CN214588874U - Photovoltaic module - Google Patents
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- CN214588874U CN214588874U CN202023349274.1U CN202023349274U CN214588874U CN 214588874 U CN214588874 U CN 214588874U CN 202023349274 U CN202023349274 U CN 202023349274U CN 214588874 U CN214588874 U CN 214588874U
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Abstract
The utility model provides a photovoltaic module. The photovoltaic module comprises a first substrate, a second substrate and a plurality of stacked cell layers positioned between the first substrate and the second substrate, wherein adjacent cell layers are connected through a first adhesive layer, at least one of the first substrate and the second substrate is a light-transmitting substrate, and when any one of the first substrate and the second substrate is the light-transmitting substrate, the forbidden bandwidth of each cell layer is gradually decreased in the direction away from the light-transmitting substrate; or when the first substrate and the second substrate are both transparent substrates, the forbidden bandwidth of each cell sheet layer is increased or decreased in the direction far away from the first substrate. The photovoltaic module can fully utilize incident light, and the light conversion efficiency of the photovoltaic module is improved; through connecting a plurality of battery lamella through the glue film among the above-mentioned photovoltaic module, compare with among the prior art in order deposit a plurality of battery lamella of growth on the base plate, the technology is simpler, has avoided the material cost that deposition process leads to and has made the higher problem of cost.
Description
Technical Field
The utility model relates to a solar cell technical field particularly, relates to a photovoltaic module.
Background
Solar technology is one of the most popular and leading researches at present, but to replace traditional energy, clean and renewable energy economy is really realized, the price of the solar technology needs to be further reduced, and one of the most effective ways to reduce the cost is to improve the photoelectric conversion efficiency of the cell.
Crystalline silicon solar cell technology is the most mature commercial photovoltaic power generation technology at present, and other types of solar cells such as thin film cells, compound cells and the like are difficult to replace crystalline silicon cells in a short time due to the advantages of the crystalline silicon solar cell technology in terms of comprehensive cost and conversion efficiency. Therefore, the method has important significance for continuously improving the performance of the crystalline silicon battery and continuously optimizing the process to reduce the cost. The theoretical limit efficiency of the crystalline silicon battery is only about 29%, and the aim of greatly improving the efficiency of the crystalline silicon battery is difficult.
SUMMERY OF THE UTILITY MODEL
A primary object of the present invention is to provide a photovoltaic module to solve the problem of the prior art that the light conversion efficiency of photovoltaic modules is low.
In order to achieve the above object, according to an aspect of the present invention, there is provided a photovoltaic module, including a first substrate, a second substrate, and a plurality of stacked cell layers located between the first substrate and the second substrate, adjacent cell layers are connected by a first adhesive layer, at least one of the first substrate and the second substrate is a light-transmitting substrate, and when any one of the first substrate and the second substrate is a light-transmitting substrate, a forbidden bandwidth of each cell layer decreases in a direction away from the light-transmitting substrate; or when the first substrate and the second substrate are both transparent substrates, the forbidden bandwidth of each cell sheet layer is increased or decreased in the direction far away from the first substrate.
Furthermore, the plurality of cell layers comprise a first cell layer and a second cell layer, the first substrate is a light-transmitting substrate, and the light absorption wavelength of the first cell layer is smaller than that of the second cell layer.
Further, the light absorption wavelength of the first cell sheet layer is less than 800nm, and the light absorption wavelength of the second cell sheet layer is less than 1100 nm.
Further, the first cell sheet layer comprises any one or more of an amorphous silicon cell, a dye-sensitized cell, a perovskite cell, a gallium arsenide cell, a cadmium telluride cell and a copper indium gallium selenide cell, and preferably the first cell sheet layer is a perovskite cell sheet layer.
Further, the second cell slice layer comprises a crystalline silicon cell.
Furthermore, the photovoltaic module also comprises a second adhesive layer positioned between the first substrate and the first cell sheet layer, and the second adhesive layer is a transparent adhesive film.
Further, the photovoltaic module further comprises a third adhesive layer located between the second cell sheet layer and the second substrate, and preferably, the third adhesive layer comprises any one of a transparent adhesive film, a white reflective adhesive film, a black adhesive film and a color decorative adhesive film.
Further, the battery sheet layer comprises a plurality of battery sheets, and the battery sheets are arranged in a grid or lamination mode.
Further, the projections of the cell layers on the first substrate are overlapped.
Further, the cell sheet layer close to the first substrate in the plurality of cell sheet layers is a thin film cell grown on the first substrate.
Use the technical scheme of the utility model, a photovoltaic module is provided, including first base plate, the second base plate and be located a plurality of battery lamella between first base plate of photovoltaic module and the photovoltaic module second base plate, connect through the glue film between the adjacent each photovoltaic module battery lamella, a serial communication port, arbitrary one in first base plate of photovoltaic module and the photovoltaic module second base plate is the printing opacity base plate, in the direction of keeping away from photovoltaic module printing opacity base plate, the forbidden bandwidth width of each photovoltaic module battery lamella steadilys decrease, or first base plate of photovoltaic module and photovoltaic module second base plate are the printing opacity base plate, in the direction of keeping away from photovoltaic module printing opacity base plate, the forbidden bandwidth of each photovoltaic module battery lamella increases progressively or steadilys decrease. The forbidden bandwidth of each cell in the photovoltaic module can be decreased progressively along the incident light direction of the light, so that the light with different wavelength ranges in the incident light can enter each cell in sequence for photoelectric conversion, the incident light can be fully utilized, and the light conversion efficiency of the photovoltaic module is improved; in addition, the plurality of cell sheets are connected through the glue layer in the photovoltaic module, and compared with the photovoltaic module in which the plurality of cell sheets are deposited and grown on the substrate in sequence in the prior art, the process is simpler, the problems of higher material cost and manufacturing cost caused by the deposition process are solved, and the photovoltaic module is suitable for large-scale production.
Drawings
The accompanying drawings, which form a part of the specification, are included to provide a further understanding of the invention, and are incorporated in and constitute a part of this specification, illustrate embodiments of the invention and together with the description serve to explain the invention without unduly limiting the scope of the invention. In the drawings:
fig. 1 shows a schematic partial cross-sectional structure diagram of a photovoltaic module according to an embodiment of the present invention;
fig. 2 shows a schematic view of a partial cross-sectional structure of a photovoltaic module according to example 1 provided by the present invention;
fig. 3 shows a schematic partial cross-sectional structure of a photovoltaic module according to example 2 provided by the present invention;
fig. 4 shows a schematic partial cross-sectional structure of a photovoltaic module according to example 3 provided by the present invention.
Wherein the figures include the following reference numerals:
110. a first substrate; 120. a second substrate; 20. a cell sheet layer; 210. a first cell sheet layer; 220. a second cell sheet layer; 310. a first glue layer; 320. a second adhesive layer; 330. and a third adhesive layer.
Detailed Description
It should be noted that, in the present invention, the embodiments and features of the embodiments may be combined with each other without conflict. The present invention will be described in detail below with reference to the accompanying drawings in conjunction with embodiments.
In order to make the technical solution of the present invention better understood, the technical solution of the embodiments of the present invention will be clearly and completely described below with reference to the accompanying drawings in the embodiments of the present invention, and it is obvious that the described embodiments are only some embodiments of the present invention, not all embodiments. Based on the embodiments in the present invention, all other embodiments obtained by a person skilled in the art without creative efforts shall belong to the protection scope of the present invention.
It should be noted that the terms "first," "second," and the like in the description and claims of the present invention and in the drawings described above are used for distinguishing between similar elements and not necessarily for describing a particular sequential or chronological order. It is to be understood that the data so used may be interchanged under appropriate circumstances for purposes of describing the embodiments of the invention herein. Furthermore, the terms "comprises," "comprising," and "having," and any variations thereof, are intended to cover a non-exclusive inclusion, such that a process, method, system, article, or apparatus that comprises a list of steps or elements is not necessarily limited to those steps or elements expressly listed, but may include other steps or elements not expressly listed or inherent to such process, method, article, or apparatus.
As described in the background art, the theoretical limit efficiency of the crystalline silicon cell is only about 29%, and it is difficult to greatly improve the efficiency of the crystalline silicon cell. In order to solve the above technical problem, the present invention provides a photovoltaic module, as shown in fig. 1, including a first substrate 110, a second substrate 120, and a plurality of stacked cell layers 20 located between the first substrate 110 and the second substrate 120, wherein adjacent cell layers 20 are connected by a first adhesive layer 310, and when at least one of the first substrate 110 and the second substrate 120 is a transparent substrate, and when any one of the first substrate 110 and the second substrate 120 is a transparent substrate, the forbidden bandwidth of each cell layer 20 decreases in a direction away from the transparent substrate; or when the first substrate 110 and the second substrate 120 are both transparent substrates, the forbidden bandwidth of each cell layer 20 increases or decreases in the direction away from the first substrate 110.
The forbidden bandwidth of each cell in the photovoltaic module can be decreased progressively along the incident light direction of the light, so that the light with different wavelength ranges in the incident light can enter each cell in sequence for photoelectric conversion, the incident light can be fully utilized, and the light conversion efficiency of the photovoltaic module is improved; in addition, the plurality of cell sheets are connected through the glue layer in the photovoltaic module, and compared with the photovoltaic module in which the plurality of cell sheets are deposited and grown on the substrate in sequence in the prior art, the process is simpler, the problems of higher material cost and manufacturing cost caused by the deposition process are solved, and the photovoltaic module is suitable for large-scale production.
The utility model discloses an among the above-mentioned photovoltaic module, battery piece layer 20 is a plurality of, stacks up different kinds of battery piece layer 20 according to forbidden bandwidth from big to little order along the incident direction of light, lets the light of short wavelength be absorbed by the wide band gap battery piece layer 20 in the outside, and the longer light of wavelength can transmit into and let the battery piece layer 20 of narrow band gap absorb to furthest becomes the electric energy with light energy, has improved the utilization ratio of solar spectrum, the performance and the stability of battery widely.
The utility model discloses an among the above-mentioned photovoltaic module, connect through first glue film 310 between the adjacent battery piece layer 20, above-mentioned first glue film 310 can be transparent adhesive film's conventional kind among the prior art such as EVA or POE.
When the first substrate 110 is a transparent substrate, incident light enters the photovoltaic module from the first substrate 110, the forbidden bandwidth of each cell layer 20 decreases in the direction away from the first substrate 110, in order to enable light to sequentially enter each cell layer 20 for photoelectric conversion, the cell layer 20 near one side of the first substrate 110 may be connected to the first substrate 110 through a transparent adhesive film, and the cell layer 20 may also be a thin film cell, such as a perovskite cell, a gallium arsenide cell, a cadmium telluride cell, a copper indium gallium selenide cell, and the like, grown on the first substrate 110; the battery sheet layer 20 adjacent to the second substrate 120 may be connected to the second substrate 120 through a glue film, which may be selected from any one of a transparent glue film, a white reflective glue film, a black glue film, and a color decoration glue film. The second substrate 120 may also be a transparent substrate, and in this case, the adhesive film connecting the second substrate 120 and the battery sheet layer 20 on one side thereof is a transparent adhesive film.
When the second substrate 120 is a transparent substrate, incident light enters the photovoltaic module from the second substrate 120, the forbidden bandwidth of each cell layer 20 decreases in the direction away from the second substrate 120, in order to enable light to sequentially enter each cell layer 20 for photoelectric conversion, the cell layer 20 near one side of the second substrate 120 may be connected to the second substrate 120 through a transparent adhesive film, and the cell layer 20 may also be a thin film battery, such as a perovskite battery, a gallium arsenide battery, a cadmium telluride battery, a copper indium gallium selenide battery, and the like, grown on the second substrate 120; the battery sheet layer 20 adjacent to the first substrate 110 may be connected to the first substrate 110 through a glue film, which may be selected from any one of a transparent glue film, a white reflective glue film, a black glue film, and a color decoration glue film. The first substrate 110 may also be a transparent substrate, and in this case, the adhesive film connecting the first substrate 110 and the battery sheet layer 20 on one side thereof is a transparent adhesive film.
In some preferred embodiments, the plurality of cell sheets 20 includes a first cell sheet 210 and a second cell sheet 220, the first substrate 110 is a light-transmissive substrate, and the light absorption wavelength of the first cell sheet 210 is smaller than the light absorption wavelength of the second cell sheet 220. With a two-layer battery sheet layer 20 as shown in fig. 2-4. Light is incident into the photovoltaic module from the first substrate 110, light with a smaller light absorption wavelength in the incident light is subjected to photoelectric conversion in the first cell layer 210, and the remaining incident light with a larger wavelength enters the second cell layer 220 to be subjected to photoelectric conversion, so that more bands in the incident light can be utilized, and the utilization efficiency of the photovoltaic module is improved.
In order to further improve the light conversion efficiency of the photovoltaic module, it is more preferable that the first cell sheet layer 210 and the second cell sheet layer 220 overlap in the projection direction, the first cell sheet layer 210 and the second cell sheet layer 220 respectively include a plurality of independent cell sheets, and the arrangement of the cell sheets in the first cell sheet layer 210 and the second cell sheet layer 220 may be independently selected from a grid arrangement or a lamination arrangement.
In order to further improve the light conversion efficiency of the photovoltaic module, it is more preferable that the light absorption wavelength of the first cell layer 210 is less than 800nm, and the light absorption wavelength of the second cell layer 220 is less than 1100 nm. The first cell sheet layer 210 selectively absorbs the shorter wavelength light of the incident light, i.e., the incident light with the wavelength λ smaller than 800nm, and the longer wavelength part of the incident light is not absorbed by the first cell sheet layer 210 and directly passes through the first cell sheet layer 210; the second cell sheet layer 220 absorbs the light with longer wavelength, i.e. the incident light with wavelength λ less than 1100nm, at this time, the incident light with wavelength greater than 800nm, which cannot be absorbed by the first cell sheet layer 210, and the light with wavelength less than 800nm, which is not absorbed by the second cell sheet or directly transmitted, are absorbed by the second cell sheet layer 220.
In order to satisfy the condition that the light absorption wavelength of the first cell sheet layer 210 is less than that of the second cell sheet layer 220, the first cell sheet layer 210 may include any one or more of an amorphous silicon cell, a dye-sensitized cell, a perovskite cell, a gallium arsenide cell, a cadmium telluride cell and a copper indium gallium selenide cell; the second cell sheet layer 220 may include a crystalline silicon cell. The thickness of the crystalline silicon battery can be 160-180 mu m.
The utility model discloses an among the above-mentioned photovoltaic module, crystal silicon battery can be PERC battery or heterojunction battery.
In some embodiments, the first cell sheet layer 210 is a thin film battery, such as a perovskite battery, a gallium arsenide battery, a cadmium telluride battery, a copper indium gallium selenide battery, or the like, and the second cell sheet layer 220 is a PERC battery.
In other embodiments, the first cell sheet layer 210 is a thin film cell, such as a perovskite cell, a gallium arsenide cell, a cadmium telluride cell, a copper indium gallium selenide cell, or the like, and the second cell sheet layer 220 is a heterojunction cell.
Illustratively, the first cell layer 210 is a perovskite cell layer, and the second cell layer 220 is a crystalline silicon cell layer. The perovskite has the forbidden band width of 1.55eV, can absorb photons with the wavelength of less than 800nm, the crystalline silicon cell with the band gap of 1.12eV can absorb photons with the wavelength of less than 1100nm, and the absorption spectra of the two can be complemented by forming a laminated photovoltaic component, so that the utilization rate of incident light is greatly improved, and the material has lower preparation cost.
In a preferred embodiment, the first cell sheet layer 210 is disposed on the first substrate 110 through a second adhesive layer 320, and in order to allow incident light to sequentially enter the first cell sheet layer 210 and the second cell sheet layer 220 through the first substrate 110, the second adhesive layer 320 is a transparent adhesive film, as shown in fig. 2. The transparent adhesive film may be of the type conventionally used in the art, such as ethylene-vinyl acetate copolymer (EVA), polyolefin elastomer (POE), ethylene-methyl methacrylate copolymer, polyvinyl butyral, and the like.
In another preferred embodiment, the first cell sheet layer 210 is a thin film battery, such as a perovskite battery, a gallium arsenide battery, a cadmium telluride battery, a copper indium gallium selenide battery, and the like, grown on the first substrate 110, as shown in fig. 3. At this time, the first substrate 110 and the first cell sheet layer 210 do not need to be connected through an adhesive film, so that the photovoltaic module can be thinner and thinner. The thickness of the thin film battery may be 600nm to 50 μm.
In a preferred embodiment, the second cell sheet layer 220 is disposed on the second substrate 120 through a third adhesive layer 330, and the third adhesive layer 330 may include any one of a transparent adhesive film, a white reflective adhesive film, a black adhesive film, and a color decorative adhesive film, as shown in fig. 2 and 3.
In a preferred embodiment, the second cell sheet layer 220 is a thin film battery, such as a perovskite battery, a gallium arsenide battery, a cadmium telluride battery, a copper indium gallium selenide battery, and the like, grown on the second substrate 120, as shown in fig. 4. At this time, the second substrate 120 and the second cell sheet layer 220 do not need to be connected through an adhesive film, so that the photovoltaic module can be thinner and thinner. The thickness of the thin film battery may be 600nm to 50 μm. However, it should be noted that, in order to enable the forbidden bandwidth of each cell in the photovoltaic module to decrease along the incident light direction of the light, the second cell layer 220 and the first cell layer 210 cannot be of the same kind.
The thicknesses of the first adhesive layer 310, the second adhesive layer 320, and the third adhesive layer 330 may be 100 to 800 μm.
The photovoltaic module provided by the invention is further explained by combining the embodiment and the comparative example.
Example 1
As shown in fig. 2, the photovoltaic module provided in this embodiment sequentially includes, from bottom to top:
the second substrate 120 is a transparent glass layer, the third adhesive layer 330 is located above the second substrate 120, the third adhesive layer 330 is transparent EVA, the second cell sheet layer 220 is placed above the third adhesive layer 330, the second cell sheet layer 220 is a crystalline silicon cell, the first adhesive layer 310 is laid above the second cell sheet layer 220, the first adhesive layer 310 is transparent EVA, the integrated cell sheet layer is placed above the first adhesive layer 310, the integrated cell sheet layer comprises the first cell sheet layer 210 and the first substrate 110, the integrated cell sheet layer uses the first substrate 110 as a substrate of the thin film cell, the first substrate 110 is a transparent glass layer, the thin film cell sheet layer is grown on the first substrate 110, namely the first cell sheet layer 210, and the first cell sheet layer 210 is a perovskite cell.
The thickness of the first glue layer 310 and the third glue layer 330 is 400 μm; the thickness of the second cell sheet layer 220 is 160 μm; the thickness of the first cell sheet layer 210 is 1 μm.
The first cell sheet layer 210 and the second cell sheet layer 220 may be independently led out, or may be led out after being connected in series and parallel.
The integrated cell sheet layer is adopted, so that the substrate for growing the first cell sheet layer 210 is combined with the first substrate 110, and only one layer of substrate is adopted.
Example 2
As shown in fig. 3, the photovoltaic module provided in this embodiment sequentially includes, from bottom to top:
The thicknesses of the first adhesive layer 310, the second adhesive layer 320 and the third adhesive layer 330 are 400 μm; the thickness of the second cell sheet layer 220 is 160 μm; the thickness of the first cell sheet layer 210 is 1 μm.
The first cell sheet layer 210 and the second cell sheet layer 220 can be led out independently, or can be led out after being connected in series and parallel.
Example 3
As shown in fig. 4, the photovoltaic module provided in this embodiment sequentially includes, from bottom to top:
the first integrated battery sheet layer comprises a second battery sheet layer 220 and a second substrate 120, the second substrate 120 is used as a substrate of the thin film battery for the first integrated battery sheet layer, the thin film battery sheet layer is grown on the second substrate 120 of the first integrated battery sheet layer, namely the second battery sheet layer 220, and the second battery sheet layer 220 is a gallium arsenide thin film battery;
the first adhesive layer 310 is laid on the second cell sheet layer 220, and the first adhesive layer 310 is transparent EVA;
and a second integrated cell sheet layer laid on the first adhesive layer 310, wherein the integrated cell sheet layer comprises a first cell sheet layer 210 and a first substrate 110, the first substrate 110 of the integrated cell sheet layer is used as a substrate of the thin film cell, a thin film cell sheet layer is grown on the first substrate 110 of the integrated cell sheet layer, namely the first cell sheet layer 210, and the first cell sheet layer 210 is a perovskite thin film cell.
The thickness of the first glue layer 310 is 400 μm; the thickness of the second cell sheet layer 220 is 1 μm; the thickness of the first cell sheet layer 210 is 1 μm.
The first cell sheet layer 210 and the second cell sheet layer 220 may be independently led out, or may be led out after being connected in series and parallel.
The substrate on which the first cell sheet layer 210 is grown and the first substrate 110 are merged using the integrated cell sheet layer, while the substrate on which the second cell sheet layer 220 is grown and the second substrate 120 are merged using the integrated cell sheet layer.
Comparative example 1
The photovoltaic module that this comparative example provided includes from bottom to top in proper order:
the photovoltaic module comprises a second substrate, a second adhesive film layer, a cell slice layer, a first adhesive film layer and a first substrate in sequence from bottom to top, wherein the first substrate and the second substrate are transparent glass layers, the first adhesive film layer and the second adhesive film layer are transparent EVA (ethylene vinyl acetate), and the cell slice layer is a crystalline silicon cell slice layer.
The power of the photovoltaic modules in the above examples 1-3 and comparative example 1 was tested according to the IEC 61215-10.2 standard, and the results are shown in the following table.
| / | Example 1 | Example 2 | Example 3 | Comparative example 1 |
| Component power | 320W | 325W | 395W | 300W |
From the above description, it can be seen that the above-mentioned embodiments of the present invention achieve the following technical effects:
the forbidden bandwidth of each cell in the photovoltaic module can be decreased progressively along the incident light direction of the light, so that the light with different wavelength ranges in the incident light can enter each cell in sequence for photoelectric conversion, the incident light can be fully utilized, and the light conversion efficiency of the photovoltaic module is improved; in addition, the plurality of cell sheets are connected through the glue layer in the photovoltaic module, and compared with the photovoltaic module in which the plurality of cell sheets are deposited and grown on the substrate in sequence in the prior art, the process is simpler, the problems of higher material cost and manufacturing cost caused by the deposition process are solved, and the photovoltaic module is suitable for large-scale production.
The above description is only a preferred embodiment of the present invention and is not intended to limit the present invention, and various modifications and changes may be made by those skilled in the art. Any modification, equivalent replacement, or improvement made within the spirit and principle of the present invention should be included in the protection scope of the present invention.
Claims (10)
1. A photovoltaic module comprising a first substrate (110), a second substrate (120) and a plurality of stacked cell layers (20) between the first substrate (110) and the second substrate (120), adjacent cell layers (20) being connected by a first glue layer (310), characterized in that at least one of the first substrate (110) and the second substrate (120) is a light-transmitting substrate,
when any one of the first substrate (110) and the second substrate (120) is a light-transmitting substrate, the forbidden bandwidth of each cell sheet layer (20) is decreased in a direction away from the light-transmitting substrate; or
When the first substrate (110) and the second substrate (120) are both light-transmitting substrates, the forbidden band width of each cell sheet layer (20) is increased or decreased in a direction away from the first substrate (110).
2. The photovoltaic module of claim 1, wherein the plurality of cell layers (20) comprises a first cell layer (210) and a second cell layer (220), the first substrate (110) is a light transmissive substrate, and the first cell layer (210) has a light absorption wavelength that is less than a light absorption wavelength of the second cell layer (220).
3. The photovoltaic module of claim 2, wherein the first cell sheet layer (210) has a light absorption wavelength of less than 800nm and the second cell sheet layer (220) has a light absorption wavelength of less than 1100 nm.
4. The photovoltaic module of claim 2 or 3, wherein the first cell sheet layer (210) comprises any one or more of an amorphous silicon cell, a dye sensitized cell, a perovskite cell, a gallium arsenide cell, a cadmium telluride cell, and a copper indium gallium selenide cell.
5. A photovoltaic module according to claim 2 or 3, characterized in that the second cell sheet layer (220) comprises a crystalline silicon cell.
6. The photovoltaic module according to claim 2 or 3, further comprising a second glue layer (320) between the first substrate (110) and the first cell sheet layer (210), wherein the second glue layer (320) is a transparent glue film.
7. The photovoltaic module of claim 2 or 3, further comprising a third glue layer (330) between the second cell sheet layer (220) and the second substrate (120).
8. A photovoltaic module according to any of claims 1 to 3, characterized in that the cell sheet layer (20) comprises a plurality of cell sheets, each of which is arranged in a grid or a stack.
9. The photovoltaic module according to any of claims 1 to 3, wherein the projections of the cell sheets (20) on the first substrate (110) overlap.
10. The photovoltaic module according to any of claims 1 to 3, wherein the cell sheet (20) of the plurality of cell sheets (20) adjacent to the first substrate (110) is a thin film cell grown on the first substrate (110).
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