CS225813B2 - Closing device of the pressing area of the filling station of the briquetting press - Google Patents

Abstract

A structural load-bearing beam comprises wood boards or slats adhered to at least one pair of opposite sides of an extruded body (1) comprising a mixture of coarse and fine elongate chips or fibres having a specific gravity in the range from about 450 to 750 kg/m<3>, with the chips or fibres oriented predominantly in the longitudinal direction of the beam and held together by a binding agent. The thickness of each layer (2) in proportion to the thickness of the body (1), as measured in the same direction, is in the ratio of approximately from 1:6 to 1:25. The beam may have tongue and groove formations (4 and 5) for interlocking with adjacent beams. The cavity (3) may be filled with insulating material such as polyurethane foam. The natural fibrous material of the body (1) may comprise wood, straw, bagasse, cotton straw, sisal fibre or refuse fibre. <IMAGE>

Description

The present invention relates to a multilayer beam with a middle layer occupying the bulk of the volume formed of small particles of natural materials such as wood, straw, bagasse, cotton stems, agave fibers, waste textile fibers and the like and mixed with the binder; the middle layer of the beam is optionally provided with at least one longitudinal cavity and is connected to the middle core layer in particular by gluing the outer sheath layer.

Similar beams formed from only small wood particles such as chips are known from U.S. Patent No. 2,717,420. These beams have a rectangular cross-section in the center of which a longitudinal cavity axis with a circular cross-section is located. . On the sides, the beam is covered with metal layers, which are coupled to the central core, produced by the extrusion process, and which increase the overall load-bearing capacity of the beam. The disadvantage of this solution is the different coefficient of thermal expansion of the two layers, i.e. the chip core and the metal skin layers, so that during repeated temperature changes the bonding adhesive layer must break and the composite beam will break apart.

At higher temperatures, especially on one side, it can. The metal sheath, which has a significantly greater coefficient of thermal expansion than wood, can cause the deformation of the beam.

Another known beam of a similar type is described in German Pat. No. 24 07 642 and is also made of compressed wood particles, in particular chips, and is characterized in that it is provided with at least three superimposed and the entire length of the beam awakened. The middle layer, located midway between the two outer layers, is composed mainly of wood chips whose fibers are oriented perpendicularly to the longitudinal axis of the beam. These laminated beams can be produced practically only in such a way that the glued chips, which are arranged in such a way that their fibers have the necessary orientation, are inserted into the foil and pressed together with heat. For this reason, the beam can only have a meadite length that corresponds to the length of the mold, which is inadequate in many cases · In addition, the overall carrying capacity of the beam is not sufficiently achieved, despite the fact that this manufacturing process is not economical and the overall benefit does not exceed the technical value of flaxwood stage feathers.

The method of manufacturing beams made of wood particles or similar small pieces of natural materials has not been satisfactorily solved so far, which would represent progress in comparison with long-used solid wood trimmings both in terms of cost and in terms of durability and long-term durability of technical parameters. and shrinking.

Also known is a multilayer panel according to U.S. Pat. No. 2,429,235, which has the shape of a panel, the central layer of which is formed by a fibrous memorial with fibers arranged in parallel in one direction and whose surface is formed by honeycomb veneer layers. To produce the tphoto, a flat fibrous formation is formed, which is glazed with glue and guided through the rollers to obtain the desired shape and thickness of this core core layer. Thereafter, a honeycomb veneer is applied on both sides of the core layer, which only has the character of a surface finish and cannot contribute to an increase in the performance of the panel. Since the fibrous core of this construction does not have sufficient load-bearing capacity and flexural strength, and since the veneer sheath does not contribute extensively to the increase in load-bearing capacity, this solution cannot be used to create load-bearing members, and in particular beams.

Disadvantages of these known elements are removed by the multilayer beam according to the invention, which solution is based on the western beam according to U.S. Pat. No. 2,717,420 and which consists of a central core taking up a major part of the volume formed of tiny particles of natural materials. especially wood, mixed with a binder, and honeycomb layers glued to the core core layer. The essence of this multi-layer beam according to the invention consists in that at least one intermediate core layer is formed from the coarser and srnmsi jemráěších ^p odlouhlých ERIS ^to hmoUtossí with a density of 45 ^{7 0} -to 5 ⁰ kg / m ^, ^woodwork chips and fibers are oriented predominantly in the longitudinal direction of the beam and the outer cover layer consists of planks of solid wood, the thickness of which is to the thickness of the middle core layer measured in the same deer, in a ratio of 1: 6 to 1:25 «

According to a particular preferred embodiment of the invention, the central core layer having a rectangular cross-section is provided with at least one longitudinal cavity, which in particular has an oval shape in cross-section.

The distance between the inner surface, which indicates the central void, and the outer peripheral surfaces of the central core layer, which are narrowest on the side, are substantially equal.

According to another preferred embodiment of the invention, the two opposing faces of the central core layer of rectangular cross section are provided with outer skin layers, while the remaining two opposing faces of the central core layer are provided with a groove or tongue. On the tongue and groove sides, the outer surfaces of the central core layer are covered with a split honeycomb. gaps covering the outer surfaces of the center core and the tongue and groove, wherein in the transition region between the outer surface of the center core and the tongue or groove, gaps are formed between the honeycomb strips and at least one honeycomb strip is bevelled at the sides.

The outer surfaces of the central core are, according to another feature, covered with cover layers consisting of planks of solid wood. The liner layers that are parallel to the payload direction are clamped between the remaining liner layers lying perpendicular to the payload direction.

According to another particular embodiment of the invention, the central core is chamfered at the corners and is formed from a mixture of small and coarse elongated particles mixed at a ratio of 50:50, with two thirds of the elongated particles oriented in the longitudinal direction of the beam and the rest oriented in the transverse direction of the beam. .

According to a further preferred embodiment of the invention, the central core layer of the beam is formed by at least two intermediate core layers glued together, the outer shell layers being located only on the outer sides of the central part of the mutually connected central cores.

According to a last particular embodiment of the beam according to the invention, its central longitudinal cavity is filled with an insulating material, for example a polyurethane foam, foamed in particular directly in the central through cavity.

The multilayer beam according to the invention has a surprisingly high load-bearing capacity and has been fractured in strength tests only at high loads, bending or deflecting the beam, which was considerably greater than the load assumed by the theoretical calculation. the advantageous effect of coupling the core core layer produced by continuous bonding to the outer metallic layer, which assists the overall increase in load-bearing capacity of the beam, is assumed, and the known solution implies that higher tensile strength skin layers are required to increase a sufficiently high load-bearing capacity and stiffness of the whole beam was obtained. Most surprisingly, the effect of glued or stuck simple wooden planks attached to the central core layer of the wood chips that are able to achieve a substantially higher load capacity than would be. it was to be assumed from experience that the known results from known reactions. Most of the properties of the beam according to the invention appear to have originated in the composition of the central core layer, consisting of coarser and finer wood chips, which have a certain specific gravity and are compressed, the orientation of the wood chip fibers being also of great importance. The fine chips have the character of elongated particles with a longer fiber length, reaching 3 to 12 mm. In the case of coarser chips, the fiber length is about 30 mm, and these chips also have the character of semi-particles.

For the production of the beams according to the invention, therefore, the shavings and chips are flat and the beam is continuously homogeneous in its central part, unlike known beams and printing plates, i.e., despite the desired orientation of the individual particles, the extraction is achieved differently. long chips over the entire cross-sectional area of the beam according to the invention.

Another advantage of the beam according to the invention is that the same-origin materials are glued together and the middle core layer of the particleized particles obtains a much higher load-bearing capacity _; than one would expect from the known theoretical assumptions, the main reason for the increase in bearing capacity being associated with the sheathing of cut or planed planks of solid wood. The beam according to the invention also has a higher dimensional and dimensional stability even under the influence of weather conditions only to the extent of tears in the skin layer; the risk of putrefaction is reduced by appropriate treatment of the splinter before the night.

The beams and panels according to the invention can be removed for the construction of partition walls and partitions as well as of the supporting walls by laying individual beams in layers one above the other. It is also possible to create beams, trusses, structural parts etc.

The central core layer is preferably compressed by continuous rolling in such a position that the longer edge of the cross-section is vertical. If the beam has a rectangular cross-section and a multilayer structure for a given rectangular cross-section, it is produced in the vertical position. This manufacturing process has the advantage that it has the same layer thickness of insulated wood chips over its entire length and across its cross-section. Jessliže should multilayer retaining ^the Hsoval v ^ lodges ^ evrtoeró on which the greatest ^pl oc ^h ou the horizontal ^known position, there would be more friction tiny wood particles of not over fire thorn passed through by a locking device when they free fall to the bottom areas of the numbering cylinder. In addition, voids and voids could be formed in the central core in the area below the mandrel.

The central through cavity, which can be filled in particular with an insulating material, for example foamed polyurethane, can advantageously be used for conducting electrical conductors, installation pipes and other lines.

1 to 5 are cross-sectional views of various exemplary embodiments of beams with a central core layer, a rectangular cross-section and two mutually opposed cover layers; FIGS. FIG. 10 is a cross-sectional view of a cross-section of a cross-section of a beam having a tongue and groove on two opposite sides, the two sides being covered by the divided cover layers, and FIG. 11 is a cross-sectional view of a beam consisting of two central cores glued together, the two opposing outer sides of the glued assembly being covered with honeycomb layers.

In the exemplary embodiment of a beam according to the invention shown in Fig. 1, the multilayer beam has a central core being made by extrusion of small wood chips glued together to each other.

A method for producing these liolated bodies with relatively large dimensions is described in German Pat. 25 35 989. The central core 1 is provided on its long sides with covering layers 2, which are made of solid wood, in particular consisting of cut and untreated or planed boards. In the middle of the central core 1 there is a central through cavity 2 which has a cross-sectional shape in the form of an elongated hole. It should be remembered that the shape of the central through cavity. it is adapted to the shape of the central core so that the distance between the walls of the through cavity 1 and the outer walls of the central core 6 is the same on all sides and in all of the sterors in the subset. A groove 2 is formed on one narrow side of the central core j while a tongue 1 is formed on the downstream narrow side of the central core j, the tongue 4 and the groove 4 being profiled so that the single-layered multilayer beams can be stacked to form a wall for example, a partition wall in which the tongues 4 fit into the grooves 2 of adjacent beams and cannot slide sideways so that the entire wall is well interconnected.

In an exemplary beam according to the invention, the total width g ... of the beam was approximately 156 mm and the total height was 200 mm, the thickness g of the skin layers 2 being 8 mm and the width of the central core 1 140 mm. A multilayer beam with such dimensions had a high load-bearing capacity in the 3,000 mm span tests and was not broken until the load

020 kg. The tests were carried out by a state authorized testing laboratory, and other reported values were also found in this testing laboratory.

In the example of FIG. 2, the ratio of the thickness of the cover 2 to the width of the center core 1 is higher. In this example, the width of the cover layer 2 was equal to 20 mm, while the other dimensions of the multilayer beam remained unchanged. The carrying capacity of this exemplary beam was higher than in the example of FIG. 1, and since the dimensions of the center core 6 remained the same, the load carrying capacity increase was significantly greater than the corresponding increase in acquisition costs.

In general, it can be deduced that it is preferable to have a ratio of the thickness of the cover layers g to the width of the center core 6 between 1: 6 and 1:25. In special cases, in which a multilayer beam is loaded with other loads or other loads, this ratio can naturally be increased or decreased. In the case of multi-layered multilayer beams, it is advantageous if the thickness of the cover layers 2 is about 20 mm.

In the examples shown in FIGS. 3 and 4, the cover layers are. In both of these examples, the multilayer beams are shown in a position in which the neechizzef is not used when subjected to a load from above. The example does! Fig. 3 shows the cover layer 2

2258) 3 of the central core 1 is relatively thinner, e.g. 8 mm thick, while the height of the central core 1 is again equal to 200 mm. In the example of FIG. 4, on the other hand, the cover layer 4 is again thicker and, for example, has a thickness of 20 mm at the same height of the central core χ. The multilayer beam according to the example of FIG. 4 broke during the breaking tests to a span of 3000 mm up to a load of 5,200 kg.

FIG. 5 is a cross-sectional view of a structural member frame beam provided with two cover layers 5 adhered to two mutually opposed sides of the center core 1 whose cross-sectional length is greater than the length of the cover layer 2, wherein the outer layers 2 may be directly visible faces, which are part of the face of the panel, or may be the base surfaces for gluing wallpaper or veneer, and the like.

In the examples in Figs. 6-9 are all sides of the central core 1 covered outer covering plastic layers 2, 2 · first outer cladding layer 2 overlaps the narrower side of the central core 1, while the wider second ^{p LE} TOV ^é layer 2 covering the broader side středníto · nuclei χ. Also in these examples, the outer cover sheets and the layers 2, 3 are formed from solid wood planks.

The embodiment of the support according to FIG. 6 is provided with cover layers 2, 2 having a thickness of 8 mm, while the dimensions of the central core 1 are the same as in the example of FIG. 1, i.e. 140 x 200 mm. In example IIa of FIG. 7, the dimensions of the central core · χ same but outdoor advert ^width and covering of the spring in the VRS ^{t y} 2 2 maai tloušfou ²⁰ mm. ^T here, such nosníty are particularly suitable for central girders and similar constructions.

8 and 9, the central core 1 has a square cross section and is provided with a central through cavity J having a circular cross section. In the example of Fig. 8, the thickness of the cover layer 2, 2 is again equal to 8 mm, with the side surfaces of the central core 1 having a width of 145 mm. In the example of FIG. 9, the dimensions of the center core 1 are the same, but the outer core layers 2, 2 have a thickness of 20 mm. In the example shown in Fig. 9, the load-bearing beam had a considerable load-bearing capacity in the 3,000-mm span load tests and did not break until the load was 7300 kg; in the buckling capacity tests, the ultimate failure strength was 32,000 kg.

The beams according to the exemplary embodiments of Figures 6 to 9 are shown in positions in which they are also stored in the building. In these examples, the side cover layers 2 are clamped between the top and bottom cover layers 2. In addition, the corners 6 of the middle core layer in the ducts of FIGS. 8 and 9 are bevelled. This measure achieves a better gluing of the cover sheets 2, 2 at the corners with the central core 1, since it can be carried out undisturbed and does not in any way suffer the overall load-bearing capacity of the beam according to the invention.

The central cores of all the multilayer beams shown in the embodiments of Figures 9 to 9 are formed of chips bonded to one another, for example consisting of 50% coarser chips and 50% finer chips. The strength of a multilayer beam is optimal if the chips are continuously bent or extruded by approximately two-thirds in the longitudinal direction of the beam, which can be achieved by mixing the binder with the binder, feeding the mixture into the mixing chamber and orienting the numbering force. this was the case with voiced methods for producing oriented fiber strands. However, it is necessary to remember to reduce the proportion of clear chips, such as shavings, in the mixture as much as possible.

The beam according to the embodiment shown in FIG. 10 is provided with a groove 4 on the narrower side of the central core χ not on the opposite side with the tongue 4, the upper side being covered by three sheathing strips 2a, 2b, 2c which are spaced apart. wherein the two skin strips 2a, 2c cover the area of the central core χ and the third skin stripe 2b covers the upper surface of the tongue 1, and gaps 8 are left between them; the edges of the middle skin strip 2b are formed with trunk stitches m. From such designed beams it is possible to create a highly bearing wall. .

б

Referring to FIG. 11, a multilayer beam is shown, consisting of two immediately connected central cores 1, one above the other, the outer horizontal surfaces of which are covered by sheath layers 5 which are glued or glued to the central core.

Such a multilayer composite beam has a very high load-bearing capacity, which is achieved by only a slight increase in the cost of acquisition.

It goes without saying that the dimensions of the beams can be varied in a very wide range of ways, the choice of which depends primarily on the span of the beam and the load which will be tolerated on the built-in beam. The exemplary embodiments shown in the drawing may still be armor as permitted by the scope of the invention.

Claims (12)

SUBJECT OF THE INVENTION 1. A multilayer beam β by means of at least one extruded central core layer, occupying the bulk of the beam volume and formed of small particles of natural materials, in particular wood chips, straw, bagasse, cob stalks, agave fibers, waste textile fibers and the like binder, wherein at least one middle core layer is joined by gluing and outer cover layers and is optionally provided with a longitudinal cavity, characterized in that at least one middle core layer forming the core (1) of the beam is formed from a mixture of coarser and finer elongated particles ^{with a} specific hmoSnosSí from 450 to 750 kg / m ^ pMčemž after long ^{at é8tice,} zejmtaa chips are 'oriented primarily in the longitudinal direction of the beam β outer covering plastic layers (2, 7) consist of boards of solid wood, the thickness of which to the thickness of the roof a core core (1), measured in a sterile direction, at a ratio of 1: 1 to 1:25. 2. The multilayer beam according to claim 1, characterized in that the central core layer constituting the central core (1) having a rectangular cross-section is provided with at least one longitudinal cavity (3) having a particularly oval shape in cross-section. 3. The multilayer beam according to claim 1 or 2, characterized in that the distance between the walls of the central longitudinal cavity (3) of the central core (1) and the outer surfaces of the central core (1) which are the wall of the longitudinal cavity (3) is equidistant. . 4. The multilayer beam according to Claims 1 to 3, characterized in that two mutually adjacent outer surfaces of the central core (1) of rectangular cross-section are provided with outer sheath layers (2), while the remaining two adjacent outer surfaces of the central core (1). are provided with a groove (5) on one side and a tongue (4) on the other. Multilayer beam according to Claim 4, characterized in that on the sides provided with the tongue (4) and the groove (5), the outer sides of the central core (1) are covered by split sheathing strips (2a, 2b, 2c) covering the surfaces of the center core (1) and the tongue (4) and the groove (5), wherein in the transition region between the outer surface of the center core (1) and the tongue (4) or groove (5), 2c) the gaps (8) and the at least one mantle (2b) are provided with bevels on the sides. Multilayer beam according to one of Claims 1 to 5, characterized in that all the outer surfaces of the central core (1) are covered with cover layers (2, 7) consisting of planks of solid wood. 7. The multilayer beam according to claim 6, characterized in that the skin layers (7) which are parallel to the load application direction are clamped between the remaining skin layers (7) lying perpendicular to the load application direction. Multilayer beam according to claim 6 or 7, characterized in that the central core (1) is chamfered in the corners. _t Multilayer beam according to Claims 1 to 8, characterized in that the central core (1) consists of a mixture of fine and coarser particles mixed in a 50:50 ratio. 10. The multilayer beam according to claims 1 to 9, characterized in that two thirds of the fibers of the particles of the natural machinery are oriented in the longitudinal direction of the beam and the rest of the fibers of the particles are oriented in the transverse direction of the beam. 11. The multilayer beam according to items 1 to 10, characterized by its central. the part is formed by at least two interconnected middle cores (1) which are glued together and the outer sheath layers (2) are located only on the outer sides of the central part formed of interconnected middle cores (1). 12. Multilayer beam according to items 1 to 11, characterized by: A method according to claim 1, characterized in that the central longitudinal cavity (3) of the central core (1) is filled with an insulating material, in particular foamed polyurethane.