DE102007047303A1 - Cumulative load has housing in form of open covering, where explosive is provided with cumulative recess accommodated in housing - Google Patents

Abstract

The cumulative load has housing in the form of an open covering, where an explosive is provided with a cumulative recess accommodated in the housing. The recess lies in an open part of the housing. A releasing device lies in a closed part of the housing. A relief is provided on an upper surface of the covering, which is arranged for the open part of the housing.

Description

The field of technology

The This invention belongs to the field of explosive devices on the condensed media and can for secondary Development of the layers in the oil and gas production, for formation of holes and channels in hard materials, for explosive cutting of metals and other solid materials, for drilling shot holes when driving in the hard rock, for breaking the oversizes, for destruction of material objects, in which Implementation of the fault clearance work, geophysical and seismic works, construction works and others Work to be used.

Previous state of the art

Of the most of the known cumulative explosive devices is based on an explosion impression of the cone cover (or similar spherical, parabolic, "bell-shaped", "tulip-shaped" etc. cladding). The so-called "bullet" and the most diverse "bullet-forming Cargoes "differ in principle little from traditional ones Charges. All known cumulative charges have the same Defects: low efficiency of impact on the target compared to the energy put in the explosives used is (even after deducting all heat losses and other losses) and a large dispersion of the results of the work of the charge - instability.

at The design of the cumulative loads will receive a lot of attention the shape and distribution of the thickness of the panel given. This would like the efficiency of the charges increase and expand the range of labor values. It also covers with two and more layers are used. These panels make it difficult to manufacture and increase the price of cumulative cargoes, without significantly their breakdown capacity to enlarge.

Especially disseminated due to efficiency, accessibility and Notoriety are copper cladding. In their production is especially on isotropy of the metal, purity of the surface, Accuracy of manufacturing and other technology factors respected.

The Increase the efficiency of cumulative charges can with the use of expensive metals and their alloys possible Tungsten, impoverished uranium, etc. It also gets complicated Technologies of processing proposed the structure of the Change metals and alloys: crystal lattice, Graininess, etc.

The Use of said metals, alloys and technologies thereof Processing solves the problem of the formation of the pestle at impact of traditional cumulative charges not. The has a great importance in drilling the oil and gas holes. For the solution of this Problems are the cladding of powdered materials. The production the cladding of powdered materials is also very expensive. These are the charges with powder coatings less stable in work than the cargoes with metal panels.

Especially efficient is the use in cumulative charges of panels, the specified initial disorders in the form of inhomogeneity of form, strength and other parameters.

Known is a cumulative charge having a housing in the form of an open panel. The case contains explosives. The triggering device is located in the closed part of the housing. In the open part of the housing is a centrifugal element, which is designed in the form of a round plate. The region adjacent to the edge of the plate is inhomogeneous in a circular direction and has been bent forwards by 5-20 ° with respect to the plane of the central region ( RU No. 2253830 , 2005).

The Indication of the initial disturbances of the centrifugal element in the form a wave edge, variable strength, variable density etc. - provides for the reduction of the growth of chaotic interference in the explosion, but eliminated the disturbances are not complete. Among the shortcomings of this Charge includes: loss of the explosives energy Charge as a result of the inevitable for them spontaneous Shortwave lability, instability of acceleration, as well as the lack of an explicit punch handle, which is in the meeting point can form a channel with an almost cylindrical shape.

Known is a cumulative charge having a housing in the form of an open panel. The case contains explosives. The triggering device is located in the closed part of the housing ses. The cladding is a shell with a density of more than 7 g / cm ^3. One or two surfaces have triangular or hexagonal domed elements. The distances between the centers of the domed elements are over 4 average thicknesses of the cladding. The height of the arched elements should not exceed the average thickness of the cladding ( RU no. 2277167 , 2006).

education of said relief leads during the explosion sputtering the cladding to form the ordered three-wave structures and a more effective cumulative impact on the obstacle. there you can not minimize the energy dissipation. The lack of this Charge consists in a relatively low efficiency of use the energy of the explosive.

Particularly close to the registered charge is a cumulative charge having a housing in the form of an open fairing. The housing contains explosive with a cumulative well located in the open part of the housing. The triggering device is located in the closed part of the housing. The fairing adjoins the cumulative fairing. On the surface facing the explosive, there is a relief made in the form of steps or strip depressions forming polygons ( RU No. 2303232 , published on 20.07.2007, prototype). In the individual case of the execution of said relief, it may have the generating lines. Along these lines, cuts can be made with wavy midlines and cuts with midlines without ripples. The wave-like center lines can be stepless or step-shaped (see 2 - 4 the said description). Similar centerlines may form in the planes perpendicular to the axis of the fairing as the said strips of relief are directed along the parallels of the fairing.

The Disguise that with the proposed in this source of information Relief is performed, plays a role of a peculiar spatial modulator by way of the flank of the high-pressure wave, which arises in an explosion. At the disguise are the standing waves formed, the spontaneous vibrations, the dispersion reduce the energy and as a result the punch-through ability increase the charge. The lack of said charge exists in that at its work the dispersion of energy is low diminished, what with the vibrations and with the increase the initial disorders is connected, and as a result, that the efficiency, accuracy and stability of the explosion sputtering can only be increased slightly. And at the same time it is not possible, the formation of a homogeneous hole handle with to ensure an optimal (spherical) configuration.

The disclosure of the invention

Of the Invention is the technical object of an effective Construction of the cumulative charge to develop, as well as the arsenal of cumulative charges.

The technical result, which is the solution of the task ensures there is an increase in efficiency and the breakdown capability of the charge through the elimination Energy losses, with vibrations and with increase the initial disorders are related, as well as in the increase of Accuracy and Stability of Explosion Slinging Panel with the formation of a perforated handle with the optimal spherical Configuration. At the meeting point, the core can form a channel with the cylinder-like shape form. This is due to the presence of the specially formed optimized irregularities (relief) on the corresponding surfaces of the panel and through the presence of bumps on the surface of the Explosives obtained on the side of the housing, which be formed for example by means of a seal. simultaneously Cost of production is reduced and stability the results of the application.

The Essential to the invention is that the cumulative charge has a housing in the form of an open shell. in the Housing becomes the explosive with a cumulative depression housed, which lies in the open part of the housing. The triggering device is located in the closed part of the housing. The relief panel borders on the cumulative one Cover, which is designed so that the center lines the cuts of the panel along the generating lines of the Reliefs, as well as the centerlines of the cuts of the panel with the planes that are perpendicular to the axis of the panel, either Wavy lines or lines without waves represent. It can the wavy centerlines stepless or stepped be executed. This relief is either on the surface the panel facing the open part of the housing is, or executed on the two surfaces of the cladding.

The cladding can be waved if the reliefs on both surfaces match. In this case, the depression of the relief on a surface of the curvature of the relief on opposite set surface of the panel.

In preferred variants, the wavy center lines of the cuts of the lining along the generating lines of the relief have the lengths of the waves in the range (0.3 ÷ 0.7) h _. L / H have where:
h _Verkl. - average thickness of the cladding on the considered length of the shaft,
L - wavelength of the fast-growing initial _{disturbances of} the plate of thickness H from the range (0.5 ÷ 1.5) h _Verkl. made of the same material as the covering, which according to experience is determined by the deepest funnels in the meeting place. The funnels are formed after slinging the plate on the target, which has the distance 20H ÷ 50H to the plate, with the help of the explosive used in the cumulative charge. The initial disturbances of the plate are generated by the wave-like shape or by the relief. In the latter case, the relief is carried out on the surface of the plate adjacent to the body of the explosive.

For improvement of work of cargo at the edge of a casing on the side of the open part of a casing along a casing there is a curve with length (0,5 _ч 1,5 h _). L / H executed.

In individual cases, the cladding is executed in the form of the side surface of the truncated cone with the relief in the form of depressions and heels. The distances between the centers of the adjacent recesses and the distances between the centers of the adjacent shoulders, which are calculated along the generatrix of the cone, remain in the range (0.3 ÷ 0.7) h _Verkl. L. In the simplest case, the cladding of a workpiece in the form of a planar ring sector by the co menroll and running the relief on the workpiece by forging on a flat ring die.

The Cladding can be made of a sheet of copper or its alloys with a thickness of 0.4 ÷ 4.0 mm and L / H ratio increases with the increase the hardness of the sheet material larger and becomes smaller in the range 11 ÷ 15 with the reduction of the hardness.

Around the flank of the detonation wave, which on the housing of the Charge will break, the surface of the Explosives on the side of the housing with arched or recessed elements. In individual cases can the explosive the bumps on the inner surface of the housing are completed.

The cumulative charge can be equipped with one or more seals. The seals are located between the explosive and the housing. They partially or completely separate the explosive and the housing of the cargo. In this case, the voltage applied to the inner surface seal is made of a softer material as the material of the housing. The gasket which bears against the explosive is perforated, and explosive can fill these holes or depressions in the gasket. The size of the holes or depressions in the seal is optimally (0.5 ÷ 2) d _kr. , and the distance between them - (1 ÷ 5) d _kr. ., where d _kr. Critical diameter of the detonation of the explosive used in the charge.

drawings

In the drawing 1 . 2 a graph of the cumulative charge is shown: in 1 - General view, in 2 - Cut the cargo. In 3 - 10 Possible schemes of execution of the panel relief are shown. For better clarity, the reliefs are shown on the outer surface of the conical casing, which rests against the explosive after installation in the charge. On the inner surface the same relief is executed; It should be emphasized that the relief can be missing on the outer surface. In 11 . 12 the results of the investigation are presented for the determination of the rapidly growing initial disturbances of the explosion-thrown plate. In 13 - 15 Examples of sections of the panel along the generating lines of the relief and the corresponding center lines are shown in white. In 16 - Drawing of the dissection of the conical panel with the angle 60 °, which is made of copper sheet. In 17 - 3D image of the conical copper cladding with the relief on the inner surface and with the curve next to the base of the cone. In the 18 - 3D image of the same conical lead lining; the generating lines of the relief of the panels shown coincide with the generatrix of the cone and are straight lines. In 19 - 22 Variants of the execution of the cumulative charge are shown, including: In 19 - without seal with the odd surface of the explosive on the side of the housing; In 20 - without gasket, inner surface of the housing has curved or recessed elements, the explosive fills out the mentioned unevenness; In 21 - with a single layer soft seal and odd surface of the explosive; In 22 - with a single-layer soft hole seal, explosives fill out the holes. In 23 . 24 are flat decomposition of the seals with different perforations shown.

The best variants of the design the invention

The cumulative charge ( 1 . 2 ) has a housing 1 in the form of an open outer shell, the explosives housed in the housing 2 with a cumulative depression (not shown) in the open part of the housing 1 lies, a triggering device 3 in the closed part of the housing 1 and the panel adjacent to the cumulative well 4 with the relief caused by the bumps 5 formed, which are associated with the waviness of the shape and thickness of the panel. On the inside of the case 1 can in layers without spacing one or more seals 6 be housed. You can partially or completely use the explosives 2 and the case 1 separate the cargo.

Under disguise 4 is here and hereafter understood to be a solid bounded by two surfaces having a small thickness compared to its other dimensions, the thickness of the casing being variable in the general case.

For example, performing the relief on one or both surfaces of the panel may alter its strength. The wave cladding can be considered as an isolated case of the relief cladding, if the reliefs on both surfaces coincide. The depression of the relief on one surface corresponds to the curvature of the relief on the opposite surface of the covering ( 15 ).

For the description of the relief of the panel 4 the term of the generating lines of the relief is used. The term is largely the same as the term generator of the rotating surface.

A Turning surface becomes fixed by the rotation of the lines Just formed, which is called the axis of the rotating surface. This line is called generatrix, as are all lines passing through their rotation around the said axis are generated. The generative the turning surface can be spatial or even curve be (which lies in one plane), for a cone-shaped Surface is she a straight line.

The generating lines of the relief are lines on the surface the cladding along which the relief is formed. You can be spatial or even. The generative Lines of reliefs in rotation with respect to the axis the cladding change shape and waves in the direction of the circle form. In the case of turning surfaces, such circular lines become parallels called and they have no waves of form.

One should distinguish the generators of the surfaces and the generating lines of the relief. For one and the same turning surface (or its generators) one can form different generating lines of the relief, generally no flat lines. For example in 3 and 4 The facing is conical, the generators of the cone - straight lines (are not drawn), and the generators of the relief - helices, which are directed in opposite directions.

in the Individual case are the generating lines of the relief lines of the crossing the cladding surface with the planes in the axis the disguise lie. At the turning surfaces these are Lines called meridians.

The Amount of all meridians or parallels represents a continuous one Skeleton of the rotating surface. Through each point of the surface go through a parallel and a meridian. It is for the relief cladding equal: the amount of all generating lines of the relief or set of all parallels of the relief form the relief surface. But taking into account the cladding surfaces of the relief are not turning surfaces and in the general case are even no axisymmetric surfaces. It can the fairing have an axis when turning around that Relief on one or two surfaces of the panel is formed.

Of the Cutting the lining along the line is part of the surface, the at the specified line perpendicular to the panel in all Points of this line lies, which through the front, those to the open Part of the cargo is directed, and rear, attached to the explosive rests, surface of the cladding is limited.

center line of the panel cut is an intersecting line that in all aspects of the interior and exterior trim surfaces is the same.

Waviness of the line is understood as the existence of alternating deviations of the lines in one direction and another. And length of the wave is the distance between two maximum ab softnesses in one direction. The wavy line can be stepless and step-like.

strip The relief is an extended part of the panel along the generating lines of the relief or along the parallels in which Cuts the centerlines are the same. The relief strip can with waves or no waves according to the centerlines the cuts are performed.

The relief strips without waves separate waves of the shape and the thickness of the panel, which are directed transversely to the strips. The relief strips without waves are visually clearly discarded on the surface of the panel and illustrate the configuration of the relief; In 3 - 10 the stripes of the relief are marked in a light color without waves.

The Execution of the generating lines of the relief in the form of Helix is preferred for the charges that occur during of the flight to work with rotation. They should be direction and dimensions the twist of the lines with the direction of rotation of the charge, its longest and rotational speed, as well as the speed of the detonation be matched by explosives.

It is useful to have the panels with generating lines of relief formed by the planes lying in the axis of the panel (such as in 17 . 18 ) for concentrated cumulative loads operating under steady state conditions.

On surfaces in 8th - 10 are two opposite families of the generating lines of the relief, or two families of the relief strips along the panels executed.

Optimal distribution of the distances between the strips of relief is due to the material of the panel 4 , their strength in different areas, as well as determined by the pressure, in the explosion of the explosive used 2 arises, which depends on the mixture and density. The best results of the punch are obtained in the case when the corrugated centerlines of the cuts of the panel 4 along the generating lines of the relief the lengths of the waves in the range (0,3 ÷ 0,7) h _Verkl. L / H have where h _Verkl. - Average thickness of the panel 4 on the considered length of the shaft. Ratio L / H is calculated before the variant of the execution of the relief of the panel 4 determined according to the method described below.

On several plates of thickness H from the range (0.5 ÷ 1.5) h _. made of the same material as the material of the cladding, the initial disturbances are carried out with the length of the shaft L. The initial disturbances of the plate are generated by the wave-like shape or by the relief. In the latter case, the relief is carried out on the surface of the plate which bears against the explosive. The simplest method of performing the initial perturbations is to pierce the straight strips (eg by means of milling) on the surface of the plate which will abut the explosive during the explosion.

each Plate is attached to the front of the explosive device of the same Explosive used in the cumulative charge the same average density used. By the explosion of the explosive device, the plate to the hit plate (z. As a steel plate), which is located at a distance 20H ÷ 50H from the plate lies.

It Several of these tests are carried out, in which either the length of the initial disturbances generated L at a constant magnitude H, or H at constant L is changed. After that, after the lowest point the funnel created on the plate L - length the wave of fast-growing initial disorders with the strength H or dimensionless ratio L / H selected.

In 11 . 12 the results of the investigation are presented for the determination of the rapidly growing initial disturbances of the explosion-thrown plates. For these tests, 6 sectors were machined on round plates of diameter D = 45 mm and different thickness H in the range of 1-2 mm, milling three diametrical strips 0.2-0.5 mm deep and 2-5 mm wide. Against these plates, the cylindrical explosives with explosives, which was phlegmatized with the density of about 1.6 g / cm ³ , with the mass of 80 g from different distances spun: from 20 to 100 mm. The lowest point of the funnels on the armor plate ( 11 ) was observed at H = 1.5 mm and was about 20 mm ( 12 ). In this position L = ½ D cos (π / 6), and ratio L / H ≈ 13.

For other sheets of copper and its alloys, depending on the composition and hardness, which is obtained during the production of the sheets, the ratio L / H was changed in the range of 11 ÷ 15, wherein the ratio L / H increases as the hardness of the material increases and decreases with its reduction.

If the above approximate values of the Ratio L / H, it is enough for his Determination for a specific sheet metal and for the Determination of the explosive used 5-10 tests. Of course, the more tests you do, the more accurate one can determine this parameter. For the directing of the flank of the detonation wave in the explosive device of the explosive you can use lenses or screens.

In Investigations for exploding the metal plates, which differed from copper plates was noted that the said ratio for lead plates smaller than for copper plates and for steel and tungsten plates greater.

detonation properties of explosives are due to the speed of detonation and the pressure of the detonation products determined to be the largest Part of the composition and density depend on the explosive. Kinematic properties of the cladding are specific to the transmission of Mass and momentum generated by the movement of the particles of the disguise at different times are: From the beginning of the fall of the detonation wave on facing up to full formation of a punched handle of a certain Shape with a velocity gradient.

Theoretical solution of a multi-factorial task after tuning the detonation properties of the explosive used and the kinematic properties of the fairing of a given cumulative charge is associated with great difficulty. However, it has been noticed that the execution of a certain curve on the edge of the cladding on the side of the open part of the housing substantially contributes to the practical solution of the said object. The best results of work of cumulative charges were at execution of the curve with length (0,5 ÷ 1,5) h _Verkl. L / H received along the panel.

In 13 - 15 Examples of cuts of the panels along the generating lines of the relief are shown in FIG 13 with a wave - like step - shaped center line and a curve for the cladding with a one - sided relief, in 14 with a midline without waves but with curve, in 15 with a wave-like stepped centerline and a curve for the wave fairing with a double-sided relief. Lengths of the waves along the center line of the section l _n change in the general case with n = 1, 2, 3, ..., N, in preferred cases, the condition 0.3h _Verkl. L / H ≤ l _n ≤ 0.7h _Verk. L / H fulfilled. For 13 . 15 N = 9, for other disguises, N can be any positive integer, and in particularly widespread cases, the condition 5 ≤ N ≤ 15 is satisfied.

It is expedient the fairing 4 in the form of the side surface of the truncated cone, which is rolled up from a workpiece in the form of a planar ring sector. The relief on the workpiece can be achieved by pressing a flat ring die z. B. in the form of recessed annular areas, which alternate with the areas of constant thickness and width, as in 16 ,

In 17 and 18 3D images of the conical copper and lead coatings are shown with the relief on the inner surface and with a curve next to the base of the cone. This is the preferred variant of the production. It is also the execution of the panels in the form of other rotary body possible: ball segment, part of the rotary ellipsoid, etc.

A qualitative analysis and conducted tests have shown that prolonged support of the high Explosion pressure to more effective slinging of the panel and to increase the efficiency of the charge leads.

When carrying out the surface of the explosive 2 on the side of the case 1 with domed or recessed elements creates an impact, along the housing 1 is directed. As a result, the impact directed to the housing by the normal is reduced, which maintains the integrity of the housing 1 contributes to the cargo within a longer time.

The same effect can be achieved if the inner surface of the housing 1 executed with domed or recessed elements and the explosive 2 during the equipment of the cargo is housed in said bumps.

It may be the synergy effect in the formation of the uneven surface of the explosive from the side of the Housing can be used and on the inner surface of the housing can place a seal made of a softer material as the material of the housing. In this case, the falling on the housing detonation and shock waves are better attenuated.

If the seal 6 a large number of holes or depressions of relatively small diameter, then arises in the explosion by interference of the shock waves from different holes or depressions get along a veil, which on the housing 1 falling waves reduced - "detonation veil".

Optimal size of the holes or pits is determined by the detonability of the explosive used. The measure for this is the critical diameter of the detonation d _kr. - the smallest diameter of the cylindrical charge at which the detonation spreads despite the scattering of the substance from the zone of reaction. Detonation ability of the explosive is the larger, the smaller the critical diameter d _kp . is. For modern explosive explosives is d _kp . usually a few millimeters.

Investigations have shown that the detonation fog is efficient when the size of the holes or depressions of the gasket (0,5 ÷ 2) d _kr. , and the distances between them - (1 ÷ 5) d _kr. be.

In 23 and 24 Plane disassemblies (workpieces) of the gaskets are shown with the angle of the ring sector 108 ° with different perforations. When rolling together, they form seals 6 with the angle of the truncated cone 35 °.

Statement of the invention

paneling The cumulative charge is a working body, with the help of of which the energy of the explosive in the exporting Work is transferred. The biggest interest represent thin metal panels, because in the spin the transfer of the impulse of products of detonation the cladding is done better, and also because of the low Area density reaches the high spin speeds become. The density of the generating stem (density of the used metal) relatively high for an efficient Breakdown of an obstacle.

For the calculation of the explosion marks of thin Paneling usually consists of two options. at the first option is believed to be the hard one Material of the cladding under the effect of a large differential pressure is immediately transformed into the liquid, and it will used the model of the ideal incompressible fluid. In the other way, in contrast, despite the fact that the difference in pressure is much greater as the plasticity limit of the material, it becomes implicit believed that the material does not undergo radical flow changes and the numerical methods are used based on the behavior of the material under normal conditions.

But have the new theoretical and experimental investigations it allows to determine the following. In the case of the detonation wave on the cladding surface and further flow of the shock and reflection waves burst the material of the panel several times and as a result it decays in layers. His structure becomes equal to the structure of the liquid crystal. (Meant is equal to the fact that the liquid crystals are not hard Crystal lattice, but a partial spatial order of molecules in some directions.)

In In this context, it is appropriate for the development and calculation of the cumulative charges with the Goal of achieving the best technical result the model to use the spiny-elastic paneling. In this model It is believed that in the first phase of acceleration the cladding has new properties of elastic-plastic material develop, namely longitudinal elasticity with a elastic modulus proportional to the applied explosion pressure is.

at the calculation of the crossing of the tracks of the fairing particles the model of an absolutely inelastic push is used. Ie. It is believed that during collision of the parts the cladding stick the particles together, causing the stems, Rings or cores are formed. To the possible gas shrinkage not to look at the front surface of the panel and no resulting edge waves of the dilution to analyze, it is assumed that the panel in one Channel is housed with a corresponding shape, d. H. by a deformable piston.

The experimental studies have shown that there is a material constant which is not connected with normal elastic modules which characterizes said weak elasticity - constant of weak elasticity. Determining this constant from destruction kinetics (chipping) is difficult and inefficient. This constant depends not only on the material of the cladding and the applied pressure, but also on the manufacturing process (eg copper sheet may be hard, medium hard and soft). It does not depend on the thickness alone (this of course applies to relatively thin panels, eg in the case of copper - less than 4 mm). It is easier to perform a series of tests, to determine the constant of low elasticity for a given material and for the explosive used by means of statistical analysis of the test results.

For mathematical description of the above facts we derive Cartesian coordinate system from x ⁱ (i = 1, 2, 3), here r - position vector of the particles of the cladding with Euler components x ⁱ . Then equations of motion of weakly elastic panel are like that .sigma..sub.r tt = p 0 n + ∇ α (σc 2 a αβ 0 r β ).

Here σ - area density of facing, n - vector of the unitary norm, directed in the direction of pressure deficiency. The index t denotes the time derivative at constant Lagrangian coordinates ξ ^α (α = 1, 2), and with Index β - derivative after ξβ. The symbol ∇ means a covariant derivative along the surface.

Pressure p ₀ is constant in the following. Value c ² - characteristic of the longitudinal elasticity of the cladding material. It is calculated according to the formula c ² = æp ₀ / ρ, where p (ξ ^α ) - density of the cladding material (it is considered incompressible), - constant of weak elasticity, dimensionless characteristic, for metal cladding of order 1; Value c ² can be called conditionally as sound velocity square in the material of the fairing. Let's also derive the thickness of the disguise h = σ / ρ.

Notice will that we get the model of pure Inertionsschleuderung if we assume c = 0.

If a _αβ - components of the metric tensor of the cladding surface a αβ = δ ij x i α x j β , x i α = ∂x i / ∂ξ α ,

Here δ _ij - Kronecker symbol, xi / α - components of the tangents of the vectors of the surface r _{α such} that n = r ₁ × r ₂ / | r ₁ × r ₂ |, where | r 1 × r 2 | = (det (a αβ )) 1.2

symbol a αβ 0 means contravariant initial components of the surface area tensor used with the coefficient c ² , such as the components of the specific tensor of the elastic constants.

We emphasize that all elements of the theory of final deformation of the cladding without linearization are consistently considered here, although in the end the elastic component of the stress tensor becomes linear. In fact, by virtue of the Law of Mass Conservation Theorem, the formula Lagrange is correct

With zero index, as above, corresponding initial value functions ξ ^{α are} drawn. As a result, we get a vector equation

In the case of the plane problem we have x ³ = ξ ² , all other variable functions ξ ¹ and t. If we derive the complex Euler variable z = x ¹ + ix ² , we use the following mass variable as a Lagrangian coordinate to simplify the equations:

In this case, σ = p0 / | z _μ |. Dimension of the variable μ is equal to the dimension t ² .

Then the equations of motion look like this z tt = iz μ + (c ~ 2 (Μ) e.g. μ ) μ , c ~ 2 = æρh 2 0 / p 0

These complex equation represents the system of two hyperbolic equations but even with a constant value c ~ it has a strong variance what an unusual behavior of the solutions characterized with different initial data.

wo A₀, λ – komplexe Konstanten, k > 0 – reelle Konstante. Dann bekommen wir Varianzgleichung λ2 = k – c ~k2, die das Folgende zeigt.In fact, in the case c ~ = const we consider an elementary solution that corresponds locally to the deformation of the cylinder. If

where A ₀ , λ - complex constants, k> 0 - real constant. Then we get the variance equation λ 2 = k - c ~ k 2 . which shows the following.

was annähernd (weil der Wert σ₀a₀ ^1/2, einfach gesagt, nicht konstant ist) der Wellenlänge entspricht l_res ≈ 4πæh₀. Bei k → 0 wird die Wachstumsgeschwindigkeit der Amplitude bis Null reduziert.There is a critical wavenumber k _cr = 1 / c ~ ² corresponding to the state of equilibrium λ = 0. For wavenumbers k <k _cr , the constant λ is real, which is either the growth or the damping with the time of the wave amplitude A ₀ corresponds to expλt. There is a single peak of the value λ ² at k = k _cr / 2. So there is a wave with the mass length 4πc ~ 2 . which is called "resonance length", with a rapidly increasing amplitude, which characterizes maximum lability of the process. In normal linear variables, the ratio arises

which approximates (because the value σ ₀ a ₀ ^1/2 , simply said, is not constant) corresponds to the wavelength l _res ≈ 4πæh ₀ . At k → 0, the growth rate of the amplitude is reduced to zero.

In the case k> k _cr , the parameter λ becomes purely imaginary: λ = iω, where ω - frequency of the oscillations of the amplitude, which is temporally periodic.

So becomes the qualitative behavior of the relief disguise during the explosion sputtering characterized by the wavelength of the initial perturbations. The initial disorders are due to the shape and the relief the disguise conditionally. The process of development of shortwave takes place in the vibration state. One should consider that for the application of the theory the real wavelength much larger than the distinctive strength the cladding should be what the spectrum of wavelengths bounded from below.

Then is there a critical wavelength with the increase, when the oscillation frequency is converted to zero. In the Generation of perturbations with the critical wavelength the disorders do not grow and the spontaneous disorders grow are attenuated in the case if their amplitude is sufficient low in comparison to the amplitude of the artificially generating Disruptions is.

at the generation of the initial perturbations with the wavelength, which is greater than critical length, grow the disturbances. This area in turn has the resonance length the wave, which is twice the critical length is, with the largest increment of growth. In the further increase in the wavelength goes the increment down to zero.

The biggest problem that engineers are developing have explosion devices with thin panels, is its dynamic instability (it still becomes Rayleigh-Taylor instability or acceleration instability).

in the Reference system, with the center area of the spin coating the inertial force, which, roughly speaking, the front (in spin direction) surface of the panel presses, but makes its back surface unstable. The back surface was originally on the explosives. From the back surface can be essential Separate parts of the cladding material.

Therefore it is for large deformations of the panel appropriate that the initial disorders executed on the surface adjacent to explosives become. That's for the determination of the resonance length the wave necessary. The length is twice as big as the critical length. For damping the Vibrations and growth of initial disorders, what for the generation of the critical spin mode is necessary, the Waviness of the cladding by the relief at the front Side of the panel.

The Problem of acceleration lability becomes as follows solved: For all panels and used Explosive exists a critical length of the initial disturbances, where they do not grow. Growth of spontaneous disorders is attenuated in case if its amplitude is sufficient low in comparison to the amplitude of the artificially generating Disruptions is.

Function of the proposed device

The proposed cumulative load works as follows. When the tripping device triggers 3 the detonation of the explosive takes place 2 and the explosion of the relief paneling 4 , In the execution of the relief on the surface, which is directed to the open part of the housing, which is there for the production of the shaft center lines in corresponding sections of the cladding, after the detonation of the explosive, the deformation conditions arise, for reducing the lability of the cladding and in the case of generation of the wavelength near the critical wavelength, are favorable for possible elimination of the vibrations and growth of the perturbations. This reduces the energy dissipation associated with the vibrations and growth of spontaneous disturbances. The panel skid becomes more accurate, the punching stem of the optimum shape with calculated parameters is formed, the efficiency of the charge and the stability of their work increase. By using the solution of the task of slinging the lining of a certain shape by means of the explosion pressure taking into account the finiteness of the detonation velocity, a more homogeneous deformation of the lining can be carried out during its transition to the state of the piercing handle.

The hole handle makes the hole (perforation) z. B. in the cladding column of the bore. The housing 1 The charge, which is usually made of steel or other solid material, is used to safely install the load in appropriate facility adjacent to the target (eg in the housing of the hole punch in the bore) and to maintain the blast pressure. The seals 6 reduce the explosion effect on the housing 1 the charge, which leads to the increase in energy, the spinning of the panel 4 is directed. For the solution of the task a real possibility is used, the optimal process of development of the initial faults of the panel 4 under high acceleration, which results from the explosion. The shape of the panel 4 agrees with the solution of the task of spinning and acceleration of the first resting disguise.

As a result, the material of the original panel flows 4 during dislocation into a homogeneous weak gradient (velocity gradient is meant) perforated handle with an optimal spherical shape with high momentum. In addition, said stem has good flow characteristics, but this advantage is usually not used because of the limited conditions of use of the cumulative charges.

Except Increase in efficiency and working stability the proposed cumulative charge has the following advantages.

There is no need to develop the panels of a complex shape. It is sufficient to select a simple and technological form (eg a cone-shaped covering with the angle 39 °, which is rolled up from a copper sector with the angle 120 °). But thanks to the change in caliber, the strength and the relief of the cladding one can achieve the necessary breakdown parameters in a large range. The volume of the channel in the target can be the volume of the With the help of a traditional charge with the same mass of explosive to exceed 2-2.5 times. At the same time stability of work of cargo increases: from 7-8 successful shots from 10 (charges used today) to 9 of 10 (for the proposed charge). A successful shot is taken to mean shots whose deviations from the diameter of the hole and the depth of the channel are below 10%.

It can reduce the requirements for the quality of production. The cut on the cladding at the seam of the edges of the workpiece when it lies on the line of the reliefs does not affect the work of the cumulative charge. This cold cuts on the smooth panels leads to negative consequences. The relief panels 4 can be made from a sheet metal (strip) by means of a simple mechanical processing (cutting, pressing, folding and finishing). The smooth panels demand more complicated operations (rollers, tracks, etc.).

reduction the quality requirements of the production of the panels reduces the cost of producing the relief panels, but it is extremely important, the relief exactly perform. The tolerance in relief 10 microns leads to deteriorate the parameters of breakdown (though the high stability of the work is maintained). The question the quality of the execution of the relief is through accurate calculation and solved by making the press dies, what is modern in the development of computer technology and metalworking Equipment represents no great difficulty.

The good results of the work of the proposed charge will be without Use of expensive metals and alloys achieved. The increase the breakdown capability and stability by eliminating the lability of pressing the disguise, the reduction of energy dissipation and increase of the impulse without increasing the price of the cladding material.

Furthermore The relief panel can be calculated and executed in this way be that when pressed her no thinner labile Beam and no slow pestle emerge.

industrial Applicability The declared cumulative charge may be in series below Conditions of industrial production using existing ones Equipment and using modern production technology getting produced. The technological means of implementation of the Invention are relatively current in production development diverse.

Examples of the realization of the proposed Facility

Example 1. To compare the efficiency and stability of the work of the cumulative charges with the reliefs carried out on different sides of the panels, a batch of cumulative charges was prepared. Each load had a steel case with a diameter of 48 mm and a length of 60 mm. Case had the shape of the shape in 1 is equal to. In the housing 24 g of the explosive based on the Hexogens were housed, which was phlegmatized with the average density of 1.6 g / cm ³ . The triggering system consisted of an electric detonator, a detonating cord attached to it and an intermediate detonator in the form of the pressed crystal hexogen.

From a copper sheet with a thickness of 0.6 mm, 10 workpieces were manufactured with the angle of the ring sector 120 °, the outside diameter 125.5 mm and the inside diameter 38 mm. On the workpieces, the same relief was performed by pressing on a flat ring die. The relief is in the 16 Relief shown equal to the wavelength about 4 mm. Then half of them were rolled outwards with the relief side and half with the relief side rolled inwards. The area opposite the relief surface was smooth. The angle of the truncated cone was 39 °, the base diameter - 42 mm, diameter of the upper part - 13 mm, height - 41.5 mm, mass - about 19 g. From the cone base, a curve was made 8 mm long with the amplitude 0.5 mm along the generatrix of the cone.

Each panel thus produced was compressed into the cumulative depression at the angle 39 °. The recess was previously made in the explosive by means of pressing from the side of the open part of the housing. On the inner wall of the cargo housing before compressing explosive was a gasket, which consists of a copper blank with the thickness 0.8 mm according to the sketch 23 was rolled, housed in the form of the side surface of the truncated cone with the angle 35 °.

The target consisted (from bottom to top) of a steel column with the diameter 70 mm, a steel sleeve filled with water, with the height 12.5 mm and a steel plate with the thickness 5 mm. The Charge was used at the stated target with the focal distance 9 mm. Such tests are carried out for the adjustment of the hole charges, which are used for a secondary development of the oil and gas layers, or said charges belong to the hole type "Big Hole".

The channels formed in steel columns were measured with the help of the scriber with depth gauge. The results of the measurements are summarized in Table 1. 1. Table 1 No of the exam Location of the relief on the panel Parameters of breakdown, mm Inlet diameter Depth of the canal 1 Outside 17.5 87 2 Outside 21.5 71 3 Outside 18.0 82 4 Outside 15.0 94 5 Outside 19.5 76 Average 18.3 82 scattering 6.5 23 6 Inside 22.5 98 7 Inside 23.0 95 8th Inside 20.5 105 9 Inside 21.0 102 10 Inside 22.0 100 Average 21.8 100 scattering 2.5 10

The Results listed in Table 1 illustrate the following.

If the relief lies on the outside of the panel and after being pressed into the cumulative depression, the relief is applied this depression, then the low values and big Scattering of the results of the breakdown observed. If the relief lies on the inside of the paneling and after its insertion the relief is directed to the open part of the housing of the cargo is, then will be a high efficiency and stability of work observed the charges.

Example 2. For an experimental confirmation of the results of the theoretical analysis on the optimization of the wavelength of the initial clutter faults, a batch of cumulative charges equal to the charges given in Example 1 was prepared. Housings, explosives, seals and panels with the relief on the front are the same. The difference was that the centerlines of the cuts of the panel along the generating lines of the relief had different wavelengths on different panels. In preliminary tests it was determined that for lining and explosive material used in said charges, L / H = 13.5, h _Verkl. = 0.6 mm. The results of the breakdown of the above-mentioned goals are summarized in Table 2. Table 2

The The results listed in Table 2 illustrate the following.

If the lengths of the waves of the center lines of the cuts of the panels along the generating lines of the relief over 0.7h _Verkl. L / H (8 mm and 6 mm), the results of the work of the charges are poor and the scattering is large. In the range of the wavelengths of the relief (0.3 ÷ 0.7) h _. L / H (5 mm, 4 mm, 3.5 mm and 3 mm) make the charges more effective and stable; The waves below 0,3h _Verkl. L / H are too short for copper. The best results are observed at the wavelength of the relief, which at 0.5h _Verkl. L / H (4 mm) is close. This confirms the theoretical conclusions about the expediency of the application of the critical mode of explosion flare of the panels.

Example 3. For the punching of the steel plate with the thickness 300 mm, the charges with the outside diameter 48 mm and height 80 mm were produced. Loading charge - 35 g of phlegmatized hexogen. The panels were made of a copper sheet 0.6 mm thick in the form of the side surface of the truncated cone with the cone angle 19 °, diameter of the base was 40 mm, diameter of the upper part - 21 mm, height - 58 mm, mass - 28.5 g. On the front side - relief, as in 16 ,

To the exploding of the charges mentioned on the steel plates were inserted, were in the plates through holes with input and output diameters 15 mm and 10 mm, respectively.

Example 4. In conducting the disturbance work, the cumulative charges were used whose shape was the same as the charges described in Example 1. The charges contained 50 g of phlegmatized octogen, two gaskets (lead seal on the casing and blasted copper gaskets on the explosive) and 0.8 thick copper mantels, which had the shape of a 120 degree ball segment, with the relief on the inside, that on the open part the housing of the cladding surface is directed. Diameter of the cladding base was 50 mm, length of the shaft of the relief - about 5 mm.

20 called charges placed in a polyethylene belt with the holes were plugged for the charges were close together used and in the form of a circle on a brick and concrete wall attached with the thickness about 500 mm. At the side of the closed Part of the charges were a detonating fuse with a Electric igniters and wires in a safe Place carried out, fastened. After a simultaneous Explosion of the charges became a manhole with the diameter about 500 mm formed.

example 5. The charges equal to the charges described in Example 4 were used for the separation of the steel plates. The charges were placed close to each other on the cutting lines and simultaneously triggered by means of a detonating fuse. In the plates were cylindrical holes with the diameter formed near the caliber of the charges. Between the holes ran off strong Ausplatzprozesse. As a result the steel plates were separated at the indicated lines.

For Production of a 1 m long cut in the steel in the depth approx. 100 mm by the mentioned method is needed 5-10 times less explosive compared to the prolonged cumulative Charges.

example 6. In carrying out the construction work was a charge with 1.5 mm thick copper sheath mm used in the form of part of the rotary ellipsoid. explosive mass was 300 g, diameter of the cladding base - 100 mm, Length of the wave of the relief - approx. 10 mm. To The explosion of the charge in the rock formed Shot hole with the diameter about 50 mm and with the depth above 1 m, in which the charge of the explosive for the implementation the blasting work for ejection was housed.

The Examples given exhaust the applications the proposed cumulative charge.

there are the efficiency and the breakdown capability of Charge increased by the elimination of energy losses, those with the vibrations and with the increase of initial disturbances It is also the accuracy and stability the explosion of the disguise with the formation of a homogeneous Hole handles with the optimal spherical configuration elevated. This is due to the presence of specially generated optimized irregularities (relief) on the corresponding surfaces of the panel and through the Presence of bumps on the surface of the explosive achieved, which is formed for example by means of a seal. simultaneously Production cost and stability are reduced the results of the application.

QUOTES INCLUDE IN THE DESCRIPTION

This list The documents listed by the applicant have been automated generated and is solely for better information recorded by the reader. The list is not part of the German Patent or utility model application. The DPMA takes over no liability for any errors or omissions.

Cited patent literature

• - RU 2253830 [0008]
• - RU 2277167 [0010]
• - RU 2303232 [0012]

Claims (12)

Cumulative charge comprising an open shell casing in which explosive accommodated with a cumulative depression located in the open part of the casing, a triggering device located in the closed part of the casing, and a relief casing adjacent to the cumulative recess made so that the center lines of the cuts of the lining along the generating lines of the relief, as well as the centerlines of the cuts of the lining with the planes perpendicular to the axis of the lining, represent either wavy lines or lines without waves; Center lines are made stepless or stepped, characterized in that the relief is carried out either on the surface of the cladding, which is directed to the open part of the housing, or on the two surfaces of the cladding. Cumulative charge according to claim 1, characterized in that the fairing is wave-like, d. H. the reliefs on both surfaces match, while the depression of the relief corresponds to a surface the curvature of the relief on opposite surface the disguise. Cumulative charge according to claim 1 or 2, characterized in that the wave-like center lines of the cuts of the lining along the generating lines of the relief _define the lengths of the waves in the range (0.3 ÷ 0.7) h _. L / H have, where: h _Verkl. - the average thickness of the cladding along the considered length of the shaft, L - the wavelength of the especially fast growing initial _{disturbances of} the slab with the thickness H from the range (0,5 ÷ 1,5 h _). which is made of the same material as the cladding which, according to experience, is determined by the deepest funnels in the meeting point created by slinging the slab against the slab having a distance of 20H ÷ 50H to the slab with the help of the explosive, which is used in the cumulative charge. The initial disturbances of the plate are generated by the wave-like shape or by the relief; in the latter case, the relief is carried out on the surface of the plate adjacent to the body of the explosive. Cumulative charge according to claim 3, characterized in that at the edge of the cladding on the side of the open part of the casing along the cladding there is a curve of length (0.5 ÷ 1.5) h _. L / H is executed. Cumulative charge according to claim 3, characterized in that the cladding is made in the form of the side face of the truncated cone with the relief in the form of depressions and shoulders, the distances between the centers of the adjacent depressions and the distances between the centers of the adjacent shoulders calculated along the generatrix of the cone, in the range (0,3 ÷ 0,7) h _Verkl. L / H stay. Cumulative charge according to claim 5, characterized in that that the paneling in one piece in the form of a flat Ring sector by rolling and the relief on the piece through Pressing is performed on a flat ring die. Cumulative charge according to claims 3-6, characterized in that the panel from a sheet Copper or its alloys with a thickness of 0.4 ÷ 4.0 mm, and the ratio L / H with increasing the hardness of the sheet material larger and with the reduction in hardness in the range 11 ÷ 15 smaller becomes. Cumulative charge according to claim 1, characterized in that that the surface of the explosive on the side of the Housing with arched or recessed elements is executed. Cumulative charge according to claim 1, characterized in that that the inner surface of the housing with arched or recessed elements is executed and the explosive fills in said irregularities. Cumulative charge according to claim 1, characterized in that that they are equipped with one or more seals is that lie between explosives and housing, the partial or completely separate the explosive and the housing of the charge, wherein the gasket adhering to the inner surface made of a softer material than material of the housing is executed. Cumulative charge according to claim 10, characterized in that the explosive adjacent Seal with holes or depressions is performed and the explosives fills these holes or depressions. Cumulative charge according to claim 11, characterized in that the size of the holes or recesses in the seal (0.5 ÷ 2) d _. , is, and the distances between them - (1 ÷ 5) d _Verkl. where d _Verkl. - Critical diameter of the detonation of the explosive used in the charge BB.