CN1902621A - 分析分组交换网络中的媒体路径 - Google Patents

分析分组交换网络中的媒体路径 Download PDF

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CN1902621A
CN1902621A CNA2004800402409A CN200480040240A CN1902621A CN 1902621 A CN1902621 A CN 1902621A CN A2004800402409 A CNA2004800402409 A CN A2004800402409A CN 200480040240 A CN200480040240 A CN 200480040240A CN 1902621 A CN1902621 A CN 1902621A
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CN100414533C (zh
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戴维·R·奥兰
丹尼尔·G·温
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Cisco Technology Inc
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    • HELECTRICITY
    • H04ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
    • H04LTRANSMISSION OF DIGITAL INFORMATION, e.g. TELEGRAPHIC COMMUNICATION
    • H04L65/00Network arrangements, protocols or services for supporting real-time applications in data packet communication
    • H04L65/1066Session management
    • H04L65/1101Session protocols
    • HELECTRICITY
    • H04ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
    • H04LTRANSMISSION OF DIGITAL INFORMATION, e.g. TELEGRAPHIC COMMUNICATION
    • H04L45/00Routing or path finding of packets in data switching networks
    • HELECTRICITY
    • H04ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
    • H04LTRANSMISSION OF DIGITAL INFORMATION, e.g. TELEGRAPHIC COMMUNICATION
    • H04L65/00Network arrangements, protocols or services for supporting real-time applications in data packet communication
    • H04L65/60Network streaming of media packets
    • H04L65/70Media network packetisation
    • HELECTRICITY
    • H04ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
    • H04LTRANSMISSION OF DIGITAL INFORMATION, e.g. TELEGRAPHIC COMMUNICATION
    • H04L65/00Network arrangements, protocols or services for supporting real-time applications in data packet communication
    • H04L65/80Responding to QoS

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Abstract

无操作媒体净荷分组被用于分析分组交换网络中的媒体路径。在一个实施例中,无操作分组是不包含媒体内容的实时协议(RTP)净荷分组。对接收到的RTP无操作分组生成实时控制协议(RTCP)报告。标记位被设置在无操作分组中的一个分组中,其触发无操作分组接收方发回RTCP报告。当RTCP报告中的统计信息指示为可行的媒体路径时,发送媒体流。

Description

分析分组交换网络中的媒体路径
背景技术
实时传输协议(RTP)是用于在因特网协议(IP)网络上进行实时媒体传输的基本协议。RTP协议用于运送语音、视频、实时文本以及其它媒体类型。为了估计RTP媒体流的接收质量,接收方利用相关联的实时控制协议(RTCP)反馈信道将信息发送回发送方。
有很多种情况是不希望播出(play out)媒体的。例如,会话建立协议可能希望在承诺形成完整的媒体会话之前和提醒用户有媒体呼叫之前估计媒体信道的可行性(viablity)。当进行综合负载测试时或当需要将信道填充为恒定的分组速率以仿真恒定位速率的编码器或阻止流量(foil traffic)分析的攻击时,可能也不希望播出媒体。
在一个示例中,第一方可以作出对第二方的IP电话呼叫。信令协议被用于建立该电话呼叫。呼叫信令路径可以正常工作,从而允许在双方之间有信令流。但是,媒体路径不同于信令路径。这意味着信令交换的正常工作不代表能够成功地交换媒体分组。
其它的通信网络(例如公共交换电话网(PSTN))能够通过像连贯性测试(COT)这样的机制来在确定媒体信道的可行性的同时延迟媒体播出。对于因特网协议(IP)网络也希望有类似的能力。希望利用最少的协议机制或者不增加新的协议机制并在现有IP标准的范围内实现上述能力。
甚至在分组域中已经提出了一些想法,用于发送某些测试分组来确保在IP网络上媒体流可以被充分地支持。前述思想包括发送ping-pong分组或发送指定信令事件(NSE),如RFC 2833中所述。其它想法建议发送早期媒体,或在建立呼叫前使用“探测(probe)”分组。但是,这些想法都需要RTP流和端点的非标准行为之间的复杂关系。
测试分组可以使用独立的测试路径,而这会带来一些问题。首先,测试路径和媒体路径可能要采用IP网络上的不同路由。另一个问题是在接收设备中可能要以与在媒体路径中接收到的媒体流不同的方式对测试路径中的测试分组进行处理。
发明内容
无操作(no-op)媒体净荷分组被用于分析分组交换网络中的媒体路径。在一个实施例中,无操作分组是不包含媒体内容的实时协议(RTP)净荷分组。对接收到的RTP无操作分组生成实时控制协议(RTCP)报告。标记位被设置在一个或多个无操作分组中,其触发无操作分组接收方发回RTCP报告。通过检查RTCP报告中的统计信息确定媒体路径的适当操作。
附图说明
图1是示出了无操作净荷分组如何用于评估媒体路径的框图。
图2是示出了无操作分组评估方案如何在两个端点之间进行协商的框图。
图3是示出了如何生成无操作净荷分组的流程图。
图4是示出了如何使用无操作媒体分组分析媒体路径的流程图。
图5是示出了关于媒体路径的分析信息如何被用于建立媒体路径的流程图。
图6是RTP无操作分组的图示。
图7是处理无操作分组的网络设备的详细图示。
具体实施方式
一种新的媒体净荷类型被称为无操作(no-op)净荷分组或简单地被称为无操作分组。该无操作分组的一个应用是在RFC3550中指定的实时传输协议(RTP)中。RTP协议被用于运送IP网络上的实时媒体流。媒体流可以包含任何类型的实时媒体,不仅包括音频或视频,而且还包括其它媒体,例如实时文本传输或语音频带数据,如传真或调制解调信息。无操作净荷分组当被用在RTP中时称为RTP无操作分组。一个实施例中的无操作分组没有媒体净荷,并且在RTP净荷中使用一位的opcode来请求媒体路径连贯性报告。
无操作净荷分组照字面意思就是无操作编码器。当通过会话描述协议(SDP-RFC2327)、H.245或某些其它媒体描述协议协商以后,任何发送方都能够利用该编码器发送RTP分组。任何表达了接收该编码器的意愿的接收方都根据基本的RTP规范来处理RTP无操作分组,然后在不执行实际的媒体播出的情况下丢弃RTP无操作分组。
RTP无操作分组允许在实际RTP会话中发送语音、音频或其它媒体之前评估RTP中的实施机制,即实时控制协议(RTCP)报告中的信息。例如,一种实施方式可以判定如果RTCP报告显示为低质量媒体路径则对于该会话不发送媒体流。
图1示出了广域网(WAN)或局域网(LAN),其通常指用于传送实时媒体流38的IP网络26。普通老式电话业务(POTS)电话12、专用交换分机(PBX)11A等经语音网关16耦合到IP网络26。另一POTS电话32、PBX 11B等经语音网关30耦合到IP网络26。基于因特网协议的语音(VoIP)电话10A和10B以及计算机14和34被直接耦合到IP网络26。
语音网关16、32,VoIP电话10A、10B和计算机14和34都包括用于接收或发送媒体流38的硬件和软件的任意组合。媒体流38可以包括任何实时媒体,例如音频数据、视频数据和实时文本,例如用于听力受损的文本。
电话10A、10B、12和32;PBX 11A和11B;计算机14和34;以及网关16和30的任意组合下面一般称为端点、用户、发送方或接收方等。一个端点发起到另一个端点的媒体呼叫。如果电话12或32中的一个发起呼叫,则网关16或30将分别代表该电话做出VoIP电话呼叫。例如,电话12可以做出对电话32的VoIP电话呼叫。呼叫者使用电话12拨打电话号码,然后网关16确定为电话32提供服务的网关30的IP地址。然后,两个网关16和30执行用于在电话12和电话23之间建立VoIP呼叫的信令协议。
在另一场景中,计算机14可能想要从作为音乐和视频内容服务器的计算机34接收视频流或音频流。在另一场景中,计算机14可能想做出对VoIP电话10B的VoIP呼叫。计算机14发起到VoIP电话10B的媒体连接。计算机14可以通过网关建立媒体连接或者可以在不使用网关的情况下通过IP网络26访问VoIP电话10B。媒体连接也可以由其它设备10A、10B、11A、11B、32或34中的任何一个发起。
在下述示例中,电话12发起对电话32的VoIP电话呼叫。为了清楚起见,将描述由电话12和32执行的操作。但是,这些操作中的一些可以由网关16和30执行。在电话12中输入电话32的电话号码。可以有诸如呼叫控制器之类的中间设备,其基于电话12所拨打的电话号码确定网关30或电话32的IP地址。在这个初始信令中,两个网关16和30同意使用下述无操作净荷分组验证处理。
在发送媒体流38之前,网关16发送一个或多个无操作净荷分组22。在这个示例中,无操作净荷分组是RTP无操作分组并且从网关16向网关30发送三个RTP无操作分组。但是,根据媒体流运送协议可以发送任何类型的无操作净荷分组22。可以由网关16发送任何数目的无操作净荷分组。但是,无操作分组的数目应当被限制以防止在呼叫建立完成时的较大延迟。
除了分组净荷不包含媒体以外,RTP无操作分组22具有与传统RTP分组相同的格式。在所示出的示例中,分组净荷中的标记位24不是设置在前两个RTP无操作分组22中,而是被设置在第三个RTP无操作分组22中。应当理解这只是一个示例,可以发送任何数目的无操作分组22。例如,在其它实施例中,少于三个或多于三个的无操作分组被发送,其中最后一个无操作分组具有设置标记位24。在另一示例中,只有一个无操作分组被发送,该单个无操作分组具有设置标记位。
当网关30接收到设置了标记位的RTP无操作分组时,网关30立即生成RTCP报告28,该报告包括前面接收到的所有RTP无操作分组22的服务质量(QoS)数据。生成RTCP报告28的方式与生成包含媒体净荷的传统RTP分组的RTCP报告的方式相同。例如,电话32可以对接收到的RTP无操作分组22的数目进行计数,并且跟踪延迟和抖动统计信息。
通常大约每5秒钟由网关30将RTCP报告28发送到网关16。但是RTP无操作分组22中的设置标记位24使得网关30立即将RTCP报告28发送到网关16。在本示例中,RTCP报告28将指示如果没有分组丢失或不恰当地被延迟,则有三个RTP分组被网关30接收到。如果RTCP报告28中的信息指示运送RTP无操作分组22的媒体路径18能够胜任工作,则发送使得电话32振铃的信令36。这可以是未经修改的“警报”信令,或者可以是使用如RFC3312中所述的先决条件(precondition)的QoS感知信令。然后两部电话12和32开始发送实时媒体流38。
如果RTCP报告28指示媒体路径18不能胜任工作,则信令协议被如是告知,并且可以基于本地或全球策略采取措施。可能的策略包括但不限于:中断呼叫以使得电话32不振铃,继续进行呼叫但是通知记帐和计费系统由于质量差,该呼叫可能必须给予折扣,或者如果该呼叫运送多个媒体流(例如音频和视频),则去掉有问题的媒体流。
在呼叫被中断的情况下,可以在IP网络26中的替代路径上或者在替代介质上(例如在电路交换网络上)建立被中断的呼叫。当RTCP报告28指示网关30接收到的RTP无操作分组比网关16发送的RTP无操作分组少时,可以认定为性能较差的媒体路径。如果RTP无操作分组22中的延迟或抖动量超出了某个预期范围,则也可以在RTCP报告28中认定为媒体路径问题。在另一场景中,当在网关16发出具有设置标记位24的RTP无操作分组22之后的某段时间内网关16未接收到RTCP报告28时,指示为坏的媒体路径。
可以针对每个端点独立地进行上述无操作分组呼叫验证过程。例如,在双向传输中(例如电话12和32之间的电话呼叫),每个电话可以基于从其它电话或网关接收到的RTCP报告28中的信息或者RTCP报告28的不存在确定是否建立呼叫。
如果媒体传输是单向的,则只有一个端点可能需要验证媒体信道。单向媒体传输被用于单向地从媒体服务器向用户发送音乐或视频流。在本申请中,就媒体质量的考虑而言,只有从媒体服务器到用户的路径是重要的。因而,只有接收媒体流的用户需要发送RTP无操作分组并且评估由媒体服务器发送的RTCP报告28。
图2一般地示出了在两个端点之间是怎样进行初始呼叫信令的。请求注解(RFC)3312指定了实时媒体信令协议的一个示例。当然,也可以使用其它类型的实时媒体流信令协议。信令协议的示例包括会话发起协议(SIP)、会话定义协议(SDP)提议/应答(offer-answer)、H323以及媒体网关控制协议(MGCP)。
在发送图1所示的媒体流38之前从电话12向电话32发送信令消息42。信令消息42包括电话12想要利用RTP无操作分组执行媒体路径连贯性检查的请求或通知。信令42可能需要经呼叫控制器40来引导。电话32通过向电话12发回确认信令44来同意利用RTP无操作分组执行连贯性检查。
电话32还可以在信令44中向电话12发回附加通知,指示电话32也想要向电话12发送RTP无操作分组以进行连贯性检查。因而,两部电话12和32都同意在发送和接收媒体流之前发送和接收RTP无操作分组22(图1)。
RTP无操作分组发送方
图3更详细地示出了RTP无操作分组发送方所遵循的一系列流程。在框50中,给在RTP会话的下一个序号处开始的RTP无操作分组分配序号。根据RTP规范,每个无操作分组的序号以1为单位递增。在框52中,根据分组时间(ptime)参数和RTP操作,将时间戳插入到无操作分组中。ptime参数经信令协议(例如经SDP)传送。它表示标识有多少毫秒的媒体被编码到单个RTP分组中的分组间隔。
在框54中,发送方识别要发送的最后一个RTP无操作分组。如果不是要发送的最后一个无操作净荷分组,则在框58中发送方发送该无操作分组。如果是最后一个无操作分组,则在框56中发送方在无操作净荷分组的RTP头部中设置标记位,使得无操作分组接收方立即发回RTCP报告。然后,在框58中,具有设置标记位的RTP无操作分组被发送到接收方。
在会话RTCP带宽限制和其它RTCP发送规则范围内发送RTCP报告。用于从呼叫的相对端发送RTP无操作分组的方案是相同的。
RTP无操作分组接收方
图4更详细地示出了在接收RTP无操作分组的处理设备中使用的操作。在框60中,按与任何其它RTP净荷相同的方式对接收到的RTP无操作分组进行语法检查。在框62中,按与任何其它RTP净荷相同的方式对RTP无操作分组执行抖动缓冲操作。抖动缓冲操作可以包括同步源字段(SSRC)、序列和时间戳处理。
在框64中,按与任何其它RTP净荷格式相同的方式对RTP无操作分组更新RTCP统计信息。如果在框66中未在RTP无操作分组中设置标记位或者在框67中不满足其它RTCP发送规则,则接收方继续对任何额外接收到的RTP无操作分组更新RTCP统计信息。如果在框66中对接收到的RTP无操作分组设置了标记位,则在框67中检查其它RTCP发送规则。例如,确定RTCP带宽约束是否允许发送RTCP报告。如果在框67中这些RTCP发送规则都满足,则在框68中RTCP报告立即被发送给无操作分组发送方。另一个端点的接收规则是相同的。
媒体信道验收
图5描述了两个端点之间的提议/应答交换。在框70中,一个端点提议在会话期间使用“无操作”编码器和净荷格式。在一个示例中,具有提议/应答类型的交换的SDP被用于传送RTP无操作通知。
在框72中,通知还可以可选地运送RFC3312先决条件以确保在利用无操作净荷分组的验收过程成功地完成之前没有用户被警告有呼叫。先决条件可以被用于任一方向,但是一般是在两个方向上都使用。例如,当在全双工VOIP呼叫的两个方向上都有RTP会话时,要求两个方向都通过无操作分组验收测试。
在完成了最初的RFC3312提议/应答交换之后,在框74中发送方开始向接收方发送数目可配置的RTP无操作净荷分组。在框76中,标记位被设置在最后一个无操作净荷分组中。接收方执行RTCP处理并且在看到设置标记位之后返回RTCP报告。如果具有标记位的分组丢失了,则可以在正常的启动RTCP延迟间隔之后发送RTCP报告。
在框78中,发送方等待RTCP报告。如果在框86中在发出最后一个RTP无操作分组之后的某个时间段内没有接收到RTCP报告(即超时),则媒体路径被宣告不可接受,并且信令协议可以根据如上所述的任意范围的策略来确定在框88中要做什么。或者,重复上述过程以覆盖单个RTCP报告分组丢失的情况。
如果在可接受的时间段内在框78中接收到RTCP报告,则在框82中检查RTCP报告。在框82中依赖于丢失和抖动统计信息,接收方宣告信道可接受或不可接受。如果媒体信道被认为是不可接受的,则信令协议可以根据预定范围的策略来确定在框88中要做什么。如果信道被认为是可接受的,则在框84中先决条件被标记为已满足的并且发送方发起(或响应于)呼叫建立的第二阶段,从而允许呼叫进行。具体而言,一个端点可以通过激活通告设备来通知用户呼叫。
参考图6,RTP无操作分组22被格式化以看作为正常的RTP净荷分组。这允许无操作分组以与语音、视频或其它类型的RTP媒体分组相同的方式进行操作和被处理。RTP无操作分组也将采用与呼叫被建立之后发送RTP分组的路径相同的路径。唯一的区别是RTP无操作分组22、23、24没有被接收方播出。
分组头部89包括传统的RTP头部内容,包括序号、时间戳值、同步源标识符和贡献源(CSRC)标识符。时间标记值可以是与实际的媒体净荷一起使用的真实时间戳,或者时间戳值可以是仿真的。
RTP无操作净荷87采用了RTP头部中的标记位24。如果设置了第0位,则接收方立即发出RTCP报告。净荷87中的第1-31位被预留,并且在一个示例中必须全部设置为0。附加的填充字节可以被添加到SDP中经协商的分组时间(ptime)值上。填充对于产生与其它净荷(例如正常的语音净荷)大小相同的RTP分组是很有用的。当然,在RTP分组22中也可以使用其它格式来生成无操作净荷格式。
图7更详细地示出了发送或接收RTP无操作分组的网络设备90中的单元。设备90可以提供图1中所示出的电话12和32、计算机14和34以及网关16或30的任意组合的功能。例如,在一种配置中,设备90是计算机14或34。计算机14或34执行用来进行媒体会话的所有操作,包括拨打另一部电话或访问另一台计算机。在另一种配置中,设备90可以是图1中所示出的网关16或30,并且通过连接到网关的VoIP电话或计算机来发起媒体会话。
处理器92被耦合到用户接口94和网络接口96。网络接口96连接到IP网络26。用户接口94连接到发起媒体连接所需要的任何设备。例如,用户接口94可以连接到键盘或电话。
存储器98包含可执行的软件,这些软件包含呼叫信令软件100以及RTP和RTCP软件102。存储器98表示处理器92内的内部存储器或处理器92的外部存储器的任意组合。例如,存储器98可以是用于包含并执行信令软件100以及RTP和RTCP软件102的闪存、只读存储器(ROM)、随机访问存储器(RAM)或硬盘存储器的任意组合。
信令软件100被用于建立两个端点之间的初始媒体路径。信令软件100包括上述RTP无操作协商。RTP和RTCP软件102执行传统的RTP和RTCP,外加如上所述使用RTP无操作分组并利用RTCP报告进行响应来进行媒体路径验证。
因而,特别使用RTP标记位和RFC3312类型的提议/应答以及呼叫信令先决条件的RTP无操作净荷格式被用于执行作为VoIP呼叫建立的一部分的信道验收测试。使用标准的RTP分组,而不使用像ping或NSE之类的特殊指令。标记位与RTCP一起用来控制反馈环路。
这种无操作净荷方案解决了在分组交换网络中估计媒体连通性和信道质量的问题。该无操作方案可以用在任意的或所有的VOIP或媒体端点中,不过尤其是用于在具有信道估计能力的服务提供商之间出售的VOIP或媒体端点中,例如在电路交换网络中提供的那些端点。无操作净荷格式也可以用于其它应用,例如综合负载测试或阻止流量分析。
上述系统可以使用专用处理器系统、微控制器、可编程逻辑器件或执行某些或全部操作的微处理器。上述某些操作可以在软件中实现,而其它的操作可以在硬件中实现。
为了方便,这些操作被描述为各种互相连接的功能块或不同的软件模块。但是,这不是必需的,这些功能块或模块可以等效地集合成界限不明显的单个逻辑器件、程序或操作。无论如何,这些功能块和软件模块或灵活接口的特征可以通过其自身来实现,或者结合硬件或软件中的其它操作来实现。
在本发明的优选实施例中已经描述和说明了本发明的原理,应当理解在不脱离本发明的原理的情况下可以对安排和细节进行修改。我们要求所有这些修改和变化都落在所附权利要求书的精神和范围内。

Claims (20)

1.一种用于分析分组交换网络中的媒体路径的方法,包括:
在所述媒体路径上发送和/或接收无操作媒体净荷分组;以及
请求或接收与所述无操作媒体净荷分组相关联的媒体路径质量信息。
2.根据权利要求1所述的方法,包括将所述无操作媒体净荷分组格式化为不包含媒体内容的实时协议(RTP)净荷分组。
3.根据权利要求1所述的方法,从产生于所述被发送的无操作媒体净荷分组的信息中生成媒体路径分析报告。
4.根据权利要求3所述的方法,其中所述媒体路径分析报告是实时控制协议(RTCP)报告。
5.根据权利要求3所述的方法,包括在所述无操作媒体净荷分组中设置标记位以启动接收方立即发回所述媒体路径分析报告。
6.根据权利要求5所述的方法,包括根据在发送具有所述设置标记位的无操作媒体净荷分组之后何时接收到所述媒体路径分析报告或是否接收到所述媒体路径分析报告来确定是否在所述媒体路径上发送媒体流。
7.根据权利要求3所述的方法,包括在不播出所述无操作媒体净荷分组的内容的情况下生成所述媒体路径分析报告。
8.根据权利要求3所述的方法,包括:
接收多个无操作媒体净荷分组;以及
根据所有的所述多个无操作媒体净荷分组的传输信息生成所述媒体路径分析报告。
9.根据权利要求1所述的方法,包括根据与所述无操作媒体净荷分组的传输相关联的信息确定是否在所述媒体路径上传送或播出媒体流。
10.根据权利要求1所述的方法,包括根据与所述无操作媒体净荷分组的传输相关联的信息通知用户有媒体呼叫。
11.一种用于分析因特网协议(IP)网络的网络处理设备,包括:
处理器,其被配置为发送或接收被格式化用于运送媒体净荷但不包含媒体净荷的一个或多个分组,所述处理器还被配置为根据与所述分组相关联的传输信息发送或接收媒体流。
12.根据权利要求11所述的网络处理设备,其中所述处理器被配置为将所述分组格式化为实时协议(RTP)分组。
13.根据权利要求11所述的网络处理设备,其中所述处理器被配置为使用与所述分组相关联的传输信息生成实时控制协议(RTCP)报告。
14.根据权利要求11所述的网络处理设备,包括用户接口,所述用户接口被配置为与发起用于发送所述媒体流的IP网络连接的设备进行通信。
15.根据权利要求11所述的网络处理设备,其中所述处理器被配置为进行信令会话,所述信令会话通知接收方所述分组将被用于分析所述IP网络。
16.根据权利要求15所述的网络处理设备,其中所述处理器被配置为在所述分组中的一个分组中设置标记位,所述标记位使得所述接收方发回与所述分组相关联的传输信息。
17.根据权利要求11所述的网络处理设备,其中所述处理器被配置为根据成功发送的分组数目和所述分组的抖动统计信息发送或接收所述媒体流。
18.一种用于分析分组交换网络中的媒体路径的方法,包括:
发送不包含媒体净荷的多个实时协议(RTP)净荷分组;
在所述RTP净荷分组的一个分组中设置标记位,所述标记位使得接收方发回包含所述被发送的RTP净荷分组的媒体路径信息的实时控制协议(RTCP)报告;以及
根据所述RTCP报告中的媒体路径信息向所述接收方发送媒体流。
19.根据权利要求18所述的方法,包括:
接收不包含媒体净荷的多个RTP净荷分组;
生成包括所述接收到的RTP净荷分组的媒体路径信息的RTCP报告;
当接收到具有设置标记位的所述RTP净荷分组中的一个分组时,发送所述RTCP报告;以及
根据所述RTCP报告中的媒体路径信息建立媒体流。
20.根据权利要求19所述的方法,包括延迟对用于接收所述媒体流的电话的振铃,直到接收到所述RTCP报告并且所述RTCP报告指示用于发送所述媒体流的媒体路径可以接受为止。
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