CN220853883U - Narrow pulse gate control high-speed infrared single photon detector based on self-differential balance - Google Patents
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Abstract
The utility model relates to the technical field of quantum secret communication, in particular to a narrow pulse gate control high-speed infrared single photon detector based on self-differential balance, which comprises the following components: a pulse gating power supply for outputting a periodic pulse signal as a gating signal for the avalanche diode circuit; a DC bias circuit for providing a DC bias for the avalanche diode circuit; the temperature control module is connected with the pulse gating power source and the direct current bias circuit and used for regulating and controlling the temperature of the avalanche diode, and the avalanche diode circuit which generates capacitive response noise and avalanche signals according to the gating signals is packaged in the temperature control module; the self-differential balance circuit module is connected with the gate control module and is used for carrying out loss matching on a mixed signal which is generated by the avalanche diode circuit and consists of capacitive response noise and an avalanche signal; and the signal processing circuit module is used for extracting and counting avalanche signals from the differential balance circuit module. The utility model can improve the sensitivity of detecting the avalanche signal and the detection efficiency of the high-speed infrared single photon detector, effectively extract the avalanche signal and reduce the probability of the post pulse.
Description
Technical Field
The utility model relates to the technical field of quantum secret communication, in particular to a narrow pulse gate control high-speed infrared single photon detector based on self-differential balance.
Background
The infrared single photon detector is the core device in the quantum secret communication physical realization, especially the high-speed infrared single photon detector, and for the autonomous research and development of the device, the clock frequency of the quantum secret communication system can be improved, the practicability of the quantum secret communication is promoted, and the safety of the quantum secret communication system can be further ensured (part of the attack behaviors known at present are designed for the non-perfection of the single photon detector). In addition, the single photon detector has important functions in quantum secret communication as an extremely weak light detection technology, and has important application in the fields of optical fiber sensing, high-resolution spectrum measurement, high-speed phenomenon detection, precision analysis, nondestructive substance analysis, atmospheric pollution detection, bioluminescence, radiation detection, high-energy physics, astronomical photometry, optical time domain reflection, earth science, space science and the like which need weak light detection.
At present, the near infrared single photon detection can be realized mainly by an InGaAsInP avalanche photodiode, a silicon avalanche photodiode combined with frequency up-conversion, and a superconducting series single photon detector (such as a superconducting nano banded single photon detector, a superconducting edge jump sensor single photon detector, a superconducting tunnel junction single photon detector and the like). However, silicon avalanche photodiodes combined with frequency up-conversion have severe background noise in infrared single photon detection, while superconducting series single photon detectors require ultra-low temperatures. The only practical use in infrared single photon detection is in the InGaAsInP avalanche photodiode. The basic principle of detecting infrared single photons by using an InGaAsInP avalanche photodiode is as follows: the infrared single photon detector basically works in a gating mode, the voltage at two ends of an avalanche diode APD is larger than the avalanche voltage in the gating time, and in a Geiger mode, if photons reach an absorption layer and generate electron-hole pairs, macroscopic current is output in the avalanche process of the APD to generate an avalanche signal; however, after each avalanche, due to the doping defect of the InGaAsInP avalanche photodiode, part of photo-generated carriers can be captured by the doping defect in the InGaAsInP avalanche photodiode and gradually released over time, and the carriers can also excite avalanche after the APD recovers the geiger mode, so that a post pulse is formed. In addition, due to the capacitance effect of the APD, a larger-amplitude capacitive noise is output simultaneously after the gating signal is loaded on the APD, and the capacitive noise is overlapped with the avalanche signal of the detector, so that the conventional infrared single photon detector is used for identifying and extracting the signal by improving the amplitude of the avalanche signal. However, the larger avalanche signal can cause more trapped carriers, so that a higher post-pulse effect and longer dead time are caused, which severely limits the clock working frequency of the single photon detector, so that the traditional infrared single photon detector can only work at the MHz frequency, and the maximum frequency is not more than 20MHz, which severely limits the performance and application of the infrared single photon detector, and is one of technical bottlenecks which prevent the quantum secret communication from being practical.
In order to increase the repetition frequency of the gate control signal of the InGaAsInP avalanche photodiode, the post-pulse probability must be further reduced, and a possible method is to limit the avalanche gain of the high InGaAsInP avalanche photodiode, further reduce the number of carriers generated in the avalanche process, but this will cause the avalanche signal to be very weak, and generally be two orders of magnitude smaller than the capacitive noise of the gate control signal, so that the sensitivity of detecting the avalanche signal must be improved by effectively suppressing the capacitive noise, so that the avalanche signal can be effectively extracted. It follows that how to effectively suppress capacitive noise is a key technology for high-speed infrared single photon detectors. The scheme of sine-wave gating band-stop filtering is mainly adopted at present to realize the high-speed infrared single-photon detector, however, due to the fact that the rising edge and the falling edge of the sine-wave gating are too slow, the dark counting and the rear pulse of the high-speed infrared single-photon detector are too high, and the improvement of the code rate is limited in the long-distance high-speed quantum secret communication system.
Disclosure of Invention
Therefore, the utility model provides the narrow pulse gate control high-speed infrared single photon detector based on self-differential balance, which utilizes a circuit structure of which the loss is matched with the self-differential balance to inhibit capacitance noise and improve the sensitivity of detecting avalanche signals, thereby effectively extracting the avalanche signals, improving the detection efficiency of the high-speed infrared single photon detector, reducing the post-pulse probability and ensuring the safety performance of quantum secret communication.
According to the design scheme provided by the utility model, the narrow pulse gate control high-speed infrared single photon detector based on self-differential balance comprises: a pulse gating power supply for outputting a periodic pulse signal as a gating signal for the avalanche diode circuit; a DC bias circuit for providing a DC bias for the avalanche diode circuit; the temperature control module is connected with the pulse gating power source and the direct current bias circuit and used for regulating and controlling the temperature of the avalanche diode, and the avalanche diode circuit which generates capacitive response noise and avalanche signals according to the gating signals is packaged in the temperature control module; the self-differential balance circuit module is connected with the gate control module and is used for carrying out loss matching on a mixed signal which is generated by the avalanche diode circuit and consists of capacitive response noise and an avalanche signal; and the signal processing circuit module is used for extracting and counting avalanche signals from the differential balance circuit module.
As the self-differential balance-based narrow pulse gating high-speed infrared single photon detector of the utility model, further, the pulse gating power source comprises: the high-frequency clock signal output by the precise clock source G is divided into two paths, one path is used as a synchronous signal to be output to a user end, the other path is connected with the high-speed comparator CMP1 to generate a signal with the same repetition frequency, the signal is differentiated by the RC circuit to generate bipolar electric pulses, the wide amplifier AMP amplifies the bipolar electric pulses and inputs the amplified electric pulses into the high-speed comparator CMP2, the high-speed comparator CMP2 is used for obtaining single-polarity electric pulses with adjustable pulse width, and the high-power amplifier HPA amplifies the single-polarity electric pulses and takes the pulse signals after the pulse amplification as avalanche diode gating signals.
The utility model relates to a narrow pulse gate control high-speed infrared single photon detector based on self-differential balance, which is characterized in that the precise clock source G consists of a crystal oscillator, a phase-locked loop circuit and a voltage-controlled oscillator, wherein the crystal oscillator is used as a reference oscillator and is combined with the voltage-controlled oscillator and the phase-locked loop circuit to generate a high-frequency clock signal.
As the narrow pulse gating high-speed infrared single photon detector based on self-differential balance, the self-differential balance circuit module further comprises: the 0-degree power divider is used for dividing the mixed signal generated by the avalanche diode circuit into two paths of signals and the 180-degree combiner is used for combining the two paths of signals; the 0-degree power divider transmits the two output signals to the 180-degree combiner through two coaxial cables with different lengths and average losses.
As the self-differential balance-based narrow pulse gate high-speed infrared single photon detector of the utility model, further, the signal processing circuit module comprises: the broadband amplifier is used for amplifying the output signals of the differential balance circuit module, the high-speed comparator is connected with the broadband amplifier and used for screening and extracting the amplified signals, and the counter is connected with the high-speed comparator and used for carrying out technology on screening and extracting the signals.
The utility model has the beneficial effects that:
The utility model has simple and compact structure, scientific and reasonable design, utilizes the circuit structure of self-differential balance of loss matching to inhibit capacitance noise, improves the sensitivity of detecting avalanche signals, reduces the amplitude of the avalanche signals, and further effectively reduces the probability of post-pulse, thereby effectively improving the working frequency of an infrared single photon detector, and the working frequency can reach GHz generally; the coaxial cable with different unit losses is utilized to realize loss matching self-differential balance, the performance is stable, the cost is low, the effect of well inhibiting the response noise of the InGaAsInP avalanche diode Guan Rongxing can be achieved, meanwhile, the loss of avalanche signals of the InGaAsInP avalanche diode is small, the signal-to-noise ratio is effectively improved, and therefore the sensitivity of detecting avalanche signals and the detection efficiency of a detector are improved, and the coaxial cable has a good application prospect.
Description of the drawings:
FIG. 1 is a schematic diagram of a narrow pulse gate high-speed infrared single photon detector in an embodiment;
fig. 2 is a schematic diagram of a circuit of a narrow pulse gate high-speed infrared single photon detector in an embodiment.
The specific embodiment is as follows:
The present utility model will be described in further detail with reference to the accompanying drawings and technical schemes, and embodiments of the present utility model will be described in detail by means of preferred examples, but the embodiments of the present utility model are not limited thereto.
Referring to fig. 1, an embodiment of the present utility model provides a narrow pulse gate-controlled high-speed infrared single photon detector based on self-differential balance, including: a pulse gating power supply for outputting a periodic pulse signal as a gating signal for the avalanche diode circuit; a DC bias circuit for providing a DC bias for the avalanche diode circuit; the temperature control module is connected with the pulse gating power source and the direct current bias circuit and used for regulating and controlling the temperature of the avalanche diode, and the avalanche diode circuit which generates capacitive response noise and avalanche signals according to the gating signals is packaged in the temperature control module; the self-differential balance circuit module is connected with the gate control module and is used for carrying out loss matching on a mixed signal which is generated by the avalanche diode circuit and consists of capacitive response noise and an avalanche signal; and the signal processing circuit module is used for extracting and counting avalanche signals from the differential balance circuit module.
The self-differential balance circuit structure is utilized to inhibit capacitance noise, improve the sensitivity of detecting avalanche signals, reduce the amplitude of the avalanche signals, and further effectively reduce the probability of post-pulse, thereby effectively improving the working frequency of the infrared single photon detector.
Further, in an embodiment of the present invention, the pulse gating power source includes: the high-frequency clock signal output by the precise clock source G is divided into two paths, one path is used as a synchronous signal to be output to a user end, the other path is connected with the high-speed comparator CMP1 to generate a signal with the same repetition frequency, the signal is differentiated by the RC circuit to generate bipolar electric pulses, the wide amplifier AMP amplifies the bipolar electric pulses and inputs the amplified electric pulses into the high-speed comparator CMP2, the high-speed comparator CMP2 is used for obtaining single-polarity electric pulses with adjustable pulse width, and the high-power amplifier HPA amplifies the single-polarity electric pulses and takes the pulse signals after the pulse amplification as avalanche diode gating signals. The precise clock source G can be composed of a crystal oscillator, a phase-locked loop circuit and a voltage-controlled oscillator, wherein the crystal oscillator is used as a reference oscillator and is combined with the voltage-controlled oscillator and the phase-locked loop circuit to generate a high-frequency clock signal. One path of signal of the precise clock source G is used as a synchronous signal to be output to Q for a user, the other path of signal is used for outputting a signal with the same repetition frequency after passing through a high-speed comparator CMP1, but the rising edge and the falling edge are extremely narrow (typically, the rising and falling time is 35 ps), the narrow-edge signal generates a differential effect after passing through an RC circuit formed by a chip ceramic capacitor C and a chip resistor R1, bipolar electric pulses are generated at the joint of the chip capacitor C and the chip resistor R1, the bipolar electric pulses are amplified by a broadband amplifier AMP and are input into a high-speed comparator CMP2, the single-polarity electric pulses with adjustable pulse width can be obtained at the output end of the high-speed comparator CMP2 by adjusting the threshold level, and the pulse is amplified to be 3.5V by a high-power amplifier HPA and can be used as a gate control signal of an InGaInP avalanche diode.
Further, in an embodiment of the present invention, the self-differential balancing circuit module includes: the 0-degree power divider is used for dividing the mixed signal generated by the avalanche diode circuit into two paths of signals and the 180-degree combiner is used for combining the two paths of signals; the 0-degree power divider transmits the two output signals to the 180-degree combiner through two coaxial cables with different lengths and average losses.
Referring to fig. 2, the dc bias circuit can generate stable dc high voltage to provide dc bias slightly lower than the avalanche voltage for the ingaas-in-p avalanche diode circuit. The temperature control module is internally provided with an InGaAsInP avalanche diode circuit in a packaged mode, a pulse gate control output by a pulse gate control power source and a direct current Bias voltage output by a direct current Bias circuit are added to the cathode of an InGaAsInP avalanche diode APD through a Bias tee T, a resistor R is used as one end of an avalanche signal sampling resistor to be connected with the anode of the InGaAsInP avalanche diode, the other end of the resistor R is grounded, and an avalanche signal is output through the anode of the InGaAsInP avalanche diode; the temperature control module controls the temperature of the InGaAsInP avalanche diode with the accuracy reaching minus 35 plus or minus 0.1 ℃. Due to the junction capacitance effect of the InGaAsInP avalanche diode, the InGaAsInP avalanche diode circuit superimposes the capacitive response noise with the output period of T and the avalanche signal together, so that the avalanche signal cannot be extracted; the self-differential balance circuit module can effectively inhibit the response noise of the InGaAsInP avalanche diode Guan Rongxing and improve the sensitivity of detecting avalanche signals. The loss matching self-differential balance circuit module divides a mixed signal into two parts by using a 0-degree power divider, the two parts enter two coaxial cables L1 and L2 with different lengths and unit losses respectively and are input into a 180-degree combiner, the L1 and L2 delay time T1 and T2 of the mixed signal respectively, the delay time difference T1-T2=T, the longer coaxial cable L1 has small unit loss, the shorter coaxial cable L2 has large unit loss, the delay time difference is kept to be T, the proper length can be selected to ensure the approaching degree of the two coaxial cables to the loss of the mixed signal at each frequency point so as to realize loss matching, the two paths of signals are subtracted in the 180-degree combiner, the capacitive response noise with the period of T is counteracted, and the probability of avalanche signals generated in two adjacent gating pulses in normal use of the high-speed infrared single photon detector is extremely small, so that most avalanche signals cannot be counteracted.
Further, in this embodiment, the signal processing circuit module includes: the broadband amplifier is used for amplifying the output signals of the differential balance circuit module, the high-speed comparator is connected with the broadband amplifier and used for screening and extracting the amplified signals, and the counter is connected with the high-speed comparator and used for carrying out technology on screening and extracting the signals.
In actual use, the scheme utilizes a high-frequency pulse gating signal to act on an InGaAsInP avalanche diode APD, and in the gating time, the voltage at two ends of the InGaAsInP avalanche diode APD is larger than the avalanche voltage, and in a Geiger mode, if photons reach an absorption layer and generate electron-hole pairs, the avalanche process of the APD is caused to output macroscopic current, and an avalanche signal is generated; in order to reduce the probability of the post pulse, the avalanche signal must be limited, and because of the capacitance effect of the APD, the pulse gating signal is loaded on the APD to output a larger-amplitude capacitive noise at the same time, and the noise is superimposed on the avalanche signal, so that the avalanche signal cannot be extracted; the mixed signal is divided into two parts by using a 0-degree power divider, the two parts enter two coaxial cables L1 and L2 with different lengths and unit losses respectively and are input into a 180-degree combiner, the L1 and L2 delays the mixed signal by T1 and T2 respectively, the delay difference T1-T2=T, the longer coaxial cable L1 has small unit loss, the shorter coaxial cable L2 has large unit loss, the delay difference T is kept, the proper length is selected to ensure that the two coaxial cables have very close loss of the mixed signal at each frequency point, loss matching is realized, the two paths of signals are subtracted in the 180-degree combiner, the capacity response noise with the period of T can be counteracted, and the probability of avalanche signals generated in adjacent gate pulses by the high-speed infrared single photon detector is very small in normal use, so that most of avalanche signals can not be counteracted, and the avalanche signals can be effectively extracted through a broadband amplifier module 5 and a high-speed comparator module 6; the loss matching self-differential balance technology can offset the capacitive response noise with an extremely high rejection ratio, so that the sensitivity of detecting avalanche signals is effectively improved, and the detection efficiency of the detector is effectively improved; the probability of the rear pulse is effectively reduced, the working frequency of the infrared single photon detector is effectively improved, and the method is convenient to apply in actual scenes.
The term "and/or" herein means that there may be three relationships. For example, a and/or B may represent: a exists alone, A and B exist together, and B exists alone. In addition, the character "/" herein generally indicates that the front-rear association object is an "or" relationship.
While the exemplary embodiments of the present utility model have been described in detail with reference to the preferred embodiments, those skilled in the art will appreciate that various modifications and adaptations can be made to the above-described specific embodiments and that various combinations of the features and structures can be made without departing from the scope of the present utility model as defined in the appended claims. The foregoing description of specific exemplary embodiments of the utility model is not intended to limit the utility model to the precise form disclosed, and obviously many modifications and variations are possible in light of the above teachings. The exemplary embodiments were chosen and described in order to explain the specific principles of the utility model and its practical application to thereby enable one skilled in the art to make and utilize the utility model in various exemplary embodiments and with various modifications as are suited to the particular use contemplated. It is intended that the scope of the utility model be defined by the claims and their equivalents.
Claims (5)
1. A self-differential balance based narrow pulse gated high speed infrared single photon detector comprising: a pulse gating power supply for outputting a periodic pulse signal as a gating signal for the avalanche diode circuit; a DC bias circuit for providing a DC bias for the avalanche diode circuit; the temperature control module is connected with the pulse gating power source and the direct current bias circuit and used for regulating and controlling the temperature of the avalanche diode, and the avalanche diode circuit which generates capacitive response noise and avalanche signals according to the gating signals is packaged in the temperature control module; the self-differential balance circuit module is connected with the gate control module and is used for carrying out loss matching on a mixed signal which is generated by the avalanche diode circuit and consists of capacitive response noise and an avalanche signal; and the signal processing circuit module is used for extracting and counting avalanche signals from the differential balance circuit module.
2. The self-differential balance based narrow pulse-gated high speed infrared single photon detector of claim 1 wherein the pulse-gated power source comprises: the high-frequency clock signal output by the precise clock source G is divided into two paths, one path is used as a synchronous signal to be output to a user end, the other path is connected with the high-speed comparator CMP1 to generate a signal with the same repetition frequency, the signal is differentiated by the RC circuit to generate bipolar electric pulses, the wide amplifier AMP amplifies the bipolar electric pulses and inputs the amplified electric pulses into the high-speed comparator CMP2, the high-speed comparator CMP2 is used for obtaining single-polarity electric pulses with adjustable pulse width, and the high-power amplifier HPA amplifies the single-polarity electric pulses and takes the pulse signals after the pulse amplification as avalanche diode gating signals.
3. The self-differential balance based narrow pulse gating high-speed infrared single photon detector of claim 2 wherein the precision clock source G is comprised of a crystal oscillator, a phase-locked loop circuit and a voltage-controlled oscillator, the crystal oscillator acting as a reference oscillator combined with the voltage-controlled oscillator and the phase-locked loop circuit to generate the high frequency clock signal.
4. The self-differential balance based narrow pulse gated high speed infrared single photon detector of claim 1 wherein the self-differential balance circuit module comprises: the 0-degree power divider is used for dividing the mixed signal generated by the avalanche diode circuit into two paths of signals and the 180-degree combiner is used for combining the two paths of signals; the 0-degree power divider transmits the two output signals to the 180-degree combiner through two coaxial cables with different lengths and average losses.
5. The self-differential balance based narrow pulse gated high speed infrared single photon detector of claim 1 or 4 wherein the signal processing circuit module comprises: the broadband amplifier is used for amplifying the output signals of the differential balance circuit module, the high-speed comparator is connected with the broadband amplifier and used for screening and extracting the amplified signals, and the counter is connected with the high-speed comparator and used for carrying out technology on screening and extracting the signals.
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