CN1888328A - 一种用于打桩的水锤 - Google Patents

一种用于打桩的水锤 Download PDF

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CN1888328A
CN1888328A CN 200510014052 CN200510014052A CN1888328A CN 1888328 A CN1888328 A CN 1888328A CN 200510014052 CN200510014052 CN 200510014052 CN 200510014052 A CN200510014052 A CN 200510014052A CN 1888328 A CN1888328 A CN 1888328A
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王翎羽
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HAI'EN MARINE ENGINEERING TECHN SERVICE Co Ltd TIANJIN
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Abstract

一种用于打桩的水锤，根据提锤方式的不同有气力水锤和液力水锤两种方案。气力水锤由锤套(1)、锤头(2)、锤击力传递装置、充排气管(7)及充放气控制系统组成。锤头(2)设在锤套(1)内，锤击力传递装置设在锤套(1)和锤头(2)下部，充排气管(7)连接于锤头(2)顶部，其特征在于所述的锤头(2)与锤套(1)间通过滑动密封圈(8)密封，锤头(2)的起落可由压缩空气和水柱(11)的重力实现，锤头(2)下部锤套(1)空间充气时，将锤头(2)及其上部水柱(11)顶起，集蓄势能；放气时，锤头(2)和水柱(11)下落，势能转化为具有一定速度的冲击动能，锤头(2)锤击砧座(3)，并通过锤击力传递装置将锤击力传递给桩。液力水锤是在气力水锤的基本构造基础上去掉充排气管，增设横梁(16)和液压缸(15)，依靠固定于横梁(16)的液压缸(15)实现提锤。本发明第一次提出以桩内的水柱(11)重量替代传统打桩锤起重量作用部分的桩锤，达到了减小能耗、降低费用，同时无污染、低噪音的目的。

Description

一种用于打桩的水锤
技术领域
本发明属于桩基工程中打桩装置的创新。
背景技术
目前已有的打桩锤基本可分为卷扬落锤、蒸气锤、柴油锤和液压锤。卷扬落锤效能差，蒸气锤噪音大，柴油锤污染严重。目前，比较推举的是液压锤。液压锤的桩锤与驱动油缸的活塞杆直接相连，液压动力装置供给油缸压力油，通过控制阀送入油缸下腔，推动活塞，带动桩锤上升；到达预定位置后，控制系统打开泄油阀，使油缸下腔的油迅速排放，桩锤接近自由落体状态下降，打击桩头，压力油再次进入油缸下腔，推动锤头上升，如此反复，实现连续打桩。液压锤的优点在于：无污染、噪音低，打桩效率较高，对不同土质适应性强，可用于水下打桩；其缺点在于：结构复杂，目前生产厂商少，使用单位也相对少。以上除了卷扬落锤以外，一个共同缺点是能耗大，费用高。
发明内容
为了克服已有打桩锤的各种缺点，减小能耗、降低费用，本发明提出了一种水锤。这种水锤在保留液压锤水下打桩的功能及本身具有的优点基础上，改变了冲击能量产生的方式，以桩内的水柱重量替代传统打桩锤起重量作用部分的桩锤，从而达到了减小能耗、降低费用，同时无污染、低噪音的目的。
本发明解决其技术问题的方案根据提锤方法的不同有气力水锤和液力水锤两种方案。
气力水锤由锤套、锤头、锤击力传递装置、充排气管及充排气控制系统组成。其特征在于锤套内设有可沿其内壁滑动的锤头，两端有与其焊接为一体的限位环，上限位环限制锤头被举升的最高位置，下限位环将头盔卡在其中；锤套与锤头间有滑动密封圈，将锤头以下锤套空间与锤头以上水柱分为两个相互密闭的空间。锤头的起落由压缩空气和水柱的重力实现，锤头以下锤套空间充气时，将锤头及其上部水柱顶起，集蓄势能；放气时，锤头和水柱下落，势能转化为具有一定速度的冲击动能，锤头锤击砧座，并通过头盔传递给桩。砧座、头盔以及砧座与头盔之间的锤缓冲垫、头盔与桩头之间的桩缓冲垫组成锤击力传递装置，其功能是将锤头的锤击能量传递到桩上，同时保护桩头不受损伤，避免发生较大的噪音。从锤头下端有若干通气孔贯穿锤头并汇集到锤头上端中央位置成一个通气管接口，通气管接口上通过柔性接头连接充排气管；充排气管的另一端为充排气控制系统。
液力水锤是在气力水锤的基本构造基础上去掉充排气管，增设横梁和液压缸，依靠固定于横梁的液压缸实现提锤；通过液压缸的液压油迅速排放，使锤头及上部的水柱依靠自重下落，锤头锤击砧座，并通过头盔传递给桩。
以下结合附图及实施例作主要对气力水锤进一步说明。
附图说明
图1是本发明的气力水锤构造图(落锤状态)
图2是本发明的气力水锤构造图(锤击状态)
图3是本发明的气力水锤构造图(提锤状态)
图4是本发明的液力水锤构造图
图5是本发明的应用形式之一：桩顶打
图6是本发明的应用形式之一：闭口桩尖打
图7是本发明的应用形式之一：开口桩尖打
其中1.锤套，2.锤头，3.砧座，4.头盔，5.上限位环，6.下限位环，7.充排气管，8.滑动密封圈，9.锤缓冲垫，10.桩缓冲垫，11.水柱，12.桩壁，13.桩尖，14.桩筒限位环，15.液压缸，16.横梁。
具体实施方式
一种用于打桩的水锤，主要由冲击能量产生机构和锤击力传递机构组成(见图1)。提锤有两种方法，以下以气力水锤进行说明。
气力水锤的冲击能量产生机构由锤套(1)、锤头(2)和充排气管(7)及充排气控制系统组成，锤套(1)为圆筒形，上、下两端有与其焊接为一体的限位环，上限位环(5)限制锤头被举升的最高位置，下限位环(6)将头盔(4)卡在其中。锤头(2)为小直径部分朝下的圆锥台形组件，与锤套(1)间用滑动封密圈(8)封密。从锤头(2)下端有若干通气孔贯穿锤头(2)并汇集到锤头(2)上端中心位置形成一个通气管接口。充排气管(7)与通气管接口连接，并延续到打桩操作平面与充排气控制系统连接。锤击力传递机构由砧座(3)、头盔(4)以及砧座与头盔之间的锤缓冲垫(9)、头盔与桩头之间的桩缓冲垫(10)组成。砧座(3)为小直径部分朝上的圆锥台形组件，直接受锤头(2)的锤击；头盔(4)为横截面呈“工”自字形的组件，限位于锤套(1)的下限位环(6)，头盔(4)上面和下面分别粘贴锤缓冲垫(9)和桩缓冲垫(10)，可有效的将锤头(2)的锤击能量传递到桩上，同时避免对相关组件和桩头的破坏。
以上构造形式的气力水锤可以实现打桩，其工作循环如下：a.落锤(见图1)：压缩空气将锤头(2)及上部的水柱(11)举升到上限位环(5)位置时，通过充排气管(7)迅速放气，锤头(2)及上部水柱(11)以略小于1g的加速度下落；b.锤击(见图2)：锤头(2)及上部水柱(11)下落使锤头(2)锤击砧座(3)，将锤击力通过头盔(4)传递给桩；c.提锤(见图3)：通过充排气管(7)再次向锤头(2)下部空间充气，一定压力的压缩空气将锤头(2)及上部水柱(11)举升，直到上限位环(5)位置。以上过程反复进行，实现连续打桩的目的。
液力水锤的基本构造与气力水锤相似，区别在于去掉原有充排气管，增设横梁(16)和液压缸(15)，依靠固定于横梁(16)上的液压缸(15)实现提锤(见图4)。
水锤应用于打桩有三种不同的应用形式，即：桩顶打(见图5)、闭口桩尖打(见图6)和开口桩尖打(见图7)。非管状桩选用桩顶打。管状桩可选上述形式之一，但选用闭口桩尖打更为经济、便捷，这种打桩形式需要在闭口桩的桩尖封板下设置与之连接为一体的混凝土桩尖(13)，水锤放置于桩内的桩尖封板内即可进行打桩作业。套管选开口桩尖打，一般采用钢制桩尖(13)，钢制桩尖(13)颈部穿过头盔(4)，与砧座(3)连接为一体，同时套管下端内壁设桩筒限位环(14)，一方面限制放置在套管内的水锤与套管的相对位置，另一方面将头盔(4)所受的锤击力通过桩筒限位环(14)传递给套管。

Claims (5)

1.一种用于打桩的水锤，其特征在于利用水体的快速下落锤击桩，将桩打入。
2.根据权利要求1所述的水锤，可以用气力提锤，其特征在于气力水锤由锤套、锤头、锤击力传递装置、充排气管及充放气控制系统组成，所述锤头设在锤套内，所述锤击力传递装置设在锤套和锤头下部，所述充排气管连接于锤头顶部。
3.根据权利要求1所述的水锤，也可以用液力提锤，其特征在于在气力水锤的基本构造基础上去掉充排气管，增设横梁和液压缸。
4.根据权利要求2所述的气力水锤，其特征在于所述的锤头与锤套间通过滑动密封圈密封，锤头的起落由压缩空气和水柱的重力实现，锤头下部锤套空间充气时，将锤头及其上部水柱顶起，集蓄势能；放气时，锤头和水柱下落，势能转化为具有一定速度的冲击动能，锤头锤击砧座，并通过锤击力传递装置传递给桩。
5.根据权利要求3所述的液力水锤，其特征在于锤头的起落由液压缸和水柱的重力实现，依靠固定于横梁上的液压缸实现提锤；通过液压缸的液压油迅速排放，使锤头及上部的水柱依靠自重下落，锤头锤击砧座，并通过头盔传递给桩。
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