CN211082000U - Organic Rankine and reverse Carnot cycle coupled waste heat recovery system - Google Patents
Organic Rankine and reverse Carnot cycle coupled waste heat recovery system Download PDFInfo
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- 239000002918 waste heat Substances 0.000 title claims abstract description 30
- 238000011084 recovery Methods 0.000 title claims abstract description 28
- 239000000498 cooling water Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 56
- 239000007788 liquid Substances 0.000 claims description 19
- 230000001105 regulatory effect Effects 0.000 claims description 17
- XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N water Substances O XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 10
- 230000000694 effects Effects 0.000 abstract description 13
- 239000003921 oil Substances 0.000 description 15
- 238000001816 cooling Methods 0.000 description 11
- 239000010687 lubricating oil Substances 0.000 description 8
- 238000010521 absorption reaction Methods 0.000 description 7
- 229910000831 Steel Inorganic materials 0.000 description 5
- 239000010959 steel Substances 0.000 description 5
- 239000002440 industrial waste Substances 0.000 description 3
- 230000002427 irreversible effect Effects 0.000 description 3
- 238000000034 method Methods 0.000 description 3
- 238000012544 monitoring process Methods 0.000 description 3
- 230000002159 abnormal effect Effects 0.000 description 2
- 238000004378 air conditioning Methods 0.000 description 2
- 230000008878 coupling Effects 0.000 description 2
- 238000010168 coupling process Methods 0.000 description 2
- 238000005859 coupling reaction Methods 0.000 description 2
- 230000017525 heat dissipation Effects 0.000 description 2
- 230000001172 regenerating effect Effects 0.000 description 2
- 238000003303 reheating Methods 0.000 description 2
- UGFAIRIUMAVXCW-UHFFFAOYSA-N Carbon monoxide Chemical compound [O+]#[C-] UGFAIRIUMAVXCW-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 238000003915 air pollution Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000002485 combustion reaction Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000010586 diagram Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000005485 electric heating Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000003546 flue gas Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000002803 fossil fuel Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000009776 industrial production Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000004519 manufacturing process Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000010248 power generation Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000005855 radiation Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000004064 recycling Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000000926 separation method Methods 0.000 description 1
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Abstract
The organic Rankine and reverse Carnot cycle coupled waste heat recovery system comprises a condenser, wherein the condenser is communicated with a three-way valve, one port of the three-way valve is communicated with an organic Rankine cycle system, the other port of the three-way valve is communicated with a reverse Carnot cycle system, and the organic Rankine cycle system and the reverse Carnot cycle system are respectively communicated with the condenser to form a loop. The utility model discloses an organic Rankine cycle system provides the electric energy, and the cooling water of 7 ℃ that produces through reverse Carnot circulation system simultaneously cools down for on-the-spot room and equipment, has reduced the consumption of external electric energy or fossil energy to improve energy utilization, avoided greenhouse effect and atmosphere pollution, simultaneously machine Rankine cycle system and reverse Carnot circulation system share a condenser, and can reach the effect of opening alone through the three-way valve, saved initial investment and equipment area occupied.
Description
Technical Field
The utility model relates to a waste heat recovery technical field especially relates to an organic rankine and reverse carnot cycle coupled waste heat recovery system.
Background
Low-grade industrial waste heat, waste heat and renewable heat are gradually receiving attention due to their large total amount. A large amount of flue gas below 200 ℃ is discharged in the industrial production process and is not recycled. The production processes generally use the traditional modes of fossil fuel combustion or electric heating and the like for supplying heat at the cost of consuming high-grade energy, so that the utilization grade of the energy is reduced, a large amount of waste heat resources are wasted, and certain heat pollution is caused to the environment.
Organic Rankine cycle: the organic Rankine cycle is one of effective means for recovering low-temperature industrial waste heat, the energy recovery efficiency of the organic Rankine cycle unit is only about 10% at present, and a large amount of industrial waste heat is still not fully utilized. The working process is that the working medium is delivered to the evaporator by the working medium pump, the working medium is vaporized in the evaporator due to heat absorption, the generated steam enters the expander to expand and do work to drive the expander to rotate and drive the generator to generate power, the low-pressure steam after doing work enters the condenser to release heat and cool, and then returns to the working medium pump to enter the circulation.
Patent No. 201510198714.2 discloses a coupling system of organic rankine cycle and heat pump cycle, but this system cannot produce cold and electric energy at the same time, and does not solve the problems that the room on site needs to be cooled and the field equipment needs to be cooled, resulting in the consumption of external electric energy or fossil energy.
SUMMERY OF THE UTILITY MODEL
An object of the utility model is to avoid the weak point among the prior art and provide an organic rankine and reverse carnot cycle coupled waste heat recovery system, this organic rankine and reverse carnot cycle coupled waste heat recovery system can provide cold, electric energy simultaneously, and the cold energy that provides can be for the room and the equipment cooling at scene, has reduced the consumption of external electric energy or fossil energy to improve energy utilization, avoided greenhouse effect and air pollution.
The purpose of the utility model is realized through the following technical scheme:
the waste heat recovery system comprises a condenser, wherein the condenser is communicated with a three-way valve, one port of the three-way valve is communicated with an organic Rankine cycle system, the other port of the three-way valve is communicated with an inverse Carnot cycle system, and the organic Rankine cycle system and the inverse Carnot cycle system are respectively communicated with the condenser to form a loop. The organic Rankine cycle system is used for providing electric energy, and meanwhile, the cooling water with the temperature of 7 ℃ generated by the reverse Carnot cycle system is used for cooling rooms and equipment on site, so that the consumption of external electric energy or fossil energy is reduced, the energy utilization rate is improved, the greenhouse effect and atmospheric pollution are avoided, meanwhile, the organic Rankine cycle system and the reverse Carnot cycle system share one condenser, the effect of independent start and stop can be achieved through the three-way valve, and the initial investment and the equipment occupied area are saved.
Further, the organic Rankine cycle system comprises a low-pressure working medium pump communicated with one port of the three-way valve, a heat regenerator communicated with the low-pressure working medium pump, a preheater communicated with the heat regenerator, a gas-liquid separator communicated with the preheater, a high-pressure working medium pump communicated with a lower outlet of the gas-liquid separator, a first evaporator communicated with the high-pressure working medium pump, a first expansion machine communicated with the first evaporator, and a first generator communicated with the first expansion machine.
Furthermore, an upper outlet of the gas-liquid separator is communicated with a second expander, and the second expander is communicated with a second generator. By adopting the gas-liquid separator and the second expansion machine and selecting proper intermediate pressure, the irreversible loss in the temperature-changing waste heat recovery process can be effectively reduced, the waste heat recovery efficiency is effectively improved, and the electric output power is increased.
Furthermore, the first expander is also communicated with a reheater, the reheater is communicated with the second expander, the second expander is communicated with the reheater, and the reheater is communicated with the condenser to form a loop. The organic Rankine cycle adopting the reheater is suitable for the situation that the temperature of a heat source is high and the superheat degree of an evaporator is high due to the fact that the output power and the cycle heat absorption capacity of an expander of the organic Rankine cycle adopting the reheater are increased when proper reheating pressure is selected, and the organic Rankine cycle adopting the reheater is suitable for the situation that the temperature of an outlet of the expander is high due to the fact that the temperature of the outlet of the expander is high under the situation, and the system is provided with a plurality of heat exchange devices including a preheater, the evaporator and the reheater in order to fully utilize a waste heat source, so that the. The regenerative organic Rankine cycle reduces the heat absorption capacity required by the evaporator, and can obviously improve the first law efficiencyThe working of the working medium pump and the expansion machine is unchanged, and the heat absorption capacity of the evaporator is reduced, so that the first law efficiency is increased.
Furthermore, the reverse Carnot circulation system comprises a working medium flow regulating valve communicated with the other port of the three-way valve, an electronic expansion valve communicated with the working medium flow regulating valve, a second evaporator communicated with the electronic expansion valve, and a compressor communicated with the second evaporator, wherein the compressor is communicated with the condenser to form a loop.
Furthermore, the reverse Carnot circulation system also comprises a cooling water circulation system, wherein the cooling water circulation system comprises a circulating cooling water channel, a circulating water pump arranged on the circulating cooling water channel and a cooling water flow regulating valve arranged on the circulating cooling water channel. The cooling water with the temperature of 7 ℃ generated by the reverse Carnot circulation system is cooled for rooms and equipment on site through the cooling water circulation system, so that the cooling effect can be obtained without additionally installing air conditioning equipment in the rooms, wherein the sites comprise but are not limited to steel mills, thermal power plants and the like, and the rooms comprise but are not limited to equipment main control rooms, monitoring rooms and the like.
Further, the circulating cooling water channel is arranged in the second evaporator and the heat exchange tail end in the room, and the circulating water pump is arranged between the second evaporator and the heat exchange tail end in the room. Wherein the heat exchange tips include, but are not limited to, fan coils, floor radiators, and the like.
Furthermore, the circulating cooling water channel is divided into two paths after passing through the heat exchange tail end in the room, the first path is communicated with the circulating cooling water channel arranged in the second evaporator through the second generator and the first generator in sequence to form a loop, and the cooling water flow regulating valve is arranged in the first path and is positioned between the heat exchange tail end in the room and the second generator.
Further, the second path is communicated with the circulating cooling water channel arranged in the second evaporator through an oil pool to form a loop. For places needing waste heat recovery such as steel mills, thermal power plants and the like, circulating lubricating oil generally exists, in the process of lubricating oil, a large amount of heat can be absorbed due to friction or equipment heat dissipation to cause the temperature of the oil to rise, the oil temperature rises to cause the occurrence of the oil to change, so that the quality of the oil is influenced, equipment is abnormal, and the second path of the circulating cooling water channel can cool an oil pool to solve the problems.
The utility model has the advantages that: the utility model discloses an organic Rankine and reverse Carnot cycle coupled waste heat recovery system, including the condenser, the condenser intercommunication has the three-way valve, a port intercommunication of three-way valve has organic Rankine cycle system, another port intercommunication of three-way valve has reverse Carnot cycle system, organic Rankine cycle system, reverse Carnot cycle system respectively with the condenser intercommunication forms the return circuit, the utility model discloses provide the electric energy through organic Rankine cycle system, the room and the equipment in the scene are cooled down through the cooling water of 7 ℃ that reverse Carnot cycle system produced simultaneously, have reduced the consumption of external electric energy or fossil energy to improve energy utilization ratio, avoided greenhouse effect and atmospheric pollution, simultaneously organic Rankine cycle system and reverse Carnot cycle system share a condenser to can reach the effect of opening alone through the three-way valve and stopping, the initial investment and the occupied area of the equipment are saved.
Drawings
The invention is further described with the aid of the accompanying drawings, in which, however, the embodiments do not constitute any limitation to the invention, and for a person skilled in the art, other drawings can be derived from the following drawings without inventive effort.
Fig. 1 is a schematic diagram of the overall structure of an organic rankine and reverse carnot cycle coupled waste heat recovery system of the present invention.
The figure includes:
the system comprises a condenser 1, a three-way valve 2, a low-pressure working medium pump 3, a heat regenerator 4, a preheater 5, a gas-liquid separator 6, a high-pressure working medium pump 7, a first evaporator 8, a first expander 9, a first generator 10, a second expander 11, a second generator 12, a reheater 13, a working medium flow regulating valve 14, an electronic expansion valve 15, a second evaporator 16, a compressor 17, a circulating water pump 18 and a cooling water flow regulating valve 19.
Detailed Description
The invention will be further described with reference to the following examples.
Example 1
As shown in fig. 1, the organic rankine and inverse carnot cycle coupled waste heat recovery system of the present embodiment includes a condenser 1, where the condenser 1 is communicated with a three-way valve 2, one port of the three-way valve 2 is communicated with an organic rankine cycle system, and the other port of the three-way valve 2 is communicated with an inverse carnot cycle system, where the organic rankine cycle system and the inverse carnot cycle system are respectively communicated with the condenser 1 to form a loop. The organic Rankine cycle system is used for providing electric energy, meanwhile, cooling water with the temperature of 7 ℃ generated by the reverse Carnot cycle system is used for cooling rooms and equipment on site, consumption of external electric energy or fossil energy is reduced, accordingly, the energy utilization rate is improved, greenhouse effect and atmospheric pollution are avoided, meanwhile, the organic Rankine cycle system and the reverse Carnot cycle system share one condenser 1, the effect of independent start and stop can be achieved through the three-way valve 2, and initial investment and equipment occupied area are saved.
The organic Rankine cycle system comprises a low-pressure working medium pump 3 communicated with one port of the three-way valve 2, a heat regenerator 4 communicated with the low-pressure working medium pump 3, a preheater 5 communicated with the heat regenerator 4, a gas-liquid separator 6 communicated with the preheater 5, a high-pressure working medium pump 7 communicated with the lower outlet of the gas-liquid separator 6, a first evaporator 8 communicated with the high-pressure working medium pump 7, a first expansion machine 9 communicated with the first evaporator 8, and a first power generator 10 communicated with the first expansion machine 9.
The upper outlet of the gas-liquid separator 6 is communicated with a second expander 11, and the second expander 11 is communicated with a second generator 12. By adopting the gas-liquid separator 6 and the second expansion machine 11 and selecting proper intermediate pressure, the irreversible loss in the temperature-changing waste heat recovery process can be effectively reduced, the waste heat recovery efficiency is effectively improved, and the electric output power is increased.
The first expander 9 is further communicated with a reheater 13, the reheater 13 is communicated with the second expander 11, the second expander 11 is communicated with the reheater 4, and the reheater 4 is communicated with the condenser 1 to form a loop. The organic Rankine cycle adopting the reheater 13 is suitable for the situation that the temperature of a heat source is high and the superheat degree of an evaporator is high due to the fact that the output power and the heat absorption capacity of the expander are increased when proper reheating pressure is selected, and the organic Rankine cycle adopting the reheater 4 is suitable for the situation that the temperature of an outlet of the expander is high due to the fact that the temperature of the outlet of the expander is high, and the system is provided with a plurality of heat exchange devices including a preheater, an evaporator and the reheater in order to fully utilize a waste heat source, so that the temperature of the outlet of the expander is high, and recycling value is. The regenerative organic Rankine cycle reduces the heat absorption capacity required by the evaporator, and can obviously improve the first law efficiencyThe working of the working medium pump and the expansion machine is unchanged, and the heat absorption capacity of the evaporator is reduced, so that the first law efficiency is increased.
The reverse Carnot circulation system comprises a working medium flow regulating valve 14 communicated with the other port of the three-way valve 2, an electronic expansion valve 15 communicated with the working medium flow regulating valve 14, a second evaporator 16 communicated with the electronic expansion valve 15, and a compressor 17 communicated with the second evaporator 16, wherein the compressor 17 is communicated with the condenser 1 to form a loop.
The reverse Carnot circulation system also comprises a cooling water circulation system, wherein the cooling water circulation system comprises a circulating cooling water channel, a circulating water pump 18 arranged on the circulating cooling water channel, and a cooling water flow regulating valve 19 arranged on the circulating cooling water channel. The cooling water with the temperature of 7 ℃ generated by the reverse Carnot circulation system is cooled for rooms and equipment on site through the cooling water circulation system, so that the cooling effect can be obtained without additionally installing air conditioning equipment in the rooms, wherein the sites comprise but are not limited to steel mills, thermal power plants and the like, and the rooms comprise but are not limited to equipment main control rooms, monitoring rooms and the like.
The circulating cooling water passage is arranged in the second evaporator 16 and the heat exchange end in the room, and the circulating water pump 18 is arranged between the second evaporator 16 and the heat exchange end in the room. Wherein the heat exchange tips include, but are not limited to, fan coils, floor radiators, and the like.
The circulating cooling water channel is divided into two paths after passing through the heat exchange tail end in the room, the first path is communicated with the circulating cooling water channel arranged in the second evaporator 16 through the second generator 12 and the first generator 10 in sequence to form a loop, and the cooling water flow regulating valve 19 is arranged in the first path and is positioned between the heat exchange tail end in the room and the second generator 12.
The second path is communicated with the circulating cooling water channel arranged in the second evaporator 16 through an oil pool to form a loop. For places needing waste heat recovery such as steel mills, thermal power plants and the like, circulating lubricating oil generally exists, in the process of lubricating oil, a large amount of heat can be absorbed due to friction or equipment heat dissipation to cause the temperature of the oil to rise, the oil temperature rises to cause the occurrence of the oil to change, so that the quality of the oil is influenced, equipment is abnormal, and the second path of the circulating cooling water channel can cool an oil pool to solve the problems.
The working principle of the organic Rankine cycle system is as follows:
after the working medium is condensed, discharged, liquefied at the condenser 1, pressurized by a three-way valve 2 and a low-pressure working medium pump 3, subjected to heat exchange with the working medium at the outlet of the expander in a heat regenerator 4 to cause temperature rise, and then enters a preheater 5 to be heated by external waste heat, after the working medium enters a gas-liquid separator 6, part of the gaseous working medium is converged with the working medium subjected to primary expansion through the upper outlet of the gas-liquid separator 6 to enter a second expander 11 to be expanded and do work, the liquid working medium flowing out of the lower outlet of the gas-liquid separator 6 enters a high-pressure working medium pump 7 to be further pressurized and then enters a first evaporator 8, the working medium further absorbs heat, is heated and superheated in the first evaporator 8, the high-temperature and high-pressure working medium enters a first expander 9 to be expanded and do work to drive a first generator 10 to generate power, the working medium after being applied to enter a reheater 13 to be subjected, the working medium enters the heat regenerator 4 to transfer waste heat to the working medium at the outlet of the low-pressure working medium pump 3, so that the temperature of the working medium is raised, the efficiency is improved, and finally the working medium enters the condenser 1 to be condensed, released, liquefied and enters the next round of circulation.
The working principle of the reverse Carnot circulation system is as follows:
after being condensed, discharged and liquefied in the condenser 1, the working medium enters the electronic expansion valve 14 through the three-way valve 2 and the working medium flow regulating valve 14 to be throttled and depressurized, then enters the second evaporator 16 to absorb heat, evaporate and vaporize the heat of external cooling water, so that the temperature of the cooling water is reduced, and the cooling water returns to the condenser 1 to complete circulation after entering the compressor 17 to be pressurized.
The working principle of the cooling water circulation system is as follows:
the cooling water passes through the second evaporator 16, then the temperature is reduced, enters the room through the circulating water pump 18, and exchanges heat with the room through different terminals (such as a fan coil, floor radiation, a radiator and the like) so as to reduce the temperature in the room, the room can be but is not limited to a master control room, the room which is responsible for monitoring the running condition of the equipment on site (steel mill, thermal power plant, etc.) is usually hot and needs to be cooled, the cooling water after leaving the room is divided into two paths, the water flow proportion of the two flow paths is controlled by the cooling water flow regulating valve 19, and can be closed, so that the cooling water completely passes through the oil pool, the second path enters the oil pool to cool the lubricating oil pool of the field device, the change of the lubricating oil caused by overhigh temperature is prevented, after the first path passes through the cooling water flow regulating valve 19, after cooling the second generator 12 and the first generator 10, respectively, the cooling water is merged with the cooling water after cooling the lubricating oil pool and enters the second evaporator 16 to complete the circulation.
Generally, through the coupling of the organic Rankine cycle and the reverse Carnot cycle, a part of liquid working medium absorbs heat and then enters an expander to do work by expansion to participate in the organic Rankine cycle, the other part of liquid working medium throttles and absorbs heat and then enters a compressor to participate in the reverse Carnot cycle, and the work done by the expander drives a motor coaxially connected with the expander, so that cooling and power supply are realized. Compared with the prior art, the utility model discloses owing to the mode of backheating, reheat and gas-liquid separation that adopts, can improve the output power of expander, the cycle efficiency and the electrical efficiency of organic rankine, reduced endless irreversible loss and can solve the cooling problem that personnel's activity in the control room needs cooling problem and lubricating oil pond simultaneously, energy-concerving and environment-protective, can effectual recycle low-grade waste heat's high temperature, reduce the consumption of electric energy or fossil energy, reduced greenhouse effect and atmospheric pollution. The electric quantity generated by the generator of the system can be supplied to the compressor for use and can also be connected to the grid.
Example 2
The structure of this embodiment is the same as that of embodiment 1, and the difference lies in that organic rankine subsystem and reverse carnot cycle subsystem can operate alone in this system, and at waste heat resource because the mill operation problem pauses, accessible three-way valve 2 closes the flow path of organic rankine subsystem, only opens reverse carnot cycle flow path for the temperature in the room can obtain guaranteeing, simultaneously because the expander does not do work, the generator need not cool off, and water flow control valve can close completely, makes the cooling water all go to the cooling oil bath.
Example 3
The structure of the embodiment is the same as that of embodiment 1, except that the organic rankine subsystem and the reverse carnot cycle subsystem in the system can operate independently, the reverse carnot cycle flow path is closed by the three-way valve 2, and only the organic rankine cycle flow path is opened, namely, the waste heat recovery power generation function of organic rankine is realized.
It should be finally noted that the above embodiments are only intended to illustrate the technical solutions of the present invention, and not to limit the scope of the present invention, and although the present invention has been described in detail with reference to the preferred embodiments, it should be understood by those skilled in the art that the technical solutions of the present invention can be modified or replaced with equivalents without departing from the spirit and scope of the technical solutions of the present invention.
Claims (9)
1. The utility model provides an organic rankine and reverse carnot cycle coupled waste heat recovery system, includes the condenser, its characterized in that: the condenser is communicated with a three-way valve, one port of the three-way valve is communicated with an organic Rankine cycle system, the other port of the three-way valve is communicated with an inverse Carnot cycle system, and the organic Rankine cycle system and the inverse Carnot cycle system are respectively communicated with the condenser to form a loop.
2. The organic Rankine and inverse Carnot cycle coupled heat recovery system of claim 1, wherein: the organic Rankine cycle system comprises a low-pressure working medium pump communicated with one port of the three-way valve, a heat regenerator communicated with the low-pressure working medium pump, a preheater communicated with the heat regenerator, a gas-liquid separator communicated with the preheater, a high-pressure working medium pump communicated with a lower outlet of the gas-liquid separator, a first evaporator communicated with the high-pressure working medium pump, a first expansion machine communicated with the first evaporator and a first generator communicated with the first expansion machine.
3. An organic rankine and reverse carnot cycle coupled waste heat recovery system as claimed in claim 2 wherein: and an upper outlet of the gas-liquid separator is communicated with a second expander, and the second expander is communicated with a second generator.
4. An organic Rankine and reverse Carnot cycle coupled heat recovery system according to claim 3, wherein: the first expander is also communicated with a reheater, the reheater is communicated with the second expander, the second expander is communicated with the reheater, and the reheater is communicated with the condenser to form a loop.
5. An organic Rankine and reverse Carnot cycle coupled heat recovery system according to claim 3, wherein: the reverse Carnot circulation system comprises a working medium flow regulating valve communicated with the other port of the three-way valve, an electronic expansion valve communicated with the working medium flow regulating valve, a second evaporator communicated with the electronic expansion valve, and a compressor communicated with the second evaporator, wherein the compressor is communicated with the condenser to form a loop.
6. An organic Rankine and reverse Carnot cycle coupled heat recovery system according to claim 5, wherein: the reverse Carnot circulation system also comprises a cooling water circulation system, wherein the cooling water circulation system comprises a circulating cooling water channel, a circulating water pump arranged on the circulating cooling water channel and a cooling water flow regulating valve arranged on the circulating cooling water channel.
7. An organic Rankine and reverse Carnot cycle coupled heat recovery system according to claim 6, wherein: the circulating cooling water channel is arranged in the second evaporator and the heat exchange tail end in the room, and the circulating water pump is arranged between the second evaporator and the heat exchange tail end in the room.
8. An organic rankine and reverse carnot cycle coupled waste heat recovery system as claimed in claim 7 wherein: the circulating cooling water channel is divided into two paths after passing through the heat exchange tail end in the room, the first path is communicated with the circulating cooling water channel arranged in the second evaporator through the second generator and the first generator in sequence to form a loop, and the cooling water flow regulating valve is arranged in the first path and is positioned between the heat exchange tail end in the room and the second generator.
9. An organic rankine and reverse carnot cycle coupled waste heat recovery system as claimed in claim 8 wherein: the second path is communicated with the circulating cooling water channel arranged in the second evaporator through an oil pool to form a loop.
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