CN1940289B - 基于逆风风速控制风力涡轮的系统和方法 - Google Patents
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Abstract
提供了一种用于根据预期的风速变化而控制风力涡轮发电机的电力输出的方法。该方法包括在一离风力涡轮发电机一个所要的距离处沿风向感知风速。该方法还包括根据感知的瞬时风速而在风力涡轮发电机处的风速变化之前来控制风力涡轮发电机的叶片的螺距。
Description
有关联邦赞助的研究与发展的说明
本发明是根据美国能源部签订的DE-AC 36-83CH10093号合同在政府支持下做出的。美国政府在该发明中有一定的权益。
发明领域
本发明总的涉及风力涡轮机,特别涉及一种用于在阵风期间根据逆风信息而控制风力涡轮发电机的电力输出同时减小塔的前后和侧向的力矩的系统和方法。
风力涡轮机被看做是一种环境友好而相对廉价的替代能源。风力涡轮发电机通常包括一个有多个叶片的转子,叶片将风能转换为驱动轴的转动,后者又被用来驱动发电机的转子,从而产生电力。在现代的风能产生系统中,从组成“风力场”的多个风力涡轮发电机来的电力输出通常组合在一起而输入电网。
风力涡轮发电机的电力输出通常随风速而增加,直到达到一额定的电力输出。其后,即使风速再增大,该电力输出也通常恒定地保持在该额定值。这通常是通过根据风速的增大而调节叶片的螺距效应来达到的。随着风速增大到超过该额定电力输出,通常向着顺桨改变这些叶片螺距(也即扭转得与风向更精密地对准),由此控制转子的角速度。结果,随着风速的增大,发电机速度因而发电机输出可以保持得相当稳定。
在突发的阵风情况下,风速可在相当小的时间间隔内剧烈提高。在这种突发阵风期间保持风力涡轮发电机的输出恒定要求叶片的螺距角相当快速地变化。但是,由于螺距控制驱动器的动力学和机械部件的惯性,阵风的产生和叶片的实际螺距变化之间通常有一时间滞后。结果,发电机速度和因而电力在阵风期间可能显著增大而可能超过规定的最高电力输出水平(也称为过速极限),导致发电机跳闸,而在某些情况下,导致风力涡轮机关闭。该过速极限通常对特定的风力涡轮发电机起保护作用,它是以机械部件如塔、驱动系等的疲劳考虑为基础的。而且,由于风力剪切作用效果的增大,突发阵风也可能显著地增大塔的前后和侧向的弯曲力矩。
因此,需要一种改进的机构来控制强烈阵风期间风力涡轮机叶片的螺距改变而保持发电机电力输出的恒定,同时减小塔的前后和侧向力矩。
发明简述
简明地说,按照本发明的一个方面,本发明提供一种根据风速的预期变化来控制风力涡轮发电机的电力输出的方法。该方法包括在一离风力涡轮发电机一个所要距离处沿风向感知风速。该方法还包括根据感知的瞬时风速而在风力涡轮发电机处的风速变化之前控制风力涡轮发电机叶片的螺距。
在另一方面,本发明提供一种有多个安装在一驱动地联接于发电机的转子上的叶片的风力涡轮发电机。该风力涡轮发电机包括逆风风速测量传感器,后者适合于在一离风力涡轮发电机一个所要的距离处沿风向感知风速。该风力涡轮发电机还包括一个螺距控制系统,其构型做成根据感知的瞬时风速在风力涡轮发电机处的风速变化之前来控制风力涡轮发电机叶片的螺距。
在又一方面,本发明提供计算机程序和辅助程序,它们包括适合于实施上述功能的编码。
附图简述
当参照附图阅读下列详细描述时将更好地理解本发明的上述和其它特点、方面和优点。所有各图中相同的标号表示相同的部件,附图中:
图1例示按照本发明的一些方面的一种风力涡轮发电机;
图2例示按照本发明的一些方面的风力涡轮发电机的功能部件;
图3是例示按照本发明的一些方面来实施集中的叶片螺距控制的控制战略的示意图;
图4是在阵风出现期间轮毂高度处风速变化的图线表示;
图5是按照本发明的一些方面的在阵风出现期间发电机速度随时间变化的图线表示;
图6是按照本发明的一些方面的在阵风出现期间发电机电力输出随时间变化的图线表示;
图7是按照本发明的一些方面的在阵风出现期间塔的侧向力距随时间变化的图线表示;以及
图8是例示按照本发明的一些方面来控制集中的叶片螺距的一种示范方法的流程图。
详细描述
下列描述提供一种新技术,用于在风速突然变化期间如阵风期间通过在这种阵风期间将发电机速度保持在过速极限(或保护阈值)内而控制风力涡轮发电机的电力输出,从而防止在阵风期间风力涡轮发电机的跳闸或关闭。本发明的实施例提供一种控制取向的传感方法,利用逆风测量传感器来获得风速信息,同时利用一组处理该逆风速度信息的控制算法来产生一个集中的叶片螺距改变指令,从而当阵风出现时提前改变风力涡轮机叶片的螺距,由此捕集更多的风能和减小风力涡轮机结构上的动力负荷。下面总的参照图1~7详细地描述本发明的实施例。
现在转向附图,图1按照本发明的一些方面来例示一种风力涡轮发电机10。风力涡轮发电机10包括一个有多个安装在轮毂10上的风力涡轮叶片14、16、18的转子12。风力涡轮发电机10也包括一个安装在塔24顶上的舱室22。转子12经过安装在舱室22内的驱动系(未示出)驱动地联接在一发电机上。塔24向风(用箭头26表示方向)暴露叶片14、16、18,使叶片14、16、18围绕轴线28转动。叶片14、16、18将风的动能转换为转矩,该转矩又经一发电机转换为电能。
图2是风力涡轮发电机10按照本发明的一些方面的功能元素的框图。如图所示,风力涡轮发电机10的叶片驱动发电机32。风力涡轮发电机10还包括一个控制器30,其构型做成根据感知的风速来控制发电机32的电力输出。发电机32的电力输出可以通过用叶片螺矩调节电动机34控制叶片的螺距改变来控制。通过一个或多个电力转换器36来控制发电机32的空气间隙转矩,也可以同时控制发电机的电力输出。
对于低的风速,风速的提高导致叶片14、16、18的转动速度的提高,并因而增大发电机32的电力输出。在某些实施例中,允许电力输出随风速而增大,直到达到一个额定的电力输出水平。随着风速的进一步提高,发电机32的电力输出基本上保持恒定。这是通过向着顺桨改变叶片14、16、18中的一个或多个的螺距而获得的。本该讨论中,改变螺距指扭转风力涡轮机的叶片而改变风对叶片的迎角。向着顺桨改变螺距指这样扭转叶片,使得叶片表面沿风速的方面26对准(即减小迎角)。向着顺桨改变叶片螺距导致减小叶片捕集的风能。因此,随着风速的提高,叶片逐渐向着顺桨改变螺距,从而保持基本上恒定的发电机速度,因而也保持稳定的发电机电力输出。
如上所述,在突发阵风的情况下,风速可能在相当小的时间间隔内提高。按照本发明的一些方面,为了补偿叶片螺距调节电动机34的时间滞后并在此种突发阵风期间保持风力涡轮发电机10的恒定的电力输出,即至少一种较平稳或受控的输出变化,在阵风击中涡轮机之前优先地改变叶片螺矩,由此防止发电机32在阵风出现时达到其过速极限。为了实现该优先的叶片螺矩改变,通过逆风风速测量传感器38而在叶片14、16、18的逆风方向感知风速。在例示的实施例中,传感器38包括一个光探测和测距装置,也称为激光雷达。回来参照图1,激光雷达38是一种测量雷达,其构型做成扫描风力涡轮发电机10周围的环形区域,并根据由激光雷达发送的光从气溶胶的反射和/或散射而测量风速。可以合适地选择激光雷达38的锥角(θ)和距离(R)来提供所要的测量精度及可以接受的灵敏度。在例示的实施例中,激光雷达38安置在其上安装了叶片14、16、18的轮毂20上。在某些替代的实施例中,激光雷达38也可以安置在风力涡轮机塔24的塔基周围。
按照本发明的一些方面,激光雷达38的构型做成在至少一个特定部分之前测量风速,该特定部分通常为按照叶片上各区段对空气动力转矩的贡献而定的叶片14、16、18的最重要的区段。这些区段例如可以包括靠近叶片尖端的区段。在叶片14、16、18前面的由激光雷达38测量风速的那些点用平面40代表。
如图2中所示,由激光雷达38感知的逆风风速被控制器30用来确定一个集中的螺距改变指令(CP),该指令由叶片螺距调节电动机34实现为叶片螺距的实际改变。下面更详细地描述控制器30所实施的控制机构。
图3是例示按照本发明的一些方面来实施集中的叶片螺距控制的示范的控制机构42的示意图。控制机构42包括一个反馈控制系统44和一个向前馈送控制系统46。反馈控制系统44的构型做成确定在累加点47处参考的(希望的)发电机速度(ωREF)和实际的发电机速度(ω)之间的误差(e)。误差(e)然后在方框50处受到一个增益C而产生一个输出值48,该输出值48指示为了减小ω和ωREF之间的误差(e)而所需的叶片螺距角的变化。在方框52处,分离改变叶片螺距对塔24和发电机32的动力学影响来分别通过增益Gω和Gt而确定实际的发电机速度(ω)60和塔负荷(TL)62。增益Gω以发电机32的动力学为基础,而增益Gt指示塔24的传递功能。可以理解,反馈控制系统44的输出48做成当发电机速度(ω)超过参考速度(ωREF)时减小叶片螺距角,并当发电机速度(ω)小于参考速度(ωREF)时增大叶片螺距角。因此,在风力涡轮发电机10的正常操作下,输出48作用在叶片螺距调节电动机34上,使得发电机速度保持在一个恒定的参考水平,而误差(e)接近零。
向前馈送系统46利用从激光雷达38来的逆风风速信息(VW)并产生一个输出54,输出54能使叶片在风速突然变化之前改变螺距。向前馈送系统46在方框56处包括一个在风速数据(VW)上的增益F,以产生输出54。该向前馈送控制系统的输出54在结合部58处与反馈控制系统44的输出48叠加而产生集中的叶片螺距改变指令(CP)。在一个实施例中,该增益F直接正比于项GdGt -1,其中Gd以风速对塔动力学的影响为基础。这样,在阵风期间,风速的突然变化被叶片的顶风感知,导致向前馈送系统46的输出的增大,因而集中螺距改变指令(CP)的增强。这转而在阵风真正到达风力涡轮发电机10之前使叶片螺距调节电动机34调节叶片螺距。本发明因此保证发电机的电力输出逐渐减小而发电机速度不超过将使其跳闸的过速极限。在某些实施例中,增益F可能继续正比于感知的风速,使得阵风越强,向前馈送系统46的响应就越快,从而增强集中的叶片螺距改变指令(CP)。
图4例示阵风期间风速(用Y轴表示)随时间(用X轴表示)的示范性变化的图形。如图所示,在时间T1处风速剧烈增大,直到它在时间T2处达到最高值,其后风速迅速降低。图5表示在这样一种阵风期间发电机速度的示范性变化。轨迹64表示没有叶片的优先螺距改变时发电机速度的变化,而轨迹66表示利用目前的逆风风速测量技术带有叶片的优先螺距改变时相应的变化。如可以见到的,没有优先螺距改变时,发电机速度在出现阵风时开始提高,在约时间T2处当风速达到最高值时超过其过速极限(Smax),使其跳闸。其后,发电机轴由于惯性而继续转动,而发电机速度迅速降低到零。但是,有了优先螺距改变,这样一种状况就避免了。如图所示,在阵风实际到达风力涡轮发电机之前改变叶片螺距,使得速度在阵风期间逐渐提高,并在阵风已过去后在额定值时保持恒定。
图6例示阵风期间电力输出的示范性变化。这里轨迹70表示传统的螺距改变机构情况下的变化,而轨迹72表示由本发明的应用方面形成的变化。如图所示,在传统的螺距改变情况下,只要发电机速度超过过速极限,发电机输出就降到零。但是,利用本发明,发电机电力输出跨越通过阵风,其后就恢复到一个恒定的额定值。
风速的变化由于增大的风力剪切影响而还导致增大的塔的前后和侧向振动。这是因为,在任何给定的情况下,不同的叶片处于不同的高度,因此受到变化的风速(因为风速随高度而变),导致沿前后方向(图1中用箭头1表示)以及侧向方向(图2中用箭头2表示)的塔的周期性振动。本发明通过在迫近的阵风之前向顺桨改变叶片螺距而减小了塔的前后和侧向振动,从而导致减小叶片14、16、18上的因而塔24上的弯曲力矩。塔上由于风速的提高而产生的负荷可以在方框68处根据风速对塔的动力学而再一次由Gd确定,它被叠加而得到塔的总负荷(TL)。图7例示在出现阵风期间塔的负荷的示范性变化,其中轨迹74表示没有优先螺距改变时塔的负荷的变化,而轨迹76表示采用本发明的螺距改变技术利用逆风风速信息的变化。
图8是例示按照本发明的一些方面的用于控制风力涡轮发电机的电力输出的示范方法78的流程图。方法78由感知逆风风速开始(方框80)。如前所述,方框80可以合并使激光雷达来按照空气动力学转矩感知在叶片最重要区段之前的风速,以确定风速的突然变化。在方框82处,根据实际的发动机速度和参考的发动机速度的差别而产生一个叶片螺距改变指令。方框82可包括一个如上面图3中所示的反馈控制系统。在方框84处,根据塔的动力学和逆风风速的变化而产生一个向前馈送信号。该叶片螺距改变信号和向前馈送信号相加而确定一个集中的叶片螺距改变指令(方框86)。其次,在方框88处,根据该集中的叶片螺距改变指令而驱动叶片螺距调节电动机,从而在风速突然变化之前实现叶片的螺距改变。
这样,上述技术有利于在风速突然变化期间最佳地利用逆风风速信息来控制风力涡轮发电机的电力输出的波动,同时减小塔结构上的动力学负荷。也可理解,上述技术可以采用计算机或控制器实施的过程和设备的形式来实现这些过程。本发明的各方面也可以含有在有形媒介中实现的指令的计算机程序编码的形式实施,这些媒介如软磁盘、CD-ROM(小型光盘一只读存储器)、硬驱或任何其它的计算机可读存储媒介,其中,当计算机程序编码被加载到计算机或控制器中和用它们执行时,该计算机成为实施本发明的设备。上述技术还可以以计算机程序编码或信号的形式实施,例如,不管这些信号是储存在一种存储媒介中、加载在计算机或控制器中和/或由它们执行,或者是在某些传输媒介上传送,如在电线或电缆上、通过光纤或通过电磁辐射,其中,当计算机程序编码被加载到计算机中并由计算机执行时,该计算机成为实施本发明的设备。当在一通用微处理器上实施时,该计算机程序编码片断做成使该微处理器能产生特定的逻辑电路。
虽然这里仅例示和描述了本发明的某些特点,但该技术的专业人员可进行许多修改和变化。因此,可以理解,附属的权利要求书预期包括所有这些落入本发明真实精神之内的修改和变化。
部件清单
10 风力涡轮发电机
12 转子
14、16、18 叶片
20 轮毂
22 舱室
24 塔
26 风向
28 转动轴线
30 控制器
32 发电机
34 叶片螺距调节电动机
36 电力转换器
38 激光雷达
40 风速测量平面
42 控制机构
44 反馈控制系统
46 向前馈送控制系统
47 累加结合部
48 反馈系统的输出
50 反馈系统的增益方框
52 增益方框
54 向前馈送系统的输出
56 向前馈送系统的增益方框
58 累加结合部
60 W
62 TL
64 阵风期间传统的发电机速度随时间的变化
66 阵风期间本系统的发电机速度随时间的变化
68 增益方框
70 阵风期间传统的发电机电力随时间的变化
72 阵风期间本系统的发电机电力随时间的变化
74 阵风期间传统的塔负荷随时间的变化
76 阵风期间本系统的塔负荷随时间的变化
78 控制风力涡轮发电机的电力输出的方法
80~88 方法78的步骤
Claims (17)
1.一种响应于预期的风速变化来控制风力涡轮发电机的电力输出的方法,包括:
在沿风向离该风力涡轮发电机所要求的距离处感测风速;
根据发电机参考速度和发电机实际速度之间的差来确定一个叶片螺距改变指令信号;
响应于感测的风速的变化,根据风力涡轮塔的动力学确定一个前馈信号,并将该前馈信号耦合到该叶片螺距改变指令信号从而获得一个集中的叶片螺距改变指令信号;以及
根据感测的瞬时风速在该风力涡轮发电机处的风速变化之前控制该风力涡轮发电机叶片的螺距。
2.根据权利要求1所述的方法,其特征在于,感测风速包括通过一个光探测和测距装置来感测逆风风速。
3.根据权利要求1所述的方法,其特征在于,感测风速包括根据该叶片的至少一个特定部分对该叶片上空气动力学转矩的贡献来感测该至少一个特定部分前方的逆风风速。
4.根据权利要求1所述的方法,其特征在于,包括通过对叶片螺距的控制来控制发电机速度。
5.根据权利要求1所述的方法,其特征在于,通过基于塔的动力学和发电机的动力学的增益来确定该前馈信号。
6.根据权利要求5所述的方法,其特征在于,该前馈信号还以该感测的风速为基础。
7.一种根据预期的风速变化来控制风力涡轮发电机电力输出的方法,包括:
在沿风向离该风力涡轮发电机所要求的距离处感测逆风风速;
响应于该感测的逆风风速的变化,根据风力涡轮机塔的动力学来确定一个前馈信号;以及
将该前馈信号耦合到叶片螺距改变指令信号从而获得一个集中的叶片螺距改变指令信号,所述集中的叶片螺距改变指令信号构造成在该风力涡轮发电机处的逆风风速变化之前控制该风力涡轮叶片的螺距。
8.根据权利要求7所述的方法,其特征在于,其中,感测逆风风速包括通过一个光探测和测距装置感测逆风风速。
9.根据权利要求7所述的方法,其特征在于,其中,感测逆风风速包括根据该叶片的至少一个特定部分对该叶片上空气动力学转矩的贡献来感测该至少一个特定部分前方的逆风风速。
10.根据权利要求7所述的方法,其特征在于,包括通过对叶片螺距的控制来控制发电机速度。
11.根据权利要求7所述的方法,其特征在于,其中,通过基于塔的动力学和发电机的动力学的增益来确定该前馈信号。
12.根据权利要求7所述的方法,其特征在于,其中,该前馈信号还以该感测的风速为基础。
13.一种风力涡轮发电机,包括:
多个安装在一个驱动地联接于一发电机的转子上的叶片;
一个逆风风速传感器,所述逆风风速传感器构造成在沿风向离该风力涡轮发电机所要求的距离处感测风速;
一个前馈控制系统,所述前馈控制系统构造成响应于感测的逆风风速的变化根据风力涡轮塔的动力学来确定一个前馈信号,并将该前馈信号耦合到该叶片螺距改变指令信号从而获得一个集中的叶片螺距改变指令信号;以及
一个螺距控制系统,用来根据感测的瞬时风速在该风力涡轮发电机处风速变化之前控制该风力涡轮发电机叶片的螺距,其中,该螺距控制系统构造成根据发电机参考速度和发电机实际速度之间的差来控制叶片螺距。
14.根据权利要求13所述的风力涡轮,其特征在于,其中,逆风风速传感器包括一个光探测和测距装置。
15.根据权利要求13所述的风力涡轮,其特征在于,还包括一个反馈控制系统,其构造成根据发电机参考速度和发电机实际速度之间的差来确定叶片螺距改变指令信号。
16.根据权利要求13所述的风力涡轮,其特征在于,其中,通过基于塔的动力学和发电机的动力学的增益来确定该前馈信号。
17.根据权利要求13所述的风力涡轮,其特征在于,其中,该前馈信号还以该感测的风速为基础。
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CA2552670C (en) | 2014-07-08 |
AU2006203289A1 (en) | 2007-04-19 |
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DK1770278T3 (en) | 2015-07-27 |
BRPI0603291A (pt) | 2007-08-14 |
EP1770278B1 (en) | 2015-06-24 |
EP1770278A2 (en) | 2007-04-04 |
CA2552670A1 (en) | 2007-03-30 |
CN1940289A (zh) | 2007-04-04 |
US7342323B2 (en) | 2008-03-11 |
US20070075546A1 (en) | 2007-04-05 |
BRPI0603291B1 (pt) | 2018-06-19 |
AU2006203289B8 (en) | 2012-01-19 |
AU2006203289B2 (en) | 2011-12-01 |
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