CN217690116U - Reading circuit and quantum computer - Google Patents
Reading circuit and quantum computer Download PDFInfo
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- CN217690116U CN217690116U CN202221326865.3U CN202221326865U CN217690116U CN 217690116 U CN217690116 U CN 217690116U CN 202221326865 U CN202221326865 U CN 202221326865U CN 217690116 U CN217690116 U CN 217690116U
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Abstract
The application discloses a reading circuit, a reading method and a quantum computer, and belongs to the technical field of quantum computing. The reading circuit provided by the application establishes indirect coupling connection with the resonant cavity through the coupling of the transmission element and the resonant cavity, and then can read the element to be read based on the reading signal line coupled with the resonant cavity, so that the limitation that the reading can be realized only through the resonant cavity directly coupled with the element to be read in the related technology is broken through. The application also provides a reading method for the reading circuit, wherein the reading of the element to be read is realized by applying a measuring microwave signal on the reading signal line, acquiring the frequency spectrum of the resonant cavity response, then adjusting the first frequency of the element to be read and the second frequency of the transmission element, and determining the frequency spectrum with the maximum dispersion frequency shift value as a target frequency spectrum.
Description
Technical Field
The present application relates to the field of quantum information, and in particular, to a read circuit, a read method, and a quantum computer.
Background
At present, the reading of the superconducting qubit adopts a dispersion reading mode, and the circuit structure of the reading mainly comprises a resonant cavity coupled with the qubit to be read and a reading bus coupled with the resonant cavity. The transmission of the state information of the qubits from the qubits to the transmission lines is realized based on this circuit structure, so that each qubit on the superconducting qubit chip is connected to the read bus via an independent resonant cavity. However, such a reading mechanism is somewhat restrictive, and the object of reading is specific.
Disclosure of Invention
In order to overcome the limitation of a reading mechanism in the related art, the application provides a reading circuit, a reading method and a quantum computer.
One embodiment of the present application provides a read circuit comprising: a transmission element coupled with the element to be read; a resonant cavity coupled with the transmission element; and a read signal line coupled to the resonant cavity.
As described above, in some embodiments, the read circuit has a plurality of the transmission elements coupled in series.
As with the read circuit described above, in some embodiments, the transmission element comprises at least one of the following types: a qubit, frequency tunable coupler.
As with the read circuit described above, in some embodiments, the transmission element includes a qubit and a frequency-tunable coupler coupled in series, and the qubit and the coupler are arranged at intervals.
As with the read circuit described above, in some embodiments, the element to be read comprises one of the following types: a qubit, frequency tunable coupler.
The readout circuit as described above, in some embodiments, the coupler comprises a superconducting quantum interferometer formed by having at least two josephson junctions connected in parallel.
As described above, in some embodiments, the qubit includes a superconducting quantum interferometer formed from a parallel connection of at least two josephson junctions.
As with the read circuit described above, in some embodiments, the resonant cavity is formed by a coplanar waveguide transmission line.
As with the read circuit described above, in some embodiments, the cavity is a half-wavelength cavity or a quarter-wavelength cavity.
Another embodiment of the present application provides a reading method of a reading circuit, including the steps of:
applying a measuring microwave signal on the reading signal line, and acquiring a frequency spectrum of the resonant cavity response;
and adjusting the first frequency of the element to be read and the second frequency of the transmission element, and determining the frequency spectrum with the maximum dispersion frequency shift value as a target frequency spectrum.
As with the reading methods described above, in some embodiments, the adjustment of the second frequency is achieved by applying a magnetic flux signal on the configured signal lines.
In some embodiments, when the transmission element is a qubit, the step of adjusting the second frequency of the transmission element includes: adjusting the second frequency to a degenerate point of the qubit.
In some embodiments, when the transmission element is a tunable-frequency coupler and a qubit coupled in sequence, the step of adjusting the second frequency of the transmission element includes: fixing the frequency of the qubit at a degenerate point and adjusting the frequency of the coupler.
A third embodiment of the present application provides a quantum computer including the reading circuit as described above.
Compared with the prior art, in the reading circuit provided by the application, the transmission element is coupled with the resonant cavity, the element to be read coupled with the transmission element is indirectly coupled with the resonant cavity, and then the reading of the element to be read can be realized based on the reading signal line coupled with the resonant cavity, so that the limitation that the reading can be realized only through the resonant cavity directly coupled with the element to be read in the related art is broken through. In the integrated extended quantum chip, a coupler between two qubits can be read by using a resonant cavity coupled with the qubits based on the scheme of the application; and when the resonant cavity directly coupled with one qubit fails, reading can be realized by utilizing the resonant cavity of the adjacent qubit coupled with the qubit based on the scheme of the application.
Drawings
FIG. 1 is a diagram illustrating a structure of a qubit on a quantum chip in the related art;
fig. 2 is a schematic structural diagram of a read circuit according to an embodiment of the present application;
fig. 3 is a flowchart of a reading method according to an embodiment of the present application.
Description of reference numerals:
1-read signal line, 2-resonant cavity, 3-qubit, 4-coupler
21-a first resonant cavity, 22-a second resonant cavity, 23-an nth resonant cavity,
31-first bit, 32-second bit, 33-nth bit,
41-first coupler, 42-second coupler.
Detailed Description
The embodiments described below with reference to the drawings are exemplary only for the purpose of explaining the present application and are not to be construed as limiting the present application.
The following detailed description is merely illustrative and is not intended to limit the embodiments and/or the application or uses of the embodiments. Furthermore, there is no intention to be bound by any expressed or implied information presented in the preceding "background" or "summary" sections or "detailed description" sections.
To further clarify objects, features and advantages of embodiments of the present application, one or more embodiments are now described with reference to the drawings, wherein like reference numerals are used to refer to like elements throughout. In the following description, for purposes of explanation, numerous specific details are set forth in order to provide a more thorough understanding of one or more embodiments. It may be evident, however, that one or more embodiments may be practiced without these specific details in various instances, and that the various embodiments are incorporated by reference into each other without departing from the scope of the present disclosure.
It should be noted that the terms "first," "second," and the like in the description and claims of this application and in the drawings described above are used for distinguishing between similar elements and not necessarily for describing a particular sequential or chronological order. It is to be understood that the data so used is interchangeable under appropriate circumstances such that the embodiments of the application described herein are capable of operation in sequences other than those illustrated or described herein. Moreover, the terms "comprises," "comprising," and "having," and any variations thereof, are intended to cover a non-exclusive inclusion, such that a process, method, system, article, or apparatus that comprises a list of steps or elements is not necessarily limited to those steps or elements expressly listed, but may include other steps or elements not expressly listed or inherent to such process, method, article, or apparatus.
According to different physical systems adopted for constructing the qubits, the qubits include superconducting quantum circuits, semiconductor quantum dots, ion traps, diamond vacancies, topological quanta, photons and the like in a physical implementation manner.
The quantum computation of the superconducting quantum circuit is the best solid quantum computation implementation method which is developed most rapidly at present. Because the energy level structure of the superconducting quantum circuit can be regulated and controlled by an external electromagnetic signal, the controllability of the design customization of the circuit is strong. Meanwhile, the superconducting quantum circuit has expandability which is incomparable with most quantum physical systems due to the existing mature integrated circuit process.
In superconducting quantum circuits, a qubit includes a josephson junction, which is a structure formed by separating two thin film superconducting layers with a non-superconducting material. When the temperature is lowered to a certain cryogenic temperature, the superconducting layers achieve superconductivity, and electron pairs can tunnel from one superconducting layer to the other via the non-superconducting layer. In qubits, a josephson junction (which acts as a nonlinear inductive device) is connected in parallel with one or more capacitive devices to form a nonlinear microwave oscillator. Qubits have a resonance/transition frequency determined by the values of the inductance and capacitance therein.
The physical basis of qubit reading is dispersion reading, information processed by qubits is carried or transmitted in the form of microwave signals within a microwave frequency range by means of nonlinear coupling of the qubits and a cavity, and the encoded quantum information can be obtained by capturing, processing and analyzing the microwave signals. A read-out circuit is a circuit coupled to a qubit for capturing, reading and measuring quantum information.
As an example of a superconducting quantum circuit, the structure of a qubit employs a single capacitor to ground and a superconducting quantum interference device with one end grounded and the other end connected to the capacitor, and the capacitor is often a cross-shaped parallel plate capacitor, see FIG. 1, cross-shaped capacitor plate C q Surrounded by ground plane (GND), and cross-shaped capacitor plate C q A gap is arranged between the superconducting quantum interference device and a ground plane (GND), and one end of the superconducting quantum interference device is connected to the cross-shaped capacitor plate C q And the other end is connected to the ground plane (GND) due to the cross-shaped capacitor plate C q The first end of (A) is usually used for connecting a superconducting quantum interference device (squid), the second end is used for coupling with a reading structure such as a resonant cavity, and a certain space is required to be reserved near the first end and the second end for wiring, for example, a space for arranging xy signal lines and z signal lines is required to be reserved near the first end, and a cross-shaped capacitor plate (C) is used q For coupling with adjacent qubits.
The quantum bits of the structure are utilized to realize the integrated expansion of the quantum bits according to a one-dimensional chain arrangement array, the quantum bits at adjacent positions form coupling and share a reading signal Line (ReadOut Line), the reading circuit structure mainly comprises a resonant cavity coupled with the quantum bits to be read and the reading signal Line coupled with the resonant cavity, each quantum bit is connected with the reading signal Line through an independent resonant cavity, and the transmission of the state information of the quantum bits from the quantum bits to a transmission Line is realized based on the respective resonant cavity and the reading signal Line coupled with the resonant cavity.
However, applicants have found that such a reading mechanism is very restrictive, including but not limited to the following two aspects: 1. the read object is specific, the directly coupled quantum bits can only be read through the resonant cavity, and the structures such as couplers among the quantum bits cannot be read; 2. each qubit cannot be read in a mode of connecting an independent resonant cavity and a reading signal line when a reading circuit of a certain qubit fails due to process fluctuation.
Therefore, the application provides a reading circuit, a reading method and a quantum computer, which are used for solving the defects in the prior art and breaking through the limitation that reading can be realized only through a resonant cavity directly coupled with an element to be read in the related technology. Embodiments of the present application will be described in detail below with reference to fig. 2 to 3.
Fig. 2 is a schematic structural diagram of a read circuit according to an embodiment of the present disclosure.
Fig. 3 is a flowchart of a reading method according to an embodiment of the present application.
It should be noted that fig. 2 schematically shows the relationship between the read signal line 1, the resonant cavity 2, the qubits 3, and the frequency tunable coupler 4, for example, each qubit 3 has an independently configured resonant cavity 2, the resonant cavity 2 is coupled to the read signal line, and the coupling relationship is established between adjacent qubits 3 through the coupler 4. The resonant cavity 2 comprises a first resonant cavity 21, a second resonant cavity 22, a sub-bit 3, a qubit 3, a first bit 31, a second bit 32, a sub-bit 8230, a sub-bit 33, the coupler 4 includes a first coupler 41, a second coupler 42 \ 8230a nth coupler 43, and some components, for example, a resonant cavity between the second resonant cavity 22 and the nth resonant cavity 23, etc., are omitted in fig. 2.
Referring to fig. 2, and as may be seen in conjunction with fig. 1 and 3, one embodiment of the present application provides a read circuit comprising: a transmission element coupled to the element to be read; a resonant cavity 2 coupled to the transmission element; and a read signal line 1 coupled to the resonator 2. The cavity 2 has a first end configured to be coupled to the transmission element and a second end configured to be coupled to the read signal line 1, the coupling being in the form of a capacitive coupling or an inductive coupling. In the reading circuit, the element to be read, the transmission element and the resonant cavity 2 are coupled in sequence, so that the element to be read and the resonant cavity 2 are indirectly coupled and connected, and the element to be read can be read based on the reading signal line 1 coupled with the resonant cavity 2, and the limitation that the element to be read can be read only through the resonant cavity 2 directly coupled with the element to be read in the related art is broken through.
In the embodiment of the application, the transmission element is an electric element with a coupling connection function, and the element to be read and the resonant cavity are indirectly coupled and connected through the transmission element. It is to be understood that the transmission element may have a first end configured to be coupled to the element to be read and a second end configured to be coupled to the resonant cavity 2. The transmission element may be a qubit 3 coupled to the element to be read, and the coupling between the element to be read and the qubit 3 may be a coupling formed directly by the proximity of the two elements, or a coupling formed by other electrical structural elements.
In the integrated and expanded quantum chip, based on the scheme of the embodiment of the application, the coupler 4 between two quantum bits 3 can be read by using the resonant cavity 2 coupled with the quantum bits 3; based on the scheme of the application, the resonant cavity 2 of the adjacent qubit 3 coupled with the qubit 3 is used for reading the qubit 3, so that the problem that the qubit cannot be read when the resonant cavity directly coupled with the qubit fails is solved.
In some embodiments, in conjunction with fig. 2, the first bit 31 and the second bit 32 are coupled by a first coupler 41, and according to the scheme of the present application, the reading circuit for the first bit 31 may include: a first coupler 41, a second bit 32, a second resonant cavity 22 and a reading signal line 1, which are coupled in sequence, wherein the first bit 31 is coupled to the first coupler 41, the first coupler 41 is coupled to the second bit 32, the second bit 32 is coupled to the second resonant cavity 22, and the second resonant cavity 22 is coupled to the reading signal line 1. Specifically, the state information of the specific element to be read (first bit 31) is measured using the principle of the dispersive readout (dispersive readout) technique with the read signal line 1. The dispersion readout is based on the interaction of the first bit 31 with the dispersion of the second cavity 22, the dispersion shift causing the frequency of the second cavity 22 to change according to the state of the first bit 31. When the first bit 31 can be indirectly coupled to the second cavity 22 by means of the first coupler 41 and the second bit 32, the frequency of the second cavity 22 changes according to the state of the first bit 31. The second cavity 22 is probed with a microwave pulse and the phase and amplitude of the reflected signal is used to distinguish the state information of the first bit 31.
In other embodiments, the reading circuit may have a plurality of transmission elements coupled and connected in sequence, the plurality of transmission elements are coupled and connected in sequence to form a transmission link, one end of the transmission link is coupled with the element to be read, and the other end of the transmission link is coupled with the resonant cavity, so as to ensure that the element to be read establishes an indirect coupling connection with the resonant cavity through the transmission link, and the reading of the spectrum of the element to be read is achieved based on the coupling connection. Illustratively, the first bit 31 may be indirectly coupled to the nth resonant cavity 23 by a transmission link formed by coupling and connecting a first coupler 41, a second bit 32, a second coupler 42 \8230, and an nth bit 33 in sequence, and the frequency of the nth resonant cavity 23 may be changed according to the state of the first bit 31. The nth cavity 23 is probed with a microwave pulse and the phase and amplitude of the reflected signal are used to distinguish the state information of the first bit 31.
In one embodiment of the present application, the transmission element includes a qubit 3, and for example, when reading with respect to the first coupler 41, the first resonant cavity 21 and the first coupler 41 may be indirectly coupled by means of the first bit 31, or the second resonant cavity 22 and the first coupler 41 may be indirectly coupled by means of the second bit 32, so that the first resonant cavity 21 or the second resonant cavity 22 may be detected by a microwave pulse to read the first coupler 41. In another embodiment, the transmission element may also comprise a frequency tunable coupler 4, for example, by indirectly coupling the first coupler 41 to the nth resonant cavity 23 via a transmission link formed by the qubit 3 and the coupler, so that the reading of the first coupler 41 can be achieved by probing the nth resonant cavity 23 with microwave pulses.
In still other embodiments, the transmission element includes a qubit 3 and a frequency tunable coupler 4, and may illustratively include a plurality of qubits 3 and a plurality of couplers 4 coupled together to form the transmission link, and the qubits 3 and the couplers 4 are alternately arranged in the transmission link. The frequency tunable coupler 4 is capable of controlling the coupling between adjacent bits (first bit 31 and second bit 32) in order to reduce or eliminate microwave cross-talk and/or frequency collisions between bits during read-out or during application of control pulses to the qubits 3. Tuning the frequency of the first coupler 41 enables the strength of the coupling between the first bit 31 and the second bit 32 to be adjusted to allow the coupling between the first bit 31 and the second bit 32 to be adjusted from weak to strong coupling.
The frequency of the coupler 4 may be tuned to be the same as or close to the transition frequency of the qubit 3 (qubit resonance frequency), or may be tuned to be at the far end of the frequency range from the qubit 3. When the frequency of coupler 4 is tuned to be the same as or close to the frequency of qubit 3, coupler 4 resonates with qubit 3. When the frequency of coupler 4 is tuned to be significantly different from the frequency of qubit 3, coupler 4 is not resonant with qubit 3.
In some embodiments, the element to be read comprises one of the following types: qubits 3, frequency tunable couplers 4. Illustratively, the coupler 4 comprises a superconducting quantum interferometer squid formed by having at least two josephson junctions connected in parallel. It will be appreciated that the coupler 4 is configured with signal lines that enable frequency tuning, the frequency of the coupler 4 being adjustable based on the magnetic flux signal applied to the signal lines. Illustratively, the qubit 3 comprises a superconducting quantum interferometer squid formed by a parallel connection of at least two josephson junctions. It is understood that qubit 3 is configured with an xy signal line and a z signal line.
In some embodiments, the resonant cavity 2 is formed by a coplanar waveguide transmission line. Illustratively, the resonant cavity 2 is a half-wavelength resonant cavity or a quarter-wavelength resonant cavity.
The application also provides a frequency spectrum reading method for the reading circuit.
Referring to fig. 3, and as shown in fig. 1 and fig. 2, the reading method includes steps S601 to S602, where:
step S601, applying a measuring microwave signal to the reading signal line 1, and acquiring a spectrum of the response of the resonant cavity 2, which may be, for example, a graph of the spectrum S21, probing the resonant cavity 2 with a microwave pulse, which is usually at a frequency close to the midpoint of the resonance frequencies corresponding to the ground state and the excited state, the phase and amplitude of the reflected signal being used to distinguish the state information of the element to be read; step S602, adjusting the first frequency of the element to be read and the second frequency of the transmission element, and determining that the frequency spectrum when the dispersion frequency shift value is maximum is a target frequency spectrum, where the target frequency spectrum is used as a reading result.
According to the reading method for the reading circuit, provided by the embodiment of the application, the measuring microwave signal is applied to the reading signal line 1, the frequency spectrum of the response of the resonant cavity 2 is obtained, then the first frequency of the element to be read and the second frequency of the transmission element are adjusted, and the frequency spectrum when the dispersion frequency shift value is maximum is determined as the target frequency spectrum, namely, the reading of the element to be read is realized. The reading method in the embodiment of the present application is particularly suitable for reading through the resonant cavity 3 corresponding to the adjacent qubit 2 coupled to the qubit 2 when the directly coupled resonant cavity 2 fails, and it should be noted that the coupling mechanism between the qubit 2 and the adjacent qubit 2 may be implemented through the frequency tunable coupler 4, or may be implemented by sequentially coupling and connecting the frequency tunable coupler 4 and the qubit 3 to form a transmission link, where the qubits 3 and the couplers 4 are arranged at intervals in the transmission link.
In some embodiments, applying a magnetic flux signal on the configured signal line effects adjustment of the second frequency. Illustratively, the transmission element comprises one of the following types: qubits 3, frequency tunable couplers 4. Illustratively, the coupler 4 comprises a superconducting quantum interferometer squid formed by having at least two josephson junctions connected in parallel. The coupler 4 is provided with a signal line for frequency tuning, and the frequency of the coupler 4 can be controlled based on a magnetic flux signal applied to the signal line. Illustratively, the qubit 3 comprises a superconducting quantum interferometer squid formed by a parallel connection of at least two josephson junctions. Qubit 3 is configured with a z-signal line to enable frequency regulation.
In order to improve the reading efficiency and quickly obtain the target frequency spectrum, the coupling strength of the adjacent quantum bit 3 and the resonant cavity 2 in the reading circuit can be adjusted to be maximum. In some embodiments, when the transmission element is qubit 3, the step of adjusting the second frequency of the transmission element may comprise: the second frequency is adjusted to the degenerate point of the qubit 3. In other embodiments, when the transmission element is a frequency tunable coupler 4 and a qubit 3 coupled in sequence, the step of adjusting the second frequency of the transmission element includes: the frequency of the qubit 3 is fixed at a degenerate point and the frequency of the coupler 4 is adjusted. When reading with respect to the first coupler 41, the reading circuit comprises the first bit 31, the first cavity 21 and the reading signal line 1 coupled in sequence, and the frequency of the first bit 31 can be fixed at a degenerate point, so as to maximize the coupling strength between the first bit 31 and the first cavity 21, and facilitate obtaining the modulation spectrum of the first coupler 41. In the reading for the first bit 31, the reading circuit may include: the first coupler 41, the second bit 32, the second cavity 22 and the read signal line 1, which are coupled in sequence, can fix the frequency of the second bit 32 at a degenerate point and adjust the frequency of the first coupler 41.
The embodiment of the application also provides a quantum computer which comprises the reading circuit.
Here, it should be noted that: the quantum computer has the reading circuit with the structure and has the same beneficial effects as the reading circuit embodiment, and therefore, the description is omitted. For technical details that are not disclosed in the quantum computer embodiments of the present application, those skilled in the art should refer to the description of the above-mentioned read circuit to understand, and for brevity, will not be described again here.
Embodiments of the present application use the same or similar processing techniques (e.g., photolithography, material deposition such as sputtering or chemical vapor deposition, and material removal such as etching or lift-off) as are used in integrated circuit fabrication to fabricate qubits, resonant cavities, transmission elements, and read signal lines. Each of the qubits, the resonant cavity, the transmission element and the read signal line may be formed/integrated on the same chip (such as the same silicon or sapphire substrate or wafer) and operated at a temperature below the critical temperature of the superconducting material from which they are formed. Examples of superconducting materials include, but are not limited to, aluminum (e.g., a superconducting critical temperature of 1.2 kelvin), niobium (e.g., a superconducting critical temperature of 9.3 kelvin), and titanium nitride (e.g., a superconducting critical temperature of 5.6 kelvin).
During operation of a quantum computing system using superconducting quantum circuit elements and/or superconducting classical circuit elements (such as the circuit elements described herein), the superconducting circuit elements are cooled within the cryostat to a temperature that allows the superconductor material to exhibit superconducting properties.
The construction, features and functions of the present application are described in detail in the embodiments illustrated in the drawings, which are only preferred embodiments of the present application, but the present application is not limited by the drawings, and all equivalent embodiments that can be modified or changed according to the idea of the present application are within the scope of the present application without departing from the spirit of the present application.
Claims (10)
1. A read circuit, comprising:
a transmission element coupled to the element to be read;
a resonant cavity coupled to the transmission element; and
a read signal line coupled to the resonant cavity.
2. The read circuit of claim 1, wherein the read circuit has a plurality of the transmission elements coupled in series.
3. The read circuit of claim 1, wherein the transmission element comprises at least one of the following types:
qubit, frequency tunable coupler.
4. A read circuit according to claim 3, wherein the transmission element comprises a qubit and a frequency tunable coupler coupled in series, and the qubit and the coupler are arranged alternately.
5. The read circuit of claim 1, wherein the element to be read comprises one of the following types:
a qubit, frequency tunable coupler.
6. A reading circuit according to claim 3 or 5, wherein the coupler comprises a superconducting quantum interferometer formed by a parallel arrangement of at least two Josephson junctions.
7. A reading circuit according to claim 3 or 5, wherein the qubit comprises a superconducting quantum interferometer formed by a parallel arrangement of at least two Josephson junctions.
8. A reading circuit according to any of claims 1 to 5, wherein the resonant cavity is formed by a coplanar waveguide transmission line.
9. The reading circuit of claim 7, wherein the resonant cavity is a half-wavelength resonant cavity or a quarter-wavelength resonant cavity.
10. A quantum computer comprising a read circuit according to any one of claims 1 to 9.
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| CN115511096A (en) * | 2022-11-24 | 2022-12-23 | 合肥本源量子计算科技有限责任公司 | Quantum bit structure and quantum chip |
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| CN115511096A (en) * | 2022-11-24 | 2022-12-23 | 合肥本源量子计算科技有限责任公司 | Quantum bit structure and quantum chip |
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