power plants

Under the reference 10 2007 054 660.4-15 of the German Patent and Brand Office is running currently a test procedure to the patent application for vertical wind turbines.

The Rotational motion is already on the vertical wind turbine Floor available. This is an advantage because the generated rotary motion without complicated For example, construction costs can be used to cover the initiate mechanical rotation directly into a gearbox near the ground, which in turn has a drive shaft for lifting the weights in drives a storage house without having to convert energy.

Also Horizontal wind turbines can despite its high tower, the mechanical energy from the rotor down lead into the tower foot. So have to the generators are not housed in the gondola. A construction the aggregates on the ground brings u. a. Benefits in relief maintenance, in a simpler ventilation and cooling design, in a simpler protection against salty sea air near the coast and the No cable tracking. Priority should, however, if the energy already mechanically by Transfer soil will be charged, so that mechanically a storage house.

In offshore installations, however, the wave and seawater influence speaks against the arrangement of the generators near the base of the tower. Just as disadvantageous is the construction of pure offshore facilities Warehouses. If these are desired, it will make sense to have electric power transmission over many kilometers to build the storage houses ashore at a suitable location.

Different behave It is a combination of offshore wind farms and floating tidal power plants. this could a very interesting development direction. Because earth masses suitable weights can be deployed, this can be Thought to huge inhabited islands with greenery and a nice island development continue. These new cities on the water surface always flood-protected, do not require expensive mooring and leveling constructions to supply the city and generate incidentally electricity.

7.3 no huge mass storage stations

The Energy being provided by the wind turbines, should continue to be exploited as always, as constantly as possible. Just the excess energy should be stored. Naturally As in all industries, each expense costs money. Even if us In 30 years gigantic storage possibilities by accumulators to disposal would stand Then the question arises, how sensible it would be, the constantly free and unlimited wind, tidal and solar energy want to store. Huge storage facilities used nationwide can be, and which are charged by wind turbines of different regions, appear with some foresight as a waste of money. Not only the cost argument of provision and the establishment of such Plants, but also the transmission losses by energy transports and at least triple energy conversions speak against Giga- and Teraanlagen. Much more meaningful and cost-effective appear here the "neighborly help" and the "circulation principle".

From this future principle also benefit from a systematic network expansion. The goal should be so be to place the storage only where the renewable Energy is gained. Furthermore The goal should be to not increase the storage capacity beyond what is required is to buffer the previously incurred bottlenecks of a wind turbine to be able to. The energy balance of a storage facility should therefore at the end of the year be balanced, since any bunker over longer periods of time is not required and only unnecessarily Money costs. The design of a storage system must therefore be after the performance of a wind turbine. It should be noted again that not the average power of a wind turbine is the basis of calculation for storage facilities is, but only the excess power, the countable hours occurs in the year. The tax base will therefore be regional be different. In coastal areas, in which the wind turbines run more balanced, the capacity the storage facilities also be correspondingly lower.

There the wind conditions constantly changing, results a permanent one Switching between mains supply, charging the storage facilities and unloading for targeted power supply. If you calculate three storage houses like this, that two Memory from a surplus production The wind turbines can be charged while a store is targeted supports the grid feed-in, you would be from permanent Switching independent, without forfeiting any reserves. Energy balance technically should however, all three storage houses to be seen as one unit. Because the third storage house does not have to constantly charged up as an iron reserve because the wind can not get a technical defect.

Around this should be transferred to solar panels we can rely on that that everyone The sun rises tomorrow.

ever according to location Optimizations have to be made with the regional wind power averages. A residential or mixed area probably requires the cover from peak times while a three-shift industrial plant probably rather continuous electricity could lose weight.

The capacity the storage houses So, in summary, is after the Zuschalt- and reserve option and according to the regional parameters the annual values. This is an interaction of input data that come from the fluctuating climatic phenomena and from baseline data, which come from equally fluctuating current decreases. Whether with Three-month averages, or shorter or longer Computing periods are required, the goal is a steady year-round electricity supply in front.

7.4 Material and design choice

As The decisive factor is the choice of material, which has already been mentioned under point 6.3 explained. With our possibilities today Everything can certainly be built, but it should be economical stay.

• – Gesteinsabbruchmaterial aus Tunnelbauten oder Bergwerken
• – Schlackesteine als industrielle Nebenprodukte, etwa wie sie zur Uferbefestigung im Wasserbau verwendet werden
• – Schotterentsorgung aus stillgelegten Bahngleisen
• – Erdstofftransporte aus Infrastrukturbauvorhaben
• – stillgelegte Wassertürme, Bergwerke u. a. Schacht- und Turmbauwerke
• – schwimmend zu errichtende Bauwerke und
• – vorhandene Schwimmkörper, wie ausgediente Schiffe oder Pontons

In summary, here again material and design selection criteria are listed:

• - demolition material from tunnels or mines
• - Slag stones as industrial by-products, such as those used for bank attachment in hydraulic engineering be used
• - gravel disposal from disused railway tracks
• - Transport of goods from infrastructure projects
• - Disused water towers, mines, including shaft and tower structures
• - Buildings to be built floating and
• - existing floats, such as old ships or pontoons

As well is a cost-benefit analysis of the spring bias energy necessary. The efficiency of the spring elements can by a certain choice of materials also be economical, or be increased. With the plastics There are real alternatives to the known spring steels. I But not just elastomers and rubber products, but also on carbon fibers or carbon fibers (CFK), which in their elasticity at least as well as the prestressing steel strands already mentioned under point 4.5 from the construction industry.

Next The spring material and the constructions of the springs are very diverse. In potential Optimizations should include wrench, compression, plate and leaf springs considered as well be like ropes.

It There are so many Variations of the different spring materials and spring designs that are likely to cost-benefit optimization Computer programs can be developed.

7.5 Coupling with solar technology

Here would like to I only have the opportunity Additionally the storage houses with solar technology in the facades and on the roofs call, but no further versions make this use identical to the well-known combinations for power generation. When lifting the weights with electric motors plays here too the uneven and irregular sunlight not matter. Different elevator speeds or even Breaks are taken into account in the determination of average performance.

With the target, potential energy, consisting of position and spring energy to use as a storage method, would like to I finish my description.

The Combination of tidal pool systems, Wind turbines, solar systems and storage facilities could not only a contribution to the environment, but also to the early commercial and economic application and provide energy in the desired amount at any time. Once these facilities are built, no transports will be made and storage for the supply and disposal of fuel and fuel residues more required.

Claims (1)

Storage facilities for renewable energy / floating tidal power plants marked by 1. Utilization of the potential energy, consisting of and spring tension energy 2. structure, operation, control and Infeed of this energy storage 3. single and combined storage facilities 4. Use of prestressing steel strands, rubber motors, Bungee cord and spring tensioning equipment for power generation 5. Use of bridges, towers, structures, deep wells and mines as storage structures 6. Equipment of towers, manhole and drilling foundations of wind turbines 7. energy-producing and earthquake-proof foundations of larger structures 8th. Tidal power plants based on floats 9. Use of tidal power swimming pool also as a carrier for structural Attachments 10. Construction of the storage structures at the same time as mass-intensive building project 11. various optimization ideas of the storage facilities 12th Combination and optimization of offshore installations with tidal power plants 13th future Energy concepts, not giant power plants