CN211850521U - 用于覆盖垂直和水平表面的覆盖板和系统 - Google Patents

用于覆盖垂直和水平表面的覆盖板和系统 Download PDF

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Publication number
CN211850521U
CN211850521U CN201921400991.7U CN201921400991U CN211850521U CN 211850521 U CN211850521 U CN 211850521U CN 201921400991 U CN201921400991 U CN 201921400991U CN 211850521 U CN211850521 U CN 211850521U
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covering
layer
thickness
covering panel
panel
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D·格拉纳多斯佩莱斯
L·费尔南德斯洛佩斯
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Ouyuan Trade Floor Co
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Ouyuan Trade Floor Co
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Abstract

本发明涉及用于覆盖垂直和水平表面的覆盖板和系统。所述覆盖板(1)至少包括：外部装饰层(2)；支撑层(3)，其包含氧化镁；以及具有粘合表面(5)的泡沫材料层(4)，其打算用于放置在待覆盖的表面(100)上，泡沫材料层(4)有多个穿孔(6)。在支撑层与泡沫材料层之间存在阻挡膜或阻挡层(7)。支撑层在其厚度上具有不均匀的密度，区分为装饰层之后的第一厚度(31)，以及位于第一厚度与阻挡膜或阻挡层之间第二厚度(32)，其中第一厚度中的密度大于第二厚度中的密度。支撑层设有由网状物或织物制成的增强结构(8)，其位于第二厚度内。

Description

用于覆盖垂直和水平表面的覆盖板和系统
技术领域
本发明涉及一种用于覆盖水平表面(诸如地板或地板覆盖物)和垂直表面(诸如墙壁)的覆盖板。该覆盖板为多层板，其包括：装饰层，其具有从外部可见的装饰图案；包含氧化镁的支撑层；以及具有粘合表面的泡沫材料层，其打算用于放置在待覆盖的垂直或水平表面上。
本发明还涉及一种用于覆盖垂直和水平表面的系统，该系统包括多个本发明的覆盖版。
背景技术
专利文件EP2960397-A1公开了一种用于基本上水平的支撑表面(例如地板或地板覆盖物)的多层覆盖板，其包括：具有延展性或柔性的上部装饰层；接着是主层，由包含氧化镁、具有珍珠岩和蛭石的纤维水泥或砂浆的刚性或半刚性材料制成；最后是连续且柔性的支撑层，由聚氯乙烯(PVC)或木塑复合材料(WPC)制成，打算用于放置在支撑表面上。
除了为覆盖板提供坚固性之外，在主层中所考虑的材料还提供高的尺寸稳定性，因为该层既不会膨胀，其尺寸也不会在潮湿环境中发生变化，尤其当其为包含氧化镁的层时。此外，当在地板和墙壁的覆盖层所经受的实际温度条件下测试时，它们具有优异的膨胀系数和收缩系数。
通常，打算用于覆盖地板的自粘覆盖物不适用于墙壁表面，因为它们通常具有不平整性，例如接缝，石膏板之间的不均匀性，以及当这些不平整性在覆盖板上很明显时乙烯基覆盖层再现的各种缺陷，从而产生较差的美观效果。为解决这一问题，申请人开发了一种新的覆盖板，其中在主层之后有具有粘合表面的泡沫材料层，其打算用于放置在待覆盖的表面上。此外，该自粘泡沫材料层的特殊性在于它具有多个穿孔，这些穿孔从粘合表面穿透到泡沫材料层中。穿孔使得必须在墙壁上施加覆盖层的使用者或操作者能够用硅酮、胶水或类似材料填充这些穿孔，这些材料增强了覆盖层对墙壁表面的粘合能力，增加了在泡沫材料层的外表面上已经提供的粘合剂本身的效果。此外，所述穿孔已经为使用者或操作者指示在何处施加硅酮或类似产品，因此在此项工作中不会出错。
尽管上述覆盖板具有覆盖水平和垂直表面的良好结果，但是当主层包含氧化镁时，该主层具有一定的渗透性并吸收可能来自待覆盖墙壁的湿气。它可以吸收高达约10％的水，这不会使主层不稳定，但会使水到达相邻的层或保持该水分含量，因此其他层的质量可能会劣化，甚至在覆盖层的可视表面上会出现可见的潮湿斑点。板中保持连续的水分含量是非常有害的，这不仅是从美学或功能的观点来看，而且它还可以在不同环境中产生霉菌、难闻的气味和不健康的状况。
在实践中还观察到，包含氧化镁的主层与装饰层的粘合并不总是同样有效，因为在某些情况下，装饰层在包含聚氯乙烯(PVC)时(例如豪华乙烯基地砖或地板，英文称为luxury vinyl tiles(LVT))发生弯曲，因为它对温度变化非常敏感(收缩/膨胀)，这种弯曲甚至可以传递到主层，破坏了其最初的一些优点，最终装饰层可能从主层松脱。
此外，众所周知，在将覆盖板与其他覆盖板相邻放置时，必须在板的侧边缘和相邻板的侧边缘之间留下小的间隔距离(称为接缝)，并布置密封材料诸如硅酮的珠粒，以保护待覆盖的表面免受可能来自外部的湿气(来自待覆盖的表面所在的房间或甚至当用液体材料清洁覆盖表面时)。尽管由于上述覆盖板的泡沫材料层，改善了对要覆盖的墙壁或地板的表面可能具有的不平整性的适应性，但是有时在覆盖板之间的接缝中可以看到这些不平整的存在，因为不能确保所有硅酮珠粒外观的均匀性，导致其中一些硅酮珠粒比另一些硅酮珠粒更宽，这可以表明从一块板到下一块板的可视表面的水平出现不连续变化。这在清洁覆盖表面时尤其明显，因为当触摸时可以感觉到板之间的不连续性。
发明内容
为了给所提出的缺陷提供解决方案，本专利公开了一种用于覆盖水平和垂直表面的覆盖板，从打算用于暴露于外部的可视面至打算用于朝向待覆盖的表面的隐藏面，所述覆盖板包括按顺序布置的至少以下层：
-外部装饰层；
-支撑层，其包含氧化镁；以及
具有粘合表面的泡沫材料层，其打算用于放置在待覆盖的表面上，所述泡沫材料层具有多个穿孔。
本质上，覆盖板的特征在于其包含布置在支撑层与泡沫材料层之间用于减少或防止水分或湿气侵入的阻挡膜或阻挡层。其特征还在于，支撑层在其厚度上具有不均匀的密度，区分为：装饰层后的第一厚度，以及位于第一厚度与阻挡膜或阻挡层之间的第二厚度，其中支撑层在第一厚度中的密度大于其在第二厚度中的密度。此外，支撑层具有由网状物或织物制成的增强结构，该增强结构位于支撑层的第二厚度内。
布置在支撑层与泡沫材料层之间、有助于防止水分和湿气侵入的阻挡膜或阻挡层防止水分和湿气到达包含氧化镁的支撑层，从而防止来自待覆盖的表面(墙壁或地板)的湿气被支撑层吸收并在其余层中产生不利影响。
其组分中包含氧化镁的支撑层的平均密度为大约1050kg/m3。然而，支撑层并不具有均匀的密度，因为其制造过程导致在该层中，其中总厚度的大约一半具有不同于总厚度的另一半的密度。该密度差有利于实现构成覆盖板的不同层之间的平衡，旨在实现从装饰层中的较高密度值到泡沫材料层的较低密度值的转变。
氧化镁颗粒比构成支撑层的大部分其他组分都小且重。为形成该支撑层，提供由矩形底座和周边框架构成的矩形模具，底座保持水平。从上方注入一系列组分，其中有干燥时凝固或硬化的基础材料、或化学粘合剂、诸如珍珠岩或蛭石的矿物颗粒、骨料、改性剂、颜料等。当氧化镁添加到已经注入到模具中的材料中时，由于重力和其相对于其他组分的小粒度，氧化镁颗粒在其他组分之间移动并且更大程度上沉积到模具厚度的下半部分中。此外，模具同样经受振动和干燥时间。其中沉积大部分氧化镁颗粒的模具底部具有精加工表面，因为这些颗粒很小。因此，选择支撑层的这个表面用于随后通过胶粘将其粘合到装饰层上，因为它确保了用于粘合的更大的接触表面，特别是确保了收缩和膨胀行为之间的平衡。
网状物或织物形式的增强结构可位于支撑层的第二厚度内，该厚度是具有较低密度的厚度，有助于装饰层的弯曲不传递到支撑层，其优选为基于聚氯乙烯(PVC)的层。
用于减少或防止水和湿气侵入的阻挡膜或阻挡层优选地由疏水性聚氨酯制成。特别地，聚氨酯为清漆、涂料或液态膜的形态，其当干燥时产生层或膜。
根据本发明的另一特征，由网状物(例如像网一样)或织物制成、形成的增强结构的材料由玻璃纤维制成。优选地，增强结构由玻璃纤维束制成，其形成四边形的网状物，例如10mm×10mm正方形的拼缝物。不排除其他的实施方案：其中增强结构由玻璃纤维织物构成，当在织物的纱线之间存在支撑层的材料能够通过的空的空间时，织物的网格使该增强结构能够与支撑层材料成为一体。
根据本发明的另一特征，支撑层的第一厚度中的密度大于1000 kg/m3，且支撑层的第二厚度中的密度小于1000kg/m3。优选地，支撑层的第一厚度中的密度在1100与1200kg/m3之间，第二厚度中的密度在 800与900kg/m3之间。这些密度使得覆盖板具有合适的耐受力，在冷和热中表现良好并且与适用于地板和墙壁覆盖物的厚度相容，实现覆盖物的性能平衡或均衡而不损害其任何特征。
优选地，支撑层的第一厚度和第二厚度具有相同的厚度值，介于1.3 mm与1.8mm之间，例如约1.5mm。
在平行于覆盖板的这些层的平面中，由网状物或玻璃纤维织物构成的增强结构优选布置在构成第二厚度的支撑层的部分的中心上。
至于泡沫材料层，其密度大于或等于25kg/m3，并且由以下的聚合物材料之一制成：辐照交联聚乙烯(IXPE)泡沫、乙烯-乙酸乙烯酯(EVA) 泡沫、聚氨酯(PU)泡沫和聚氯乙烯(PVC)泡沫。根据优选实施方案，泡沫层由IXPE制成。
粘合表面含有与泡沫材料层的聚合物材料相容的粘合剂。粘合剂可以是基于丙烯酸或基于合成物的粘合剂或基于任何其他类型的粘合剂，只要其确保除了与聚合物材料的相容性之外，从机械结合和持久结合的角度来看，都足以结合到待覆盖的表面。其中优选的粘合剂为包含乙酸乙酯或乙烯-乙酸乙烯酯共聚物的粘合剂。优选地，粘合剂是乙酸乙酯。
装饰层由已知首字母缩写为LVT的高档豪华乙烯基地砖或地板制成，其主要组分是聚氯乙烯(PVC)，因为它由数层PVC组成。基于PVC 的装饰层的厚度在0.3mm与5mm之间，更优选在0.3mm与2mm之间，且更优选在0.3mm与1.25mm之间。LVT是乙烯基地砖的一种选择，其具有石材或陶瓷地板的天然外观，但又具有耐用乙烯基地板 (resistant vinylflooring)的耐用性和耐久性。通过逼真的图像和表面纹理， LVT的PVC成功地模仿了石材和其他材料的图案，以使其具有基本上真实的外观。除了独一无二的外观，其中的优点在于易于维护和防潮。装饰层的密度介于1450kg/m3与1550kg/m3之间，优选为约1500kg/m3。
除氧化镁外，支撑层可包含硫酸镁MgSO4。其中支撑层包含氧化镁与珍珠岩、硫酸镁(MgSO4)、木颗粒和锌钡白一起的实施方案是特别有利的。
就泡沫材料层中提供的穿孔而言，值得一提的是，所述穿孔与阻挡膜或阻挡层连通以减少或防止水分和湿气侵入(优选疏水性聚氨酯)，使得每个穿孔的底部由该阻挡膜或阻挡层的一部分构成。穿孔优选地在粘合表面上具有椭圆形或长方形(oblong)轮廓。尽管存在分布模式不同的穿孔，而且基于覆盖板具有矩形形式的事实，优选地预见在靠近构成覆盖板的隐藏面的矩形的相应角的各个区域中具有穿孔，所述矩形的侧边缘设置为在所述角中的穿孔之间至少还有一个穿孔。
根据本发明的另一优选实施方案，覆盖板的彼此相对的侧面中的至少两个侧面均由第一倾斜侧面和第二倾斜侧面构成，第一倾斜侧面至少涵盖与装饰层对应的侧面的整个部分，第二倾斜侧面涵盖覆盖板的侧面的其余部分，两个倾斜侧面的交叉处在与支撑层对应的部分侧面中形成突出边缘，第一倾斜侧面和第二倾斜侧面形成大于70°且小于180°的内角。
根据本发明的这一优选实施方案，覆盖板具有总共四个侧面，即第一侧面、第二侧面、第三侧面和第四侧面，且每个侧面均由第一倾斜侧面和第二倾斜侧面构成，第一倾斜侧面至少涵盖与装饰层对应的侧面的整个部分，第二倾斜侧面涵盖覆盖板的侧面的其余部分，两个倾斜侧面的交叉处在与支撑层对应的部分侧面中形成突出边缘，第一倾斜侧面和第二倾斜侧面形成大于70°且小于180°的内角。
根据该优选实施方案的特征，从第二倾斜侧面的外侧测量，第二倾斜侧面与平行于覆盖板的隐藏面的表面的平面优选地形成介于75°与 80°之间的角度，所述第二倾斜侧面构成涵盖从突出边缘到粘合表面的覆盖板的侧面的部分，所述隐藏面打算用于朝向待覆盖的表面。
根据该优选实施方案的另一个特征，每一突出边缘位于与支撑层的第一厚度对应的各侧面的部分中，第一倾斜面涵盖装饰层的侧面的整个部分以及支撑层的第一厚度的侧部的一部分。第二倾斜面涵盖覆盖板的侧面的剩余部分，从突出边缘延伸到粘合表面。
根据本发明的另一方面，覆盖板的该优选实施方案使得可以公开一种用于覆盖垂直和水平表面的系统，其可以理解为成套制品，其特征在于，其包括多个与以上所述相同的覆盖板，其中覆盖板满足多个覆盖板中的每个覆盖板的彼此相对的至少两个侧面均由第一倾斜面和第二倾斜面构成，第一倾斜面至少涵盖与装饰层对应的侧面的整个部分，第二倾斜面涵盖覆盖板的侧面的剩余部分，两个倾斜侧面的交叉处在与支撑层对应的侧面的部分中形成突出边缘，第一倾斜侧面与第二倾斜侧面形成大于70°且小于180°的内角。除上述覆盖板外，所述系统还包括包含含有基于丙烯酸的胶水的包装物(package)，用于填充覆盖板的一些或全部穿孔。
有利地，所述系统进一步包括第二包装物，第二包装物含有密封剂硅酮用于将所述硅酮的珠粒布置在两个覆盖板之间的空间中，所述两个覆盖板通过其至少一个侧面彼此相对布置，这些侧面具有相接触的各突出边缘，所述侧面各自的突出边缘相接触，尤其将所述硅酮的珠粒布置在覆盖板的侧面的部分第二倾斜侧面的一部分与待覆盖的垂直或水平表面之间的接缝空间中。
以此方式，覆盖板彼此相邻放置，沿其侧面的突出边缘彼此接触，看见放置的覆盖镶板(covering panelling)的观察者将看到完全覆盖而没有接缝的表面。然而，由于侧面包括第二倾斜面，硅酮珠粒可以布置在覆盖板之间而从外面看不见，保护其免于冷凝。此外，边缘之间的接触非常有助于使装饰面上的清洁液体或冷凝物非常难以进入覆盖板之间的接缝空间。
放置覆盖板非常容易，因为将覆盖板与另一相邻覆盖板对接放置时所产生的接触能够引导操作员，所述接触源自覆盖板的突出边缘的接触。此外，以此方式放置的两个覆盖板可以围绕其各自的边缘旋转，通过这些边缘其彼此接触，并且这使得覆盖板能够各自倾斜从而更好地适应被覆盖表面的形态，而从外部不会注意到明显的分离接缝。
附图说明
附图通过非限制性示例的方式示出了本发明的覆盖板制品的一些优选实施方案。在附图中：
图1是依照与覆盖板的短边方向平行的切割平面，本发明的矩形覆盖板制品的第一实施方案的剖视图；
图2是依照与覆盖板的长边方向平行的切割平面，图1的覆盖板的剖视图；
图3与图1中所示类似，但是是本发明的覆盖板制品的第二实施方案的视图；
图4是从图1的覆盖板的可视面看的覆盖板的视图；
图5是从图1的覆盖板的隐藏面看的覆盖板的视图，其中布置在泡沫材料层的粘合表面上设置穿孔；
图6是类似于图5的视图，不同之处在于在将覆盖板布置到待覆盖的表面上之前，一些穿孔已用基于丙烯酸的胶水填充；
图7是类似于图6的视图，但其属于根据本发明的另一实施方案的覆盖板，其具有比图6中所示的覆盖板更长的矩形形式。
图8是图2的覆盖板的视图，其中已放置所示覆盖板，其覆盖具有一些不平整性的表面的一部分，且其中覆盖板的穿孔已填充基于丙烯酸的胶水；以及
图9是根据本发明的两块覆盖板的布置的细节图，所述两块覆盖板通过其各自的突出边缘接触，这些突出边缘从彼此相对的覆盖板的侧面突起，同时还示出了布置在覆盖板的第二倾斜侧面之间的空间中的密封剂硅酮的珠粒。
具体实施方式
图1和2示意性示出了具有矩形形式的覆盖板1的横截面和纵截面，其用于覆盖水平和垂直表面100(参见图8)，例如地板或地板覆盖物和诸如墙壁的垂直表面。
从覆盖板1的可视面91(打算用于暴露于外部的面，参见图4)至覆盖板1的隐藏面92(打算用于面向待覆盖的表面100的面，参见图5-7)，所示覆盖板1由布置的如下层组成：
-外部装饰层2；
-支撑层3，其包含氧化镁；
-阻挡膜或阻挡层7，其用于减少或防止水分和湿气侵入，优选为疏水性聚氨酯；以及
-具有粘合表面5的泡沫材料层4，其打算用于放置在待覆盖的表面100上，该泡沫材料层具有多个穿孔6。
支撑层3在其厚度上具有不均匀的密度，区分为：在装饰层2之后的第一厚度31，以及在第一厚度31与阻挡膜或阻挡层7之间的第二厚度32。支撑层3在第一厚度31中的密度介于1100与1200kg/m3之间，而第二厚度32中的密度介于800与900kg/m3之间。
为了形成支撑层3，存在矩形模具，其由矩形底座和低高度的周边框架组成，或者模具由平坦托盘(实际上无垂直边缘)组成，底座或托盘保持水平。从上方注入一系列组分，其中有干燥时凝固或硬化的基础材料、或化学粘合剂、诸如珍珠岩或蛭石的矿物颗粒、骨料、改性剂、颜料等，构成支撑层3的优选组分为珍珠岩(优选研磨珍珠岩)、硫酸镁(MgSO4)、木颗粒和锌钡白。
当将氧化镁添加到已经注入到模具中的材料中时，由于重力和其相对于其他组分具有较小粒度，氧化镁颗粒在其他组分之间移动并且更大程度上沉积到模具厚度的下半部分中。此外，也对模具进行振动。由于氧化镁颗粒很小，因此大部分氧化镁颗粒沉积在模具底部，所述模具底部具有精加工表面。因此，选择支撑层3的该表面以用于随后通过胶水将其结合到装饰层2。结果得到支撑层3，其中区分为第一厚度31和比该第一厚度具有较小密度的第二厚度32。
一旦从模具移出支撑层3，对应于第一厚度31的部分将是结合到装饰层2的部分，因为其是占据模具下半部的部分，这导致其具有较大的密度和较平滑的表面光洁度。
应提到，水平模具布置也用于引入由上述网状物或织物形成的增强结构8，积压该结构直至使其下沉支撑层3的总厚度的大约四分之一。增强结构8由例如四边形形状的网状物形成，网状物由诸如玻璃纤维的材料制成。当通常包含聚氯乙烯(PVC)的装饰层2的表面上的PVC受到高温或相当大的温差时，增强结构8有助于不将装饰层2的弯曲传递到支撑层3。
支撑层3除了为覆盖板1提供坚固性外，还具有很高的尺寸稳定性，因为如果存在湿气或水分，其既不会溶胀也不会发生尺寸变化，且尤其是氧化镁，其在有利的真实温度条件下具有膨胀和收缩以确保良好的性能，确保在覆盖板之间没有接缝口，没有其中一些板压迫另一些板，板两侧也没有被破坏。
装饰层2优选为豪华乙烯基地砖或地板(LVT)，其基于PVC且其密度为约1500kg/m3。通过结合到密度在1100与1200kg/m3之间的支撑层 3的第一厚度31的部分，实现这些层密度的平衡，因为由乙烯基制成的装饰层2的密度与第二厚度的密度相比更接近第一厚度31的密度。
就厚度而言，同样也寻求不同层之间的平衡。因此，装饰层2当由乙烯基制成时优选具有约1mm的厚度，且支撑层3具有约3mm的总厚度，其中第一厚度31占1.5mm，第二厚度32占1.5mm。增强结构8 在与层布置大致平行的平面中，位于接近第二厚度32的中心。
然后将用于减少或防止水分或湿气侵入的阻挡膜或阻挡层7布置在对应于支撑层3的第二厚度32的表面上，阻挡膜或阻挡层7可以是由疏水性聚氨酯制成的清漆(varnish)或涂料，且一旦聚氨酯已干燥，就胶粘到泡沫材料层4，其中可能已制成所设的多个穿孔6。
泡沫材料层4具有大于或等于25kg/m3的密度，且优选由IXPE，即，辐照交联聚乙烯泡沫制成。粘合表面5含有与泡沫材料层4相容的粘合剂且其基础组分为乙酸乙酯。尽管附图中未显示，但覆盖板1具有用可移除的纸张覆盖在外部的粘合表面5。仅在将覆盖板1施加到水平或垂直表面100之前，使用者从覆盖板1移除可移除的纸张，从而防止放置覆盖板前其粘附到其他表面或采用错误的位置。
图4和5示出了矩形形式的覆盖板1，其具有四个侧面：第一侧面 93、第二侧面94、第三侧面95和第四侧面96，每个侧面均由第一倾斜测面11和第二倾斜侧面12构造而成，第一倾斜侧面11至少涵盖对应于装饰层2的侧面的整个部分，第二倾斜侧面12涵盖该侧面的其余部分，两个倾斜侧面11和12的交叉处形成覆盖板1的突出边缘10。在图 1和2所示的覆盖板1中，突出边缘10位于支撑层3的部分中，尤其在第一厚度31中。而图3示出了覆盖板1的另一实施方案，其中边缘10 位于装饰层2与支撑层3之间的结合的高度处。图1-3和8-9示出第一倾斜侧面11与第二倾斜侧面12形成大于70°且小于180°的内角(从覆盖板内侧测量)。
通过示例性实施方案，从第二倾斜侧面12的外部测量，第二倾斜侧面12与平行于覆盖板1的隐藏面92的表面的平面形成介于75°与80°之间的角度，第二倾斜侧面12构造在覆盖板1的每个侧面93、94、95、 96上，涵盖从突出边缘10至粘合表面5。
应注意，在附图中所示的覆盖板1中，四个侧面93、94、95和96 中每一侧面均由在各侧面的突出边缘10上汇集的第一倾斜侧面11和第二倾斜侧面12构造。然而，覆盖板10的其他实施方案设想仅彼此相对的两个侧面93-94或95-96具有所述的倾斜表面构造。
第一侧面93、第二侧面94、第三侧面95和第四侧面96的这种构造使得能够在待覆盖的表面100上以简单的方式放置相邻的覆盖板1。覆盖板1彼此相邻放置，沿其第四侧面96-第三侧面95、第二侧面94- 第一侧面93的突出边缘10彼此接触，覆盖板1通过这些突出边缘10 相邻放置，看到该放置的覆盖镶板的观察者将看到完全覆盖的而没有接缝的表面。然而，由于第一侧面93、第二侧面94、第三侧面95和第四侧面96包括第二倾斜侧面12，在所述相对的第二倾斜侧面12、各突出边缘10和其上已放置覆盖板的表面100的一部分之间产生空间。硅酮的珠粒62将被纳入该空间内，在放置相邻的第二覆盖板1之前，硅酮的珠粒62显然必须置于与已经首先放置的第一覆盖板1的第二倾斜侧面12相邻的表面100的部分上。硅酮的珠粒62或类似的密封材料从外面将看不见，但会继续保护覆盖板免受表面100上不期望的冷凝。此外，突出边缘10之间的接触极大地有助于从根本上阻挡覆盖板1的装饰层2上的清洁液体或冷凝物进入所述覆盖板之间的接缝空间。
以此方式，放置覆盖板1非常容易。将第二覆盖板1与另一相邻覆盖板对接放置时，由于它们的各突出边缘10的接触所产生的接触能够引导操作员。放置覆盖板非常容易，因为将覆盖板与另一相邻覆盖板对接放置时所产生的接触能够引导操作员，所述接触源自覆盖板的突出边缘的接触。
此外，以此方式放置的两个覆盖板1可以围绕其各突出边缘10旋转，通过这些边缘其彼此接触，这使得覆盖板能够各自倾斜从而更好地适应被覆盖的表面100的形态，而从外部不会注意到明显的分离接缝。
有利地，覆盖板1用于希望通过形成覆盖系统或成套制品覆盖水平或垂直表面100的操作者或使用者，覆盖系统或成套制品除了用于覆盖表面100的区域的多个覆盖板1外，还包括第一包装物，其含有用于填充覆盖板1的一些或全部穿孔6的基于丙烯酸的胶水61，以及第二包装物，其含有用于在两个第二倾斜面12之间的上述空间中布置所述硅酮的珠粒62的密封剂硅酮62，如图9所示。
对于在泡沫材料层4中设置的穿孔6而言，以及因此也对于其粘合表面5而言，应注意，所述穿孔6与阻挡膜或阻挡层7(由疏水聚氨酯制成)连通，这减少或防止了水分或湿气侵入，使得每个穿孔6的底部由该阻挡膜或阻挡层7的一部分形成。穿孔6在粘合表面5上优选具有椭圆形或长方形轮廓，如图5-7所示，其大部分位于覆盖板1的长度方向上。尽管穿孔6的分布模式不同，并且基于覆盖板1具有矩形形式的事实，但穿孔6优选预见在靠近构成覆盖板1的隐藏面92的矩形的各个角的每个区域中，所述矩形的侧边缘设置为在所述角中的穿孔之间至少还有一个穿孔6。与图5不同，图6示出了在将覆盖板1布置到待覆盖的表面100上之前，部分穿孔6已用基于丙烯酸的胶水61填充。图7示出了比图6的覆盖板更长的覆盖板1的形式。
基于丙烯酸的胶水61能够耐受地板和墙壁覆盖物通常所受的温度变化而不会分解且实际上可无限期地移除，因此能够被放置和从待覆盖的表面100移除覆盖板1，而覆盖板不会留下任何胶水、粘合剂或泡沫材料的痕迹。当将覆盖板1施加到垂直表面100上时，穿孔6将用所述基于丙烯酸的胶水61填充，使得覆盖板1更好地粘附到表面100上并承受覆盖板1的重量。关于覆盖水平表面100外，在大多数情形下，不必填充穿孔6，除了其中许多人穿过或当水平表面100的加工面(finish) 是多孔的且具有缺陷时，如图8所示。

Claims (21)

1.用于覆盖垂直和水平表面(100)的覆盖板(1)，从打算用于暴露在外面的可视面(91)至打算用于朝向待覆盖的表面(100)的隐藏面(92)，所述覆盖板(1)包括至少以下按顺序布置的层:
-外部装饰层(2)；
-支撑层(3)，其由氧化镁制成；以及
-具有粘合表面(5)的泡沫材料层(4)，其打算用于放置在待覆盖的表面(100)上，所述泡沫材料层(4)具有多个穿孔(6)；
其中所述覆盖板(1)的特征在于，其包括用于减少或防止水分和湿气侵入的阻挡膜或阻挡层(7)，阻挡膜或阻挡层(7)布置在所述支撑层(3)与所述泡沫材料层(4)之间；所述支撑层(3)在其厚度上具有非均匀的密度，区分为在所述装饰层(2)之后的第一厚度(31)和介于所述第一厚度(31)与所述阻挡膜或阻挡层(7)之间的第二厚度(32)，所述支撑层(3)在所述第一厚度(31)中的密度大于其在所述第二厚度(32)中的密度；并且所述支撑层(3)设有由网状物或织物构成的增强结构(8)，所述增强结构(8)位于所述支撑层(3)的第二厚度(32)内。
2.根据权利要求1所述的覆盖板(1)，其特征在于，所述阻挡膜或阻挡层(7)由疏水性聚氨酯制成。
3.根据权利要求1所述的覆盖板(1)，其特征在于，制成所述增强结构(8)的材料为玻璃纤维。
4.根据权利要求3所述的覆盖板(1)，其特征在于，在平行于所述覆盖板(1)的层的平面中，所述增强结构(8)布置在构成所述第二厚度(32)的所述支撑层的部分的中心上。
5.根据权利要求1所述的覆盖板(1)，其特征在于，所述支撑层(3)的第一厚度(31)中的密度大于1000kg/m3，且所述支撑层(3)的第二厚度(32)中的密度小于1000kg/m3。
6.根据权利要求5所述的覆盖板(1)，其特征在于，所述支撑层(3)的第一厚度(31)中的密度介于1100kg/m3与1200kg/m3之间，第二厚度(32)中的密度介于800kg/m3与900kg/m3之间。
7.根据权利要求5所述的覆盖板(1)，其特征在于，所述覆盖板(1)的至少两个彼此相对的侧面的每一个均由第一倾斜侧面(11)和第二倾斜侧面(12)构成，所述彼此相对的侧面是第一侧面(93)和第二侧面(94)或第三侧面(95)和第四侧面(96)，所述第一倾斜侧面(11)至少涵盖与所述装饰层(2)对应的侧面的整个部分，所述第二倾斜侧面(12)涵盖所述覆盖板(1)的侧面的其余部分，所述两个倾斜侧面(11、12)的交叉处在与所述支撑层(3)对应的侧面的部分中形成突出边缘(10)，所述第一倾斜侧面(11)和所述第二倾斜侧面(12)形成大于70°且小于180°的内角。
8.根据权利要求7所述的覆盖板(1)，其特征在于，所述覆盖板(1)具有第一侧面(93)、第二侧面(94)、第三侧面(95)和第四侧面(96)，且每一侧面均由第一倾斜侧面(11)和第二倾斜侧面(12)构成，所述第一倾斜侧面(11)至少涵盖与所述装饰层(2)对应的侧面的整个部分，所述第二倾斜侧面(12)涵盖所述覆盖板(1)的侧面的其余部分，所述两个倾斜侧面(11、12)的交叉处在与所述支撑层(3)对应的侧面的部分中形成突出边缘(10)，所述第一倾斜侧面(11)和所述第二倾斜侧面(12)形成大于70°且小于180°的内角。
9.根据权利要求7或8所述的覆盖板(1)，其特征在于，从所述第二倾斜侧面(12)的外侧测量，所述第二倾斜侧面(12)与平行于所述覆盖板(1)的隐藏面(92)的表面的平面形成介于75°与80°之间的角度，所述第二倾斜侧面(12)构成涵盖从所述突出边缘(10)到所述粘合表面(5)的所述覆盖板(1)的第一侧面(93)、第二侧面(94)、第三侧面(95)或第四侧面(96)的部分，所述隐藏面(92)打算用于朝向待覆盖的表面(100)。
10.根据权利要求9所述的覆盖板(1)，其特征在于，每个突出边缘(10)位于与所述支撑层(3)的第一厚度(31)对应的第一侧面(93)、第二侧面(94)、第三侧面(95)或第四侧面(96)中各侧面的部分中，所述第一倾斜侧面(11)涵盖所述装饰层(2)的侧面的整个部分以及所述支撑层(3)的第一厚度(31)的侧面的一部分，且所述第二倾斜侧面(12)涵盖所述覆盖板(1)的第一侧面(93)和第二侧面(94)的剩余部分，其从所述突出边缘(10)延伸到所述粘合表面(5)。
11.根据权利要求10所述的覆盖板(1)，其特征在于，所述支撑层(3)的第一厚度(31)介于1.3mm与1.8mm之间，且所述支撑层(3)的第二厚度(32)介于1.3mm与1.8mm之间。
12.根据权利要求11所述的覆盖板(1)，其特征在于，所述第一厚度(31)测量为1.5mm，且所述第二厚度(32)测量为1.5mm。
13.根据权利要求10所述的覆盖板(1)，其特征在于，所述泡沫材料层(4)的密度大于或等于25kg/m3，并且由以下的聚合物材料之一制成：辐照交联聚乙烯(IXPE)泡沫、乙烯-乙酸乙烯酯(EVA)泡沫、聚氨酯(PU)泡沫和聚氯乙烯(PVC)泡沫。
14.根据权利要求13所述的覆盖板(1)，其特征在于，所述泡沫材料层(4)由辐照交联聚乙烯(IXPE)泡沫制成。
15.根据权利要求13或14所述的覆盖板(1)，其特征在于，所述装饰层(2)为豪华乙烯基地砖或地板，其具有介于1450kg/m3与1550kg/m3之间的密度，以及介于0.3mm与5mm之间的厚度。
16.根据权利要求15所述的覆盖板(1)，其特征在于，所述装饰层(2)为豪华乙烯基地砖或地板，具有介于0.30mm与1.25mm之间的厚度。
17.根据权利要求1所述的覆盖板(1)，其特征在于，所述穿孔(6)与所述阻挡膜或阻挡层(7)连通，使得每个穿孔(6)的底部由所述阻挡膜或阻挡层(7)的一部分构成，且所述穿孔(6)在所述粘合表面(5)上具有椭圆形或长方形轮廓。
18.根据权利要求17所述的覆盖板(1)，其特征在于，所述覆盖板(1)具有矩形形式，其在靠近构成所述覆盖板(1)的隐藏面(92)的矩形的各个角的每个区域中设置穿孔(6)，且所述矩形的侧边缘设置为在所述角中的穿孔(6)之间至少还有一个穿孔(6)。
19.用于覆盖垂直和水平表面(100)的系统，其特征在于，其包括多个根据权利要求1至18中任一项所述的覆盖板(1)，且其中多个覆盖板(1)中每一覆盖板(1)的第一侧面(93)、第二侧面(94)、第三侧面(95)和第四侧面(96)中至少两个彼此相对的侧面的每个都通过第一倾斜侧面(11)和第二倾斜侧面(12)构成，所述彼此相对的侧面是第一侧面(93)和第二侧面(94)或第三侧面(95)和第四侧面(96)，所述第一倾斜侧面(11)至少涵盖与所述装饰层(2)对应的侧面的整个部分，第二倾斜侧面(12)涵盖所述覆盖板(1)的侧面的其余部分，所述两个倾斜侧面(11、12)的交叉处在与所述支撑层(3)对应的侧面的部分中形成突出边缘(10)，所述第一倾斜侧面(11)和所述第二倾斜侧面(12)形成大于70°且小于180°的内角，且特征还在于，所述系统包括含有基于丙烯酸的胶水(61)的包装物，所述胶水(61)用于填充所述覆盖板(1)的一些或全部穿孔(6)。
20.根据权利要求19所述的用于覆盖垂直和水平表面(100)的系统，其特征在于，所述系统包括含有密封剂硅酮(62)的第二包装物，用于将所述硅酮的珠粒布置在两个覆盖板(1)之间的空间中，所述两个覆盖板(1)通过其第一侧面(93)和第二侧面(94)中的至少一个彼此相对布置，所述侧面各自的突出边缘相接触。
21.根据权利要求20所述的用于覆盖垂直和水平表面(100)的系统，其特征在于，所述系统包括含有密封剂硅酮(62)的第二包装物，用于将所述硅酮的珠粒布置在所述覆盖板(1)的第一侧面(93)、第二侧面(94)、第三侧面(95)和第四侧面(96)的第二倾斜侧面(12)的一部分与待覆盖的表面(100)之间的接缝空间中。
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