CZ2005198A3 - Glass lining of walls - Google Patents

Abstract

A glass wall covering comprises a glass substrate <B>1</B> coated on a mounting face with a lacquer layer <B>2</B>. The lacquer layer <B>2</B> has a water permeability which enables the tile to be adhered to a mounting surface using standard adhesive mortars or bonding cements made up of sand, cement and mixing water. The lacquer layer <B>2</B> may include a synthetic resin as a binder. The synthetic resin may be based on a polyurethane resin or on a alkyd resin. An adhesion promoter, which may be based on silanes, may be provided in the lacquer or in a layer between the glass <B>1</B> and the lacquer <B>3</B>. The lacquer layer may include pigments resistant to ultraviolet radiation. The glass substrate <B>1</B> may be a monolithic sheet of glass or may be a multiple glazing unit. The glass substrate <B>1</B> may have a frosted face, a reflective layer formed between the glass <B>1</B> and the lacquer <B>2</B> or may have raised features on one face. The glass wall covering may include a decoration formed by screen printing or by inkjet printing.

Description

The present invention relates to glass in particular in the form of tiles intended for lining such as walls, floors or ceilings.

wall cladding, dwelling walls,

More specifically, it relates to a cladding which can be fixed to the walls by conventional methods of laying traditional ceramic tiles.

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION

Glass wall tiles in the form of slabs or tiles are particularly valued for their aesthetic properties and ease of maintenance. Because the glass is not porous at all, they are very easy to clean and, due to the light transmittance and light reflection properties of the glass, they produce highly valued optical effects, such as depth, when decors are placed on the back surface of the panels.

However, their commercial development has stopped many years ago, due to the fact that glass tiles cannot be laid on the walls with adhesives commonly used by experts in laying ceramic tiles, for example with cement adhesives, also called "mortar adhesives". This

88417a • · · ·

Adhesives are mixtures of cement and sand, to which so-called distribution water is added, and a paste is formed which is applied to the cladding walls and then hardens due to the hydration reactions of the cement. However, the cement is incompatible with conventional glasses, such as silicate-soda-lime glasses, because its alkaline nature causes corrosive reactions of the glass which prevent any adhesion of the glass to the cement and severely damage the aesthetics of the glass plate.

Therefore, the glass cladding is used. They can be mechanical, but in that case they require expensive metal parts (screws, rivets, pins). Furthermore, discontinuous mechanical joints have the disadvantage of causing internal stress concentration and irregular stiffness distribution that are detrimental to the good mechanical resistance of the whole. In addition, they are visible, which may matter from an aesthetic point of view.

The glass cladding can also be bonded with adhesives, for example based on synthetic resins. Because of the high cost of the adhesives used, they are rarely applied to the entire surface to be bonded, which results in poor shear stress distribution and hence lower gluing quality. In addition, aging reactions can be expected which will impair their adhesive properties.

Recently, cement adhesives have been proposed, but are not solutions that, however, do not have the disadvantages.

use

US Patent No. 6,015,622 recommends the use of a particular laying method, which includes, in particular, the rendering of a mortar with an aqueous dispersion of a polyacrylic acid derivative. Patent

DE 100 34 981 claims a glass tile already coated

88417a • ·

cement of special composition obtained by means of an aqueous dispersion of styrene-butadiene-type resin. EPA-722,027 also discloses the use of a special mortar containing 50% of an additive consisting of an aqueous dispersion diluted with a synthetic resin. In these three cases, the use of a special composition mortar is necessary and the use of mortar, which is commonly used by ceramic tile installers, is not satisfactory.

It also appears that a good fixing of the glass tiles to the masonry walls makes it impossible to smooth the glass surface. Patent FR 599 239 therefore recommends, since 1925, the coating of tiles with a layer of paste or lacquer derived from synthetic resins, to which fragments of glass, metal, sand, gravel, marble or any other inert material are attached. However, this process requires the use of crushed fragments, which require an expensive process.

Glass wall cladding is also known from the prior art on which a decorative layer of lacquer is applied to the surface in contact with the cladding wall. However, the type of lacquer used is also incompatible with cementitious adhesives and these products must be fixed to the walls by other means, for example by means of adhesive resins.

SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

It is an object of the present invention to overcome the above-mentioned disadvantages by proposing a cladding of glass-based walls, in particular in the form of tiles, for lining walls of a dwelling which can be traditionally fixed to said walls

88417a used ceramic tile laying methods, in particular using conventional mortar adhesives.

The inventors have discovered that the primary physicochemical property in this case is the water permeability of the lacquer. Since its size is inadequate (in this case too high due to the mortar adhesive used), the distribution water, which becomes alkaline due to the hydration reaction of the cement, permeates through the lacquer layer and reacts chemically with the glass surface, preventing any adhesion glass-lacquer), at the same time disrupting the appearance of the glass cladding.

In its most general embodiment, the cladding according to the invention comprises a glass substrate which is coated with a lacquer-based layer on the surface to be attached and characterized in that said varnish has a water permeability such that said cladding can be fixed to the walls by conventional mortar or cement adhesives.

Of course, the maximum permeability of the varnish permitting permanent adhesion depends on the type of mortar adhesive used. The coating varnish according to the invention has a water permeability of 25 ° C, expressed in cm ³ . cm. cm ' ² . with ¹ .Pa ^-1 , preferably less than 10 ⁶ , or even less than 5.10 especially less than 10 ⁷ . To ensure perfect adhesion and mechanical strength, in particular, shear strength, a long time is even preferred when the lacquer has a water permeability at 25 ° C is lower than 10 ^8, and even 10 ^cm3. cm. cm ' ² . s' ¹ . Pa ' ¹ . Since in certain cases they are intended to be laid in a humid environment (for example in bathrooms), it is even preferred that the lacquer covering the surface of the invention has a permeability of ~ ⁹ or even 10 ~ ¹⁰ tiles according to the invention

88417a

S5S

water less than 10 ¹¹ , or even 10 ¹² , or even 10 ¹³ cm ³ . cm. cm ^-2 . s' ¹ . Pa ' ¹ .

Water permeability defined as the product of the amount of water vapor passing through the material (in cm ³ ) and the material thickness (in cm) relative to the product of the exposed surface (in cm ² ) _r exposure time (in seconds) and pressure difference (in pascals) between two surfaces of the material. It can be measured, for example, by increasing the weight of the lacquer layer after exposure in a controlled humidity chamber.

In the case of a polymer, this quantity depends primarily on the chemical nature of the polymer, furthermore on its morphology, which depends, for example, on the degree of crosslinking (e.g. depending on the crosslinking agent content and / or crosslinking temperature). In this case, it also depends on the nature and amount of the mineral fillers.

The coating lacquer according to the invention therefore preferably comprises a synthetic resin as a binder, which is preferably in liquid form before application and is adapted for oven drying. It has been observed that paints containing high temperature binders (above 50 ° C, or even above 100 ° C) have a generally lower permeability than air-dried binders at ambient temperature, probably due to the crosslinking reaction, such as polycondensation, achieve better results and give rise to three-dimensional networks with greater density.

The binder is preferably a polyurethane resin obtained by crosslinking the hydroxylated resins by means of

88417a isocyanate or polyisocyanate, in particular polyester or polyether resins, or preferably acrylate (or polyacrylate) resins, which have a high resistance to ultraviolet radiation. In this case, the hydroxylated acrylate resin is preferably obtained by polymerizing styrene acrylate, whereas the isocyanate (or polyisocyanate) preferably contains no aromatic type group. This particular combination makes it possible, in particular, to achieve low permeability, good mechanical properties (for example poso Kraoani activity;

ultraviolet radiation.

vysokKe

V LICÍ

The coating lacquer binder of the invention may also contain or be based on an alkyd resin (or alkyd resins) obtained by a chemical reaction between at least one polyol, at least one polyacid and at least one fatty acid or oil. These alkyds are preferably oil-poor, i. the proportion by weight of oil or fatty acid in the resin is preferably less than or equal to 40%. The polyols may be, for example, glycerol or pentaerythritol compounds. The polyacids may be phthalic anhydride based. The oils may be drying (such as linseed oil, wood oil, or Chinese oil), semi-dry (such as soybean oil, tall oil, safflower oil, or dehydrated castor oil) or non-drying (such as coconut oil or castor oil). To achieve better water resistance, the alkyd binders can also be modified with monomers such as styrene, vinyl toluene or acrylates, or phenolic or epoxy resins. Particularly preferred binders for the coating of the invention are aminoplastic alkyd resins crosslinked under the influence of heat. The crosslinking aminoplast is preferably urea-formaldehyde or melamine-formaldehyde

88417a ι · ···· resins which provide good water resistance, especially when present in a ratio of 20 to 30% by weight relative to the dry alkyd binder.

The lacquer may also comprise a thermosetting acrylic resin binder, for example obtained by crosslinking a carboxylic acrylate resin through an epoxy, phenol-formaldehyde or melamine-formaldehyde resin, or a carboxamide functional acrylate resin through an epoxy or alkydovetio binder, or an epoxy or acrylic functional group. polyamides.

The coating according to the invention is preferably provided with an adhesion promoting layer (also called an "adhesion initiator") located between the glass and the lacquer, the function of which is to improve the adhesion between the glass and the lacquer. This layer is preferably based on silanes which make it possible to avoid the risk of peeling off due to moisture. Glass adhesion promoters, such as thick, can also be dispersed in the lacquer.

The lacquer preferably contains mineral and / or organic pigments, preferably mineral pigments, which give it the desired aesthetic properties. These pigments are preferably UV and moisture resistant. The pigments used in the present invention include, for example, titanium or zirconium oxides, which may optionally be doped with transition element ions, or alternatively zirconium-type mixed oxides (ZrSiO ₄ ). The pigments preferably contain no heavy metals such as cadmium or lead.

The lacquer may also contain mineral fillers designed to optimize its physico-chemical parameters,

88417a ··················

For example, its viscosity. The total content of the mineral particles (pigments and fillers) of the lacquer is preferably between 40 and 70%, or even between 50 and 60%, by weight.

The lacquer coating according to the invention can be applied by any method known to the person skilled in the art, such as forming curtains, pneumatic spraying, screen printing or roll-coating. The screen printing method has the advantage that only part of the substrate can be coated. The roll-coating method consists in passing the substrate to be covered between two rollers, one of which (usually the top roll) is painted. For cost reasons, the method of forming curtains is preferably used, in which a jet of lacquer is produced on a line that is substantially perpendicular to the direction of movement of the glass substrates so that it is possible to cover the entire surface of said substrates. The flow rate of the lacquer and the speed of movement of the substrate are adjusted to apply the desired thickness, preferably 100 to 200 microns, in the wet state. The lacquer-coated substrate is then subjected to a heat treatment which allows the lacquer to harden, more specifically to remove the solvent and to carry out the polymerization reaction and / or crosslinking of the resins used as binder. The temperature used is preferably between 50 and 250 ° C, in particular between 100 and 200 ° C, in order to crosslink the lacquer to an extent which reduces its water permeability. The thickness of the lacquer layer after hardening is preferably between 20 and 100 microns, especially between 40 and 70 microns, in order to obtain the desired opacity.

Any type of flat glass (or curved glass produced by any bending method known to those skilled in the art, as far as the coating of curved surfaces is concerned) can be used as the glass substrate. They may be monolithic glasses, ie. made up of a single sheet of glass which can be made by a 'float' method

88416a · «····

• * • · β

Perfectly straight and smooth table, or drawing or rolling methods. In the latter case, and if the rollers have embossed shapes, the glass sheet may be printed and may include motifs (as indicated in EP 493 202 for example) on at least one of its surfaces, preferably on the surface that carries the lacquer ( or on the back).

The glass may be clear or of various shades, such as blue, bronze, green, gray or pink. The light transmittance of the glass can be chosen between 10 and 92% for a thickness of 4 mm. In the case where the lacquer is white or ivory, a particularly advantageous embodiment consists in using a sheet of high-clear glass as the glass substrate, i.e. having an iron oxide content of less than 250 ppm, preferably less than or equal to 200 ppm or even 150 ppm and whose light transmittance under the D65 irradiator is greater than 89%, in particular 90% for a thickness of 4 mm. It has been found that the optical properties of such a glass make it possible to obtain an excellent return of white or ivory paint, whereas conventional clear glasses with an iron oxide content of the order of 1000 ppm exhibit a particularly residual green shade.

The thickness of the glass substrate is preferably between 2 and 19 mm, preferably between 4 and 10 mm, more particularly between 5 and 9 mm.

This glass sheet may be matt on at least one of its surfaces (preferably the front surface) by means of various matting methods, for example by matting with hydrofluoric acid or by sanding. This matting can be carried out over the entire surface or in certain areas to create slightly recessed matt motifs. This latter embodiment can be realized in such a way that:

88417a • · · · · the areas that are not etched are protected with an acid-resistant coating which is then removed. A matt appearance can also be obtained by applying an organic or mineral enamel.

• · · ·

A reflective layer, in particular a silver layer produced by silver plating methods known to those skilled in the art, may also be interposed between the glass substrate (optionally provided with a silane-type adhesion promoter) and the lacquer, while at the same time acting as a paint to protect the silver layer from corrosion.

Between the glass substrate (optionally provided with a silane-type adhesion promoter) and the lacquer and / or on the front surface, a monochromatic or multicolored decor is preferably formed by screen printing or ink spraying. For example, it is possible to combine the application of decors on the front surface and the back surface.

A particularly interesting embodiment relates to the wall cladding according to the invention, which is therefore coated with a lacquer on the rear surface, said rear surface being then cut by mechanical means (in particular by grinding with grinding wheels with more or less complex profiles) so as to a width of 1 to 30 millimeters and a depth of 0.5 to 3 millimeters, where all the paint has been removed. A decorative layer, preferably a silver layer obtained by conventional silvering methods, can then be applied to the back surface. When notches are formed along regularly spaced lines that follow two orthogonal directions, it is possible to obtain a visual impression from a single glass plate mounted on the wall that there are a large number of tiles separated by joints, with the advantage that the surface has a smooth surface, which avoids the problems associated with clogging and greatly facilitates

88417a cleaning. This embodiment of the invention further makes it possible to reduce the laying time of the glass tiles by avoiding the pairing steps.

The glass substrate may also be coated with functional layers, such as sets of superimposed antireflective layers, layers with self-cleaning function (e.g. containing titanium oxide, preferably crystallized in the form of anatase and / or rutile, anti-fouling), also having anti-bacterial properties and condensation) or hydrophobic layers. In the case of floor coverings, layers providing anti-slip properties, particularly in the form of enamel, are particularly appreciated. The substrate according to the invention may also be coated with abrasion or scratch resistant layers.

For safety reasons or in order to provide special functions, the glass substrate may advantageously consist of a laminated glass consisting of a plurality of joined glasses, in particular two glass sheets separated by a plastic film, for example polyvinyl butyral (PVB). Electrically conductive layers and thus heating due to the Joule effect may be incorporated on one of the laminated glass surfaces, for example allowing the creation of heating floors and / or walls. The plastic film may also contain liquid crystals which are able to orient themselves under the influence of an electric field, allowing the transition from a translucent or opaque state to a transparent state, so that, for example, some decoration placed on the back surface may occur.

The glass substrate may also be an illuminating glass, for example a double glazing filled with a gas, in particular a noble gas, such as xenon or neon, which in the electric field allows the formation of glowers. discharges as described, for example

88417a

in WO 2004/015739, to which reference is made here, or a laminated or multiple glass containing electroluminescent diodes electrically powered by thin conductive layers or strips or fibers formed by screen printing, for example based on a silver paste.

Since the glass cladding is in the form of tiles, the tiles preferably have the shape of rectangles, the sides of which have dimensions of multiples of 15 cm, taking into account the joint of a given dimension (eg 3 huu). This way tiles

15x15 cm ² ,

15x30 cm ² ,

15x4 5 cm ²

30x4 5 cm ²

30x30 cm ² , 45x45 cm ² , etc. Taking into account a joint of a given dimension for each of these dimensions makes it possible to combine tiles of different sizes on the same wall while maintaining the continuity of the joints, which can be particularly appreciated from an aesthetic point of view.

The advantage of glass tiles over conventional ceramic tiles lies in the modularity of possible sizes and the possibility of easily obtaining large-sized slabs. Indeed, the resulting sizes are created by simply cutting large glass panes, the surface of which may exceed 10 m ² , while the dimensions of ceramic tiles can only be changed by making and using molds of different sizes. In addition, it is extremely difficult to produce large size ceramic parts with a surface area, for example, exceeding 1 m ² .

In order to facilitate the formation of joints and to avoid visible joint defects, the shape of the tile edges according to the invention has been specifically optimized. The inventors have observed that certain methods of edge processing, in particular of the &quot; rounded joint &quot; type, make it difficult to create joints which evenly cover the entire side of the tile, and as a result of the glass being transparent,

88417a • · Pairing defects are also visible over the edge. Thus, the tiles according to the invention preferably have chamfered sides, optionally also ground and / or polished, and characterized in that the chamfer width is greater on the front surface. The back surface is preferably very little affected by machining so that the lacquer layer covers substantially the entire surface of the tile. More specifically, the width of the rear surface affected by the treatment is preferably less than or equal to 0.5 mm, or even less than or equal to 0.3 mm. Generally, the finish surface after treatment is preferably larger than the surface of the front surface.

The cutting of glass tiles according to the invention is particularly simple and does not require any special tools other than those used for cutting ceramic tiles, in particular vitrified stoneware, or for cutting marble or granite. Also, the cutting of the edges after cutting can be carried out by grinding stone by methods well known to those skilled in the art of laying ceramic tiles.

. Here are some technical advantages over ceramic tiles:

- accuracy cutting them generally higher, of which it goes bigger respect small dimensional tolerances, - possibility apply varnish for large boards before by cutting the tiles allows better reproducibility decor, especially shade, - flatness is higher, so it is possible limit redundant consumption mortar Adhesives necessary for leveling any excess space between tiling a wall.

88417a

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BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

The present invention will be better understood by reading the following detailed description of non-limiting examples, which are illustrated in the accompanying drawings:

Figures 1 and 4 show perspective views of various embodiments of tiles according to the invention, Figures 2, 3, 5 show profile views of various embodiments of tiles according to the invention, Figures 6 to 10 show different types of motifs that can be made by etching on the front face of the cladding according to the invention.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION

Giant. 1 is a perspective view of a square section tile. The tile comprises a 6 mm clear monolithic glass sheet 1, the back surface of which is coated with a lacquer layer of 50 microns thickness, applied in the form of a curtain. On the front surface are motifs 3 etched in the shape of rectangular parallelepipers regularly distributed in both orthogonal directions of the tile.

After drying, the lacquer 2 comprises the following components: a binder in the form of a polyurethane resin obtained by crosslinking, by means of a non-aromatic isocyanate, of hydroxylated acrylate resins caused by the polymerization of styrene acrylate,

• mineral materials (pigments and fillers) up to 55% by weight.

for

This lacquer. is obtained by deposition followed by drying for 5 minutes, an important water permeability parameter. drying below 180 ° to obtain a curtain, after which the drying temperature is sufficiently low

Under the given conditions and at the temperature of C, the permeability is too high and after sticking to the wall with mortar glue, after a few days, during drying of the mortar, defects occur. In the present case, the distribution water of the mortar adhesive penetrates the lacquer layer, which has a double impact, on the one hand, the peeling off between the glass sheet and the lacquer layer, and on the other hand, chemical damage to the glass surface. On the other hand, if the drying temperature is higher than 180 ° C, the water permeability will be lower due to the stronger crosslinking of the binder paint and no defects will occur when glued with a mortar adhesive.

Giant. 2 shows a tile view of a profile. The edges of the monolithic glass pane 7 are machined in such a way that they have chamfered flanks 6 as a result of cutting edges 5 and 6, this step being performed so that the lacquered surface 2 is smaller than the front surface.

Giant. 3 also shows a tile view from a profile. In this embodiment, the back surface of the cladding is coated with a silver layer 7 formed by a silvering process. The lacquer layer 2 covers this silver layer 7.

Giant. 4, the laminated glass of polyvinyl butyral 12 shows a perspective view of a glass tile consisting of two 4 mm thick sheets joined by a 0.76 mm thick sheet. The front face is

88417a etched with acid and contains ripple-shaped motifs 10. One of the glass panes is cut in the figure to show the presence of electroluminescent diodes (LEDs) 11 on the surface of the polyvinyl butyral 13.

Giant. 5 shows a profile view of a wall cladding according to the invention having a notch 12 3 mm wide and 0.5 mm deep by grinding after painting. There is a silver plating layer 2 which overlaps the lacquer layer 2 and the notched portion

12. A second layer of varnish 2 (of a different composition) is then applied to the silver-plated cell surface. From the front side, the silver-plating layer 7 is only visible on the notch 12.

Giant. Figures 6 to 10 show various motifs that can be technically made by etching on the front face of the wall cladding according to the invention. The dark portions represent etched areas that are recessed, compared to the clear portions that are embossed.

The present invention has been described above by way of example. It will be understood that one skilled in the art will be able to make various variations of the invention without departing from the scope of the patent as defined in the claims.

Claims (21)

Cladding of glass-based walls, in particular in the form of tiles, for covering walls of a dwelling, such as walls, floors or ceilings, comprising a glass substrate which is coated with a lacquer layer on the surface to be fixed, characterized in that said varnish having a water permeability such that said cladding can be fixed to the walls by means of conventional mortar or cementitious adhesives. Wall cladding according to claim 1, characterized in that said lacquer has a water permeability at 25 ° C of less than 10 ^-6 , in particular less than 10 ⁸ , or even less than 10 cm ³ . cm. cm ' ² . s ¹ . Pa ¹ . Wall cladding according to claims, characterized by a binder synthetic resin. One of the foregoing in that the lacquer comprises as Wall cladding according to claims, characterized by a polyurethane resin, a hydroxylated acrylate resin, an isocyanate or a polyisocyanate. by any one of the foregoing in that the binder is based in particular on crosslinking Wall cladding according to claim 3, characterized in that the binder is based on an alkyd resin. A wall covering according to any one of the preceding claims, characterized in that an agent is present A wall covering according to claim 6, characterized in that the adhesion promoter is based on silanes. Wall lining according to any one of the preceding claims, characterized in that a reflective layer, in particular silver-plated for mirrors, and / or a screen or ink jet decoration is applied between the lacquer layer and the glass substrate, optionally coated with an adhesion promoting layer. • · · · • • • 9 9 9 • · » • • 9 · 99 9 9 • 9 • · • · • · • · • · • · · ··· • ··· • 9 • · · • · · '· • · 9 99 rolling and / or matting with acid and / or etching. and / or sanding Wall cladding according to any one of the preceding claims, characterized in that the lacquer layer comprises UV-resistant pigments. Wall cladding according to any one of the preceding claims, characterized in that the lacquer layer contains mineral fillers in a content of between 40 and 70% by weight. Wall cladding according to any one of the preceding claims, characterized in that the glass substrate is a monolithic glass sheet. Wall cladding according to any one of claims 1 to 10, characterized in that the glass substrate is a multiple glass comprising a plurality of glass panes. Wall covering according to one of the preceding claims, characterized in that the glass substrate has embossed motifs obtained on at least one of its surfaces. Wall cladding according to any one of the preceding claims, characterized in that the entire front surface of the glass substrate is matt with hydrofluoric acid or sandblasting. 15. Wall cladding according to any of the previous roles / n liUJ- f y. ο lz Ί o τ'τ ύ - \ rl V 1 -> z — 3 tti A ku. λ. j_ a ku. has at least one functional layer on at least one of its surfaces, preferably on the front surface, which gives it optical properties (stacks of layered antireflective layers) and / or anti-slip and / or surface properties (especially anti-bacterial, self-cleaning, hydrophobic, preventing dew, scratches and abrasion). 16 88417a © · ···· decorative layer, preferably a silver layer obtained by conventional silvering methods. . A wall covering according to claim 12, characterized in that the glass substrate is. double glazing filled with gas that allows glow discharges in the electric field. 16 88417a No. 16 88417a to promote adhesion in the form of a layer interposed between the lacquer layer and the glass substrate or dispersed in the lacquer. Wall cladding according to claim 12, characterized in that the glass substrate is a laminated or multiple glass containing electroluminescent diodes. Wall cladding according to one of the preceding claims, characterized in that the lacquered surface is larger than the surface of the front surface after machining. Wall cladding according to any one of the preceding claims, characterized in that a portion of the rear surface is cut by mechanical means and then coated. Wall cladding according to claim 19, characterized in that the indentations are in the form of lines having a width of 1 to 30 millimeters and a depth of 0.5 to 3 millimeters and along regularly spaced lines that follow two orthogonal directions. 21. Cladding of glass-based walls, containing a decoration obtained η c n c c n v η p 7 fo n n n n P P of the glass substrate.