CN1860016B - 无卷曲可浸入增强织物及由其制成的复合增强材料 - Google Patents
无卷曲可浸入增强织物及由其制成的复合增强材料 Download PDFInfo
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Abstract
本发明涉及一种复合织物(2),其具有多个基本上平行、同轴排列的丝束组(5,7),每个丝束组具有一个或多个丝束(4),其中丝束组中的一部分包含两个或多个丝束,其中一个丝束组中的丝束之间的间距(6)小于相邻丝束组之间的间距。相邻丝束组之间的间距形成使树脂能够均匀、快速地流过织物的流通通道。这导致较短的加工时间和更一致的树脂分布,减少了在固化叠层中缺少树脂区域的可能性。
Description
技术领域
本发明涉及复合织物以及制造复合织物的方法。更具体地说,本发明涉及改进的具有流通通道的复合织物,当在层压期间向织物施加树脂时,该流通通道使树脂能在织物中更快地分布。
背景技术
现有技术中人所共知,复合织物由形成机织、针织材料和非织造材料的纤维性材料制成。通常用玻璃丝、碳丝和石墨丝形成织物,而多层织物堆叠起来并切成干织物预制坯。然后将该预制坯缝合和/或浸渍以树脂粘合剂,以形成刚性复合织物。
通常,预成形玻璃增强纤维垫,而后将其放入模具,以模塑成纤维增强制品。玻璃纤维增强垫用于需要预定强度的地方,如在船体或汽车部件中。例如,分别制造连续股线垫层和单向或多向增强材料层。这些层分别放置成一组预成形的网片(screens),该网片通常由上部网片和下部网片组成。上部和下部网片一起移动,以使这些层与预成形网片的形状相符。这些层因而成形为已知的预制坯形状。然后将该预制坯放入到模具内,并被注入合适的树脂材料,以制成纤维增强制品。
如美国专利US4,911,973所示,为便于织物浸渍树脂,通常当两层或多层织物缝在一起时,在织物上打孔。这些孔贯穿织物,并且当织物浸渍树脂时,树脂材料流进敷层(blanket)内的孔中。织物内的孔有助于树脂在整个织物内分布。
当经纱和纬纱上下彼此交叉时产生的纱线卷曲会减少机织织物的拉伸强度,而更明显地减少其压缩强度。过去,织物设计采用具有变化旦尼尔(纤维直径)的纱线,以增加强度并减少织物的卷曲。
美国专利US4,615,934指出一种织物,其具有由八根较轻旦尼尔经线分开的重旦尼尔经线。该织物通过用树脂对其层压、热粘合或涂覆而结合在聚合树脂中。美国专利US5,147,714(与4,615,934相关)采用了上述相同的交替较重和较轻旦尼尔纱线的概念,但织物层压在两个PVC薄膜导电片之间。
美国专利US4,460,633指出了一种非织造增强物,其由高旦尼尔不捻经线、或者在低旦尼尔不捻纬线两边上弱捻纱线、或者含有粘合剂的弱捻纱线构成,其中经线和纬线在其相交处粘合。
美国专利US4,407,885和US4,410,385(相关的)指出一种复合非织造织物以及制造该复合织物的方法,其中织物层被浸渍树脂粘合剂,以形成刚性复合织物。热塑性纤维材料结合在非织造层结构内。多层织物彼此相邻地层叠在一起,以形成预成形组件。然后将这些层挤压预缩并加热,以促使热塑性材料在纤维非织造材料之间的接缝处粘合。
美国专利US5,085,928指出单向芳族聚酰胺纤维的多孔层与射流喷网法非织造芳族聚酰胺纤维的多孔层交替,其全部嵌入到热塑性树脂内。
美国专利US5,809,805指出一种链状/针织线迹增强的多轴向无卷曲分层织物片。该织物由多股纱线构成。合股线彼此之间具有不同的角度关系,彼此上下叠放并针织或接结在一起,以形成结构片。然后该片浸渍树脂。
美国专利US5,445,693和相关的US5,055,242指出一种可成形复合材料,其具有多个叠加层,每层具有多个单向非织造纱线或并行排列的线。一些在不同层中伸直的纱线或线向不同方向延伸。这些层在接结在一起之前用树脂材料结合。
美国专利US5,149,583指出一种垫,其中将增强线粘合或层压形成强力的贝壳形结构。采用双环针织机针织该垫,以形成纬编垫。该织物包含多个线圈(loops),其中增强线在这些线圈的支撑下穿过,并在由该线圈形成的通道内横列之间直穿。
如上所述,在经插入的纬编织物中通过较轻旦尼尔纱线使重旦尼尔经纱彼此分开是已知的。另外,用缝纫针在增强敷层中形成多个通道,以帮助树脂在整个敷层上分布也是已知的。这两种方法都使树脂能够分布在整个织物上。
需要提供一种用于模塑加工的、具有连续纤维的织物,其中该织物的设计能提高树脂浸入速度,以减少在模具中的加工时间。
本发明的上述和其它优点将从下面所公开的内容中变得更为明显,其中在下面所公开的内容中详细描述并以附图示出了本发明的一个或多个优选实施例。应当理解,在不偏离本发明的范围或牺牲本发明的任何优点的情况下,各种步骤、结构特征和部件布置的改变对于本领域技术人员都是可以出现的。
发明内容
本发明涉及一种复合织物,其具有多个基本上平行排列的丝束组,每个所述的丝束组具有一个或多个丝束,其中所述丝束组的一部分包含两个或多个丝束。丝束组中的丝束之间的间距小于相邻丝束组之间的间距,并且每个丝束都具有纵向轴线,所述丝束的纵向轴线成共面关系。相邻丝束组之间的间距形成流通通道。这些流通通道使树脂能够均匀、快速地流过织物,这导致较短的加工时间以及更一致的树脂分布,减少了在固化叠层中缺少树脂区域的可能性。
本发明的一个目的是提供一种无卷曲复合织物。
本发明的一个目的是提供一种复合织物,其设计成降低树脂浸入的加工时间。
本发明的一个目的是提供一种复合织物,其可用于所有类型的树脂系统。
本发明的一个目的是提供一种复合织物,其可由各种类型的纤维构成。
本发明的一个目的是提供一种织物,其由各种复合材料构成,即玻璃和热塑性塑料。
附图说明
图1是本发明优选织物结构的局部透视图。
图2是本发明优选织物结构的横截面图。
图3是示出本发明双轴向织物的部分剖面透视图。
图4是示出本发明三轴向织物的部分剖面透视图。
图5是示出本发明四轴向织物的部分剖面透视图。
在描述附图所示的本发明优选实施例中,为清楚起见,采取了专门术语。然而,本发明不是要受限于这些所选定的专门术语,应当理解的是,每个专门术语包括以类似方式操作达到同样目的的全部技术等同物。
虽然在此描述了本发明的优选实施例,但应当理解,在不偏离作为本发明基础的基本原理的情况下,可对本发明示出和描述的结构进行各种改变和修改。因此,这类改变和修改被认为要约束在本发明的精神和范围内,除非可由附加权利要求书或其合理的等同表述需作的相同修改。
具体实施方式
上述目的已通过研制一种织物实现,该织物包括多个基本上平行排列的丝束组,每个所述丝束组包含一个或多个丝束,其中所述丝束组的一部分包含两个或多个丝束。丝束组中丝束之间的间距小于相邻丝束组之间的间距。相邻丝束组之间的间距形成流通通道。该流通通道可形成织物中的单股线或多股线织物中任何数量的股线。当织物被浸入树脂时,流通通道使树脂能够更快速地浸入织物中(通常在约40%至约60%之间)。
为说明本发明的目的,术语“丝束(tow)”意指大量长丝(单纤维)的未捻组合。术语“丝束组”意指具有小间距的一个或多个丝束。
参见图1,其示出本发明织物的局部透视图。织物2由多个基本上平行排列的丝束4制成,其包括相邻的丝束组5,7。如图1所示,丝束组5包含两个丝束,而丝束组7包含三个丝束。织物2中的丝束组间断地隔开,这些空间形成流通通道6。丝束组之间的流通通道的设置可以改变,即一个丝束组具有两个相邻丝束可以在一个丝束组具有四个相邻丝束与等间距的丝束组之间变化。丝束组与流通通道之比可由树脂决定,即粘性较强的树脂总是需要均匀地交替丝束组与流通通道,从而为树脂流动提供更多的通道。另一方面,粘性较小的树脂总是需要较少的流通通道。
图2示出图1中织物2的横截面图,其中示出丝束组5,7包含丝束4。丝束组5,7间隔开,以形成流通通道6。
图1示出在丝束组5中,丝束4彼此邻接。另一种方式(未示出),丝束组中的丝束可间隔开,只要丝束之间的距离小于形成流通通道的丝束组之间的距离。流通通道的尺寸通常在约0.155至约1.28厘米之间。优选地,丝束4具有得量(码/磅(米/千克))在约52(104.83)至约450(907.16)之间,更优选地,得量在约150(302.38)至约350(705.57)之间,且最优选地得量在约150(302.38)至约220(443.50)之间。
本发明与各种不同的玻璃增强纤维兼容。可采用任何合适的单向或多向增强材料。这种单向或多向强度材料包括,但不限于那些例如,短切原丝垫、针织粗纱或机织粗纱,芳族聚酰胺增强物或碳增强物一类的材料,这些材料均考虑在本发明的范围内。单向针织粗纱通常包括E-玻璃粗纱,(如300得量(yield)(604.77)的粗纱),例如,已知来自Owens Corning的T30粗纱)。双向针织粗纱材料由精密的针织工艺构造成。通常用粘合剂或浆料(如Owens Corning的111A和PPG2022)、润湿剂、乳化剂和水对玻璃纤维辫进行处理。这些浆料或粘合剂用于保护纤维在其成形和后续的加捻、合股和机织工序期间不受到破坏。
本发明的织物可以由机织、针织或非织造纤维、纱线、细线和长丝等构成。结构纤维材料可以是形成纤维、长丝、细线、纱线、机织织物、针织织物、非织造织物、棉絮和毛毡等的任何人所共知材料。如在此采用的术语,结构纤维材料包括所有各种类型的材料,该材料形成可用于形成本发明复合织物的那种织物。典型结构纤维材料包括玻璃纤维形式的玻璃、碳或石墨纤维形式的碳或石墨、非石墨炭纤维、玻璃质碳纤维、硼单块石墨和单块非石墨碳纤维、硅、芳族聚酰胺和其它耐火材料。此外,也可采用热塑性纤维材料。织物还可以是混合织物,在其结构中具有一种以上类型的结构纤维,即玻璃/热塑塑料、芳族聚酰胺/玻璃以及其它组合,如上面所列材料的组合。
图1-2示出织物2的单向纤维排列方向。有各种将初级纤维保持在单向织物中一定位置上的方法,包括如现有技术中已知的机织、缝合和粘合。在优选实施例中,纤维为无卷曲经编织物,也被称为缝编织物。
通过次级非结构缝合线将丝束保持在应有位置上,该缝合线通常为聚酯线或任何其它现有技术中常用的线。不管结构如何,本发明的织物2是波纹织物,其由于流通通道6而基本上是无卷曲的。优选地,本发明的织物2采用常规缝编技术和风格进行缝编,即链接、经编、变性经编、promat)。采用现有技术中已知的常规机器,如Liba缝编机来制造本发明的织物。
本发明织物的结构还可以是双轴向、三轴向、四轴向或多轴向织物结构。常规织物是由两个垂直方向(经向和纬向)的纤维机织而成的。机织虽然使纤维弯曲,但却减少了可达到的最大强度的硬度。
典型的缝编多轴向织物由若干层单向束纤维或丝束通过非结构缝合线(通常为聚酯)保持在一起而组成。每层中的丝束可以几乎以0°和90°之间的任何角度输入。整个织物可以由单一材料制成,或者对于混合织物在每层中可采用不同材料。
图3示出本发明的双轴向织物8。织物8包含层16和18。层16具有在流通通道26、28、30之间间隔开的丝束组12、14,而层18具有在流通通道32、34、36之间间隔开的丝束组20、22。如图3所示,双轴向织物8的层16中的丝束组以90°角平放,而层18中的丝束组以0°角平放,这是现有技术中已知的常规双轴向织物结构。
图4示出本发明的三轴向织物38。织物38包含层40、42和44。层40具有在流通通道50、52和55之间间隔开的丝束组46、48,层42具有在流通通道60、62和64之间间隔开的丝束组56、58,而层44具有在流通通道57、59和61之间间隔开的丝束组53、55。如图4所示,三轴向织物38的层40中的丝束组以90°角平放,层42中的丝束组以-45°角平放,而层44中的丝束组以0°角平放,这是现有技术中已知的典型三轴向织物结构。
图5示出具有层66、68、70和72的四轴向织物64。层66具有在流通通道78、80和82之间间隔开的丝束组74、76和78,层68具有在流通通道88、90和92之间间隔开的丝束组84、86,层70具有在流通通道98、100和102之间间隔开的丝束组94、96,而层72具有在流通通道108、110和112之间间隔开的丝束组104、106。如图5所示,三轴向织物64的层66中的丝束组以90°角平放,层68中的纤维束组以-45°角平放,层70中的丝束组以+45°角平放,而层72中的丝束组以0°角平放,这是现有技术中已知的典型四轴向织物结构。
虽然图3-5中各层的角度如上所述,但根据织物的应用场合可采用任何角度组合。本发明的织物可根据织物的应用场合设计成满足特殊需要和支持多种作业,如汽车部件等。
如上所述,本发明的织物在树脂必须流过织物以形成坚固的复合材料的模塑加工中特别有用。一种特别的工艺是树脂传递模塑(RTM)。树脂传递模塑(RTM)是一种将树脂在低粘性和低压力下泵入含有干织物预制坯,即织物2的封闭模具组内,以将树脂浸入该预制坯中并制成纤维增强复合部件的工艺。RTM工艺可用于以低成本生产形状复杂的复合部件。这些部件通常需要连续的纤维增强物以及内部模线和外部模线控制的表面。将连续纤维增强物包含和放置在大小结构内的能力使得RTM有别于其它液体模塑工艺。织物2在真空辅助的树脂传递模塑(VARTM)系统中也是有用的。在VARTM中,预制坯由柔性片或衬垫,如织物2包覆。
柔性片或衬垫夹在模具上,以将预制坯密封在封套内。然后将催化基质树脂注入封套内,以浸湿预制坯。通过真空管线向封套内部施加真空,以使柔性片紧裹在预制坯上。该真空通过预制坯抽取树脂,从而有助于避免在成品中形成气泡或空穴。当基质树脂受到真空时会固化。真空的施加能抽出固化过程中产生的任何气体。本发明的织物2在标准真空浸入模塑加工中以及在增强织物受到真空处理时同样有用。
在上述模塑加工中用于本发明的合适热塑性树脂包括聚酯(包括共聚酯),例如聚对苯二甲酸乙二醇酯、聚酰胺、聚烯烃和聚丙烯。所采用的热固性树脂包括酚醛树脂、环氧树脂、乙烯基酯树脂和热固性聚酯树脂。
还可以采用上述所示结构以外的其它结构变型,但上述所示结构是优选的和典型的。因此应当理解,虽然本发明已特别公开了优选实施例和实例,但对本领域技术人员来说,与尺寸和形状相关的设计上的修改是显而易见的,这种修改和变化被认为是等同于且属于本公开发明及其附加权利要求书的范围。
Claims (36)
1.一种织物(2),其包括多个基本上平行排列的丝束组(5,7),每个所述丝束组具有一个或多个丝束(4),其中所述丝束组的一部分包含两个或多个丝束,一个丝束组中的丝束之间的间距小于相邻丝束组之间的间距,并且每个丝束(4)都具有纵向轴线,所述丝束(4)的纵向轴线成共面关系。
2.根据权利要求1所述的织物,其中,所述相邻丝束组包含偶数个丝束。
3.根据权利要求1所述的织物,其中,所述相邻丝束组包含奇数个丝束。
4.根据权利要求1所述的织物,其中,所述织物包括增强复合材料。
5.根据权利要求1所述的织物,其中,相邻丝束组之间的间距限定流通通道。
6.根据权利要求1所述的织物,其中,所述丝束缝合一起。
7.根据权利要求1所述的织物,其中,相邻丝束组之间的间距在0.155至1.28厘米之间。
8.根据权利要求1所述的织物,其中,所述织物是无卷曲织物。
9.根据权利要求1所述的织物,其中,每个所述丝束的得量在104.83至907.16米/千克之间。
10.根据权利要求9所述的织物,其中,每个所述丝束的所述得量在104.83至705.57米/千克之间。
11.根据权利要求10所述的织物,其中,每个所述丝束的所述得量在302.38至443.50米/千克之间。
12.根据权利要求1所述的织物,其中,所述织物为单向织物(2)。
13.根据权利要求1所述的织物,其中,所述织物为双轴向织物(8)。
14.根据权利要求1所述的织物,其中,所述织物为三轴向织物(38)。
15.根据权利要求1所述的织物,其中,所述织物为四轴向织物(64)。
16.根据权利要求1所述的织物,其中,所述丝束包括复合纤维。
17.根据权利要求1所述的织物,其中,所述丝束包括玻璃或热塑塑料。
18.一种制造织物(2)的方法,该方法包括以下步骤:
a.提供多个基本上平行的丝束组(5,7),每个所述丝束组包含一个或多个丝束,其中,所述丝束组的一部分包含两个或多个丝束;
b.同轴排列所述丝束组;和
c.在所述至少两个所述丝束组之间设置空间,
其中,一个丝束组中的丝束之间的间距小于相邻丝束组之间的间距,并且每个丝束都具有纵向轴线,所述丝束的纵向轴线成共面关系。
19.根据权利要求18所述的方法,其中,所述多个丝束组缝合一起。
20.根据权利要求18所述的方法,其中,所述织物是无卷曲织物。
21.根据权利要求18所述的方法,其中,每个所述丝束的得量在302.38至1007.95米/千克之间。
22.根据权利要求21所述的方法,其中,每个所述丝束的所述得量在302.38至503.98米/千克之间。
23.根据权利要求22所述的方法,其中,每个所述丝束的所述得量在383.02至443.50米/千克之间。
24.根据权利要求18所述的方法,其中,所述织物为单向织物(2)。
25.根据权利要求18所述的方法,其中,所述织物为双轴向织物(8)。
26.根据权利要求18所述的方法,其中,所述织物为三轴向织物(38)。
27.根据权利要求18所述的方法,其中,所述织物为四轴向织物(64)。
28.根据权利要求18所述的方法,其中,相邻丝束组之间的间距在0.155至1.28厘米之间。
29.根据权利要求18所述的方法,其中,相邻丝束组之间的间距限定流通通道。
30.根据权利要求18所述的方法,还包括采用树脂传递模塑工艺向所述织物浸入树脂的步骤。
31.根据权利要求18所述的方法,还包括采用真空辅助树脂传递模塑系统向所述织物浸入树脂的步骤。
32.根据权利要求31所述的方法,其中,向所述织物浸入的树脂为聚酯。
33.根据权利要求32所述的方法,其中,所述聚酯是聚对苯二甲酸乙二醇酯。
34.根据权利要求31所述的方法,其中,向所述织物浸入的树脂为共聚酯。
35.根据权利要求31所述的方法,其中,向所述织物浸入的树脂选自由聚酰胺和聚烯烃组成的组。
36.根据权利要求31所述的方法,其中,向所述织物浸入的树脂为聚丙烯。
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DE602004030141D1 (de) | 2010-12-30 |
US20050070182A1 (en) | 2005-03-31 |
US20050070183A1 (en) | 2005-03-31 |
ATE488355T1 (de) | 2010-12-15 |
US7930907B2 (en) | 2011-04-26 |
CN1860016A (zh) | 2006-11-08 |
ES2356805T3 (es) | 2011-04-13 |
US7168272B2 (en) | 2007-01-30 |
DK1667838T3 (da) | 2011-03-07 |
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