DE102006003218A1 - Apparatus for producing hydrogen by electrolysis of water comprises production and storage facilities, including a wind generator, mounted on board a ship - Google Patents

Abstract

Apparatus for producing hydrogen by electrolysis of water comprises production and storage facilities, including a wind generator, mounted on board a ship of the oil tanker type with a meteorological navigation system.

Description

Title Contents:

For future use of hydrogen as a storable energy substance and fuel with extensive applicability is based on its manufacture with the electrolysis technology and water proposed for this purpose to generate required electricity energy with wind energy, and thus the entire production and storage facilities including the power generating wind turbines (WTs) on ocean-going Install ships of the type "oil tanker" and to operate, hereby supported by meteorological navigation systems Approach the wind energy-richest sea areas (eg North Atlantic) to be able to.

description the problems and solutions:

A.) General:

• 1.) Politisch: Fast alle Vorkommen an Kohlenwasserstoffen unter Land und unter küstennahem Meer gehören zu staatlichen Hoheitsgebieten und sind somit im Besitz von Staaten, und dies bezogen auf die Vorkommenshäufigkeit insbesondere bei Öl und Gas in politisch sehr unsicheren Regionen. Hiermit ergeben sich erhebliche Risiken für hochindustrialisierte, rohstoffarme Staaten bezogen auf die Rohstoffkosten und die Versorgungssicherheit.
• 2.) Ökonomisch: Erhebliche Preissteigerungen von Rohöl und dessen Raffinaten, sowie im Gefolge auch von Erdgas gefährden ganze Volkswirtschaften. Dieser Kostendruck hat jedoch für alle, die sich auf lange Sicht um die Wasserstofftechnologie sowohl für die Wasserstoffherstellung als auch deren Nutzung bemühen, eine positive Seite, da dieser Druck die Entwicklung und Anwendung der Wasserstofftechnologie beschleunigen wird.
• 3.) Ökologisch: Das Vorankommen zu einer besonders ökologischen Wasserstofftechnologie ist nicht mit einer Öko-Ideologie zu schaffen, sondern ganz wesentlich mit hervorragenden ökonomischen Lösungen und Zukunftsaussichten. Die entwickelte Idee reiht sich komplett in die Vision ein, mit der Elektrolyse von Wasser (ist immer reichlich und staatenlos vorhanden) durch den Einsatz regenerativer Energien wie Wind, Wasser und Sonne einen ökologischen Kreislauf zu schaffen. Politisch und ökonomisch bedeutet dies, mit unerschöpflichen Rohstoffen und Energien ohne direkte Rohstoffkosten Wertschöpfung zu betreiben.

Especially at the time of the years 2005 and 2006 it becomes particularly clear that the exploitation of today's deposits of hydrocarbons, such as oil and natural gas, is questionable not only ecologically (CO2 problem), but also economically and politically:

• 1.) Political: Nearly all deposits of hydrocarbons under land and under offshore sea belong to state sovereign territories and are therefore in the possession of states, and this in relation to the occurrence frequency particularly with oil and gas in politically very uncertain regions. This results in considerable risks for highly industrialized, resource-poor states in terms of raw material costs and security of supply.
• 2.) Economic: Significant price increases of crude oil and its refined products, as well as in the wake of natural gas endanger entire economies. However, this cost pressure will have a positive side for anyone looking to hydrogen technology for both hydrogen production and its use in the long run, as this pressure will accelerate the development and application of hydrogen technology.
• 3.) Ecologically: Moving towards a particularly ecological hydrogen technology is not to be achieved with an eco-ideology, but rather essentially with excellent economic solutions and future prospects. The idea developed is completely in line with the vision of creating an ecological cycle with the electrolysis of water (which is always abundant and stateless) through the use of renewable energies such as wind, water and sun. Politically and economically, this means to create value with inexhaustible raw materials and energies without direct raw material costs.

B.) The Hydrogen Technology:

"Hydrogen is that common Element of the earth and can in the reaction with atmospheric oxygen large amounts of energy release. This chemical energy can be highly efficient controlled in a fuel cell converted into electricity and usable heat become. Fuel cells are efficient energy converters that are environmentally friendly, noise and low maintenance work. These properties have been stimulating for a long time the imagination of researchers to the vision of a pollutant-free To realize energy production.

There Hydrogen, however, does not appear in pure form in nature, it must other substances. One possibility is the decomposition of water through the electrolysis. Is the required power from renewable sources such as photovoltaic or wind energy, so is the goal of a sustainable and decentralized energy industry too to reach".

• Zitate aus:
• [Presseinformation Fraunhofer Institut Solare Energiesysteme/www.ise.fhg.de].
• Dort sind auch stellvertretend für einige andere Entwicklungsgruppen weitere Ergebnisse zu finden.

"Since the sun does not shine continuously or the wind does not blow constantly, the energy has to be stored, which in the case of short-term storage is done with the help of batteries, but for longer-term storage, other solutions are needed, namely the energy conversion of the electricity in The hydrogen is then stored in special tanks with metal hydrides (they are able to store the hydrogen molecules between the metal hydrides), which already happens today at gas pressures of 15 bar to 30 bar. "

• Quotes from:
• [Press release Fraunhofer Institute for Solar Energy Systems / www.ise.fhg.de].
• There are also representative of some other development groups to find more results.

It is still very difficult to imagine when and if ever and to what extent today's energy and energy substances by hydrogen can be substituted. For this exist both on the side of hydrogen production as well the application of hydrogen is a series of promising research, Development and application projects.

Here, the entire process chain from production to storage, distribution with transport and intermediate storage, consumer withdrawal and the various applications such as electricity generation, for direct drive as Combustion fuel is very long and complex for both large and small consumers. Here, the question keeps coming up, until where does the hydrogen supply have to reach. Is this necessary to the small consumer, as for example by a natural gas substitution for the heating and the warm water treatment in households? Or is it cheaper to run the hydrogen to regional energy suppliers of municipalities and from there back into electricity, since the end current distribution exists? Furthermore, development work is underway (eg at BMW), which are not only concerned with using the energy source hydrogen in electrical energy for vehicle drives, but to burn the hydrogen with oxygen in the air in drive motors.

A another group are the municipal and industrial companies, operate combined cycle power plants (gas and steam power plants) based on natural gas, to generate electricity and steam with gas turbines. vicarious for many here are the Ludwigshafener Chemie-Werk of BASF AG and the municipal Würzburg called. Where natural gas as an energy source in use today, will be a complete substitution of natural gas by hydrogen or by switching in steps by "admixing" hydrogen to natural gas possible become.

In the case, that the energy carrier Accelerate hydrogen on the side of the application technologies would, it is possible, the hydrogen production by catalytic conversion (reforming) using hydrogen-rich hydrocarbons as the energy source. That would be fossil Fuels such as natural gas, gasoline or heating oil, as well as biogenic / regenerative Energy sources like Wood, alcohol or rapeseed oil in question.

however These technology paths should not be used for a widespread use of hydrogen with big Hydrogen factories are taken into focus.

• 1.) die Sonnenenergie
• 2.) die Windenergie

For a large-scale hydrogen production under the focus of a very wide applicability for power generation, direct heat generation and fuel for the two ways fuel cell and combustion with atmospheric oxygen for engines, as well as under the premise to realize this hydrogen production through a resource-rich and resource-free process, so as an ecological In principle, only 2 energy resources are left over:

• 1.) the solar energy
• 2.) the wind energy

Both are sources of energy that are thought to be inexhaustible can be. you Disadvantage is that they temporally and spatially a significant unequal distribution on our globe and a corresponding investment in technology need, to focus on them electricity generating plants. This concentration is reversible with the Energy substance hydrogen reaches, because with him the obtained energy contents stored and spatially and at any time on demand in other forms of energy feasible are.

To 1.) The sun is our primary reactor with the atomic fusion of hydrogen to helium. It sends a very broad spectrum of electromagnetic Waves off (wavelengths and energy densities), of which a partial spectrum reaches the earth.

In turn a part of this energy can we with solar technology (solar cells) field and directly into electricity implement. Again create part of these electromagnetic waves also by conversion into thermal energy on the mainland and water surface of the earth, the wind currents quasi as solar secondary energy.

There are also proposals for large-scale hydrogen production based on solar technology, and this with km ² -solar solar cell surfaces with maximum yield of radiation intensity. It is proposed there to install these production areas in the Sahel Belt (virtually cloudless region without seasonal change) not far from the water source sea. However, there is the time penalty that the usable hours of sunshine are available year-round, but only around 12 hours a day. The sea has a dual role in this proposal, namely first to use the water (probably with a desalination plant) for the production of hydrogen and secondly to bring the hydrogen on gas ships to distribute it logistically (see Gasprom gas pipeline Baltic Sea?).

To 2.) The wind energy as solar secondary energy is indeed of the daytime Occur relatively independently (24 hours a day), however, the availability is very different locally and in the same place also temporally substantially distributed, since the wind energy through the interplay of meteorological highs (Azores) and Lows (Iceland) bsp. is shaped in the North Atlantic.

These Findings lead us now to the core of the new idea of these designs, wind energy and their economic Use for hydrogen production.

C.) The use of wind energy with wind turbines for power generation:

C1.) Status of wind power technology and its application:

The technical and scientific fundamentals of the historical and entire current technology of wind turbines (WKA) are described in the following book outstanding and comprehensive:
Author: Erich Hau
Title: Wind turbines
Basics, technology, use, economy
3rd edition, Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg New York
ISBN 3-540-42827-5

• * WKA mit horizontaler Rotorachse; die Rotornabe mit dem gesamten Maschinenhaus ist auf einem Rohrturm in großer Hohe (70 bis 110 m) montiert; der Rotor mit seinen aerodynamisch ausgebildeten Rotorblättern muss mit Stellmotoren in den Wind (Windrichtungswechsel) gestellt werden.
• * WKA mit vertikaler Rotorachse; das gesamte Maschinenhaus ist unten montiert. Der Nachteil dieser WKA-Technologie bezieht sich auf den Effekt, dass hier der Wind bei jeder Rotorumdrehung wechselnd von Lee- und Luv-Seite auf die aerodynamischen Flächen wirkt, was zu geringeren Windenergie-Umsatzgraden (Wirkungsgrad) führt. Vorteil hier ist, dass die Windrichtung keine Rolle spielt. Da die Vertikalrotorsysteme aerodynamisch betrachtet wesentlich komplexer sind, existieren gerade in diesem Segment auch unterschiedliche WKA-Bauformen, wie – Darrieus-Rotor – Heidelberg-Rotor (H-Rotor) – Savonius-Rotor
• * Bei beiden WKA-Typen mit horizontalem als auch vertikalem Rotor hat sich entwicklungsgeschichtlich ein Trend der Windkrafteinwirkung auf den Rotor vom widerstandskraft-getriebenen zum auftriebskraft-getriebenen Rotor ergeben, wodurch die Effizienz der Windenergieumsetzung wesentlich gesteigert werden konnte. [siehe hierzu mit Theorie das oben zitierte Buch von E. Hau]

In summary, it should be noted that there are two fundamentally different wind turbine systems:

• * WKA with horizontal rotor axis; the rotor hub with the entire machine house is mounted on a tubular tower at a high height (70 to 110 m); The rotor with its aerodynamically designed rotor blades must be placed with servomotors in the wind (wind direction change).
• * WKA with vertical rotor axis; the entire machine house is mounted below. The disadvantage of this WKA technology refers to the effect that the wind at each rotor rotation alternately from leeward and windward side acts on the aerodynamic surfaces, resulting in lower wind energy conversion levels (efficiency). The advantage here is that the wind direction does not matter. Since the vertical rotor systems aerodynamically much more complex, there are also in this segment also different WKA designs, such as - Darrieus rotor - Heidelberg rotor (H rotor) - Savonius rotor
• * For both WKA types with horizontal as well as vertical rotor development-wise a trend of the wind force effect on the rotor from the resistance-force-driven to the buoyancy-driven rotor resulted, whereby the efficiency of the wind energy conversion could be increased substantially. [see theory with the above quoted book by E. Hau]

* To Appendix 1:

Illustration A.) shows schematically the functional principle of a "resistance rotor". As an example that counts Anemometers. The simplest type of wind energy conversion is with the help of pure resistance surfaces possible.

The air hits the surface A at the velocity ν _W , whose power consumption P is calculated from the air resistance F _W , the surface and the velocity ν _r with which it moves: P = F _W · ν _r .

The relative velocity ν _W - ν _r, with which the resistance surface is effectively flown, is decisive for its air resistance.

With the usual drag coefficient c _W , the resulting power is: P = ρL 2 c W · (ΝW - ν r ) 2 · A · ν r Eq. (8) (see further information in Appendix 3).

Fig. B.) shows the scheme of a rotor using buoyancy. All modern types of WKA rotors aim at this illustrated effect. Best suited for this is the so-called propeller type with a horizontal axis of rotation. The wind speed ν _W vectorially overlaps with the peripheral speed u of the rotor blade. In the case of a rotating rotor blade, this is the peripheral speed on a blade cross-section with a certain distance from the axis of rotation. The resulting flow velocity ν _r forms the aerodynamic angle of attack with the chord. The resulting air force is decomposed into a component in the direction of flow velocity, the resistance F _W and in a component perpendicular to the flow velocity, the lift F _A , which is itself decomposable into a component F _AT in the plane of rotation of the rotor and a second perpendicular to the plane of rotation ,

The tangential component F _AT forms the drive torque of the rotor, while F _{AS is} responsible for the rotor thrust.

modern Profiles for Airplane wing developed and as well Wind rotors are used, have a very favorable ratio of Boost to resistance. This ratio is called glide number E and can reach values up to 200. However, beware the ultimate size is that current wind speed, their power in the inflow section the WKA can only be implemented to a maximum of 59.3%!

To Annex 2:

Illustration C.) Here are the components on the aerodynamic profile cross-section the speeds and forces acting.

To Appendix 3:

The Sketch shows the basics of the wind flow model of a rotor. In the upper part are the flow cross sections reproduced in the middle part of the wind speeds corresponding to the cross sections (continuity condition), and in the lower part of the air pressure curve over the flow path with the pressure jump in the rotor for power transmission.

The wind inflow cross section is A ₁ at the speed ν ₁ , the rotor flow cross section is A at the W speed ν '= 3 2 · Ν ' and the outflow area is A ₂ at the W-speed of ν 2 = 3 1 · Ν 1 ,

in the the lower part of the annex are the main relationships of the results and influencing variables are shown, so also the performance factors.

To Appendix 4:

It is state of scientific evaluation of the different WKA technologies and dimensions and geometries the fast-running speed too use; see Eq. (7).

Fig. A.) shows for horizontal rotors the dependence of the power coefficient c _PR on the high-speed number, here the design speed number (WKA design) for 3 parameters for the number of rotor blades. Loss ranges compared to the theoretical maximum value are indicated.

Illustration B) Here the results of the performance coefficient depend on the high speed number (operation) for 4 different numbers of sheets (1 to 4) reproduced.

Understanding: With decreasing number of sheets, the maximum of the power coefficient lower, but the spread of the high-speed number greater.

D.) The wind, its speed and specific performance, as well as its frequency of action:

The height of Wind speed and their frequency of action determine the efficiency the use of WKA's par. The optimal conditions for this can not be influenced but can only be found from experience or through trade fairs.

It makes no sense for that a particular region with eco-ideological Advertising investors baited are called by high rated power ratings that are not achieved can be due to a wrong ötlichen WKA-determination.

This has also recognized the federal government and has the EEG (Renewable Energy law), so that the state and taxpayers are no longer wrong Pay investment subsidies.

The meteorologists know about the dependence of the wind strengths and their frequency of action of place and time: ν W = f [place; Time] = f [(x; y) NO SW ; T] Eq. (9) with the spatial coordinates x and y on the earth's surface from NE north-east to SW south-west, as well as the time T, with additional orographic influences (eg land area structures) added.

Would be at A quiz will be asked "Where does the strongest wind blow?", then, with high probability be answered: "On the Sea! "Our world was founded in the 15th and 16th centuries by post-giants, Spaniards, Frenchmen, Dutch and Englishmen conquered, with sailing ships.

On this background of knowledge, the idea grew to win wind energy on the open sea with wind turbines on ships, to generate electricity for electrolysis, which splits water into H ₂ and O ₂ and to formulate this into a mobile H ₂ factory on the high seas , For one thing was clear, about a direct power supply into the grid did not need to be thought. However, it was to be assumed that even on the high seas, the wind power does not have a constant effect, but also subject to seasonal, daily and even hourly fluctuations, as well as from the lake region, ie latitude and longitude.

To Annex 5:

This figure shows all essential data required for a later evaluation of wind data:
The ordinate (linear) shows the calculated (with Gl.3, Appendix 3) and specific (area related) wind power offer versus wind speed (linear) on the abscissa as a black curve. The wind speed is shown here in 4 different speed scales:
1st in m / s / 2. in Bft-Graden (Beaufort) / 3. with wind star symbols for bft groups 14th with wind vane symbols.

The lower box correlates with the Bft classes, see different gray areas, the speed intervals in m / s, and the specific wind power values with min / max / medium. Hereby it makes this representation possible to apply the different scales and symbols used in maps to a calculation and evaluation.

The Texts in the picture define the curves and the gray areas.

To Annex 6:

With from the BSH (Federal Office for Maritime Shipping and Hydrography, Hamburg-Rostock) provided nautical charts "Monatskarten für die Nordatlantischen Ocean ", 1998 - No. 2420 Now the wind evaluation could be carried out.

• 1. Auswertungsvariante mit Windsternen: Ein Windstern (siehe Anlage 5) zeigt monatliche Auswertungen von Windstärke und Windrichtung (8 Windrichtungen) und prozentuale Wirkzeiten (Länge der Sternarmsymbole) mit Windstärke-Bft-Intervallen. Die Seekarte ist mit Quadranten unterteilt mit je 10 Breitengraden und 10 Längengraden, in denen je 4 Windsterne positioniert sind (falls die Seefläche dies zuläßt). Hierzu wurden für die 12 Monate zwei positionierten Seesterne ausgewertet, und zwar: * Position 0–50W /570 zwischen Südnorwegen und Schottland * Position 170W /520 westliche irische See
• 2. Auswertungsvariante mit kleineren Sonderkarten ebenfalls für 12 Monate und analog zu den Karten-Winddefinitionen "mobil" über ein Seegebiet von [100W – 500W /300 – 600]. Wind-Definitionen der Karten: "Wind" – mit Windfahnen – "Mittlere Richtung und Stärke (in Bft) des Windes und Linien gleicher Beständigkeit in %" "Starkwind" – "Mittlere Häufigkeit von Starkwind (6 und 7 Bft, Linien) und Sturm (≥ 8 Bft, halbfette Ziffern) in % aller Windbeobachtungen. "Schwachwind" – "Mittlere Häufigkeit von Schwachwind (≤ Bft, Linien) und Windstillen (halbfette Ziffern) in % aller Windbeobachtungen.

The 12 monthly maps contain not only many nautical data but also the time and location-dependent wind data of the North Atlantic.

• 1. Evaluation variant with wind stars: A wind star (see Appendix 5) shows monthly evaluations of wind strength and wind direction (8 wind directions) and percentage action times (length of the star arm symbols) with wind force Bft intervals. The nautical chart is divided into quadrants with 10 degrees of latitude and 10 degrees of longitude, in each of which 4 wind stars are positioned (if the lake surface allows this). For this purpose, two positioned starfish were evaluated for the 12 months, namely: * Position 0-5 0 W / 57 0 between Southern Norway and Scotland * position 17 0 W / 52 0 Western Irish Sea
• 2. Evaluation variant with smaller special cards also for 12 months and analogous to the map wind definitions "mobile" over a sea area of [10 0 W - 50 0 W / 30 0 - 60 0 ]. Wind definitions of the cards: "Wind" - with wind vane - "Mean direction and strength (in Bft) of the wind and lines of equal resistance in%""Strongwind" - "Average frequency of strong winds (6 and 7 Bft, lines) and storm (≥ 8 Bft, half-fat digits) in% of all wind observations. "Light breeze" - "Mean frequency of light breeze (≤ Bft, lines) and windlessness (half-fat digits) in% of all wind observations.

Annex 6 shows the specific wind energy supply calculated in terms of wind data in kWh / m ² per month.

The Results show that Wind energy supply on the high seas in the North Atlantic a strong Has monthly course. The winter months are very productive, the summer months fall in the fertility by a factor of about 2 back.

The particularly interesting result is that the mobile search over a great Sea area after higher Wind energy yield is successful. So are the lower ones Summer values in the mobile search in the level equal to the higher winter values the two fixed positions.

To Appendix 7:

Here the results of Annex 6 just discussed are summed and shown in double logarithmic representation, namely the spec. Wind energy offer on the ordinates over the annual hours on the Abscissa.

The Totals show even more clearly the advantage of mobile search after abundant wind energy in the North Atlantic.

To Annex 8:

The results of the mobile search for high-yield wind energy are further clarified here in the table of figures. For example, 78.4% of the 8760 h annual hours were used for wind energy, resulting in an annual wind energy supply of 27297 kWh / m ² . This results in arithmetical mean values for the spec. Wind power for the individual wind definitions and thus also for the overall result at 3.98 kW / m ² .

Furthermore, the wind energy supply is based on real flow surfaces of two technologically different wind turbines. For the horizontal, 3-winged wind turbines with a diameter of 82 m (A = 5281 m ² ) mentioned under 1.), it must normally be assumed that they must be parked at wind speeds of approximately> 17.5 m / s. This results in a usable wind energy supply of 56.1 GWh / a for these wind turbines.

Assuming that under 2.) a vertical rotor of type H rotor works sufficiently robust enough, then despite a smaller incident flow area of 3600 m ^2, a wind energy supply of 98.3 GWh / a should become usable.

in the last paragraph of Appendix 8 is a comparison with a real, Operating wind farm "Creussen" with 3 horizontal rotors, each 82 m in diameter tries. For this purpose it is necessary to accept performance factors, as assumed in the attachment.

To Annex 9 + 9a:

Based on Appendix 5, illustrations 9 + 9a were developed:
In Appendix 9 (linear representation), the white portion of the black curve shows the wind power supply of the North Atlantic with wind speeds of 15 to 23.5 m / s and a mean value of the wind power supply of 3.98 kW / m ² .

In comparison, the sum average values of the Creussen wind farm are entered as 0.078 kW / m ² . In order to be able to see this optically better, Annex 9 to Appendix 9a was converted into a logarithmic-linear image.

Of the white The area of the black curve shows the result of the North Atlantic evaluation me the 3 crosses for the min, max and mean values. The gray area the evaluation result of the Creussen WKA park.

In addition are for one resistance runner 3 white ones Squares marked, which should indicate that it is clear is more efficient, high and frequent Wind speeds to search for and find, as at the optimization the performance factors to work.

However, the ratio of the average specific wind power supply of the North Atlantic (mobile) with 3.98 kW / m ² to the land-WKA-Park-Creussen with 0.19 kW / m ² (see gray squares, mean square) gives a factor of about 21 in favor of the North Atlantic. The Land-WKA-Park-Creussen is certainly not installed at the windiest location on land. Even if I had the most reliable data available from the best locations in Germany, the factor 21 can not be obtained from land sites.

E.) Technology trend and Problems of WT parks on land and off-shore:

• 1.) Until now mainly the area-based, specific values for the power and energy of the wind offer, as well as their implementation with WKA's in mechanical and thus discussed electric power and energy.

With the repetition of the two Gln. (3) and (4) of Annex 3, the technology trend should be discussed: E. w = 1 2 · ΡL · A · ν 3 w in Nm / s (= W) Eq. (3) E. w · T = E w = T · 1 2 · · A ρL 3 w · In Wh / m 2 Eq. (4)

In order to achieve the goal of converting more wind power supply via wind turbines into electricity via the power coefficient c _PR = f (λ), the following variables must be changed:
either a.) increase the WKA inflow area A.
or b.) realize regions with higher wind speeds, as they enter the power and thus the energy with the third power
and c.) seek regions with longer efficiencies for higher wind speeds.

Since you have to live with the stationary installed wind turbines with the prevailing wind power conditions, only the scaling-up remains, ie larger wind turbines with horozontalem rotor. For example, the manufacturers Repower and Enercon are currently entering the 5 megawatt class with three-bladed rotors with diameters of 112 m and 120 m at hub heights of the tower of about 90 m to 110 m. Hereby Windanströmflächen be reached from 9852 m ² to 11310 m ² . This represents a clear increase by a factor of 1.87 to 2.14 compared with the largest WKA diameters of 82 m (A = 5281 m ² ) in operation today. The increase in rated power is probably higher, since the increase in hub height also has a positive effect.

If yourself with this scaling-up step and the optimal areodynamic Design adapted to the country wind conditions also slightly changed in terms of Switch-on point at a wind speed of approximately ≥ 3 m / s (≥ 2 Bft) and the shut-off point at a wind speed of ≥ 17.5 m / s (≥ 8 Bft) is unknown.

To Annex 10:

This Picture shows the typical structure of a wind turbine with 3 wings Horizontal rotor and the entire nacelle at the top of the tower (see description texts in the picture).

To Annex 11: with 2 figures.

The The upper figure shows 4 typical wind speed distributions with the percentage of wind above the corresponding one Wind speed for Midland WKA's.

The Maximum shares are approximately at 4, 5, 6 and 10 m / s wind speed.

The lower figure shows the 5-year reference yield (average energy yield) in kWh over the Rotor swept area very different sized WKA's. Despite the value distribution (different locations with scattered wind energy supply) is growing Energy yield linear with the rotor surface, which was to be expected.

The energy yields from 5 years are averaged over 1 year from a rotor circuit area of 500 m ² to 6500 m ² (D = 91 m) from 0.3 GWh / a to 7.0 GWh / a. This corresponds to average constant power of 34 kW to 799 kW and thus area-related average power of 0.068 kW / m ² to 0.123 kW / m ² .

To Appendix 12: with 2 figures.

• * Hersteller
• * Rotordurchmesser
• * Höhe
• * und Nennleistung die Auslastung in %.

The upper picture shows the 19 best WKA's in Germany (additional identification of the current systems) with the parameters

• * Manufacturer
• * Rotor diameter
• * Height
• * and rated capacity utilization in%.

The The lower figure shows the load values in% over the nominal power in kW graphically.

• 1.) Die Windenergieangebote sind bezogen auf die Windgeschwindigkeiten und ihren Wirkzeiten im Niveau zu niedrig.
• 2.) Bei der Suche nach WKA-Standorten werden zur Entscheidung zu wenig Windverfügbarkeitsuntersuchungen mit Langzeitmessungen durchgeführt. Die Intensität richtet sich hierbei mehr auf die Genehmigungsverfahren und die Investorensuche.
• 3.) Die Systembindung zur Stromeinspeisung ins Stromnetz engt die Effizienz sehr stark ein. Hier spielt das Problem "Regelstrom" für den Verbund aller Stromerzeuger eine wesentliche Rolle. Der erzeugte Strom muß netzfähig gemacht werden, wie Frequenz (50Hz) mit gefordeter Einspeisespannung und die Einspeise-Stromleistung in die möglichen Netzverbundkreise muß passen, ohne daß andere Stromerzeuger zu oft in ihrer Stromlieferleistung hoch und runter fahren müssen.
• 4.) Der erzeugte Strom durch Windkraft kann wegen 3.) nicht als Energie gespeichert werden auf Abruf.
• 5.) Die stationären (ortsfesten) WKA-Parks werden so stark von Windstillen und Schwachwinden in ihrer Stromlieferung beeinträchtig, daß es aussichtlos ist, damit zu spekulieren, daß sie irgendwann nach mächtigem Ausbau ("WKA-Zupflasterung der Landschaft") fähig werden, bisherige konventionelle Stromerzeugergruppen zu ersetzen.
• 6.) Ortsfeste WKA's haben zusätzlich das Problem, daß bei notwendigen Reparaturen und Wartungsarbeiten in luftiger Höhe (bsp. Maschinenhaus am Kopf des Turmes), Schwerstarbeit in oft unzugänglichem Gelände geleistet werden muß.
• 7.) Positiv zu vermerken ist jedoch, daß sich ein Markt entwickelt hat, in dem Technologie- und Anwender-Knowhow wachsen konnten durch die bisherige Nutzungs-Zeit und Anwend- ungswelfalt. Hierbei hat man auch gelernt, was und wie man es nicht machen darf.
• 8.) Der für Deutschland etwa 40 km vor Sylt in Planung befindliche Offshore-WKA-Park wird zwar das Windenergie-Angebot gegenüber der Binnenlandanwendung verbessern, behält jedoch die Probleme der direkten Stromeinspeisung ins Netz und weist besondere Herausforderungen auf bezüglich Montage und späterer Reparatur- und Wartungs-Arbeiten, sowie der Seekabelanlagen. Auch bleibt dieser WKA-Park stationär. Die Dänen haben mit solchen Offshore-Technologien in der Ostsee (windenergieschwächer als die Nordsee) schon Erfahrungen.

With these sobering results with a broad spread of results, the question must be asked: "Where are the fundamental problems of inland use of wind energy use"?

• 1.) The wind energy offers are based on the wind speeds and their action times in the level too low.
• 2.) In the search for WKA locations too little wind availability studies are carried out with long-term measurements for the decision. The intensity here depends more on the approval procedure and the search for investors.
• 3.) The system connection to the power supply into the power grid limits the efficiency very strongly. Here, the problem of "control current" plays an essential role for the interconnection of all power generators. The power generated must be made networkable, such as frequency (50Hz) with required feed-in voltage and the feed-in power into the possible network circuits must fit without other generators too often have to go up and down in their power supply performance.
• 4.) The electricity generated by wind power can not be stored as energy due to 3.) on demand.
• 5.) The stationary (stationary) wind power parks are so severely affected by windlessness and light winds in their electricity supply that it is futile to speculate that they will eventually become capable of powerful expansion ("WKA paving of the landscape"), replace existing conventional generator sets.
• 6.) Stationary WKA's also have the problem that in necessary repairs and maintenance work in lofty heights (eg. Machine house at the top of the tower), hard work in often inaccessible terrain must be done.
• 7.) On the positive side, however, a market has developed in which technology and user know-how has been able to grow due to the previous usage time and application pervasiveness. It also taught you what and how not to do it.
• 8.) Although the offshore wind turbine park planned for Germany about 40 km from Sylt will improve the supply of wind energy compared to inland use, it will nevertheless keep the problems of direct power supply on the grid and pose particular challenges with regard to installation and later repairs. and maintenance work, as well as the submarine cable systems. This WKA park also remains stationary. The Danes already have experience with such offshore technologies in the Baltic Sea (wind energy choppers as the North Sea).

F.) Idea and Approach a much more comprehensive energy supply compared to the fossil energy supply becomes substitutable:

• 1.) The Goal: Utilization of H ₂ energy content for application technologies of power generation and fuel for motor drives. This form of energy can be stored on call!
• 2.) The effect: As stated under the points A.), 1.) Political, 2.) Economic and 3.) Ecologically on page -1-, the application of the energy substance H ₂ helps to solve a number of today's problems , the energy and fuel supply security in terms of quantity and cost, which plays an extremely important role at the time (year 2005/2006!).
• 3.) The H ₂ production: It can be achieved by an electrolysis process by splitting the water into hydrogen and oxygen. There are no raw material procurement costs, such as crude oil and natural gas.
• 4.) The electricity as energy for the H ₂ -Herstellung: For this purpose, a form of renewable energy must be used. The best solution for this is wind energy, as it does not cause any raw material costs and with 3.) leads to an ecological cycle, and in comparison to the solar energy can be used by solar cells with much more season.
• 5.) Where should wind energy be used? After the discussion about the Inland wind energy applications (see pg. the wind energy on the high seas (eg North Atlantic) for power generation to use.

The Nautical chart evaluations (Appendix 5 to 9a) have shown that the in North Atlantic available Wind force-action times are at an unrivaled level and therefore with a new one Technology to use.

To Appendix 13:

The ocean-going ship as Hydrogen factory with wind energy use:

• * Das Hochseeschiffbeinhaltet alle Produktionsfunktionen für die Wasserstoffherstellung wie: – die Hochseetüchtigkeit mit großer Länge und Breite, mit möglichst freiem Deck für die WKA-Aufbauten (Typ: "Öltanker"); zunächst bleibt WKA-Technologie noch offen; – mehrere WKA in windzugängiger Reihenaufstellung in günstigem Abstand für eine störungsfreie Windzuströmung zu den WKA-Anströmflächen; – Generatoren von den WKA's angetrieben zur Stromerzeugung; – unter Deck die Elektrolyse-Stacks für die Wasserspaltung; hierzu ist auch die Möglichkeit von Druck-Elektrolyse-Anlagen zu berücksichtigen; – Vorrattanks für das Wasser (noch offen, ob nur Süßwasser von Land oder auch Seewasser möglich); – Drucktanks (30 bar) ohne oder mit Metallhydrid-Funktion für die H₂-Speicherung; – alle Nebenaggregate zum Pumpen und Verdichten, Heizen, Kühlen; – alle für die reinen Schiffsfunktionen erforderlichen Systeme wie Motor, Antrieb, Steuersystem, Anker, sowie Brücke für alle Anforderungen zur Navigation, sowie Gesamtprozeß-Monitoring und Steuerung für die Produktion;
• * Besonderheit: Um die Mobilität der schwimmend fahrenden Wasserstofffabrik zu nutzen, um die windenergie-ergiebigsten Seepositionen ansteuern zu können (eine der wichtigsten Voraussetzungen für den Ertrag) benötigt das Schiff neben dem Positionssystem GPS (oder Galileo) ein meteorologisches Prognosesystem des DWD (Deutscher Wetterdienst) oder des BSH (Bundesamt für Seeschiffahrt und Hydrographie) für die Windstärke-Zustände und -Entwicklungen. Hiermit muß das Schiff mit Fahrzeitberücksichtigung zu Zielen navigiert werden.
• * Seehäfen an deutschen Küsten, europäischen Küsten und nordamerikanischen Küsten sind zu berücksichtigen, die speziell zum Löschen der H₂-Fracht in Tanks mit Verteilfunktionen (Direktleitungen wie bei Erdgas; Straßen- oder Schienen-Tankertransport, oder Tankschiffe für Seetransport) eingerichtet sind.
• * Diese Häfen sind zusätzlich dazu geeignet, Reparatur- und Wartungsarbeiten durchzuführen (im Gegensatz zu stationären Offshore-WKA-Parks). Geplant, montiert und ausgerüstet wird ein solches Schiff in einer Werft.
• * Die WKA-Technologie zur Stromerzeugung: Sehr wahrscheinlich ist die im Binnenland und Offshore vorgesehene WKA-Technologie auf Basis von 3-flügeligen Horizontalrotoren für die Schiffslösung auf hoher See nicht geeignet, da die Maschinenhäuser mit Gewichten bis zu 90 und 120 Tonnen am Kopf der WKA-Türme mit Höhen bis zu 100 m bei bewegtem Seegang und hohen Windkräften zu einer nicht beherrschbaren Aufschaukeldynamik des Schiffes um seine Längsachse führen kann. Zusätzlich sind je nach Größe des Schiffes 3 bis 4 WKA's in Reihe wünschenswert; (der weltgrößte Öltanker mit 380 m Länge und 63 m Breite lief erst kürzlich in Taiwan vom Stapel, er ist ein Doppelhüllentanker; er benötigt vom persischen Golf um Afrika herum bis zum mexikanischen Golf 5 Wochen und leer zurück durch den Suezkanal 4 Wochen, dazu kommt noch die Zeit zum Laden und Löschen. Dies führt zu etwa 5 Ladungen pro Jahr mit etwa 55000 t. Dieses Beispiel soll zeigen, daß auch und gerade der Aufwand des Rohöltransports einen erheblichen Zeit- und Kostenrahmen besitzt).

The following criteria are important for this solution and are significant for the above points F.) 1.) to 5.):

• * The ocean vessel holds all production Hydrogen production functions such as: - seaworthiness with long and wide seabed, with as free deck as possible for the WTG superstructures (type: "oil tanker"); initially, WTG technology remains open; - several wind turbines in wind-accessible row installation at a reasonable distance for a trouble-free wind flow to the WKA flow surfaces; - Generators powered by the WKA's for power generation; - below deck, the electrolysis stacks for water splitting; For this purpose, the possibility of pressure-electrolysis systems must be considered; - Reservoirs for the water (still open, if only fresh water from land or seawater possible); - Pressure tanks (30 bar) with or without metal hydride function for H ₂ storage; - all ancillary equipment for pumping and compressing, heating, cooling; - All systems required for the pure ship functions such as engine, propulsion, control system, anchor, and bridge for all navigation requirements, as well as overall process monitoring and control for production;
• * Special feature: In order to use the mobility of the floating hydrogen factory in order to be able to control the wind energy-richest lake positions (one of the most important prerequisites for the yield), the ship needs a meteorological prognosis system of the DWD (German Weather Service) in addition to the positioning system GPS (or Galileo) ) or BSH (Federal Maritime and Hydrographic Agency) for wind force conditions and developments. With this, the ship must be navigated to destinations with travel time consideration.
• * Seaports on German coasts, European coasts and North American coasts have to be taken into account specially designed to extinguish H ₂ freight in tanks with distribution functions (direct pipelines such as natural gas, road or rail tanker transport, or tankers for maritime transport).
• * These ports are also capable of performing repair and maintenance (as opposed to offshore offshore wind farms). Such a ship is planned, assembled and equipped in a shipyard.
• * The WTG technology for power generation: Most likely, inland and offshore WTG technology based on 3-bladed horizontal rotors is unsuitable for marine vessel solutions on the high seas, with nacelles weighing up to 90 and 120 tonnes at the top of the ship WKA towers with heights of up to 100 m in moving sea state and high wind forces can lead to uncontrollable Aufschaukeldynamik the ship about its longitudinal axis. In addition, depending on the size of the ship 3 to 4 WKA's in series desirable; (The world's largest oil tanker, 380 m long and 63 m wide, was recently launched in Taiwan, a double-hulled tanker that needs 5 weeks from the Persian Gulf around Africa to the Mexican Gulf and 4 weeks empty back through the Suez Canal the time for loading and unloading, which leads to about 5 loads per year with about 55000 t This example is intended to show that even and especially the cost of crude oil transport has a considerable time and cost frame).

With the goal, that too and just the energy to be won at high wind speeds should be due to mobility and the meteorological information systems, requires a development task for the applicability of robust WKA rotors, for example according to the Heidelberg principle. However, the 3 rotation surfaces per Rotation plane (see sketch as a suggestion) designed aerodynamically be that too here the principle of buoyancy driven surfaces outweighs.

• * With this solution, a schematic diagram was shown in Annex 13. It shows schematically a hull of 300 m length and 60 m width. The waterline is about 15 to 20 meters below deck level. The vertical rotor of type H rotor can be used to solve the following functions: - the nacelle with gearbox and generator is below the deck level; - Vertical rotors do not have to be turned in the wind like horizontal rotors, but the hull must either be propelled like a sailing ship into the wind or be held in a dormant position with the fore and aft anchors with the wind in the side. - In the example shown, 3 H-WKA can be positioned one behind the other with a diameter of 56m and a clear distance between the rotors; - the bridge to navigate is usefully positioned on the bow side; - In the case of the ship in motion are probably preferred Windanströmrichtungen obliquely backward between 30 ° to 60 ° both port and starboard side reasonable; - in the sketch, the 3 H rotors are positioned at deck level so that their bottom edge is about 10 m above deck level and thus about 30 m above water level; - the total wind-active rotor height was assumed to be 80 m; with the assumed values for diameter D and height H, there is a wind arrest area of 4480 m ² per 1 WKA; for the 3 wind turbines a total of 13440 m ² ; Schiffsabmes With a length of 380 m and a width of 63 m, 4 WKA rotors on deck with a total flow area of up to 17,920 m ^{2 allowed} for the same rotor dimensions. - and with what energy does the ship sail? Of course, a conventional motorized screw drive is required to navigate with high security; however, each wind turbine powered by wind forces develops the torque for the generator as well as a wind down thrust which, like a sailing ship, should be used for "quiet" driving to save energy for the ride; - It is also proposed, on the premise that such overall technology should be developed and implemented, not to scrap large-scale single-hull oil tankers to be taken out of service by 2010 but to be high for use as a hydrogen factory Rebuild lake. - The capacity of the electrolysis cells for water splitting into hydrogen and oxygen must correspond to at least the maximum expected power generation capacity by the wind power. - It must be questioned whether the oxygen obtained at the same time is also a sales product, depending on the quality of water used. - With a positive start of the overall technology described, it should be noted that capacity can be increased in stages to accommodate an increasing H _{2 market for} users. - It is proposed that by the time that the discussed technology has become sufficiently marketable to substitute fossil fuel and energy production, the electricity produced by the inland WTG parks now in operation and up to that point in time will be used continues to be fed into the grid, provided, however, that the electricity is paid for with one hydrogen equivalent. This eliminates the control flow problems for parking of WKA's, but only if in the vicinity of the hydrogen storage with the flow of inland WPA's and the equivalent amount of hydrogen is produced. It should be prevented that electricity-producing fossil power plants can also take this route.

Claims (5)

For the resource-poor country Germany is urgently needed right now, to accelerate the way to the hydrogen technologies by the hydrogen both as storable energy substance for electricity generation, as well as Fuel with full applicability is used to the particular to create endangered supply and raw material costs security, by developing and implementing a basic technology, the Hydrogen by electrolytic splitting of water (infinite available + free) in hydrogen and oxygen and the required Energy in the form of electricity using wind energy (infinitely available + free) is generated, so that the entire plant elements for wind energy production with implementation in electricity, as well as the electrolytic cleavage and storage gases on seaworthy Installed ships of the type "oil tanker" and at the same time (day + night) to be operated with this mobile Hydrogen factory supported of meteorological navigation systems with forecast information the wind energy-richest sea areas (eg North Atlantic) targeted to be able to drive since she is the highest Level of wind energy harvest. By concentrating the entire process chain from power generation via the hydrogen production and storage on a seaworthy Ship is ensured that at increasing application of water-based technology the production capacity step Step by step (read: ship by ship) can be well adapted, as well as the market development to the Application using more ports to delete of hydrogen in stationary Tanks bsp. around the North Atlantic for Germany, Ireland, United Kingdom, Norway, and North America is to be realized. Because the entire process and application chain of Hydrogen technology is very complex and expensive, and this substantial development funds are proposed, it is proposed for the Launch vessels from the stock of single-hull oil tankers not from the year 2010 to scrap them, but after the suitability test the conversion of the described solution supply. For reasons explained in the description, it is proposed that the wind power generation plant on the mobile hydrogen factory on the high seas be a vertical rotor WT system (eg H-rotor of the "Heidelberg" system) so that a .) the large weight of the machine house with the gearbox and generator is installed below deck below and b.) the wind direction plays no role as with the horizontal rotors and c.) the vertical rotor due to its considerable overall height (eg 80 m with a diameter of about 60 m) is divided over the height in two rotational segments, the segments each equipped with 3 aerodynamically designed rotor blades and offset from each other (see sketch in Appendix 13) and d.) The radial cross struts per leaf in both Seg Menten (6 transverse struts), which must transmit the sum of all acting circumferential forces for torque generation and horizontal thrust forces to the vertical rotor shaft, from the inside to the outside so aerodynamically "disguise" that they near the drive shaft resistance forces (for approaching windless wind) and also generate buoyancy forces to the outside. The ship with all facilities and extensions must be seaworthiness based on swell and hurricane, and ensure shipping, including especially a strong drive for Screw and rudder must be present; These are diesel engines to this day with diesel bunkers, why for The future is proposed, although a diesel engine for operational safety reasons but does not drive the screw directly, but one Generator for generating electricity, in order to electromotive the screw drive to shape, so here also over reversibly equipped electrolysis cells electricity from stored hydrogen can be generated again, to always power the ship by electric motor, but with power either diesel or marine hydrogen, when driving on wind-rich lake (corresponds to the destination) the always existing WTG shear forces as with tall ships to Propulsion automatically be shared.