CN204730998U - A kind of passage aisle resistance measurement apparatus - Google Patents
A kind of passage aisle resistance measurement apparatus Download PDFInfo
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- CN204730998U CN204730998U CN201520371863.XU CN201520371863U CN204730998U CN 204730998 U CN204730998 U CN 204730998U CN 201520371863 U CN201520371863 U CN 201520371863U CN 204730998 U CN204730998 U CN 204730998U
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- passage aisle
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Abstract
The utility model provides a kind of passage aisle resistance measurement apparatus, comprise air pipe system, oil pipe line system and passage aisle experimental section, air pipe system comprises successively with the air compressor connected, gas-holder, reduction valve, air flowmeter, needle valve and retaining valve, retaining valve is connected with the inlet end of mixing machine, oil pipe line system comprises successively with the fuel tank connected, second ball valve, filtrator, gear oil pump, 4th ball valve, pipeline heater and liquid flowmeter, liquid flowmeter is connected with the oil inlet end of mixing machine, passage aisle experimental section comprises the passage aisle experimental provision be connected with mixing machine endpiece, the separation vessel be connected with passage aisle experimental provision, the first ball valve be connected with separation vessel and the air cooling heat radiator be connected with the first ball valve, the end of air cooling heat radiator is connected with fuel tank.The utility model is applicable to single-phase and two phase studies, and testpieces has dismountable advantage, can test, more flexibly and easily for the passage aisle of different-diameter, different arrangement mode.
Description
Technical field
The utility model relates to field of fluid mechanics, particularly relates to a kind of passage aisle resistance measurement apparatus
Background technology
Along with passage aisle is in the widespread use of microelectromechanical systems, Mini-type heat exchanger, chemical industry and other emerging technical fields, the flow characteristics of passage aisle inner fluid becomes an important research topic.Under small scale condition, in flow field can there is respective change in the action effect of motive power, and namely in small scale field, process fluid flow presents the different phenomenon of many and conventional yardstick situation.A lot of scholar has done careful research about regular channels fluid mobility status, and the research about passage aisle fluid flow variations is but relatively less, and research major part concentrates on the Study of Flow Characteristics to passage aisle straight length inner fluid.In a practical situation, except the on-way resistance caused except rubbing, various shock resistance is also had, the sudden contraction of such as pipeline, sudden expansion, bending tube section.In " Journal of Chemical Industry and Engineering " the 58th volume 05 phase " sudden contraction of passage aisle monophasic fluid and sudden expansion shock resistance characteristic ", author has built small pipeline testing table, tests deionized water, the shock resistance characteristic that have studied sudden enlargement in passage aisle and reduce suddenly.But this device research object is only limitted to monophasic fluid flowing, cannot study the change of two-phase fluid by resistance during passage aisle, can not study the impact that temperature changes passage aisle fluid resistance.
Summary of the invention
The purpose of this utility model is that providing a kind of can measure the single-phase passage aisle resistance measurement apparatus passed through with two-phase fluid to realize the calculating to shock resistance in passage aisle.
The purpose of this utility model is achieved in that and comprises air pipe system, oil pipe line system and passage aisle experimental section, air pipe system comprises successively with the air compressor that pipeline connects, gas-holder, reduction valve, air flowmeter, needle valve and retaining valve, the end of retaining valve is connected with the inlet end of mixing machine by pipeline, and between retaining valve and the inlet end of mixing machine, be provided with the first pressure-measuring-point and the first temperature point, oil pipe line system comprises successively with the fuel tank that pipeline connects, second ball valve, filtrator, gear oil pump, 4th ball valve, pipeline heater and liquid flowmeter, the end of liquid flowmeter is connected with the oil inlet end of mixing machine, adapter road is on one side set between gear oil pump and the 4th ball valve, and between described other adapter road and fuel tank, the 3rd ball valve is set, and between liquid flowmeter and the oil inlet end of mixing machine, be provided with the 3rd pressure-measuring-point and the 3rd temperature point, passage aisle experimental section comprises the passage aisle experimental provision be connected with mixing machine endpiece, the separation vessel be connected with passage aisle experimental provision, the first ball valve be connected with separation vessel and the air cooling heat radiator be connected with the first ball valve, the end of air cooling heat radiator is connected with fuel tank, and the second pressure-measuring-point and the second temperature point is provided with between the endpiece and passage aisle experimental provision of mixing machine.
The utility model also comprises some architectural features like this:
1. passage aisle experimental provision described in comprises the import bobbin carriage be tightly connected successively, middle bobbin carriage and outlet bobbin carriage, and between import bobbin carriage and middle bobbin carriage, plate with holes is provided with between middle bobbin carriage and outlet bobbin carriage, described import bobbin carriage is provided with the entry nozzle be connected with the endpiece of mixing machine, outlet bobbin carriage is provided with the outlet nozzle be connected with separation vessel, mini is provided with in middle bobbin carriage, the tank wall of import bobbin carriage is provided with import aperture, it is inner as the 4th pressure-measuring-point that import aperture stretches to import bobbin carriage by pipeline, the mini being positioned at the center of middle bobbin carriage is equidistantly provided with six medial small hole, six medial small hole extend out to middle bobbin carriage outside by pipeline and form the 5th pressure-measuring-point, 6th pressure-measuring-point, 7th pressure-measuring-point, 8th pressure-measuring-point, 9th pressure-measuring-point and the tenth pressure-measuring-point, the tank wall of outlet bobbin carriage is provided with exit orifice, it is inner as the 11 pressure-measuring-point that exit orifice stretches to outlet bobbin carriage by pipeline, 4th pressure-measuring-point is connected with pressure difference transmitter to the 11 pressure-measuring-point respectively by the pipeline of correspondence and valve.
2. mini described in has n, the tube bank of n mini formation passage aisle, and described passage aisle tube bank is that triangle is restrained or square is restrained or the tube bank of transposition square.
3. described in, the pipeline of oil pipe line system is stainless-steel tube.
Compared with prior art, the beneficial effects of the utility model are: the utility model is restrained by passage aisle and formed, and this just effectively avoids the problem causing selecting pump difficulty when single tube is studied because flow is little.And in a practical situation, passage aisle is all that the situation of restraining exists, such as Mini-type heat exchanger inside is made up of heat-exchanging tube bundle, the utility model can study flow and temperature to the impact of passage aisle resistance, be applicable to single-phase and two phase studies, and testpieces has dismountable advantage, can for different-diameter, the passage aisle of different arrangement mode is tested, more flexibly and easily.And the utility model is in order to study single-phase and two-phase fluid by the change of passage aisle resistance simultaneously, is provided with air road, oil circuit and gas-liquid mixing device, selects single-phase or two-phase experiment by the opening and closing of valve, there is dirigibility and practicality more; The impact of small pipeline change in resistance is flow through in order to study temperature convection body, the utility model takes pipeline heating and oil tank heating two kinds of modes, arrange pipeline heater in pipeline, pipeline heater is controlled by PID, ensure that the temperature Stability and veracity after controlling oil heating.
Accompanying drawing explanation
Fig. 1 is passage aisle resistance measurement apparatus schematic diagram of the present utility model;
Fig. 2 is the structural representation of passage aisle experimental provision of the present utility model;
Fig. 3 is the pressure-measuring-point distribution schematic diagram of passage aisle experimental provision section of the present utility model;
Fig. 4 (A) the utility model triangle tube bank arrangement mode schematic diagram; Fig. 4 (B) the utility model positive dirction tube bank arrangement mode schematic diagram; Fig. 4 (C) the utility model transposition square tube bank arrangement mode schematic diagram;
Fig. 5 (A) is passage aisle of the present utility model tube bank inlet flow schematic diagram, and Fig. 5 (B) is passage aisle of the present utility model tube bank output flow schematic diagram;
Fig. 6 is that passage aisle coefficient of shock resistance of the present utility model is with Reynolds number variation diagram.
Embodiment
Below in conjunction with accompanying drawing and embodiment, the utility model is described in further detail.
Composition graphs 1, the utility model comprises air pipe system, oil pipe line system and passage aisle experimental section, air pipe system comprises the air compressor 1 connected with pipeline successively, gas-holder 2, reduction valve 3, air flowmeter 4, needle valve 5 and retaining valve 6, the end of retaining valve 6 is connected by the inlet end of pipeline with mixing machine 9, and between retaining valve 6 and the inlet end of mixing machine 9, be provided with the first pressure-measuring-point 7 and the first temperature point 8, oil pipe line system comprises the fuel tank 16 connected with pipeline successively, second ball valve 17, filtrator 18, gear oil pump 19, 4th ball valve 21, pipeline heater 22 and liquid flowmeter 23, the end of liquid flowmeter 23 is connected with the oil inlet end of mixing machine 9, adapter road is on one side set between gear oil pump 19 and the 4th ball valve 21, and between described other adapter road and fuel tank 16, the 3rd ball valve 20 is set, and between liquid flowmeter 23 and the oil inlet end of mixing machine 9, be provided with the 3rd pressure-measuring-point 24 and the 3rd temperature point 25, the pipeline of described oil pipe line system is stainless-steel tube, fuel tank heater can be provided with in fuel tank 16 of the present utility model, and be provided with pipeline heater at oil pipe line, the temperature in that fluid enters passage aisle experimental provision 12 can be controlled, the air cooling heat radiator 15 that passage aisle experimental section comprises the passage aisle experimental provision 12 be connected with mixing machine 9 endpiece, the separation vessel 13 be connected with passage aisle experimental provision 12, the first ball valve 14 be connected with separation vessel 13 and is connected with the first ball valve 14, the end of air cooling heat radiator 15 is connected with fuel tank 16, and between the endpiece and passage aisle experimental provision 12 of mixing machine 9, be provided with the second pressure-measuring-point 11 and the second temperature point 10.
Composition graphs 2 and Fig. 3, described passage aisle experimental provision 12 comprises the import bobbin carriage 26 be tightly connected successively, middle bobbin carriage 33 and outlet bobbin carriage 31, and between import bobbin carriage 26 and middle bobbin carriage 33, plate 28 with holes is provided with between middle bobbin carriage 33 and outlet bobbin carriage 31, described import bobbin carriage 31 is provided with the entry nozzle 27 be connected with the endpiece of mixing machine 9, outlet bobbin carriage 31 is provided with the outlet nozzle 34 be connected with separation vessel 13, mini 29 is provided with in middle bobbin carriage 33, the tank wall of import bobbin carriage 26 is provided with import aperture, it is inner as the 4th pressure-measuring-point 35 that import aperture stretches to import bobbin carriage by pipeline, and the position of the 4th pressure-measuring-point 35 described in the utility model is near corresponding plate with holes, the mini being positioned at the center of middle bobbin carriage 33 is equidistantly provided with six medial small hole, six medial small hole extend out to middle bobbin carriage outside by pipeline and form the 5th pressure-measuring-point 36, 6th pressure-measuring-point 37, 7th pressure-measuring-point 38, 8th pressure-measuring-point 39, 9th pressure-measuring-point 40 and the tenth pressure-measuring-point 41, the tank wall of outlet bobbin carriage 31 is provided with exit orifice, it is inner as the 11 pressure-measuring-point 42 that exit orifice stretches to outlet bobbin carriage by pipeline, the position of the 11 pressure-measuring-point 42 is near corresponding plate with holes, 4th pressure-measuring-point is connected with pressure difference transmitter 43 to the 11 pressure-measuring-point respectively by the pipeline of correspondence and valve.
Composition graphs 4 (A), Fig. 4 (B) and Fig. 4 (C), described mini 29 has n, the tube bank of n mini formation passage aisle, described passage aisle tube bank is that triangle is restrained or square is restrained or the tube bank of transposition square.
Each pressure-measuring-point arranged by the utility model like this and each temperature point can realize the measurement of the resistance to passage aisle, can also control to be monophasic fluid or two-phase fluid, realize different calculating, also achieve the impact of change in resistance when research temperature convection body flows through mini.Be used for measuring each pressure-measuring-point to be connected with data acquisition system (DAS) with the measurement instrument of temperature point, data acquisition system (DAS) comprises a data collecting instrument and computing machine.
Also namely passage aisle resistance measurement apparatus provided by the utility model is mainly divided into oil pipe line system, air pipe system, passage aisle experimental section, and air pipe system comprises air compressor 1, gas-holder 2, air flowmeter 4.Air pipe system connects from air compressor 1, connect gas-holder 2, the other end of gas-holder connects reduction valve 3, the effect of reduction valve 3 controls the pressure of air before blending, air flowmeter 5 is set between reduction valve 3 and needle valve 5, needle valve 5 other end is connected with retaining valve 6, and retaining valve 6 other end connects mixing machine 9.Between retaining valve 6 and mixing machine 9, be provided with the first pressure-measuring-point 7 and the first temperature point 8, be used for measuring air temperature and pressure before combination.
Oil pipe line system comprises fuel tank 16, filtrator 18, pump 19, pipeline heater 22, liquid flowmeter 23.Oil pipe line system adopts the stainless-steel tube of 1/2 inch to connect each element.Be provided with fuel tank heater in fuel tank 16, adopt the mode of Non-follow control power, in oil pipe line, be also provided with pipeline heater, adopt the mode automatically controlled, control the temperature in that fluid enters passage aisle experimental provision together.Oil pipe line system connects from fuel tank 16, connect ball valve 17, 20, ball valve 20 directly passes into fuel tank 16 as by-pass valve by bypass, the other end of ball valve 17 connects filtrator 18, filtrator 18 connects gear oil pump 19, the impurity in oil is removed in the effect of filtrator 18, protection gear oil pump 19, ball valve 21 is set between gear oil pump 19 and pipeline heater 22, pipeline heater 22 other end connecting fluid flowmeter body 23, 3rd pressure-measuring-point 24 and the 3rd temperature point 25 are set between liquid flowmeter 23 and mixing machine 9, mixing machine 9 other end (endpiece) connects the entry nozzle 27 of passage aisle experimental provision, second pressure-measuring-point 11 and the second temperature point 10 is set between mixing machine 9 and entry nozzle 27, the pressure-measuring-point 7 arranged, 11, the object of 24 is the gas liquid ratios in order to determine two-phase mixture.The outlet nozzle 34 of passage aisle experimental provision 12 connects separation vessel 13, the effect of separation vessel 13 is that gas-oil mixture is separated, arrange ball valve 14 between separation vessel 13 and air cooling heat radiator 15, the other end of air cooling heat radiator 15 connects fuel tank 16, completes an oil pipe line system like this.
It should be noted that, in order to study the change by passage aisle resistance of single-phase and two-phase fluid simultaneously, this experimental provision is provided with air road, oil circuit and gas-liquid mixing device, selects single-phase or two-phase experiment, more have dirigibility and practicality by the opening and closing of valve; The impact of small pipeline change in resistance is flow through in order to study temperature convection body, this experimental provision takes pipeline heating and oil tank heating two kinds of modes, arrange pipeline heater 22 in pipeline, pipeline heater 22 is controlled by PID, ensure that the temperature Stability and veracity after controlling oil heating.
Fig. 2 is the sectional drawing of passage aisle experimental provision, replaceable in order to reach passage aisle tube bank, the object of dismounting, import bobbin carriage 26 in the utility model, outlet bobbin carriage 31 adopts unthreaded hole fastening bolt 24 to be connected with middle bobbin carriage 33, seal with seal gasket 23, induction pipe and passage aisle experimental provision 12 adopt entry nozzle 27 to be connected, there is external thread entry nozzle 27 rear end, be connected with housing, there is internal thread front end, be connected with externally threaded stainless-steel tube, outlet and passage aisle experimental provision 12 adopt outlet nozzle 34 to be connected, there is external thread outlet nozzle 34 rear end, be connected with housing, there is internal thread front end, be connected with externally threaded stainless-steel tube, so just can to different tube diameters, the passage aisle tube bank of different arrangement mode is tested.Figure 3 shows that the passage aisle tube bank of different arrangement mode.
Composition graphs 3, the utility model is drilled with 1 aperture respectively on import bobbin carriage 26 with the tank wall of outlet bobbin carriage 31, and the positional distance plate 1cm of the axis of this aperture, 1 ㎝ is preferred distance, as long as ensure in real work that the measuring point that this aperture is also namely corresponding is just passable near plate with holes, equidistant brill 6 apertures in the mini of the center in middle bobbin carriage 33, and in mini the 1st pitch-row from plate 0.5cm, 6th pitch-row is from plate 0.5cm, other 4 holes equidistantly distribute, form the 4th pressure-measuring-point described in the utility model to the 11 pressure-measuring-point, and record the change of fluid by passage aisle on-way resistance and shock resistance with pressure difference transmitter 43 by aperture.Also namely pressure-measuring-point 4 is set in import bobbin carriage 26, in outlet bobbin carriage 34, pressure-measuring-point 11 is set, the passage aisle pipeline section being positioned at middle bobbin carriage center arranges 6 pressure-measuring-points, 4th pressure-measuring-point is provided with valve between the 11 pressure-measuring-point and pressure difference transmitter 43, by can measure the pressure reduction between different pressure tap to the switching of valve.
Below in conjunction with Fig. 4 (A), Fig. 4 (B) and Fig. 4 (C), Fig. 5 (A) and Fig. 5 (B), computation process of the present utility model is described in detail, by the opening and closing of control valve, utilize pressure difference transmitter 43 can the pressure differential deltap P of measuring point pressure-measuring-point 35 and pressure-measuring-point 36
1, pressure-measuring-point 35 and pressure-measuring-point 41 pressure differential deltap P
2, pressure-measuring-point 35 and pressure-measuring-point 42 pressure differential deltap P
3.
The pressure reduction of pressure-measuring-point 41 and pressure-measuring-point 42
ΔP
4＝ΔP
3—ΔP
2
Utilize the thought of porous medium, every root mini inner fluid is considered as restrain porch by passage aisle and fixes flow section inflow, restrain exit by passage aisle and fix flow section outflow, different conduit arrangements mode flow section segmentation figure is as shown in 4 (A), Fig. 4 (B) and Fig. 4 (C).
When passage aisle tube bank is for rounded projections arranged, the corresponding flow section of every root passage aisle is the regular hexagon of length of side Pt; When passage aisle tube bank is for square and transposition square arrangement, the square of every root passage aisle correspondence flow section to be the length of side be Pt.
Conventional pipeline shock resistance Δ P
ncalculated by following formula
The Δ P that the shock resistance adopting second formulae discovery to obtain and pressure difference transmitter 43 record
1difference is comparatively large, but variation tendency is identical.Therefore passage aisle shock resistance computing formula also should have the form of calculation identical with first formula, and that different can only be local loss coefficient ξ.These computing method, based on conventional pipeline flow area sudden expansion sudden contraction calculation of head losses formula, are necessarily revised it with loss of flood peak experimental data in passage aisle, are finally provided the computing method of passage aisle shock resistance.
First correction factor f is set, then when the sudden enlargement of passage aisle flow area:
ΔP
N,1＝f·(1-A
1/A
2)
2·ρv
2/2
When mini flow area reduces suddenly:
ΔP
N,2＝f·0.5·(1-A
1/A
2)·ρv
2/2
Resistance coefficient when fluid cross-section changes suddenly not only depends on the geometric parameter of pipeline section, but also depends on flow state (Reynolds number).Change fluid flow by adjusting gear oil pump 19, and then change the Reynolds number of liquid, the passage aisle coefficient of shock resistance in the utility model with the change of Reynolds number as shown in Figure 6.
As shown in Figure 6: in scope of experiment, the coefficient of shock resistance of passage aisle inner fluid flow section sudden contraction reduces with the increase of Re, coefficient of shock resistance ζ increases change with Re and tends towards stability, consistent with the situation variation tendency of regular channels, but coefficient of shock resistance when flowing through regular channels higher than fluid far away; The coefficient of shock resistance of passage aisle inner fluid flow section sudden expansion reduces with the increase of Re, consistent with the situation variation tendency of regular channels, but coefficient of shock resistance when flowing through regular channels higher than fluid far away.
Experimental data measured by each measuring point arranged by the utility model is associated with gained modifying factor, when flow area reduces suddenly:
When flow area sudden enlargement:
Go the change of Fluid Computation shock resistance with revised formula, find calculated value and experiment value substantially identical.These computing method can accurately calculate passage aisle resistance, for later passage aisle design and choose technical support be provided.
Claims (4)
1. a passage aisle resistance measurement apparatus, it is characterized in that: comprise air pipe system, oil pipe line system and passage aisle experimental section, air pipe system comprises successively with the air compressor that pipeline connects, gas-holder, reduction valve, air flowmeter, needle valve and retaining valve, the end of retaining valve is connected with the inlet end of mixing machine by pipeline, and between retaining valve and the inlet end of mixing machine, be provided with the first pressure-measuring-point and the first temperature point, oil pipe line system comprises successively with the fuel tank that pipeline connects, second ball valve, filtrator, gear oil pump, 4th ball valve, pipeline heater and liquid flowmeter, the end of liquid flowmeter is connected with the oil inlet end of mixing machine, adapter road is on one side set between gear oil pump and the 4th ball valve, and between described other adapter road and fuel tank, the 3rd ball valve is set, and between liquid flowmeter and the oil inlet end of mixing machine, be provided with the 3rd pressure-measuring-point and the 3rd temperature point, passage aisle experimental section comprises the passage aisle experimental provision be connected with mixing machine endpiece, the separation vessel be connected with passage aisle experimental provision, the first ball valve be connected with separation vessel and the air cooling heat radiator be connected with the first ball valve, the end of air cooling heat radiator is connected with fuel tank, and the second pressure-measuring-point and the second temperature point is provided with between the endpiece and passage aisle experimental provision of mixing machine.
2. a kind of passage aisle resistance measurement apparatus according to claim 1, it is characterized in that: described passage aisle experimental provision comprises the import bobbin carriage be tightly connected successively, middle bobbin carriage and outlet bobbin carriage, and between import bobbin carriage and middle bobbin carriage, plate with holes is provided with between middle bobbin carriage and outlet bobbin carriage, described import bobbin carriage is provided with the entry nozzle be connected with the endpiece of mixing machine, outlet bobbin carriage is provided with the outlet nozzle be connected with separation vessel, mini is provided with in middle bobbin carriage, the tank wall of import bobbin carriage is provided with import aperture, it is inner as the 4th pressure-measuring-point that import aperture stretches to import bobbin carriage by pipeline, the mini being positioned at the center of middle bobbin carriage is equidistantly provided with six medial small hole, six medial small hole extend out to middle bobbin carriage outside by pipeline and form the 5th pressure-measuring-point, 6th pressure-measuring-point, 7th pressure-measuring-point, 8th pressure-measuring-point, 9th pressure-measuring-point and the tenth pressure-measuring-point, the tank wall of outlet bobbin carriage is provided with exit orifice, it is inner as the 11 pressure-measuring-point that exit orifice stretches to outlet bobbin carriage by pipeline, 4th pressure-measuring-point is connected with pressure difference transmitter to the 11 pressure-measuring-point respectively by the pipeline of correspondence and valve.
3. a kind of passage aisle resistance measurement apparatus according to claim 2, it is characterized in that: described mini has n, the tube bank of n mini formation passage aisle, described passage aisle tube bank is that triangle is restrained or square is restrained or the tube bank of transposition square.
4. a kind of passage aisle resistance measurement apparatus according to claim 1 or 2 or 3, is characterized in that: the pipeline of described oil pipe line system is stainless-steel tube.
Priority Applications (1)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| CN201520371863.XU CN204730998U (en) | 2015-06-02 | 2015-06-02 | A kind of passage aisle resistance measurement apparatus |
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| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| CN201520371863.XU CN204730998U (en) | 2015-06-02 | 2015-06-02 | A kind of passage aisle resistance measurement apparatus |
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| CN204730998U true CN204730998U (en) | 2015-10-28 |
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Cited By (2)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| CN104913902A (en) * | 2015-06-02 | 2015-09-16 | 哈尔滨工程大学 | Small channel resistance measurement device |
| CN105387993A (en) * | 2015-11-09 | 2016-03-09 | 武汉理工大学 | Testing apparatus for fluid resistance performance of flat plate surface |
-
2015
- 2015-06-02 CN CN201520371863.XU patent/CN204730998U/en not_active Withdrawn - After Issue
Cited By (3)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| CN104913902A (en) * | 2015-06-02 | 2015-09-16 | 哈尔滨工程大学 | Small channel resistance measurement device |
| CN104913902B (en) * | 2015-06-02 | 2017-12-19 | 哈尔滨工程大学 | A kind of passage aisle resistance measurement apparatus |
| CN105387993A (en) * | 2015-11-09 | 2016-03-09 | 武汉理工大学 | Testing apparatus for fluid resistance performance of flat plate surface |
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| C14 | Grant of patent or utility model | ||
| GR01 | Patent grant | ||
| AV01 | Patent right actively abandoned | ||
| AV01 | Patent right actively abandoned |
Granted publication date: 20151028 Effective date of abandoning: 20171219 |