CN212616855U

CN212616855U - Pipeline connecting structure

Info

Publication number: CN212616855U
Application number: CN202021173875.9U
Authority: CN
Inventors: 王华生; 黎佐东
Original assignee: Guangzhou Yongsheng Technology Co ltd
Current assignee: Guangzhou Yongsheng Technology Co ltd
Priority date: 2020-06-22
Filing date: 2020-06-22
Publication date: 2021-02-26
Anticipated expiration: 2030-06-22

Abstract

The utility model relates to the technical field of pipeline connection, and discloses a pipeline connection structure, which comprises a joint, a connecting nut and a sealing gasket, wherein the joint is provided with at least two connecting end parts, the connecting end parts are communicated with each other, one connecting end part is connected with a pipeline, the connecting end part is provided with a step hole, the large-diameter section of the step hole is farther away from the middle part of the joint relative to the small-diameter section of the step hole, the end part of the pipeline is inserted in the large-diameter section of the step hole, and the sealing gasket is arranged between the end surface of the pipeline and the step of the; the connecting nut is sleeved on the pipeline, a boss is arranged on the outer side of the pipeline, an inner edge used for being abutted against the boss is arranged at one end of the connecting nut, and an external thread matched with the connecting nut is arranged on the outer side wall of the connecting end part; when the connecting nut is in threaded connection and locked with the connecting end part, the end surface of the pipeline and the step surface of the step hole are respectively abutted against the two side surfaces of the sealing gasket, so that end surface sealing is realized, the sealing gasket can be tightly pressed by the end surface of the pipeline, a good sealing effect is achieved, and the installation and the disassembly are convenient.

Description

Pipeline connecting structure

Technical Field

The utility model relates to a pipe connection technical field especially relates to a pipe connection structure.

Background

Pipeline laying requires long pipelines, and in practical application, a whole pipeline cannot be directly produced, usually by making sections, and then connecting the sections. At present, the connection of each section of pipeline mainly adopts welding, but the welding connection operation is complex, the influence of the quality of welding on the sealing performance of the pipeline is large, the welding cleaning workload is large, the operation is very inconvenient, and the connection of two sections of pipelines is inconvenient to disconnect after the welding connection is finished. The prior art also adopts a joint to connect pipelines, but the prior joint is inconvenient to use and has great sealing worry. In order to guarantee sealing, the pipeline connecting structure in the prior art adopts a sealing device with a complex structure to seal, and has the advantages of high manufacturing difficulty, high cost, high assembly technical requirement and inconvenience in use.

Chinese utility model patent CN206770824U discloses a pipeline connection structure specifically discloses both ends respectively with pipeline threaded connection's connecting pipe to still having adopted extending structure and multilayer sealing washer to seal, the structure is complicated, and the preparation technology is complicated, and the assembly is inconvenient, and this patent is that the pipeline sets up the external screw thread, and the connecting pipe sets up the internal thread, need rotate the pipeline during connection, and it is big to lead to work load, connects, dismantles inconveniently.

Chinese utility model patent CN201103756 discloses an expanding type thin-walled pipe connector, specifically discloses a connector with internal and external threads, a nut or nut, and a thin-walled pipe with an expanding port at the end, wherein the pipe with an expanding port at the end is inserted into the connector with internal and external threads, and the nut or nut is screwed, so as to drive the shoulder blade part on the thin-walled pipe with an expanding port at the end, and firmly connect the pipe and the pipe fitting; when screwing, nut or nut compression sealing washer make tubular product and tube connections and sealed, in this patent, the sealing washer suit is in the outside of tubular product, when nut or nut are screwed up, can drive the sealing washer and remove, and the sealing washer can extrusion deformation, lead to the sealing washer damaged easily and influence sealed, in addition, because the existence of sealing washer, can receive the hindrance of sealing washer when nut or nut threaded connection remove, lead to the nut, the nut can not be connected with the connecting piece is firm well, and be difficult to screw up nut or nut, it is inconvenient to connect and dismantle.

SUMMERY OF THE UTILITY MODEL

The utility model aims at providing a connect convenient, the pipeline connection structure that sealing performance is good.

In order to achieve the above object, the present invention provides a pipe connection structure, including a joint, a connection nut and a sealing gasket, wherein the joint is provided with at least two connection end portions, each of the connection end portions is communicated with each other, one of the connection end portions is connected with a pipe, the connection end portion is provided with a step hole, a large diameter section of the step hole is farther away from the middle portion of the joint than a small diameter section thereof, an end portion of the pipe is inserted into the large diameter section of the step hole, and the sealing gasket is arranged between an end surface of the pipe and a step of the step hole;

the connecting nut is sleeved on the pipeline, a boss is arranged on the outer side of the pipeline, an inner edge used for being abutted against the boss is arranged at one end of the connecting nut, and an external thread matched with the connecting nut is arranged on the outer side wall of the connecting end part;

when the connecting nut is in threaded connection and locked with the connecting end part, the end surface of the pipeline and the step surface of the step hole are respectively abutted against the two side surfaces of the sealing gasket.

Preferably, a contact surface between the boss and the inner edge is an inclined surface, and the contact surface gradually inclines towards the outer side of the pipe along a direction close to a connection position of the pipe and the connection end portion.

Preferably, the inner diameter of the sealing gasket is larger than the aperture of the small-diameter section of the stepped hole and smaller than the outer diameter of the pipeline.

Preferably, the distance between the boss and the end face of the pipeline is greater than the length of the large-diameter section of the stepped hole, and the length of the external thread of the connecting end part is greater than the length of the connecting nut.

Preferably, the connecting nut is divided into a first half nut sleeve and a second half nut sleeve along a plane parallel to the axial direction of the connecting nut, and the first half nut sleeve and the second half nut sleeve are detachably connected.

As a preferred scheme, the first half-nut sleeve and the second half-nut sleeve are connected through a bolt, a positioning block is arranged on a butt joint surface of the first half-nut sleeve and the second half-nut sleeve, a positioning groove matched with the positioning block is arranged on the second half-nut sleeve, a first connecting hole penetrating through two sides of the positioning groove is formed in an axial end surface of the second half-nut sleeve, a second connecting hole is formed in the positioning block, and the bolt penetrates through the first connecting hole and the second connecting hole and is in threaded connection with the first connecting hole and the second connecting hole.

According to the preferable scheme, the pipeline comprises a clamping ring, a circle of groove is formed in the outer side wall of the pipeline, an annular elastic sheet is arranged on one side of the clamping ring, the elastic sheet gathers together towards the center of the clamping ring, the clamping ring is sleeved on the outer side of the pipeline, and the elastic sheet is clamped in the groove to form the boss.

Preferably, the groove is formed by a first groove surface and a second groove surface which are connected, the first groove surface is an inclined surface and gradually inclines towards the inner side of the pipeline along a direction close to the connection position of the pipeline and the connection end part, and the second groove surface is a plane perpendicular to the axial direction of the pipeline.

Preferably, the sealing gasket is a metal gasket or a rubber gasket.

According to the preferable scheme, the connector comprises a connector body and a hexagonal nut body, the connecting end portion is arranged at two ends of the connector body, the spiral directions of the external threads at two ends of the connector body are opposite, and the hexagonal nut body is sleeved in the middle of the connector body and is in an integrated structure with the connector body.

Compared with the prior art, the utility model, its beneficial effect lies in:

the utility model discloses a connecting end that connects sets up the step hole, can support on the step face when making the pipeline peg graft in connecting end to set up seal gasket between the terminal surface of pipeline and the step face, can play the end face seal effect, improve sealing performance. The utility model discloses still adopt coupling nut and be equipped with the boss on the pipeline, can be when coupling nut and connecting end threaded connection, through the inner edge of coupling nut and the counterbalance of boss, promote the pipeline and be close to connecting end to the terminal surface that makes the pipeline compresses tightly seal gasket, plays good sealed effect, and only need twist when using and move coupling nut, the installation is dismantled conveniently.

Drawings

Fig. 1 is a schematic view of a pipe connection structure according to a first embodiment of the present invention.

Fig. 2 is a sectional view of a pipe connection structure according to a first embodiment of the present invention.

Fig. 3 is a cross-sectional view of a joint according to a first embodiment of the present invention.

Fig. 4 is a front view of a coupling nut according to a second embodiment of the present invention.

Fig. 5 is an exploded view of a coupling nut according to a second embodiment of the present invention.

Fig. 6 is a sectional view of a pipe connection structure according to a third embodiment of the present invention.

Fig. 7 is a sectional view of a snap ring according to a third embodiment of the present invention.

Fig. 8 is a sectional view of a pipe according to a third embodiment of the present invention.

In the figure, 1-linker; 101-a connecting end; 102-a stepped bore; 103-a joint body; 104-a hexagonal nut body; 2-connecting a nut; 201-inner edge; 202-first half nut sleeve; 203-a second half nut sleeve; 204-bolt; 205-positioning blocks; 206-positioning grooves; 207-first connection hole; 208-second connection hole; 3-a sealing gasket; 4-a pipeline; 401-boss; 402-grooves; 5-snap ring.

Detailed Description

The following detailed description of the embodiments of the present invention is provided with reference to the accompanying drawings and examples. The following examples are intended to illustrate the invention, but are not intended to limit the scope of the invention.

In the description of the present invention, it should be noted that the terms "center", "longitudinal", "horizontal", "up", "down", "front", "back", "left", "right", "vertical", "horizontal", "top", "bottom", "inner", "outer" and the like are used to indicate the orientation or positional relationship based on the orientation or positional relationship shown in the drawings, and are only for convenience of description and simplification of the description, but do not indicate or imply that the device or element referred to must have a specific orientation, be constructed and operated in a specific orientation, and thus, should not be construed as limiting the present invention. Furthermore, the terms "first" and "second" are used for descriptive purposes only and are not to be construed as indicating or implying relative importance.

In the description of the present invention, it is to be noted that, unless otherwise explicitly specified or limited, the terms "mounted," "connected," and "connected" are to be construed broadly, and may be, for example, fixedly connected, detachably connected, or integrally connected; can be mechanically or electrically connected; they may be connected directly or indirectly through intervening media, or they may be interconnected between two elements. The specific meaning of the above terms in the present invention can be understood in specific cases to those skilled in the art.

Example one

Referring to fig. 1 to 3, a pipe connection structure according to a preferred embodiment of the present invention includes a joint 1, a coupling nut 2 and a sealing gasket 3, the joint 1 is provided with at least two connection end portions 101, each connection end portion 101 is communicated with another, one connection end portion 101 is connected to a pipe 4, the connection end portion 101 is provided with a step hole 102, a large diameter section of the step hole 102 is farther away from a middle portion of the joint 1 than a small diameter section thereof, an end portion of the pipe 4 is inserted into the large diameter section of the step hole 102, and the sealing gasket 3 is disposed between an end surface of the pipe 4 and a step of the step hole 102; the connecting nut 2 is sleeved on the pipeline 4, a boss 401 is arranged on the outer side of the pipeline 4, an inner edge 201 used for being abutted against the boss 401 is arranged at one end of the connecting nut 2, and an external thread matched with the connecting nut 2 is arranged on the outer side wall of the connecting end part 101; when the connecting nut 2 is screwed and locked with the connecting end 101, the end surface of the pipeline 4 and the step surface of the step hole 102 are respectively abutted against two side surfaces of the sealing gasket 3. In this embodiment, the stepped hole 102 is formed in the connection end portion 101 of the joint 1, so that the pipe 4 can be abutted against a stepped surface when being inserted into the connection end portion 101, and the sealing gasket 3 is arranged between the end surface of the pipe 4 and the stepped surface, so that an end surface sealing effect can be achieved, and the sealing performance can be improved. In this embodiment, the connection nut 2 is further adopted and the boss 401 is disposed on the pipe 4, so that when the connection nut 2 is in threaded connection with the connection end portion 101, the pipe 4 is pushed to be close to the connection end portion 101 by the abutment of the inner edge 201 of the connection nut 2 and the boss 401, and the sealing gasket 3 is compressed by the end face of the pipe 4, thereby achieving a good sealing effect, and the connection nut 2 only needs to be screwed when in use, so that the installation and the disassembly are convenient. The pipeline 4 of this embodiment adopts end face seal with connecting 1, is applicable to pipeline 4 and the axial butt joint that connects 1, except having good leakproofness, can make pipeline 4 and connect 1 to be connected firmly inseparable to the surface accuracy requirement to the pipeline is low, has reduced the purchasing cost of pipeline, makes seal gasket 3 can adopt flat gasket simultaneously, simple structure, easy processing preparation, and easily assembly, with low costs. Moreover, in the embodiment, when the coupling nut 2 is tightened, the pipe 4 only moves axially without rotating, so that no rotational friction is generated with the sealing gasket 3 or the sealing gasket 3 is driven to move, the sealing gasket 3 is not damaged, and compared with the case that the sealing structure is arranged between the pipe 4 and the coupling nut 2, the tightening and the dismounting of the coupling nut 2 are more convenient to operate, and the resistance is small.

Further, referring to fig. 2, the contact surface between the boss 401 and the inner edge 201 of the present embodiment is an inclined surface, and the contact surface gradually inclines to the outer side of the pipe 4 along the direction close to the connection position between the pipe 4 and the connection end portion 101, so that when the connection nut 2 rotates to connect with the connection end portion 101, the extrusion force between the connection nut 2 and the boss 401 gradually increases, the torsion force generated by the connection nut 2 and the connection end portion 101 and transmitted to the pipe 4 gradually increases, thereby the end surface of the pipe 4 compresses the sealing gasket 3, and the sealing performance between the pipe 4 and the joint 1 is improved. The boss 401 of this embodiment is of an annular structure, so that the end surface of the sealing gasket 3 is pressed uniformly, and the boss 401 is extruded by a pipe boss forming machine. It should be noted that the contact surface of the boss 401 and the coupling nut 2, and the contact surface of the coupling nut 2 and the boss 401 may be an arc surface or a spherical surface structure. Further, the inner diameter of the sealing gasket 3 of this embodiment is larger than the aperture of the small-diameter section of the stepped hole 102 and smaller than the outer diameter of the pipeline 4, so that the sealing gasket 3 can be compressed by the end surface of the pipeline 4, and the inner side of the sealing gasket 3 does not protrude inward from the stepped surface of the stepped hole 102, thereby preventing the sealing gasket 3 from blocking the fluid in the pipeline 4 and causing loss, and meanwhile avoiding the fluid of the pipeline 4 from impacting and damaging the sealing gasket 3, prolonging the service life of the sealing gasket 3, and ensuring the sealing effect.

In addition, in the embodiment, the distance between the boss 401 and the end face of the pipe 4 is greater than the length of the large-diameter section of the stepped hole 102, and the length of the external thread of the connection end portion 101 is greater than the length of the connection nut 2, so that the sealing gasket 3 can be pressed after the end face of the pipe 4 is connected with the nut 1 and the connection end portion 101, a gap between the end face of the pipe 4 and the sealing gasket 3 due to an excessively small distance between the boss 401 and the end face of the pipe 4 is avoided, the sealing performance is ensured, meanwhile, the manufacturing error of the sealing gasket 3 can be tolerated, and the sealing gasket. The sealing gasket 3 of this embodiment is metal gasket or rubber gasket, and metal gasket can be high temperature resistant, high pressure and adapt to the condition under ultra-low temperature or the vacuum and use, selects the gasket of different materials according to environment and production condition.

In addition, the joint 1 of this embodiment includes joint body 103 and hexagon nut body 104, the both ends that connect body 103 are located to coupling end portion 101, and the spiral opposite direction of the external screw thread that connects the body 103 both ends, hexagon nut body 104 cover locate joint body 103 the middle part and with connect body 103 formula structure as an organic whole, when the equal connecting tube 4 in both ends that connect 1, can directly pass through hexagon nut body 104 swivelling joint 1 at middle part, thereby dismantle the pipeline 4 that both ends are connected simultaneously, high durability and convenient use, and the work efficiency is improved.

Example two

Referring to fig. 4 and 5, the present embodiment is different from the first embodiment in that the first embodiment uses a common nut, the coupling nut 2 of the present embodiment is divided into a first half nut sleeve 202 and a second half nut sleeve 203 along a plane parallel to the axial direction thereof, and the first half nut sleeve 202 and the second half nut sleeve 203 are detachably coupled. In the first embodiment, the connecting nut 2 needs to be sleeved on the pipeline 4 in advance, then the boss 401 abutting against the inner edge 201 of the connecting nut 2 is manufactured, the connecting nut 2 is easy to neglect to install or the connecting nut 2 is easy to be wrongly installed in the direction, and the connecting nut 2 is easy to damage during transportation, in the first embodiment, the connecting nut 2 is set to be split, the connecting nut 2 is not required to be sleeved before the boss 401 is formed, only the first half nut sleeve 202 and the second half nut sleeve 203 are required to be sleeved outside the pipeline 4 and then connected to form the connecting nut 2, pipeline connection can be performed, convenience is brought to use, the connecting nut 2 is prevented from being wrongly installed, the assembly efficiency can be improved, abandonment and reproduction of the pipeline can be prevented, and the cost is reduced.

In the embodiment, a first half-nut sleeve 202 and a second half-nut sleeve 203 are connected through a bolt 204, a positioning block 205 is arranged on a butt joint surface of the first half-nut sleeve 202 and the second half-nut sleeve 203, a positioning groove 206 matched with the positioning block 205 is arranged on the second half-nut sleeve 203, a first connecting hole 207 penetrating through two sides of the positioning groove 206 is formed in an axial end surface of the second half-nut sleeve 203, a second connecting hole 208 is arranged on the positioning block 205, and the bolt 204 penetrates through the first connecting hole 207 and the second connecting hole 208 and is in threaded connection with the first connecting hole 207 and the second connecting hole 208. The positioning block 205 is matched with the positioning groove 206, so that the first half nut sleeve 202 and the second half nut sleeve 203 can be accurately involuted, the positioning is convenient, the connection is realized by adopting the bolt 204, the assembly is convenient, the structure of the connecting nut 2 is stable, and the connecting nut 2 is prevented from being split when being rotated.

Other structures of this embodiment are the same as those of the first embodiment, and are not described herein again.

EXAMPLE III

Referring to fig. 6 to 8, the difference between the first embodiment and the first embodiment is that the first embodiment further includes a snap ring 5, a circle of groove 402 is formed in the outer side wall of the pipe 4, an annular elastic sheet is arranged on one side of the snap ring 5, the elastic sheet is gathered towards the center of the snap ring 5, the snap ring 5 is annular, the snap ring 5 is sleeved on the outer side of the pipe 4, and the elastic sheet is clamped in the groove 402 to form a boss 401, the boss 401 of the first embodiment is low in extrusion molding efficiency and is not suitable for pipes made of PPR and other materials, the first embodiment can be suitable for pipes made of various materials by matching the snap ring 5 with the groove 402, the groove 402 is easy to manufacture and high in efficiency, and the connecting nut 2 is only required to be sleeved before the snap ring. One side of snap ring 5 of this embodiment is the shell fragment, and when its cover was in pipeline 4, the shell fragment was inwards drawn close chucking pipeline 4, and in the shell fragment card income recess 402 of this embodiment, recess 402 had the location and supported the pressure effect to snap ring 5, drove snap ring 5 and remove on pipeline 4 when preventing that coupling nut 2 from removing.

The recess 402 of this embodiment comprises the first trough surface and the second trough surface that meet, first trough surface is the inclined plane and inclines to the inboard of pipeline 4 gradually along the direction that is close to the junction of pipeline 4 and coupling end portion 101, the second trough surface is the axial plane of perpendicular to pipeline 4, the axial cross-section that makes recess 402 is triangle-shaped, the first trough surface of inclined plane structure can make the smooth card of one side that snap ring 5 set up the shell fragment go into in recess 402, perpendicular to pipeline 4 axial second trough surface has the effect of blockking to snap ring 5, it moves on pipeline 4 to place coupling nut 2 and drive snap ring 5 when pressing snap ring 5 to remove.

To sum up, the embodiment of the utility model provides a pipeline connecting structure, it crosses and sets up step hole 102 at the coupling end 101 that connects 1, can support on the step face when making pipeline 4 peg graft in coupling end 101 to set up seal gasket 3 between the terminal surface of pipeline 4 and the step face, can play the end face seal effect, improve sealing performance. In this embodiment, the connection nut 2 is further adopted and the boss 401 is disposed on the pipe 4, so that when the connection nut 2 is in threaded connection with the connection end portion 101, the pipe 4 is pushed to be close to the connection end portion 101 by the abutment of the inner edge 201 of the connection nut 2 and the boss 401, and the sealing gasket 3 is compressed by the end face of the pipe 4, thereby achieving a good sealing effect, and the connection nut 2 only needs to be screwed when in use, so that the installation and the disassembly are convenient.

The foregoing is only a preferred embodiment of the present invention, and it should be noted that, for those skilled in the art, a plurality of modifications and replacements can be made without departing from the technical principle of the present invention, and these modifications and replacements should also be regarded as the protection scope of the present invention.

Claims

1. A pipeline connecting structure is characterized by comprising a connector (1), a connecting nut (2) and a sealing gasket (3), wherein the connector (1) is provided with at least two connecting end parts (101), the connecting end parts (101) are communicated with each other, one connecting end part (101) is connected with a pipeline (4), the connecting end parts (101) are provided with step holes (102), the large-diameter sections of the step holes (102) are farther away from the middle part of the connector (1) relative to the small-diameter sections of the step holes, the end parts of the pipeline (4) are inserted into the large-diameter sections of the step holes (102), and the sealing gasket (3) is arranged between the end surface of the pipeline (4) and the steps of the step holes (102);

the connecting nut (2) is sleeved on the pipeline (4), a boss (401) is arranged on the outer side of the pipeline (4), an inner edge (201) used for being abutted against the boss (401) is arranged at one end of the connecting nut (2), and an external thread matched with the connecting nut (2) is arranged on the outer side wall of the connecting end portion (101);

when the connecting nut (2) is in threaded connection and locked with the connecting end part (101), the end surface of the pipeline (4) and the step surface of the step hole (102) are respectively abutted against two side surfaces of the sealing gasket (3).

2. The pipe connection according to claim 1, wherein a contact surface of the boss (401) with the inner edge (201) is an inclined surface, and the contact surface is gradually inclined toward an outer side of the pipe (4) in a direction near a connection of the pipe (4) with the connection end portion (101).

3. The pipe connection structure according to claim 1, wherein the inner diameter of the sealing gasket (3) is larger than the diameter of the small diameter section of the stepped hole (102) and smaller than the outer diameter of the pipe (4).

4. The pipe connection structure according to claim 1, wherein a distance between the boss (401) and the end face of the pipe (4) is greater than a length of a large diameter section of the stepped hole (102), and a length of the external thread of the connection end portion (101) is greater than a length of the connection nut (2).

5. A pipe connection according to claim 1, characterized in that the connection nut (2) is divided into a first half-nut sleeve (202) and a second half-nut sleeve (203) along a plane parallel to its axial direction, the first half-nut sleeve (202) and the second half-nut sleeve (203) being detachably connected.

6. The pipeline connecting structure according to claim 5, wherein the first half-nut sleeve (202) and the second half-nut sleeve (203) are connected through a bolt (204), a positioning block (205) is arranged on an abutting surface of the first half-nut sleeve (202) and the second half-nut sleeve (203), a positioning groove (206) matched with the positioning block (205) is arranged on the second half-nut sleeve (203), a first connecting hole (207) penetrating through two sides of the positioning groove (206) is arranged on an axial end surface of the second half-nut sleeve (203), a second connecting hole (208) is arranged on the positioning block (205), and the bolt (204) penetrates through the first connecting hole (207) and the second connecting hole (208) and is in threaded connection with the first connecting hole (207) and the second connecting hole (208).

7. The pipeline connecting structure according to claim 1, further comprising a snap ring (5), wherein a circle of groove (402) is formed in the outer side wall of the pipeline (4), an annular elastic sheet is arranged on one side of the snap ring (5), the elastic sheet is gathered towards the center of the snap ring (5), the snap ring (5) is sleeved on the outer side of the pipeline (4), and the elastic sheet is clamped in the groove (402) to form the boss (401).

8. The pipe connection according to claim 7, wherein the groove (402) is constituted by a first groove surface and a second groove surface which are joined, the first groove surface being a slope and gradually inclined toward the inside of the pipe (4) in a direction near a junction of the pipe (4) and the connection end portion (101), the second groove surface being a plane perpendicular to the axial direction of the pipe (4).

9. The pipe connection according to claim 1, wherein the sealing gasket (3) is a metal gasket or a rubber gasket.

10. The pipeline connecting structure according to claim 1, wherein the joint (1) comprises a joint body (103) and a hexagonal nut body (104), the connecting end portions (101) are arranged at two ends of the joint body (103), the screw directions of external threads at two ends of the joint body (103) are opposite, and the hexagonal nut body (104) is sleeved in the middle of the joint body (103) and is of an integrated structure with the joint body (103).