DD235188A1 - METHOD FOR PRODUCING A FILTER FROM NON-METAL FIBER MATERIAL - Google Patents
METHOD FOR PRODUCING A FILTER FROM NON-METAL FIBER MATERIAL Download PDFInfo
- Publication number
- DD235188A1 DD235188A1 DD27388985A DD27388985A DD235188A1 DD 235188 A1 DD235188 A1 DD 235188A1 DD 27388985 A DD27388985 A DD 27388985A DD 27388985 A DD27388985 A DD 27388985A DD 235188 A1 DD235188 A1 DD 235188A1
- Authority
- DD
- German Democratic Republic
- Prior art keywords
- filter
- producing
- fiber
- filtration
- filter medium
- Prior art date
Links
Classifications
-
- D—TEXTILES; PAPER
- D04—BRAIDING; LACE-MAKING; KNITTING; TRIMMINGS; NON-WOVEN FABRICS
- D04H—MAKING TEXTILE FABRICS, e.g. FROM FIBRES OR FILAMENTARY MATERIAL; FABRICS MADE BY SUCH PROCESSES OR APPARATUS, e.g. FELTS, NON-WOVEN FABRICS; COTTON-WOOL; WADDING ; NON-WOVEN FABRICS FROM STAPLE FIBRES, FILAMENTS OR YARNS, BONDED WITH AT LEAST ONE WEB-LIKE MATERIAL DURING THEIR CONSOLIDATION
- D04H1/00—Non-woven fabrics formed wholly or mainly of staple fibres or like relatively short fibres
- D04H1/40—Non-woven fabrics formed wholly or mainly of staple fibres or like relatively short fibres from fleeces or layers composed of fibres without existing or potential cohesive properties
- D04H1/44—Non-woven fabrics formed wholly or mainly of staple fibres or like relatively short fibres from fleeces or layers composed of fibres without existing or potential cohesive properties the fleeces or layers being consolidated by mechanical means, e.g. by rolling
- D04H1/46—Non-woven fabrics formed wholly or mainly of staple fibres or like relatively short fibres from fleeces or layers composed of fibres without existing or potential cohesive properties the fleeces or layers being consolidated by mechanical means, e.g. by rolling by needling or like operations to cause entanglement of fibres
- D04H1/48—Non-woven fabrics formed wholly or mainly of staple fibres or like relatively short fibres from fleeces or layers composed of fibres without existing or potential cohesive properties the fleeces or layers being consolidated by mechanical means, e.g. by rolling by needling or like operations to cause entanglement of fibres in combination with at least one other method of consolidation
- D04H1/482—Non-woven fabrics formed wholly or mainly of staple fibres or like relatively short fibres from fleeces or layers composed of fibres without existing or potential cohesive properties the fleeces or layers being consolidated by mechanical means, e.g. by rolling by needling or like operations to cause entanglement of fibres in combination with at least one other method of consolidation in combination with shrinkage
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
- B01D—SEPARATION
- B01D39/00—Filtering material for liquid or gaseous fluids
- B01D39/14—Other self-supporting filtering material ; Other filtering material
- B01D39/16—Other self-supporting filtering material ; Other filtering material of organic material, e.g. synthetic fibres
- B01D39/1607—Other self-supporting filtering material ; Other filtering material of organic material, e.g. synthetic fibres the material being fibrous
- B01D39/1623—Other self-supporting filtering material ; Other filtering material of organic material, e.g. synthetic fibres the material being fibrous of synthetic origin
-
- D—TEXTILES; PAPER
- D04—BRAIDING; LACE-MAKING; KNITTING; TRIMMINGS; NON-WOVEN FABRICS
- D04H—MAKING TEXTILE FABRICS, e.g. FROM FIBRES OR FILAMENTARY MATERIAL; FABRICS MADE BY SUCH PROCESSES OR APPARATUS, e.g. FELTS, NON-WOVEN FABRICS; COTTON-WOOL; WADDING ; NON-WOVEN FABRICS FROM STAPLE FIBRES, FILAMENTS OR YARNS, BONDED WITH AT LEAST ONE WEB-LIKE MATERIAL DURING THEIR CONSOLIDATION
- D04H1/00—Non-woven fabrics formed wholly or mainly of staple fibres or like relatively short fibres
- D04H1/40—Non-woven fabrics formed wholly or mainly of staple fibres or like relatively short fibres from fleeces or layers composed of fibres without existing or potential cohesive properties
- D04H1/42—Non-woven fabrics formed wholly or mainly of staple fibres or like relatively short fibres from fleeces or layers composed of fibres without existing or potential cohesive properties characterised by the use of certain kinds of fibres insofar as this use has no preponderant influence on the consolidation of the fleece
- D04H1/4326—Condensation or reaction polymers
-
- D—TEXTILES; PAPER
- D04—BRAIDING; LACE-MAKING; KNITTING; TRIMMINGS; NON-WOVEN FABRICS
- D04H—MAKING TEXTILE FABRICS, e.g. FROM FIBRES OR FILAMENTARY MATERIAL; FABRICS MADE BY SUCH PROCESSES OR APPARATUS, e.g. FELTS, NON-WOVEN FABRICS; COTTON-WOOL; WADDING ; NON-WOVEN FABRICS FROM STAPLE FIBRES, FILAMENTS OR YARNS, BONDED WITH AT LEAST ONE WEB-LIKE MATERIAL DURING THEIR CONSOLIDATION
- D04H1/00—Non-woven fabrics formed wholly or mainly of staple fibres or like relatively short fibres
- D04H1/40—Non-woven fabrics formed wholly or mainly of staple fibres or like relatively short fibres from fleeces or layers composed of fibres without existing or potential cohesive properties
- D04H1/42—Non-woven fabrics formed wholly or mainly of staple fibres or like relatively short fibres from fleeces or layers composed of fibres without existing or potential cohesive properties characterised by the use of certain kinds of fibres insofar as this use has no preponderant influence on the consolidation of the fleece
- D04H1/4326—Condensation or reaction polymers
- D04H1/4334—Polyamides
Landscapes
- Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
- Chemical Kinetics & Catalysis (AREA)
- Textile Engineering (AREA)
- Mechanical Engineering (AREA)
- Filtering Materials (AREA)
- Nonwoven Fabrics (AREA)
Abstract
Die Erfindung betrifft die Herstellung eines Filtermittels zur Filtration von Fluessigkeiten, insbesondere viskoser Medien. Ziel und Aufgabe ist die Herstellung eines Filtermittels mit guter Teilchenretention und Durchsatzleistung bei geringem Arbeitsaufwand fuer die Filterreinigung. Die Aufgabe wird geloest durch ein Verfahren zur Herstellung eines Filtermittels aus nichtmetallischem Fasermaterial, indem ein nach bekannten Verfahren physikalisch verfestigtes Fasergelege mit einem Anteil von 30 bis 100% schrumpffaehiger Fasern durch anschliessende Faserschrumpfung in seiner inneren Struktur fixiert wird.The invention relates to the production of a filter medium for the filtration of liquids, in particular viscous media. The aim and task is the production of a filter medium with good particle retention and throughput at low workload for the filter cleaning. The object is achieved by a method for producing a filter medium made of non-metallic fiber material by fixing in its internal structure a fiber web which has been physically consolidated by known methods with a proportion of 30 to 100% shrinkable fibers by subsequent fiber shrinkage.
Description
Die Erfindung betrifft ein Verfahren zur Herstellung eines Filtermittels aus nichtmetallischen Fasern, welches vorwiegend zur Filtration von Flüssigkeiten, insbesondere viskoser Medien wie Celluloselösungen, eingesetzt wird.The invention relates to a method for producing a filter medium from non-metallic fibers, which is used primarily for the filtration of liquids, in particular viscous media such as cellulose solutions.
Die gebräuchlichsten Filtermittel für Viskose und andere Celluloselösungen waren lange Zeit Filtertücher aus natürlichen und synthetischen Fasern, die zur Verbesserung der Filtrationswirkung teilweise aufgerauht wurden. Diese auch heute noch gebräuchlichen Filtermittel können über die Wahl der Gewebedichte der erforderlichen Teilchenretention angepaßt werden. Die erreichbare hohe Filtratreinheit ist aber mit einer geringen Filtrationsleistung verbunden, die mit steigender Filtrationsdauer rasch absinkt, so daß nach kurzer Zeit eine intensive Filterreinigung erforderlich wird. Diese Reinigung ist auf der Filterpresse durch Rückspülung mit dem Filtrationsmedium oder einem Lösungsmittel nicht möglich, die Filtertücher müssen daher von der Filterpresse abgezogen und in Waschmaschinen gewaschen werden. Dieser Arbeitsgang ist mit körperlich schwerer Arbeit und meist auch mit Schadstoffexposition verbunden.The most common filter media for viscose and other cellulose solutions have long been filter cloths made of natural and synthetic fibers, which have been partially roughened to improve the filtration effect. These filter media, which are still in use today, can be adapted to the required particle retention via the choice of fabric density. The achievable high filtrate purity but is associated with a low filtration performance, which decreases rapidly with increasing filtration time, so that after a short time intensive filter cleaning is required. This cleaning is not possible on the filter press by backwashing with the filtration medium or a solvent, the filter cloths must therefore be removed from the filter press and washed in washing machines. This operation is associated with physically heavy work and usually also with pollutant exposure.
In jüngster Zeit werden an Stelle der Filtertücher auch Vliese aus synthetischen Fasern eingesetzt. Dies bringt einen erheblichen Leistungsanstieg im Durchsatz/Filterfläche bei noch relativ guter Teilchenretention.Recently, nonwovens made of synthetic fibers have been used instead of the filter cloths. This brings a significant increase in throughput / filter surface performance with still relatively good particle retention.
Zur Viskosefiltration werden vor allem Polyamid-, aber auch Polyvinylchlorid-, (DD-PS 51 624), Polypropylen- und Polyestervliese verwendet, bzw. zwei oder mehrere Faserarten gemischt.For viscose filtration mainly polyamide, but also polyvinyl chloride, (DD-PS 51 624), polypropylene and polyester nonwoven fabrics are used, or mixed two or more types of fibers.
Diese Vliese besitzen zwar bei entsprechend feinem Fasertiter infolge der Tiefenwirkung des Vlieses eine gute Teilchenretention und bessere Filtrationsleistungen als vergleichbare Filtertücher, sind aber durch Rückspülung nur unzureichend reinigungsfähig.Although these webs have a correspondingly fine fiber titer due to the depth effect of the web good particle retention and better filtration performance than comparable filter cloths, but are insufficiently cleanable by backwashing.
Außer bei Anwendung der Anschwemmfiltration mit Plastpulver als Filterhilfsmittel wurde bei der Viskosefiltration eine automatische Filterreinigung erst mit dem Einsatz von feinsten Metallgeweben erreicht. Diese Metallgewebe werden kontinuierlich mit dem Filtrationsmedium zurückgespült und erreichen so über längere Zeit eine in gewissen Grenzen gleichbleibende Filtrationsleistung bei noch brauchbarer Teilchenretention (US-PS 3 393 262).Apart from the application of precoat filtration with plastic powder as filter aid, automatic filter cleaning was only achieved with the use of finest metal fabrics in the viscose filtration. These metal meshes are continuously backwashed with the filtration medium and thus achieve over a long period of time a filtration performance which remains constant within certain limits, with still usable particle retention (US Pat. No. 3,393,262).
Die Ablösung der Drahtgewebe durch Metallsintervliese brachte durch die Tiefenwirkung der Filter eine Verbesserung der Teilchenretention bei sehr guter Reinigungsfähigkeit der Vliese durch Rückspülung mit dem Filtrationsmedium (Viscomatic- bzw. Brunswick-Filter, DE-OS 2 715 289). Diese Filter arbeiten vollautomatisch und erfordern nur noch in größeren Zeitabständen einen Filterbelagwechsel bei Verschleiß. Die Kosten für die Filterbelagherstellung sind allerdings sehr hoch.The detachment of the wire mesh by metal sintered fabric brought by the depth effect of the filter an improvement of the particle retention with very good cleanability of the nonwovens by backwashing with the filtration medium (Viscomatic or Brunswick filter, DE-OS 2,715,289). These filters work fully automatically and only require a filter lining change in case of wear at longer intervals. However, the costs for the production of filter linings are very high.
Ziel der Erfindung ist die Herstellung eines rückspülfähigen Filtermittels aus synthetischem Fasermaterial, dessen Herstellung relativ einfach ist und das durch seine Reinigungsfähigkeit auf der Filtrationseinrichtung einen geringen Arbeitsaufwand für die Filterreinigung erfordert.The aim of the invention is the production of a backwashable filter medium made of synthetic fiber material, whose production is relatively simple and which requires a low workload for the filter cleaning due to its cleanability on the filtration device.
Aufgabe der Erfindung ist es, ein Verfahren zur Herstellung eines Filtermittels zur Filtration von Flüssigkeiten, insbesondere viskoser Medien wie Cellulose-Lösungen, mit sehr guter Teilchenretention und guter mittlerer Durchsatzleistung zu schaffen, wobei das Filtermittel durch Rückspülung gereinigt werden kann.The object of the invention is to provide a method for producing a filter medium for the filtration of liquids, in particular viscous media such as cellulose solutions, with very good particle retention and good average throughput, wherein the filter medium can be cleaned by backwashing.
Erfindungsgemäß wird die Aufgabe gelöst durch ein Verfahren zur Herstellung eines Filtermittels aus nichtmetallischem Fasermaterial, indem ein nach bekannten Verfahren physikalisch verfestigtes Fasergelege mit einem Anteil von 30 bis 100% schrumpffähiger Fasern durch anschließende Faserschrumpfung in seinerinneren Struktur fixiert wird.According to the invention the object is achieved by a method for producing a filter medium made of non-metallic fiber material by a physically consolidated by known methods fiber layer is fixed in a proportion of 30 to 100% shrinkable fibers by subsequent fiber shrinkage in its inner structure.
Die Faserschrumpfung kann z. B. durch Sintern erfolgen, wobei die Sintertemperatur dem Erweichungspunkt der verwendeten schrumpffähigen Fasern angepaßt werden muß. Des weiteren kann die Faserschrumpfung unter Druckbelastung durchgeführt werden.The fiber shrinkage can z. Example, by sintering, wherein the sintering temperature must be adapted to the softening point of the shrinkable fibers used. Furthermore, the fiber shrinkage can be carried out under pressure load.
Die Herstellung des Fasergeleges kann z. B. nach der Nadelvliestechnologie erfolgen. Als besonders günstig hat es sich erwiesen, wenn diese aus mehreren Schichten unterschiedlicher Dicke, Dichte und Faserfeinheit aufgebaut ist.The preparation of the fiber fabric can z. B. after the Nadelvliestechnologie done. It has proved to be particularly favorable if this is made up of several layers of different thickness, density and fiber fineness.
Die Verwendung von schrumpffähigen Fasern im Fasergelege (z. B. Polyvinylchlorid- oder Polyvinylidenchlorid/Polyvinylchloridfasern) ist für die nachfolgende erfindungsgemäße Faserschrumpfung von besonderer Bedeutung. So verhindert die z. B. über einen Sinterprozeß erfolgte starre Zusammenlagerung der Fasern weitgehend eine Kompression des Filtermittels durch den Filtrationsdruck und somit eine Veränderung der Porenstruktur während des Filtrationsprozesses. Dadurch werden relativ hohe Durchsatzleistungen erreicht, und aus gleichem Grund ist bei der Rückspülung eine sehr gute Austragung der abfiltrierten Teilchen aus dem Filtermittel möglich.The use of shrinkable fibers in the fiber fabric (eg polyvinyl chloride or polyvinylidene chloride / polyvinyl chloride fibers) is of particular importance for the subsequent fiber shrinkage according to the invention. So prevents the z. B. via a sintering process rigid assembly of the fibers was largely a compression of the filter medium by the filtration pressure and thus a change in the pore structure during the filtration process. As a result, relatively high throughputs are achieved, and for the same reason a very good discharge of the filtered particles from the filter medium is possible in the backwashing.
Es gehört deshalb zu den besonderen Vorteilen der Erfindung, daß durch das nach dem erfindungsgemäßen Verfahren hergestellte Filtermittel höhere Durchsatzleistungen als mit herkömmlichen nichtmetallischen Filtermitteln erreicht werden, so daß zur besseren Teilchenretention feinere Fasern für die Herstellung verwendet werden können.It is therefore among the particular advantages of the invention that higher throughputs are achieved by the filter medium produced by the process according to the invention than with conventional non-metallic filter media, so that finer fibers can be used for the production for better particle retention.
Das wesentlichste Merkmal dieses Filtermittels ist seine Reinigungsfähigkeit durch Rückspülung mit dem Filtrationsmedium oder einem geeigneten Lösungsmittel, z. B. Natronlauge, wodurch sich der Einsatz auch bei kontinuierlichen Produktionsprozessen wie der Viskosefiltration als vorteilhaft erweist.The most essential feature of this filter means is its ability to clean by backwashing with the filtration medium or a suitable solvent, for. As sodium hydroxide solution, whereby the use proves to be advantageous even in continuous production processes such as viscose filtration.
Ein Fasergelege aus 70% PVC-Stapelfaser (Titer 0,36 tex, Stapellänge 60 mm) unter Zumischung von 30% PA-Stapelfaser (Titer 0,36 tex, Stapellänge 85 mm) wird nach der Nadelvliestechnologie mit PA-Stützeinlage und einer Vernadelung von 220 Stchen/cm2 i/erfestigt. Das Flächengewicht des Vlieses beträgt 950 g/m2, die Schichtstärke etwa 5 mm.A fiber fabric made of 70% PVC staple fiber (titer 0.36 tex, staple length 60 mm) mixed with 30% PA staple fiber (titer 0.36 tex, staple length 85 mm) is made according to the needle fleece technology with PA support insert and a needle punching of 220 pieces / cm 2 / solidified. The basis weight of the nonwoven is 950 g / m 2 , the layer thickness about 5 mm.
Die Fixierung seiner inneren Struktur erfolgt durch Sintern 45 min bei 1400C unter einer Druckbelastung von 25 p/cm2. Man erhält ein Filtermittel mit folgenden Eigenschaften:The fixation of its internal structure is carried out by sintering 45 min at 140 0 C under a pressure load of 25 p / cm 2 . This gives a filter medium with the following properties:
Teilchenretention im Bereich von 8-12 μηη 70-80%Particle retention in the range of 8-12 μηη 70-80%
12-20 μπι 80-90% > 20 μηη >90%12-20 μπι 80-90%> 20 μηη> 90%
Die Durchsatzleistung des Vlieses liegt im Durchschnitt bei 1-2 t/m2/h, nach jeder Rückspülung werden etwa 70-90% der Ausgangsleistung wieder erreicht.The throughput of the fleece is on average 1-2 t / m 2 / h, after each backwashing about 70-90% of the output power is reached again.
Claims (3)
Priority Applications (5)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
---|---|---|---|
DD27388985A DD235188A1 (en) | 1985-03-07 | 1985-03-07 | METHOD FOR PRODUCING A FILTER FROM NON-METAL FIBER MATERIAL |
DE19853543412 DE3543412A1 (en) | 1985-03-07 | 1985-12-09 | METHOD FOR PRODUCING A FILTER AGENT FROM NON-METAL FIBER MATERIAL |
FR8601973A FR2578443B1 (en) | 1985-03-07 | 1986-02-13 | PROCESS FOR THE PREPARATION OF A FILTERING AGENT FROM A FIBROUS, NON-METALLIC MATERIAL |
GB08605411A GB2172020B (en) | 1985-03-07 | 1986-03-05 | Improvements in and relating to filters |
SE8601048A SE8601048L (en) | 1985-03-07 | 1986-03-06 | PROCEDURE FOR MANUFACTURING A FILTER OF NON-METALLIC FIBER MATERIAL |
Applications Claiming Priority (1)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
---|---|---|---|
DD27388985A DD235188A1 (en) | 1985-03-07 | 1985-03-07 | METHOD FOR PRODUCING A FILTER FROM NON-METAL FIBER MATERIAL |
Publications (1)
Publication Number | Publication Date |
---|---|
DD235188A1 true DD235188A1 (en) | 1986-04-30 |
Family
ID=5565859
Family Applications (1)
Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
---|---|---|---|
DD27388985A DD235188A1 (en) | 1985-03-07 | 1985-03-07 | METHOD FOR PRODUCING A FILTER FROM NON-METAL FIBER MATERIAL |
Country Status (5)
Country | Link |
---|---|
DD (1) | DD235188A1 (en) |
DE (1) | DE3543412A1 (en) |
FR (1) | FR2578443B1 (en) |
GB (1) | GB2172020B (en) |
SE (1) | SE8601048L (en) |
Cited By (1)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
DE102008054584A1 (en) | 2008-12-12 | 2010-06-17 | Fraunhofer-Gesellschaft zur Förderung der angewandten Forschung e.V. | Filter medium for solid-free extraction of process water from digester outputs that are emerged through biological dismantling of renewable raw materials and biogenic raw materials, comprises a structure that is formed from coarse material |
Families Citing this family (2)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
GB2269603A (en) * | 1992-08-14 | 1994-02-16 | Du Pont | Process for the production of fluff pulp |
CN111135789B (en) * | 2019-12-13 | 2022-05-27 | 上海勇意环境工程有限公司 | 360-degree flexible air purification material and preparation method thereof |
Family Cites Families (12)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
GB1141363A (en) * | 1965-02-20 | 1969-01-29 | Ici Fibres Ltd | Non-woven fabrics and methods of making them |
GB1127364A (en) * | 1965-10-01 | 1968-09-18 | Edward W Andrew Ltd | Improvements in or relating to filtering media |
DE1635472A1 (en) * | 1966-05-27 | 1972-02-24 | Breveteam Sa | Process for the production of a textile surface structure consisting of at least one top layer and a base layer by needling the layers as well as textile surface structure produced by the method |
GB1232949A (en) * | 1967-04-25 | 1971-05-26 | ||
DE1596076C3 (en) * | 1967-06-28 | 1974-08-01 | Fa. Carl Freudenberg, 6940 Weinheim | Separators for accumulators |
FR1550423A (en) * | 1967-11-09 | 1968-12-20 | ||
BE756132A (en) * | 1969-09-17 | 1971-03-15 | Kalle Ag | METHOD FOR THE CONTINUOUS PREPARATION OF A DENSIFIED FIBERGLASS TAPE BY HOT SHRINKING AND DEVICE FOR IMPLEMENTING THE PROCESS |
GB1297405A (en) * | 1970-05-08 | 1972-11-22 | ||
JPS5063276A (en) * | 1973-10-06 | 1975-05-29 | ||
DE7432111U (en) * | 1974-09-25 | 1976-04-15 | Gebr. Roeders Ag, 3040 Soltau | FILTER ELEMENT |
GB1602878A (en) * | 1978-04-28 | 1981-11-18 | Webron Products Ltd | Stitchbonded nonwoven filter fabric |
GB2084625B (en) * | 1980-09-24 | 1983-11-30 | Webron Products Ltd | Finishing a tubular felted sleeve |
-
1985
- 1985-03-07 DD DD27388985A patent/DD235188A1/en not_active IP Right Cessation
- 1985-12-09 DE DE19853543412 patent/DE3543412A1/en not_active Withdrawn
-
1986
- 1986-02-13 FR FR8601973A patent/FR2578443B1/en not_active Expired
- 1986-03-05 GB GB08605411A patent/GB2172020B/en not_active Expired
- 1986-03-06 SE SE8601048A patent/SE8601048L/en not_active Application Discontinuation
Cited By (1)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
DE102008054584A1 (en) | 2008-12-12 | 2010-06-17 | Fraunhofer-Gesellschaft zur Förderung der angewandten Forschung e.V. | Filter medium for solid-free extraction of process water from digester outputs that are emerged through biological dismantling of renewable raw materials and biogenic raw materials, comprises a structure that is formed from coarse material |
Also Published As
Publication number | Publication date |
---|---|
SE8601048L (en) | 1986-09-08 |
FR2578443A1 (en) | 1986-09-12 |
GB2172020B (en) | 1989-01-11 |
FR2578443B1 (en) | 1989-08-04 |
DE3543412A1 (en) | 1986-09-11 |
SE8601048D0 (en) | 1986-03-06 |
GB2172020A (en) | 1986-09-10 |
GB8605411D0 (en) | 1986-04-09 |
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