CN201926878U - Continuous measuring device for arrival time of photon sequence - Google Patents
Continuous measuring device for arrival time of photon sequence Download PDFInfo
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- CN201926878U CN201926878U CN2010206771734U CN201020677173U CN201926878U CN 201926878 U CN201926878 U CN 201926878U CN 2010206771734 U CN2010206771734 U CN 2010206771734U CN 201020677173 U CN201020677173 U CN 201020677173U CN 201926878 U CN201926878 U CN 201926878U
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Abstract
The utility model relates to a continuous measuring device for the arrival time of a photon sequence, which comprises a photon detector, a preamplifier, a constant fraction discriminator, an atomic clock, a counter, a time-digital converter, a controller, a storage cell and a computer, wherein the output end of the constant fraction discriminator is connected with the controller, square wave pulses exported by the atomic clock are counted by the counter, the square wave pulses are delivered into the time-digital converter, the rising edge of the square wave pulse is treated as an initial signal of the time-digital converter, the rising edge of the digital pulse is seen as a stop signal of the time-digital converter, and the controlling ends of the controller are respectively connected with the counter, the time-digital converter and the storage cell to control that a roughly measured time and a meticulously measured time are stored in the storage cell synchronously. The continuous measuring device resolves the technical problems that an existing measuring device for the arrival time of the photon sequence cannot measure continuously, and has a narrow measurement range and a limited applied range. The continuous measuring device has wide measurement range and high accuracy in measuring the arrival time of the photon sequence.
Description
Technical field
The utility model proposes a kind of photon sequence measurement mechanism of time of arrival, relate to the single-photon detecting survey technology, fields such as time-correlated single photon counting t and time measurement technology.
Background technology
The measurement of photon sequence time of arrival not only has important use in fundamental research fields such as quantum optics, quantum imaging, pulsar navigation, high-energy physics, has extremely widely in applications such as survey of deep space, laser ranging, fluorescence lifetime measurements and uses.
At present the technology of the measurement of a plurality of photon time of arrival of report is time-correlated single photon counting t (time-correlated single photon counting, TCSPC), its principle is, in the record low-intensity, during periodic light pulse signal, when detecting photon, be recorded in the time of arrival of photon in the light pulse signal cycle, whenever detect a photon, just add one in to deserved memory cell, the address of the storage unit of storer is corresponding with detection time.Repeatedly repeat said process, after writing down a plurality of photons, the photon number of each unit of storer distributes with regard to the waveform of corresponding light pulse, and the time measurement module generally adopts TAC-ADC (time-to-amplitude converter and analog to digital converter) module or TDC (time-to-digit converter) module.
The problem that time-correlated single photon counting t exists, the one, can not continuous coverage arrive the photon sequence with respect to time and the situation that can't write down a plurality of photons of appearance in the periodic signal with a starting point.The 2nd, measurement range is limited, though TAC-ADC or TDC have very high time measurement precision to reach picosecond magnitude, measurement range is limited, and maximum measurement range is that hundreds of is individual delicate.Can reach the time precision of 10 psecs as the TDC-GPX of ACAM company's T DC chip.But measurement range is 1 microsecond.The 3rd, be of limited application, be used in the record low-intensity, the pulse signal of high repetition frequency more.As fluorescence lifetime measurement, fluorescence spectral measuring, fluorescence microscopy etc.
Summary of the invention
For the measurement mechanism that solves existing photon sequence time of arrival can not continuous coverage, measurement range is narrow, the technical matters that is of limited application, the utility model proposes a kind of photon sequence continuous measuring device of time of arrival at existing technical matters, and concrete solution is as follows:
The continuous measuring device of a kind of photon sequence time of arrival, its special character is: comprise single-photon detector, prime amplifier, constant fraction discriminator CFD, atomic clock, counter, time-to-digit converter TDC, controller, storage unit, clock driver element and computing machine
Described single-photon detector output single photon pulses enters constant fraction discriminator CFD output digital pulse signal through prime amplifier, and described constant fraction discriminator CFD output terminal is connected with controller,
The square-wave pulse of described atomic clock output is sent into the counting object of counter as counter, and the square-wave pulse of described atomic clock output is sent into time-to-digit converter TDC, and the rising edge of this square-wave pulse is as the start signal of time-to-digit converter,
Described constant fraction discriminator output digital pulse signal is sent into time-to-digit converter TDC, and the rising edge of this digital pulse signal is as the stop signal of time-to-digit converter,
The control end of described controller is connected with counter, digital quantizer and storage unit respectively, be used for bigness scale time of control counter and the thin survey time in the time-to-digit converter TDC buffer memory when controller receives the rising edge of constant fraction discriminator output signal, deposit storage unit synchronously in
Described clock drive unit drives counter, digital quantizer TDC, controller and storage unit collaborative work,
Bigness scale time of storing in the described storage unit and thin survey time are sent into computing machine.
Said memory cells comprises first memory and second memory, and described controller is the mutual switching between may command first memory and second memory also.
Above-mentioned clock driver element comprises quartz crystal oscillator and frequency multiplier circuit, and described quartz crystal oscillator is handled the back clock signal through frequency multiplier circuit.
Above-mentioned described first memory and second memory are push-up storage.
Above-mentioned atomic clock is rubidium atomic clock, cesium-beam atomic clock or hydrogen atomic clock; Single-photon detector is photomultiplier PMT, microchannel plate (MCP) or avalanche photo diode (APD).
The method for continuous measuring of a kind of photon sequence time of arrival, its special character is: may further comprise the steps:
1] determines the starting point measured time of arrival of photon sequence
By external trigger, input and the synchronous beginning measuring-signal RESTART of atomic clock input pulse rising edge.The rising edge of beginning measuring-signal RESTART is to the zero clearing that resets of counter and time-to-digit converter, and the rising edge of beginning measuring-signal RESTART is the initial moment of all photons time of arrival in the photon sequence;
2] produce the timing signal that each photon arrives in the photon sequence;
2.1] by clock driver element clocking actuation counter, digital quantizer (TDC), controller and storer collaborative work;
2.2] constant fraction discriminator produces the timing signal that photon arrives:
2.2.1] by the incident light incident single-photon detector that the photon sequence of series of discrete is formed, when single-photon detector detected a photon, single-photon detector was exported an electronic pulse signal;
2.2.2] electronic pulse signal of single-photon detector output is amplified into constant fraction discriminator (CFD) through prime amplifier;
2.2.3] constant fraction discriminator (CFD) as the timing point that single photon reaches, produces the rising edge of the electronic pulse signal of prime amplifier output digital start pulse signal and reach timing signal as single photon;
3] measure bigness scale time T and thin survey time t
3.1] write down the bigness scale time that photon arrives:
3.1.1] atomic clock output square-wave pulse, after beginning measurement, the rising edge of RESTART signal is to counter O reset, and counter is started from scratch the pulse signal of atomic clock output is counted; The rising edge of RESTART signal arrives the common zero-time of bigness scale time for all photons.
3.1.2] controller receives when single photon that constant fraction discriminator (CFD) sends reaches the rising edge of timing signal, actuation counter output count value also is stored in the storer, single photon reaches the rising edge of timing signal pulse as the stand-by time of this photon bigness scale time, and the count value of this hour counter output is the bigness scale time that photon arrives;
3.2] write down the thin survey time that photon arrives:
3.2.1] when atomic clock output square-wave pulse arrived, beginning (start) signal of the rising edge triggered digital converter (TDC) of square-wave pulse was as the start signal of thin survey time.
3.2.2] when the single photon timing signal of constant fraction discriminator (CFD) output arrived, the rising edge triggered digital converter (TDC) of single photon timing signal stopped (stop) signal, as the stop signal of thin survey time;
3.2.3] receive stop signal after, digital quantizer is converted into digital quantity to the time interval between commencing signal and the stop signal and deposits to the inner buffer memory of digital quantizer (TDC), simultaneously, after controller receives that the single photon of constant fraction discriminator (CFD) transmission reaches timing signal, drive digital quantizer (TDC) output digital quantity value, be stored in the storage unit, the digital quantity in the storage unit is the thin survey time that photon arrives at this moment;
4] time of arrival of each photon in the calculating photon sequence:
The cycle of bigness scale time=count value * atomic clock output pulse;
The precision of thin survey time=digital quantity * digital quantizer TDC:
Photon reach time=bigness scale time+carefully survey the time.
Above-mentioned method for continuous measuring also comprises the switch step of storer, is specially:
First memory begins to store the bigness scale time and the thin survey time of photon sequence, when first memory is expired, controller switches to the second memory opening entry with first memory, and the while reads into the data of first memory on calculator memory or the hard disk by computer interface concurrently;
When second memory was expired, controller switched to the first memory opening entry with second memory, and the while reads into the data of second memory on calculator memory or the hard disk by computer interface concurrently.
Above-mentioned steps 3] circulate and carry out.
Above-mentioned clock driver element is that quartz crystal oscillator is through process of frequency multiplication.
Above-mentioned atomic clock is rubidium atomic clock, cesium-beam atomic clock or hydrogen atomic clock; Single-photon detector is photomultiplier PMT, microchannel plate (MCP) or avalanche photo diode (APD).
The advantage that the utility model had:
1, the measurement range of photon time of arrival is wide: the method that the utility model adopts thick time measurement and thin time measurement to combine, the measurement range of expansion photon time of arrival.By the high stable pulse of atomic clock output is counted, come the thick time of measurement of photon arrival, have very high degree of stability, overcome the drift that long-time collection brings.The thin time that the time interval of adopting TDC to come timing pip that measurement of photon arrives and atomic clock to export pulse recently arrives as photon, carefully the measurement of time has very high precision.The frequency generally lower (1M, 5M or three kinds of outputs of 10M being arranged as rubidium atomic clock) of atomic clock output if counter is set to 36, is counted by the rubidium atomic clock output pulse to 1M, and measurement range can reach 19.09 hours.
2, the precision height of photon measurement time of arrival: the TDC time interval measurement has very high time precision.Present commercial TDC can reach the time precision of 10 psecs as the TDC-GPX of ACAM company.Also can realize the precision of tens psecs with the TDC of FPGA realization.Therefore thin time measurement accuracy is very high.Because the frequency stability of atomic clock output is very high, so the bigness scale time can reach very high measuring accuracy.Therefore the measuring accuracy of last photon time of arrival also can reach picosecond magnitude.
3, photon measuring stability time of arrival height: atomic clock mainly contains rubidium atom, cesium-beam atomic clock and hydrogen atomic clock etc., and atomic clock has very high degree of stability, generally in frequency stability 10
-11About, can overcome the drift of long-time collection.
4, continuous, unlimited photon is measured time of arrival: to the reading and operations such as two push-up storages switch of metadata cache in counter and the TDC, realize the measurement of time of arrival of continuous, unlimited photon sequence by controller.
5, high-speed data is handled: quartz crystal oscillator produces high-frequency clock through after the frequency multiplication, and actuation counter, TDC, controller and storer collaborative work realize data stream at a high speed, improve counting rate.
6, the utility model arrives computing machine by communication interface with the data read in the storer, stores then and handles, and obtains the time of arrival of each photon in the photon sequence.
Description of drawings
Fig. 1 is the structural representation of the continuous measuring device of the utility model photon sequence time of arrival;
Fig. 2 is the utility model sequential chart.
Embodiment
The purpose of this utility model is the method that proposes a kind of photon sequence high precision time of arrival, continuous coverage.Photon is when time of arrival, measurement range was wide, realization is to each photon high precision time of arrival, uninterrupted measurement continuously in the photon sequence, overcome in the existing time-correlated single photon counting t, photon measurement range time of arrival is narrow, can not realize the deficiency of aspects such as continuous coverage.By data processing to each photon time of arrival in the photon sequence, can obtain the multiple information of incident light, comprise the time dependent character of light intensity, the character of distribution of photons etc.Therefore the utility model has important use in quantum optics in the fundamental researchs such as pulsar navigation.The utility model uses different detectors except being used for the measurement of time of arrival of photon sequence, can also realize particle flux such as high-energy photon, electronics, charged particle time of arrival continuously, high-acruracy survey.Therefore the utility model can be used for high-energy physics, fields such as survey of deep space, spectral measurement and bioluminescence detection.
The utility model proposes the photon sequence method for continuous measuring of time of arrival, this method as shown in Figure 1, by single-photon detector, prime amplifier, constant fraction discriminator (CFD), atomic clock, (time-to-digit converter) TDC, quartz crystal oscillator, frequency multiplier, controller, counter, first memory, second memory, Computer Communications Interface and computing machine constitute.Single-photon detector output single photon pulses enters constant fraction discriminator (CFD) output digital pulse signal through prime amplifier, constant fraction discriminator (CFD) output terminal is connected with controller, the pulse signal of atomic clock output is the counting object of counter, the rising edge of the square-wave pulse of atomic clock output is time-to-digit converter (TDC) start signal, the rising edge of constant fraction discriminator output digital pulse signal is the stop signal of time-to-digit converter (TDC), when controller receives the rising edge of constant fraction discriminator output signal in the control counter in bigness scale time and time-to-digit converter (TDC) buffer memory the thin time synchronized of surveying deposit storage unit in, clock drive unit drives counter, digital quantizer (TDC), controller and the work of storage unit fast synergistic, bigness scale time in the storage unit and thin survey time export by computing machine.
Single-photon detector output single photon pulses through behind the prime amplifier, enters constant fraction discriminator (CFD), and the somewhere that CFD is chosen in pulse height produces as timing point, the timing signal pulse that the photon of output arrives.The method that the measurement of photon time of arrival adopts thick time measurement and thin time measurement to combine.By the thick time of counting measurement of photon to arrive to the recurrent pulses of the high frequency stability of the output of atomic clock.The thin time that the time interval of adopting TDC to come timing pip that measurement of photon arrives and atomic clock to export pulse recently arrives as photon.Controller deposits bigness scale time in the counter and the thin survey time in the TDC buffer memory in the first in first out storage unit synchronously, and storage unit adopts the mode that two storeies switch to realize, realizes thick time and the thin time of continuous, unlimited recording light subsequence.Quartz crystal oscillator produces high-frequency clock through after the frequency multiplication, and fast synergistic work such as actuation counter, TDC, controller and storer realize data stream at a high speed.By communication interface the data read in the storer is arrived computing machine, store then and handle, obtain the time of arrival of each photon in the photon sequence.
The utility model also provides a kind of photon sequence method for continuous measuring of time of arrival: concrete steps are as follows:
1) begins to measure, determine the starting point of measurement time of arrival of photon sequence
In the time will beginning to measure, by manual triggers or external trigger, the RESTART signal of the beginning measuring command that introducing and atomic clock input pulse rising edge are synchronous.The rising edge of RESTART signal is to the zero clearing that resets of counter and time-to-digit converter, and the rising edge of RESTART signal is the common initial moment of all photons time of arrival in the photon sequence.
2] produce the timing signal that photon arrives
Penetrating light when very faint, incident light can be regarded the photon sequence of series of discrete as, when photon detecting, electronic impulse of single-photon detector output, each pulse representative detects a photon, because the electronic impulse amplitude that detector is directly exported is very little, therefore adopt prime amplifier that signal is amplified, enter constant fraction discriminator CFD then, the effect of constant fraction discriminator CFD is selected at somewhere in the electronic impulse as the timing point, produces digital trigger pulse.This trigger pulse arrives timing signal as single photon, the time that on behalf of photon, its rising edge arrive.Constant fraction discriminator CFD triggers when pulse height ratio is constant, has avoided detector directly to export the timing error that the electronic impulse amplitude jitter causes.
Single-photon detector can adopt photomultiplier PMT, and microchannel plate MCP, avalanche photodide APD etc., constant fraction discriminator CFD generally use more in high-energy physics, the CFD85 of commercial constant fraction discriminator CFD such as ORTECT company
3] the bigness scale time of record photon arrival.
Adopt atomic clock (as rubidium atomic clock, cesium-beam atomic clock, hydrogen atomic clock) the periodic square wave pulse of output high frequency stability is after beginning to measure, the rising edge of RESTART signal is to counter O reset, and counter is started from scratch to the pulse of atomic clock output and counted.When detecting photon, the photon that produces in the step 1 arrives timing signal flip-flop number output count value to first memory or second memory.The bigness scale time that on behalf of photon, the count value of counter output just arrive.
The figure place of counter is determining the measurement range of bigness scale time, and rubidium atomic clock has 1M, and three kinds of frequency outputs of 5M or 10M if counter is set to 36, are counted by the rubidium atomic clock output pulse to 1M, and measurement range can reach 19.09 hours.The frequency stability of atomic clock output is very high, and as commercial rubidium atomic clock, frequency stability can reach 10
-11Differed approximately 1 second in promptly 300 years.Therefore the bigness scale time can reach very high measuring accuracy.Therefore with less data volume, accurately write down long measurement range, improved counting rate.
4] the thin survey time of record photon arrival.
TDC can measure initial START signal accurately and stop time interval between the STOP signal.The thin time that the utility model adopts time-to-digit converter TDC to come measurement of photon to arrive, concrete grammar is the initial START signal of the pulse of atomic clock output as time-to-digit converter TDC, and single photon arrives timing signal as the STOP signal.When detecting photon, the photon that produces in the step 1 arrives the STOP that timing signal triggers TDC, this moment, the START signal of TDC was that single photon arrives before the timing signal, the pulse of the nearest output of atomic clock output, time-to-digit converter is converted into digital quantity with the time interval between commencing signal and stop signal and is stored in the buffer memory of TDC inside, the thin survey time that on behalf of photon, this digital quantity arrive.
TDC can adopt the TDC chip of commercial usefulness, and as the TDC-GPX of ACAM company, it is operated in M mode time precision can reach 10 psecs.Measurement range is 0～10 microsecond, and TDC also can adopt FPGA to realize that precision can reach tens psecs.
5] bigness scale time of unlimited recording light subsequence and carefully surveying the time continuously.
When detecting photon, the photon that produces in the step 1 arrives timing signal and triggers controller, controller receives that whenever a photon arrives the rising edge of timing signal pulse, just the thin survey of representative time value in the digital quantity of representing the bigness scale time value in the counter and the TDC buffer memory is got digital quantity and deposit the existing storer that advances to go out earlier synchronously in, storer adopts first memory and second memory switching mode to realize unlimited record.Concrete grammar is from when detecting photon, first memory begins to store the bigness scale time and the thin survey time of photon sequence, when first memory is expired, controller switches to the second memory opening entry, and the while reads into the data of first memory on calculator memory or the hard disk by computer interface concurrently.When in like manner second memory had been expired, controller switched to the first memory opening entry, and the while reads into the data of second memory on calculator memory or the hard disk by computer interface concurrently.Computing machine or hard disk have enough spaces to store data.
6] expedited flow
Through after the frequency multiplication, as drive clock, actuation counter, TDC, controller, push-up storage improve the processing speed of step 2 to step 4 with quartz crystal oscillator, and expedited flow improves counting rate.Can reach the clock output of 200M as the quartz crystal oscillator of 50M frequency after through 4 frequencys multiplication, only need 2 clock period owing to read the thin time value of buffer memory among the thick time value of counter and the TDC and deposit push-up storage.Therefore the utility model can reach the counting rate of 100M.
Frequency multiplication to the crystal oscillator signal generally can adopt the module of fpga chip inside to realize that the frequency multiplication mechanism that the FPGA of different producers realizes is not quite similar, and realizes frequency multiplication as the fpga chip of Xinlinx company with inner DCM (digital dock management) module.The FPGA of altera corp adopts PLL (phaselocked loop) to realize frequency multiplication.
7] time of arrival of each photon in the calculating photon sequence
The cycle of bigness scale time=count value * atomic clock output pulse
The precision of value * TDC in thin survey time=TDC buffer memory
Photon reach time=bigness scale time+carefully survey the time
Computer software is handled the data that read in real time, and utilizes with co-relation, calculates the time of arrival of each photon in the photon sequence.
By data processing to each photon time of arrival in the photon sequence, can obtain the multiple information of incident light, comprise the time dependent character of light intensity, the character of distribution of photons etc.Therefore the utility model has important use in quantum optics in the fundamental researchs such as quantum communications.The utility model uses different detectors except being used for the measurement of time of arrival of photon sequence, can also realize particle flux such as high-energy photon, electronics, charged particle time of arrival continuously, high-acruracy survey.Therefore the utility model can be used for high-energy physics, fields such as survey of deep space, spectral measurement and bioluminescence detection.
Claims (5)
1. the continuous measuring device of photon sequence time of arrival, it is characterized in that: comprise single-photon detector, prime amplifier, constant fraction discriminator (CFD), atomic clock, counter, time-to-digit converter (TDC), controller, storage unit, clock driver element and computing machine
Described single-photon detector output single photon pulses enters constant fraction discriminator (CFD) output digital pulse signal through prime amplifier, and described constant fraction discriminator (CFD) output terminal is connected with controller,
The square-wave pulse of described atomic clock output is sent into the counting object of counter as counter, and the square-wave pulse of described atomic clock output is sent into time-to-digit converter (TDC), and the rising edge of this square-wave pulse is as the start signal of time-to-digit converter,
Described constant fraction discriminator output digital pulse signal is sent into time-to-digit converter (TDC), and the rising edge of this digital pulse signal is as the stop signal of time-to-digit converter,
The control end of described controller is connected with counter, digital quantizer and storage unit respectively, be used for bigness scale time of control counter and the thin survey time in time-to-digit converter (TDC) buffer memory when controller receives the rising edge of constant fraction discriminator output signal, deposit storage unit synchronously in
Described clock drive unit drives counter, digital quantizer (TDC), controller and storage unit collaborative work,
Bigness scale time of storing in the described storage unit and thin survey time are sent into computing machine.
2. the continuous measuring device of photon sequence according to claim 1 time of arrival is characterized in that:
Described storage unit comprises first memory and second memory, and described controller is the mutual switching between may command first memory and second memory also.
3. the continuous measuring device of photon sequence according to claim 1 and 2 time of arrival, it is characterized in that: described clock driver element comprises quartz crystal oscillator and frequency multiplier circuit, described quartz crystal oscillator is handled the back clock signal through frequency multiplier circuit.
4. the continuous measuring device of photon sequence according to claim 3 time of arrival, it is characterized in that: described first memory and second memory are push-up storage.
5. the continuous measuring device of photon sequence according to claim 4 time of arrival, it is characterized in that: described atomic clock is rubidium atomic clock, cesium-beam atomic clock or hydrogen atomic clock; Single-photon detector is photomultiplier (PMT), microchannel plate (MCP) or avalanche photo diode (APD).
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Cited By (4)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| CN102141772A (en) * | 2010-12-23 | 2011-08-03 | 中国科学院西安光学精密机械研究所 | Device and method for continuously measuring arrival time of photon sequence |
| CN107147443A (en) * | 2017-05-08 | 2017-09-08 | 重庆邮电大学 | A kind of synthesis of photon detection array signal and open loop synchronous method |
| CN107256141A (en) * | 2017-06-19 | 2017-10-17 | 中国科学技术大学 | The unrelated quantum random number generator of measurement end device |
| CN108398192A (en) * | 2018-02-08 | 2018-08-14 | 太原理工大学 | A kind of system accurately measuring chaos light field coherence time using high speed time to digital converter |
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2010
- 2010-12-23 CN CN2010206771734U patent/CN201926878U/en not_active Expired - Lifetime
Cited By (6)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| CN102141772A (en) * | 2010-12-23 | 2011-08-03 | 中国科学院西安光学精密机械研究所 | Device and method for continuously measuring arrival time of photon sequence |
| CN102141772B (en) * | 2010-12-23 | 2012-09-05 | 中国科学院西安光学精密机械研究所 | Device and method for continuously measuring arrival time of photon sequence |
| CN107147443A (en) * | 2017-05-08 | 2017-09-08 | 重庆邮电大学 | A kind of synthesis of photon detection array signal and open loop synchronous method |
| CN107147443B (en) * | 2017-05-08 | 2019-04-26 | 重庆邮电大学 | A kind of synthesis of photon detection array signal and open loop synchronous method |
| CN107256141A (en) * | 2017-06-19 | 2017-10-17 | 中国科学技术大学 | The unrelated quantum random number generator of measurement end device |
| CN108398192A (en) * | 2018-02-08 | 2018-08-14 | 太原理工大学 | A kind of system accurately measuring chaos light field coherence time using high speed time to digital converter |
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