CN1852989A - Pknb激酶和pstp磷酸酶以及鉴定抑制性物质的方法 - Google Patents
Pknb激酶和pstp磷酸酶以及鉴定抑制性物质的方法 Download PDFInfo
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Abstract
本发明涉及一种pknB激酶和一种pstP磷酸酶以及它们在鉴定抗菌物质中的用途。
Description
发明背景
技术领域
本发明涉及一种pknB激酶和一种pstP磷酸酶以及它们在鉴定抗菌物质中的用途。
背景技术
结核病(TB)是一个严重的公众健康问题,全世界有1/3的人口被其病因,即结核分枝杆菌(M.tuberculosis),所感染,每年有超过两百万的人死于该疾病(Dye et al.,1999,WHO Global SurveillanceMonitoring Project J Am Med Assoc 282:677-686)。全球结核药物开发联盟(Global Alliance for TB Drug Development)已提出可以通过开发更有效的缩短治疗持续时间的治疗剂和通过纳入对潜伏的杆菌起作用的药物大大地改进目前的治疗(Global Alliance for TB DrugDevelopment.(2001)Scientific blueprint for tuberculosis drugdevelopment.Tuberculosis 81:1-52)。面临开发新的治疗策略的紧迫性,更好地了解病原体的病理生理学及其与宿主免疫系统间的复杂关系显得至关紧要。
吸入后,传染性杆菌被肺中的肺泡巨噬细胞所吞噬并诱导局部促炎反应,这使得单核细胞从血流中补充到感染部位(Dannenberg,A.M.(1999)Pathophysiology:basic aspects.In Tuberculosis andNontuberculous Mycobacterial Infections.Schlossberg,D.,(ed.).Philadelphia:W.B.Saunders Company,pp.17-47;Russell,2001,NatureRev Mol Cell Biol 2:569-577)。通过在这些未激活的巨噬细胞中阻断吞噬体与溶酶体的融合(Brown et al.,1969,Nature 221:658-660;Sturgill-Koszycki et al.,1996,EMBO J 15:6960-6968),结核分枝杆菌避免了被杀死,并大量繁殖。随着免疫应答的进展,巨噬细胞和T细胞蓄积形成一肉芽肿,在该肉芽肿中含有以潜伏状态存在的病原体(Parrish et al.,1998,TIBS 6:107-112;Manabe and Bishai,2000,Nature Med 6:1327-1329)。该病原体可休眠多年,仅当免疫系统由于年老、营养不良或AIDS(获得性免疫缺陷综合征)而衰退时才复活。肉芽肿的中心随后发生液化,结核分枝杆菌大量复制并被释放到支气管树中,产生传染性的咳嗽(Dannenberg,1999,Pathophysiology:basicaspects.In Tuberculosis and Nontuberculous Mycobacterial Infections.Schlossberg,D.,(ed.).Philadelphia:W.B.Saunders Company,pp.17-47)。为了理解细菌对于宿主环境中的这些变化的应答,对参与分枝杆菌信号传导的调节蛋白的研究因此是极为重要的。
磷酸化作用,一种简单而有效的可逆地改变蛋白质的生化特性的方式,是信号传导和几乎全部生物学功能的调节的主要机制。存在两种主要的磷酸化信号传导系统。原核生物最主要使用双组分系统,其最简单的形式中包含一具有组氨酸激酶结构域的信号传感器和应答调节物,通常为转录因子(Wurgler-Murphy and Saito,1997,TIBS 22:172-176;Stock et al.,2000,Annu Rev Biochem 69:183-215)。这一简单的单向机制使得可以对突然的环境变化产生快速应答。第二种系统依赖于丝氨酸、苏氨酸和酪氨酸残基的可逆磷酸化作用,并被广泛地使用于真核细胞中(Hanks and Hunter,1995,FASEB J 9:576-596;Hunter,1995,Cell 80:225-236;Barford et al.,1998,Annu Rev Biophys BiomolStruct 27:133-164;Hunter,2000,Cell 100:113-127)。这一机制涉及到蛋白激酶和磷蛋白磷酸酶的级联和网络中的作用(Hunter,2000,Cell100:113-127),提供了一种用于传导信号的快速调节的有效方式以服务于高度调节的功能。
自从几年前鉴定到第一个细菌同源物(
-Dorado et al.,1991,Cel 67:995-1006),基因组学现在已经证明丝氨酸、苏氨酸和酪氨酸蛋白激酶和磷酸酶也广泛分布在于原核生物中(Zhang,1996,MolMicrobiol 20:9-15;Kennell.,2002,FEMS Microbiol Lett 206:1-8)。原核生物中的这两种磷酸化机制(双组分系统和Ser/Thr/Tyr激酶和磷酸酶)可以调节不同的功能或在相同的信号途径中共同作用。已经提出了Ser/Thr和Tyr激酶和磷酸酶在原核生物中的存在似乎与复杂的多级发育周期有关,并且可能在调节生长和发育(异形囊胞、子实体或孢子形成)中发挥作用(Zhang 1996,Mol Microbiol 20:9-15;Shi etal.,1998,FEMS Microbiol Rev 22:229-253)。尽管很少被了解,结核分枝杆菌的休眠状态可以被认为在某些方面与孢子形成相似(Demaio etal.,1996,Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 93:2790-2794)并因此涉及到这些酶。
结核分枝杆菌使用了这两种蛋白质磷酸化系统。其具有15个传感器His激酶和15个应答调节物,形成了至少11个功能对,以及11个推定的Ser/Thr蛋白激酶(STPK)、一个含磷-Ser/Thr磷酸酶(ppp,在本申请中被重新命名为pstP)和两个Tyr磷酸酶(ptpA、ptpB)(Coleet al.,1998,Nature 393:537-544)。这两个Tyr磷酸酶,ptpA和ptpB,似乎没有对应的Tyr激酶,此外这两个Tyr磷酸酶可以被分泌(Koul etal.,2000,Microbiology 147:2307-2314;Cowley et al.,2002,ResMicrobiol 153:233-241)。这11个STPK中的8个被预测为是跨膜蛋白,其具有推定的胞外信号传感器结构域和胞内激酶结构域。6个STPK(PknA、B、D、E、F、G)已经作为重组蛋白被表达并显示出是功能性激酶(Peirs et al.,1997,Eur J Biochem 244:604-612;Av-Gayet al.,1999,Infect Immun 67:5676-5682;Koul et al.,2001,J Bacteriol182:5425-5432;Chaba etal.,2002,Eur J Biochem 269:1078-1085;PknE的数据未显示)。
目前,还没有清楚地证明这些来自结核分枝杆菌STPK或磷酸酶中的任一种的生理学功能,也未有剔除突变体被报道。
鉴于上述,仍然有发展用于分枝杆菌感染的新靶的和治疗的必要。
发明概述
附图说明
图1:几种放线菌中包括pknB和pstP基因的推定的操纵子的保守结构。编码以下信号传导元件PknA、PknB、PstP和两种具有FHA结构域的蛋白质的基因与两种参与肽聚糖合成的基因,即pbpA和rodA,被协同定位。该基因簇在所有基因组中是保守的。这一基因簇在迄今为止已知的所有放线菌基因组中都是保守的,包括那些在本申请中提到的放线菌,结核分枝杆菌(M.tuberculosis)、麻风分枝杆菌(M.leprae)、谷氨酸棒杆菌(C.glutamicum)和天蓝色链霉菌(S.coelicolor,注意在天蓝色链霉菌基因组中缺少基因)以及例如白喉棒杆菌(C.diphteriae)、C.efficiens、嗜高温放线菌(Thermobifida fusca)和长双歧杆菌(Bifidobacterium longum)。
图2A和2B:
图2A:PstP的结构组成,JM;近膜区域,TM;跨膜区域。
图2B:PstP的催化结构域与人PP2C(SEQ ID NO:1和2)的一级序列比对,保守残基加框。与金属离子和磷酸盐的结合相关的PP2C的氨基酸用星号标示。序列上方给出了二级结构元件。
图3A-3C:
图3A:纯化至PstP1-240同质性。通过亲和力和尺寸排阻层析纯化具有组氨酸标签的PstP1-240。然后通过SDS-PAGE电泳对纯度进行检测。PstP1-240在凝胶上作为独立的离散带显示,其表观分子量(32kDa)略高于预期值(27.6kDa)。
图3B和3C:PstP1-240对含磷残基(phosphoresidues)的特异性分析。用[γ-33P]ATP在丝氨酸和苏氨酸残基上或在酪氨酸残基上对MBP(图3B)和α-酪蛋白(图3C)进行磷酸化。用不同的含磷底物(phosphosubstrates)温育浓度渐增的纯化的PstP1-240后,对放射性同位素标记的无机磷酸盐的释放进行测定。
图4A和4B:
图4A:PknB的结构组成。
图4B:细菌STPK的推定的传感器结构域的序列比对。进行BLAST搜索以探测与PknB C-末端结构域最相似的蛋白质序列。然后,本申请发明人从其中选择了与结核分枝杆菌PknB最为相似的9个STPK,即来自麻风分枝杆菌(M.leprae)、谷氨酸棒杆菌、C.efficiens、嗜高温放线菌、长双歧杆菌、天蓝色链霉菌和枯草芽孢杆菌(Bacillus subtilis)的STPK(SEQ ID NO:3-12)。用CLUSTALW对这些蛋白质的C-末端结构域序列进行比对。这些STPK的胞外结构域由3-4个PASTA结构域组成,用不同的框表示。这些重复结构域可能是由于复制引起的。
图5A和5B:
图5A:PknB1-279的激酶活性:自磷酸化和MBP磷酸化分析。在存在或不存在MnCl2的条件下,用[γ-33P]ATP单独温育纯化的PknB1-279或同时温育其与模型激酶底物MBP两者。将反应产物溶解在考马斯兰染色的SDS-PAGE凝胶上(左侧板),然后进行干燥和放射自显影(右板)。如在其它磷蛋白的观测结果一样,SDS-PAGE中的蛋白质的表观分子量显著高于32kDa的预期值。二价阳离子对PknB1-279的激酶活性的影响。在MBP磷酸化分析中使用不同浓度的MnCl2或MgCl2。磷光成像(Phosphorlmager)分析后获得了在MBP上掺入的磷酸盐的相对定量。
图6A和6B:用碱性磷酸酶去磷酸化之前(图6A)和之后(图6B),PknB的MALDI光谱。
图7A和7C:将PknB1-279用作PstP1-240的底物进行去磷酸化分析,以及PstP1-240对PknB1-279去磷酸化后对其激酶活性的影响。
图7A:在[γ-33P]ATP存在的情况下将自磷酸化的PknB1-279用作PstP1-240的底物。作为对照,将MnCl2从反应缓冲液中省略。在变性凝胶上对反应产物进行电泳。左侧板:考马斯兰染色的凝胶;右侧板:放射自显影图。
图7B:不经预先标记,通过SDS-PAGE中的蛋白质迁移的移动而观察PknB的去磷酸化。
图7C:用或不用PstP1-240预温育PknB1-279图中指示的时间。然后将MBP和γATP用作底物测定激酶活性。随着磷光成像(Phosphorlmager)的绘图获得了激酶活性的相对定量。
图8A-8C:PknB1-279中的磷酸化位点的鉴定
图8A:用PstP处理前(上部板)和处理后(下部板),PknB1-279的胰蛋白酶消化产物的HPLC分离。人工收集级分并通过MALDI-MS进行分析,当最后鉴定肽所必需时通过PSD-MS进行部分测序。仅与这一工作相关的肽被标注在层析图中:峰1,单磷酸化His-标签肽(m/z=1848.61,计算的单一同位素质量=1848.84);峰2,His-标签肽(m/z=1768.91,计算的单一同位素质量=1768.84,序列GSSHHHHHHSSGLVPR-SEQ ID NO:13);峰3,双磷酸化S162-R189肽(m/z=2979.17,计算的单一同位素质量=2979.34);和峰4,S162-189肽(m/z=2819.53,计算的单一同位素质量=2819.41)。
图8B:用来自峰3的样本获得的详细PSD光谱。对应于-80Da、-98Da、-(80+98)Da、-(98+98)Da的信号强烈地指示在被分析样本中的丝氨酸和/或苏氨酸残基中存在两个磷酸根基团。
图8C:整合PSD光谱以确认通过测序所鉴定到的肽(SEQ ID NO:14)并定位磷酸化残基(从y-离子系列得到的测量值,以Da计:y3=374.0;y5=600.1;y6=687.2;y7=799.8;y8=962.0;y9=1091.0;y10=1162.3;y11=1262.5;y12=1319.4;y13=1433.1;y14=1533.2;y15=1603.3;y16=1674.4;y17-98=1757.3;y18-98=1886.1;y19-98-98=1969.0;y19-98=2067.4;y19=2165.4)。
图9A和9B:PknB中推定的磷酸盐结合位点。
图9A:根据电荷用颜色编码的PknB(PDB代码1O6Y)的表面图解。4个暴露的精氨基酸残基簇能够提供所述两个磷酸化苏氨酸残基Thr171和Thr173的结合位点。来自活化环(连接Ile163到Ala180并包括这两含磷苏氨酸)的16个残基在结晶结构中是无序的。
图9B:小鼠PKA(PDB代码1ATP)的等价图,其中对应于PknB中缺少的区域示于stick representation中。含磷-Thr197的磷酸根基团使氢键结合与两个精氨酸和一个组氨酸残基相互作用。
图10:PknB的活化环突变体的激酶活性。已经对丙氨酸突变体和野生型PknB1-279进行了平行的MBP磷酸化分析。以磷光成像获得激酶活性的相对定量:T171A、T173A和T171/173A突变体的活性分别约小于PknB1-279的活性的15、20和300倍。
发明详述
在一个操纵子中发现了pknB和pstP基因以及pknA(图1),该操纵子也包括rodA和pbpA(Cole et al.,1998,Nature 393:537-544),两个编码参与细胞生长过程中肽聚糖合成的形态发生蛋白的基因(Matsuhashi,1994,Utilization of lipid-linked precursors and theformation of peptidoglycan in the process of cell growth and division.InBacterial Cell Wall.Ghuysen,J.-M.,and Hakenbeck,R.,(eds).Amsterdam-London:Elsevier)。此外,这一基因组区域在近亲麻风分枝杆菌中保持不变(Fsihi et al.,1996,Microbiology 142:3147-3161),尽管在这一杆菌中存在大量的基因衰变,所述衰变去除或灭活了超过2400个基因包括编码所有其它STPK(除PknL和PknG外)和两个Tyr磷酸酶的基因(Eiglmeier et al.,2001,Leprosy Rev 72:387-398)。因此,在麻风分枝杆菌中靠近染色体复制原点pknA、pknB和pstP基因的保守性强有力地表明,对应的酶可以调节重要功能,可能涉及细胞生长或分枝杆菌的潜伏。
本申请的发明人证明了Pstp特异性地进行含磷-Ser/Thr残基的去磷酸化,其活性严格依赖于二价阳离子的存在。本申请发明人还报道了PknB的催化结构域,如同源物模型所定义的那样,是一种以其磷酸化形式存在的活性蛋白激酶。Pstp能够使PknB去磷酸化,其随后呈现出将低的激酶活性。质谱分析在PknB的活化环中鉴定到两个含磷苏氨酸残基。在丙氨酸中诱变这些苏氨酸证明了它们在调节PknB激酶活性中的作用。因此,Pstp和PknB可以在体内在相同的传导路径中相互影响,并讨论了这些酶在分枝杆菌中的推定的调节功能。
在原核生物中,参与同一细胞过程的基因通常簇集在一起常常形成操纵子。因此,pknB和pstP基因在相同基因组区域中的协同定位(图1)强化了这样一个假设,即这些酶能参与相同的信号传导途径。此外,这一基因组区域的组成表明包括了额外的信号传导元件,包括另一个STPK(即PknA)和两个含有FHA结构域(Rv0019c和Rv0020c)蛋白质,所有这些在其它放线菌中也是保守的(图1)。FHA结构域是小(130aa)蛋白组分,其经识别靶子分子上的磷酸化苏氨酸介导蛋白质-蛋白质之间的相互作用(Durocher and Jackson,2002,FEBS Lett 513:58-66)。在真核细胞中,它们以众多信号蛋白和调节蛋白如激酶、磷酸酶、RNA-结合蛋白以及转录因子的形式存在。Rv0019c(155aa)对应于一个单独的FHA结构域;而Rv0020c(527aa)具有两个结构域,CtFHA结构域和Nt结构域,该Nt结构域与任何已知蛋白除了其在麻风分枝杆菌中的定向进化同源物(ML0022)外都没有显示出具有同源性。最近已经表征了Rv0020c的FHA结构域结合磷酸化肽配体的能力(Durocher et al.,2000,Mol Cell 6:1169-1182)。
在同一保守操纵子(图1)中还发现两个基因,pbpA和rodA,其编码参与控制细胞形状和细胞生长过程中肽聚糖的合成的蛋白质(Matsuhashi,1994,Utilization of lipid-linked precursors and theformation of peptidoglycan in the process of cell growth and division.InBacterial Cell Wall.Ghuysen,J.-M.,and Hakenbeck,R.,(eds).Amsterdam-London:Elsevier)。细胞生长和发育要求细胞壁具有动态结构。实际上,细胞壁在生长和发育的过程中例如孢子形成过程中以及在应答环境变化的过程中持续地变化。此外,形态学上的适应例如细胞壁增厚可能对于缓慢生长的致病性分枝杆菌在厌氧条件下的生存是非常重要具有决定性的(Cunningham and Spreadbury,1998,JBacteriol 180:801-808)。通过青霉素结合蛋白(PBP)合成交联的细菌细胞壁的主要成分肽聚糖,其是锚定于膜的具有两个外部催化组分的酶。一些PBP仅与生长或发育的特异相的转糖基酶活性有关,它们分别与一个膜蛋白配偶体相连接。因此在大肠杆菌中,PBP2和RodA负责细胞延长过程中肽聚糖合成和杆状的决定,而PBP3和FtsW涉及细胞分裂(分割作用)过程中的肽聚糖合成。在枯草芽孢杆菌中,同源配偶体(PBP和SpoVE)被认为参与了孢子形成。
因此,PknA、PknB和PstP,以及其它信号调节子,并列调节生长过程中的细胞延长。实际上,近来的数据表明了PknA在细胞延长中的调节作用(Chaba et al.,2002,Eur J Biochem 269:1078-1085),且已推测PknB的胞外结构域可以结合未连接的肽聚糖(Yeats et al.,2002,TIBS 27:438-440)。激酶和磷酸酶可能在控制这种复杂的整合路径上具有相反的作用。细胞延长过程的严格调节因此可能是分枝杆菌发育过程中的一个关键因素,并且提供了胞内/胞外生长期与肉芽肿内潜在的生活方式之间的联系。本申请所给出的数据支持了本申请所述的信号调节子用于开发抗菌制剂的这一目的,所述制剂例如有能靶向处于其生活周期的不同阶段的结核分枝杆菌的抗结核制剂。
本发明的pstp2磷酸酶包含如SEQ ID NO:1所示的氨基酸序列。本发明的pknB蛋白激酶包含如SEQ ID NO:3所的氨基酸序列。编码所述氨基酸序列的多核苷酸可以利用已知的遗传密码子和密码子的简并性容易地确定
在一个实施方式中,与本申请所述pstp2和pknB氨基酸序列或编码所述氨基酸序列的多核苷酸具有至少70%、至少80%、至少90%、至少95%、至少97%、至少98%和至少99%相同性的蛋白质或多核苷酸也包括在本发明中。优选,所述蛋白质具有如本申请所述的蛋白激酶或磷酸酶活性。这些蛋白质保留了本申请所述的蛋白激酶或磷酸酶活性的至少5%、10%、15%、25%、30%、40%、50%、60%、70%、80%、90%或能超过本申请所述的蛋白激酶或磷酸酶活性的100%。
这些多核苷酸能在严格条件下与pknB和pstp2氨基酸序列的编码多核苷酸序列杂交。术语“严格条件”或“严格杂交条件”包括某一多核苷酸将与其靶序列杂交至相对于与其它序列的杂交更可被检测这样的条件(例如至少超过背景的2倍)。高度严格条件包括于37℃在50%甲酰胺、1M NaCl、1%SDS中进行杂交,并于60-65℃在0.1XSSC中进行洗涤。氨基酸和多核苷酸相同性、同源性和/或相似性可以用ClustalW运算法则(MEGALIGNTM,Lasergene,Wisconsin)确定。
编码pknB和pstp2蛋白质的多核苷酸可以位于单一的多核苷酸分子中,例如载体或相连的多核苷酸分子。在一个实施方式中,编码pknB和pstp2蛋白质的多核苷酸存在于一个多核苷酸分子上,利于存在于一个细菌操纵子中。编码pknB和pstp2蛋白质的多核苷酸也可以在同一多核苷酸例如载体中含有rodA(SEQ ID NO:19)和/或pbpA基因(SEQ ID NO:20)。所述多核苷酸也可以存在于重组细菌宿主细胞中,例如大肠杆菌或分枝杆菌(例如结核分支杆菌)。在这些细菌细胞中,所述基因可以从一个独立的多核苷酸例如载体或操纵子被表达;或可以各自不同地表达;以及可以是与残留蛋白质之间的两个或三个的组合而在分离的多核苷酸上表达。
本发明的一个实施方式是筛选调节本申请所述的pknB和pstp2蛋白质中之一或两者的活性的物质。调节pknB和pstp2中的之一或两者的活性的物质可以被用做抗菌制剂,尤其是用于治疗由分枝杆菌例如结核分枝杆菌所引起的感染。筛选物质的方法包括用本申请所述的pknB和pstp2蛋白质中之一或两者接触宿主细胞,测定pknB和pstp2蛋白质中之一或两者的蛋白激酶和/或磷酸酶活性,并比较接触前宿主细胞中的或已用所述物质接触过的对照组宿主细胞中的pknB和pstp2蛋白质中之一或两者的活性。pknB和pstp2蛋白质中之一或两者的相对活性的变化表明所述物质在调节那些活性中是有效的。
从而,本发明还包括用于鉴定调节pknB蛋白激酶活性的物质的方法,该方法包括:
用所述物质接触重组细菌细胞,其中所述重组细菌细胞表达pknB蛋白激酶,且其中所述pknB蛋白激酶包含SEQ ID NO:3的氨基酸序列或与SEQ ID NO:3有至少70%,或75%、80%、85%、90%、95%和98%的相同性并具有蛋白激酶活性的氨基酸序列;
测量来自所述细菌细胞的所述pknB蛋白激酶活性;和
将来自用所述物质接触过的重组细菌细胞和来自未用所述物质接触的细菌细胞的pknB蛋白激酶活性进行比较,其中来自用所述物质接触过的重组细菌细胞的蛋白激酶活性相对于来自未用所述物质接触的细菌细胞的蛋白激酶活性的变化表明所述物质调节pknB蛋白激酶的活性。
另一方面,本发明还包括一种用于鉴定调节pstp2磷酸酶活性的物质的方法,该方法包括:
用所述物质接触重组细菌细胞,其中所述重组细菌细胞表达pstp2磷酸酶,且其中所述pstp2磷酸酶包含SEQ ID NO:1的氨基酸序列或与SEQ ID NO:1有至少70%,或75%、80%、85%、90%、95%和98%的相同性并具有磷酸酶活性的氨基酸序列;
测量来自所述重组细菌细胞的所述pstp2磷酸酶活性;和
将来自用所述物质接触过的重组细菌细胞和来自未用所述物质接触的细菌细胞的pstp2磷酸酶活性进行比较,其中来自用所述物质接触过的重组细菌细胞的磷酸酶活性相对于来自未用所述物质接触的细菌细胞的磷酸酶活性的变化表明所述物质调节pstp2磷酸酶的活性。
在另一个实施方式中,上述鉴定的物质可以被用于检测抗菌活性,例如抑制分枝杆菌优选结核分枝杆菌。该方法将包括用所述物质接触一个或一群待测细胞并测定相对于未用所述物质接触的细胞或用所述物质接触前的相同细菌细胞该细菌细胞的生长和/或存活是否被削弱了。
上面鉴定的物质可以通过任何化学或生物方法合成。
上面鉴定的物质可以被制备在含有一种或多种已知的在生理学上可接受的稀释剂和/或载体的配制品中。所述物质也能被用于或施用于需要抗菌治疗的哺乳动物患者,例如被结核分枝杆菌感染的人。
实施例
实验程序
序列分析和建模
为了进行生化和结构(Ortiz-Lombardía et al.,2003,J Biol Chem278:13094-13100)的研究,最初用同源性模型方法定义了PknB的催化激酶核心。从蛋白数据库中选择了10个最接近的序列,用CLUSTALW进行多重比对。手动编辑比对结果后,将与PknB享有最高相同性的5条序列(即C.elegans Twitchin kinase、兔磷酸化酶激酶、小鼠PKA以及人CDK6和CDK2)用做模板用于同源性模型。使用这些模板的不同组合构建起了不同的模型家族,并用MODELLER程序(v.4.0)进行精修。最前后一致的模型的比较使得本领域技术人员能够将Gly 279鉴定为可能是限定激酶催化核心的C-末端的α螺旋I的端点。
克隆和诱变
将含pknB(Rv0014c)和pstP(Rv0018c)的粘粒MTCY10H4用于亚克隆实验中。首次获得了对应于推定的细胞质结构域(催化结构域+近膜序列-氨基酸1-331)的PknB结构,由于激酶核心外部的一些区域能够稳定所述催化结构域。以下引物被用于PCR扩增:正向引物(具有NdeI位点):5′-GATAGCCATATGACCACCCCTTCC-3′(SEQ ID NO:15)和反向引物(5′-TAA密码子+HindIII位点):5′-AAACCGAAGCTTAACGGC CCACCG-3′(SEQ ID NO:16)。利用基因工程化的NdeI和HindIII位点将经消化并纯化的PCR产物被连接到pET28表达载体中。PknB1-331被作为一种主要的异源蛋白表达,这可能反映出其磷酸化状态的异源性,因为在近膜区域检测到了不同的磷酸化残基(数据未显示)。因此获得了对应于核心催化结构域(氨基酸1-279)的一个较短的结构,其通过定点诱变引入了一个终止密码子。PknB突变体(T171A、T173A、T171/173A)都通过相同的方法从这一最后结构获得。
使用以下引物将完整的pstP基因亚克隆到pET28表达载体中:正向因物(具有NdeI位点):5′-CGGGGGCATATGGC GCGCGTGA-3′(SEQ ID NO:17)和反向引物(TAA密码子+HindIII位点):5′-GCAGTCGTAAGCTTATGCCGCCG-3′(SEQ ID NO:18)。然后通过定点诱变引入一个终止密码子从而获得了对应于PstP的催化结构域(氨基酸1-240)。
所有的诱变都根据Quick Change Strata gene程序进行。按如下购买酶:T4DNA连接酶、NdeI和DpnI限制性酶购自Biolabs,HindIII和BglII限制性酶购自Pharmacia,Pfu和Pfu turbo聚合酶购自Stratagene。所有结构都通过DNA测序进行鉴定。
蛋白质表达和纯化
于37℃,在含抗生素(卡那霉素,30μg/ml)的Luria-Bertani(LB)培养基中生长用适当的质粒转化的大肠杆菌BL21(DE3)细菌直至对数生长后期。添加1mM IPTG后,于低温下(15℃)诱导表达12-16小时。在蛋白酶抑制剂存在的情况下,于50mM Hepes缓冲Ph7、0.2MNaCl中重悬细菌颗粒,并进行超声波处理。通过离心(20,000g,30min-1h)除去裂解产物。使用FPLC系统将含有可溶解蛋白质的上清液施用于Ni-柱(Pharmacia)并用咪唑梯度(0-0.5M)进行洗提。需要进行进一步的凝胶过滤(Superdex 75)步骤以从蛋白质分离出团聚物质单体蛋白质并除去咪唑和绝大多数的Ni2+阳离子。随后通过Macro-和Micro-sep浓缩器(Pall/Gellman)对蛋白质进行浓缩。用Bio-Rad蛋白质分析测定蛋白浓度。通过SDS-PAGE电泳检测样本的纯度。
蛋白激酶分析
在含有2mM MnCl2、100μM ATP和1μCi[γ-33P]ATP的20μl激酶缓冲液(Hepes 50mM pH7,DTT 1mM,Brij350.01%)中进行激酶分析。为分析二价阳离子偏好使用了不同浓度的MnCl2或MgCl2,如图5中所指出的那样。为了分析自磷酸化使用了5μM最终的纯化PknB。为了分析PknB或PknB突变体对MBP底物的磷酸化作用,酶/底物的比率为1∶20,激酶含量为0.5μM。随着所述激酶的添加反应开始,并于30℃进行反应10min。为了分析PknB和PknB突变体对MBP磷酸化的动力学,在每一指示时间取出10μl等分量的共60μl的反应混合物。添加SDS-PAGE样本缓冲液和EDTA(终浓度25mM)终止反应。将10μl的反应产物用于电泳。在每种情况中,在12%的SDS聚丙烯酰胺凝胶上分离所述反应产物,并通过放射自显影术显示放射性同位素标记的蛋白质。为了获得放射性同位素标记的ATP掺入的相对定量,也使用磷光成像工具(STORM,Molecular Dynamics)对该放射性样本进行分析。为了检测用PstP温育不同时间后的PknB的激酶活性,分别以硫代-γATP和[35S]ATP-γS替代ATP和[γ-33P]ATP。[γ-33P]ATP和[35S]ATP-γS购自Amersham Biosciences。MBP购自Invitrogen。
蛋白磷酸酶分析
用MBP或α-酪蛋白(SIGMA)分析PstP对含磷Ser/Thr或含磷Tyr蛋白质的去磷酸化作用。用PKA的催化亚单位或Abl蛋白酪氨酸激酶通过蛋白质的磷酸化作用制备磷酸化[33P]Ser/Thr-底物或[33P]Tyr-底物。在每种情况中,在含有1mM ATP、75μCi[γ-33P]ATP、200μM底物和25单位PKA或10单位Abl激酶的200μl缓冲液(50mM HepespH7.5、5mM MgCl2、1mM EGTA、2mM DTT、0.01%Brij35)中进行激酶反应。于30℃温育该反应物5h。通过TCA沉淀回收磷酸化底物,并于4℃相对于含有0.1mM EDTA、2mM DTT和0.01%Brij35的25mM Tris缓冲液pH7.5进行大量透析。在25μl含有50mM Hepes缓冲液pH7.5、0.1mM EDTA、1mM DTT和0.01%Brij35、5mM MnCl2的反应混合物中进行去磷酸化分析。磷酸化的[33P]底物所使用的终浓度对应于10μM掺入的磷酸盐。随着不同浓度(直至200ng/25μl,≈0.3μM)的纯化PstP的添加反应开始,并于30℃温育10min。通过添加冷却的20%TCA终止该反应。离心后,将可溶解物质添加到闪烁液中并计算无机磷酸盐的释放。丝氨酸/苏氨酸磷酸酶PP1和酪氨酸磷酸酶T-细胞PTP被分别用作含磷Ser/Thr底物和含磷Tyr底物的去磷酸化作用的对照(未显示)。首先使用根据上述方案制备的自磷酸化[33P]-PknB进行PstP对PknB的去磷酸化作用,除不添加额外的激酶外。在15μl的50mM Hepes缓冲液pH7、1mM DTT、0.01%Brij35和2mM MnCl2中进行反应。分别在5μM和1μM时使用[33P]-PknB和PstP,并于30℃温育30min。将反应产物在SDS-PAGE凝胶上进行解析,干燥凝胶的放射自显影图显示出标记的丢失。PstP对PknB的去磷酸化作用也通过在凝胶上出现了对应于去磷酸化PknB的更低的条带而简单地被检测。于30℃在10μl相同的缓冲液中进行该反应10min,不同之处在于使用1μM的PknB底物,添加从50-300nM的不同浓度的磷酸酶PstP。
质谱分析
通过在整个肽混合物以及用胰蛋白酶(Promega,在50mM的碳酸氢铵缓冲液中每20-50μg蛋白质样本0.5μg,pH 8.4,于35℃温育过夜)消化的蛋白质的纯化HPLC级分中的质量测量进行磷酸化位点的鉴定。从而鉴定到了覆盖PknB1-279序列的90%的26种胰蛋白酶处理的肽(数据未显示),而不能检测到产生小于5个氨基酸残基的消化肽产物。在一些试验中,在蛋白酶裂解前用磷酸酶对蛋白质进行处理:购自Roche Diagnostics的碱性磷酸酶(根据厂商所提供的指示于35℃温育1h的分析混合物中的每20-40μg蛋白质为20酶单位)或本部分其它地方所描述的纯化的PstP酶。
在装有N2激光源(λ=337nm)的Voyager DE-PRO系统(AppliedBiosystems)进行MALDI-TOF质谱分析。在20kV的加速电压下获得了线性和反射模式的阳离子质谱。对肽使用α-氰基-4-肉桂酸或对蛋白质使用芥子酸(均作为乙腈-H2O中的0.2%三氟乙酸中的饱和溶液(50%,v/v))对基质进行预处理。在单一同位素溶液的条件下,在反射模式中测量肽的质量,外部校准后的精确度接近于50p.p.m.。为了这一目的,以下肽质量标准的混合物被包括在内([MH]+单一同位素质量,浓度):血管紧张素I(1296.68,2pmol/μl)、ACTH 18-39clip(2093.08,2pmol/μl)、ACTH 18-39clip(2465.20,1.5pmol/μl)和ACTH7-38clip(3657.93,3pmol/μl)。当不时用存在于PknB胰蛋白酶消化产物中的已表征好的肽进行内部质量校准时获得了更好的精确性。对于线性模式中的PknB蛋白的质量测量,面包酵母的烯醇酶(质子化分子离子[MH]+的平均质量=46.672,[MH2]+2=23.336)被用校准标准。用于MS的样本通常是通过直接在样本平板上点滴0.5μl基质溶液和0.5μl肽溶液,或来自基质溶液所洗提的脱盐微柱的小滴(见以下)而制备。
遵循仪器制造商所提供的用法说明,所选择的分离自HPLC的肽通过产生自样本的y-离子系列的PSD-MS分析进行测序(Kaufmann etal.,1993,Rapid Comme7 Mass Spectrum 7:902-910)。当需要有额外的数据以通过MS测序确认磷酸化位点时,遵循公开的程序(Resing etal.,1995,Biochemistry 34:9477-9487),用Ba(OH)2处理相应的胰蛋白酶处理的肽以对丝氨酸或苏氨酸残基进行去磷酸化。
在装有于H2O中的0.1%三氟乙酸(溶剂A)的反向柱(VydacC18,150×2.1mm)中进行HPLC分离,并用于乙腈中的0.07%三氟乙酸梯度(溶剂B)进行洗提。层析条件如下:流速0.2ml/min、记录纸2mm/min;梯度为0min-20min为高达10%的B、20min-100min为高达30%的B、100min-110min为高达50%的B、110min-115min为高达100%的B,然后用等度100%B再处理5min;于220nm通过UV进行检测。
计算了野生型和突变体PknB酶的显示出不同的磷酸化程度和模式的胰蛋白酶处理的肽A162-R189的相对量(表1)。测量经纯化和鉴定的HPLC峰的峰大小(根据MS和PSD-MS测量)并通过各个肽的层析回应进行校正,所述层析回应预先在如上述相同的层析条件下进行检测。
为了进行质量测量,不时在N2气流下对HPLC级分进行浓缩、冻干或固定化到反相Poros 10 R2珠(Applied Biosystems)上。后者也是用于除去批量或自制微柱中的小肽或蛋白质样本的盐分的有用程序(Gobom et al.,1999,J Mass Spectrom 34:105-116)。用GPMAW32(v.4.02)程序(Lighthouse Data)进行实际的胰蛋白酶消化和其它质量计算。
结果
PstP是一种Ser/Thr蛋白磷酸酶
PstP基因(Rv0018c)编码一种推定的514aa的跨膜蛋白(Cole etal.,1998,Nature 393:537-544),其具有一富含脯氨酸和丝氨酸残基的C末端胞外结构域(196aa)(图2A)。推定的胞内结构域(301aa)与真核Ser/Thr蛋白磷酸酶PPM家族的成员同源(Bork et al.,1996,Protein Sci 5:1421-1425)。PstP与人PP2C的催化结构域(PPM家族的原型成员)的序列比对的结果示于图2B。尽管PstP仅显示出与人的酶有17%的相同性,所有对应于关键结构元件的基序(Bork et al.,1996,Protein Sci 5:1421-1425)都存在于PstP序列中。人PP2C的晶体结构已经揭示了金属离子催化的去磷酸化机制(Das et al.,1996,EMBO J 15:6798-6809)。如图2B中所示,所有参与金属阳离子和磷酸盐结合的残基在PstP中都是保守的,这暗示了磷酸盐识别和催化的一个共同机制。
PstP与其它PPM磷酸酶家族成员的多重比对预测Asp 240是催化结构域的最后一个残基。因此,His-标签构建体PstP1-240作为可溶解蛋白质在大肠杆菌中被生产(图3A)。使用不同的底物对蛋白磷酸酶活性和对含磷氨基酸的特异性进行检测。用蛋白激酶A(PKA)在丝氨酸和苏氨酸残基中的任一种上对髓磷脂碱性蛋白(MBP)和α-酪蛋白进行磷酸化,或使用放射标记的ATP以Abl激酶在酪氨酸残基上进行磷酸化。如图3A和3B中所示,PstP使含磷Ser/Thr底物去磷酸化,但对含磷Tyr底物显示出少量的活性或没有活性。此外,PstP磷酸酶活性严格依赖于二价阳离子,相对于Mg2+更优选Mn2+(数据未显示)。因此,与基于序列同源性的预测相一致,这些结果证明PstP的胞内区域是一种属于PPM家族的Ser/Thr蛋白磷酸酶。
PknB的C末端结构域与在多种细菌STPK中发现的C末端结构域相似
PknB被预测为是一626aa的跨膜蛋白,其具有一胞内N-末端激酶结构域(331aa)和一胞外C-末端结构域(276aa)(图4)。STPK的这一结构组成被发现在植物中存在并作为脊椎动物中的转化生长因子β(TGFβ)家族细胞因子的受体,其中C-末端结构域是一信号传感器。这也适用于来自原核生物的跨膜STPK。PknB的C-末端结构域与几种原核STPK的C-末端结构域,包括放线菌(棒状杆菌、链霉菌、双歧杆菌)和其它革兰氏阳性细菌(李斯特氏菌、芽孢杆菌、链球菌),显示出一定程度的序列相似性(图4B)。这些蛋白质呈现出具有最近被描述的PASTA结构域(代表青霉素结合蛋白和丝氨酸/苏氨酸激酶相关的结构域,Yeats et al.,2002,TIBS 27:438-440)的不同拷贝数,PknB中4个。这表明所有这些激酶都能够应答于一种相似类型的配体。实际上,已推测所述PASTA结构域可以结合未连接的肽聚糖(Yeats et al.,2002,TIBS 27:438-440),不过没有试验证据可用于证实这一主张。值得注意的是,在上述微生物的相同基因组区域发现了编码推定的Ser/Thr蛋白磷酸酶的基因,这表明了与STPK的功能性相关。实际上,最近已经公开了来自枯草芽孢杆菌的PrkC激酶和PrpC磷酸酶形成了这样的一个体内配对,它们对稳定期生理具有相反的影响(Gaidenko et al.,2002,J Bacteriol 184:6109-6114)。
PknB的催化结构域是一种功能性激酶
先前已经表征了全长的重组PknB蛋白,结果显示其拥有STPK活性(Av-Gay et al.,1999,Infect Immun 67:5676-5682)。为了进行详细的生化和结构研究,本申请发明人已将注意力集中在其催化结构域上。与Ser/Thr蛋白激酶家族成员的多重序列比对以及基于可利用的三维结构的同源建模指出Gly 279是该催化结构域的C-末端α螺旋中最后一个残基。因此,对应于PknB(PknB1-279)的第1-279位氨基酸残基的结构域已作为一种可溶解的、单体His-标签蛋白在大肠杆菌中被制备(图5A)。
在自磷酸化检测中或使用MBP作为建模底物对PknB1-279的激酶活性进行检测。与全长复性PknB相似(Av-Gay et al.,1999,InfectImmun 67:5676-5682),PknB1-279进行自磷酸化,并对MBP进行磷酸化(图5A)。凝血酶消化的PknB1-279(即没有His-标签)也发生自磷酸化,这表明在PknB催化结构域上存在特定的自磷酸化位点(数据未显示)。激酶活性依赖于二价阳离子(图5A),PknB1-279清楚地显示出比Mg2+更强的Mn2+偏好(图5B)。这些观测结果证明,当独立表达时,PknB的催化结构域具有固有的激酶活性,这暗示了该蛋白的其它区域(例如近膜区域)不是稳定活性构象所必需的。
最近在2.2分辨率(Ortiz-Lombardía et al.,2003,J Biol Chem278:13094-13100)和3分辨率(Young et al.,2003,Nature Struct Biol10:168-174)测定的与核苷酸复合的PknB的催化核心的结构为这些观测结果提供了进一步的支持。PknB催化结构域被发现与其真核同源物非常相似并共享许多最初被描述于PKA的基本特点(Knighton etal.,1991,Science 253:407-414)。特别地,在它们的活性构象中发现了所有的氨基酸残基和对催化作用重要的其它结构元件(Ortiz-Lombardía et al.,2003,JBiol Chem 278:13094-13100)。
PknB1-279的不同制剂在MALDI-TOF质谱试验中产生了相对宽的综合质量峰,在m/z=32538时具有最大强度,在分别接近80Da、98Da或160Da时信号较微弱(数据未显示)。用PstP或碱性磷酸酶处理后,峰移向m/z=32291(未剪切的PknB1-279的序列预测平均质量为32281Da),这表明至少除去了3个连接到该蛋白质上的磷酸根基团(图6A和6B)。但是,本申请发明人没有在PknB的3D结构中检测到任何磷酸化残基(Ortiz-Lombardía et al.,2003,J Biol Chem278:13094-13100)。由于整个催化结构域(除覆盖大部分活化环的残基A164-T179外)在电子密度图中很好地定义,这表明推定的含磷残基应该在该蛋白的无序或可变部分被发现,即延伸到催化核心外和/或在该活化环自身内的N-末端肽,与最近由Yong et al.,提出的这一区域的推定的磷酸化位点一致(Yong et al.,2003,Nature Struct Biol 10:168-174)。
PstP使PknB去磷酸化并抑制其激酶活性
全长PknB已经显示出在Ser和Thr残基上发生了自磷酸化(Av-Gay et al.,1999,Infect Immun 67:5676-5682),所引起的问题是PknB1-279是否可以成为PstP的底物。为了阐明这一可能性,在存在或不存在MnCl2的条件下用PstP进行温育前,用放射性ATP对PknB1-279进行自磷酸化。如图7中所示,PstP能使PknB去磷酸化。磷酸盐水解也被凝胶上的PknB迁移伴随标记丢失的变化所反映,更低的条带对应于去磷酸化PknB。在凝胶迁移率上的这些差异被利用以进一步监测磷酸酶反应而无需前述的放射性标记(图7B)。PstP对PknB的去磷酸化也表明在大肠杆菌中产生的重组激酶在体内是磷酸化的。
然后,本申请发明人寻求PknB的去磷酸化是否能对它的激酶活性产生影响。为了阐明这个问题,用Pstp预温育PknB,在激酶反应中用硫代-γATP替换ATP。该分析的合理性在于PknB使底物硫代磷酸化的能力,而PstP对这些硫代含磷底物(thiophosphosubstrates)没有活性(数据未显示)。在这些条件下,可以在没有来自磷酸酶活性的干扰的情况下测量激酶活性。图7C表示用PstP对PknB预先去磷酸化抑制了对MBP的激酶活性。这些结果强有力地表明PknB的磷酸化状态对于维持完整活性的激酶很重要。
PknB的活化环中的两个含磷苏氨酸的鉴定
将质谱用于鉴定在PknB1-279中检测到的含磷残基。PknB1-279或PstP-处理的PknBt-279的胰蛋白酶消化产物(覆盖了PknB1-279序列的90%)反相层析图的比较揭示了一些被选择的肽的洗提模式中的变化(图8A)。这一观测结果与在反射和线性模式中获自对应的完整肽混合物的MS的结果相一致(数据未显示)。在线性模式中,可以从未经处理的PknB1-279鉴定到两个含磷肽。在m/z=1850.1时的信号被指定给His-标签肽和一个磷酸根基团([MH]+肽的计算的平均质量=1849.9),在m/z=2981.3时的一个强信号被指定给双磷酸化胰蛋白酶处理的肽A162-R189(计算质量=2981.0),其包括活化环的一大部分。值得注意的是,除了当用磷酸酶例如碱性磷酸酶或PstP预处理PknB1-279时以外,没有检测到非磷酸化A162-R189肽的MS信号(计算质量=2821.1)。仅在这种情况下在线性和反射模式中都观测到明显的质量信号(m/z=2820.8)。
当在反射模式中进行MS测量鉴定分离的肽级分时进一步确认了这些结果。因此,编号为1和2的峰(图8A)被分别指定给非单磷酸化和非磷酸化His-标签肽,而峰3被指定给双磷酸化A162-R189肽。一旦用PstP进行处理,峰1的大小减少,峰2大小增加以及峰3几乎消失,推测产生了对应于未磷酸化的A162-R189肽的峰4。
来自峰3的样本的源后衰变质谱(Post-source decay massspectrometry,PSD-MS)测量确认了在肽中存在两个磷酸根基团(图8B)。通过对纯化自不同独立批次的PknB组的HPLC峰3的PSD-MS测序获得了所述磷酸化残基的最终鉴定和定位。这一分析表明A162-R189肽在Thr171和Thr173上是磷酸化的(图8C)。在所有的情形中,这些位点的磷酸化接近100%,表明这些苏氨酸被系统地和均匀地连接到磷酸盐上。PknB胰蛋白酶消化产物随着时间和蛋白质的不同制剂的HPLC模式极其恒定并可复制。但是,在一些实验中,可以观测到肩状部或甚至观察到小峰(只在图8中的峰3前),其m/z=3061.1(数据未显示)。这被鉴定为A162-R189肽的一个三磷酸化类型(计算质量=3061.3)。第3个含磷位点是一个丝氨酸,其不能通过测序明确确定,并可能对应于Ser166或Ser169中之一。
上述MS结果鉴定了两个来自活化环的苏氨酸残基作为PknB自磷酸化和PstP去磷酸化的靶的,Thr171和Thr173。这些残基是这两个PknB晶体结构的部分无序区域(Ortiz-Lombardía et al.,2003,JBiol Chem 278:13094-13100;Young et al.,2003,Nature Struct Biol 10:168-174)。但是,该蛋白质的分子表面的电荷分布检测揭示了一个暴露的碱性残基簇,这些残基被优先定位以为含磷苏氨酸残基提供一个锚定位点(图9A)。在晶体结构中这些精氨酸残基具有部分无序或可变的侧链,这可能反映了没有结合的底物。当与结合活化环中的含磷-Thr197的PKA(Knighton et al.,1991,Science 253:407-414)中的一个相似的聚簇比较时(图9B),发现PknB中的正电荷区域涵盖了更宽的表面区域,提高了这一区域结合Thr 171和Thr 173两者的磷酸根基团的可能性。
PknB的活化环突变体
为了确认并进一步分析鉴定到的含磷苏氨酸在PknB激酶活性中的作用,这些残基被单独或组合突变为丙氨酸。制备单突变体T171A、T173A和双突变体T171/173A,并且MBP磷酸化检测中对其进行分析。通过所述突变体进行MBP磷酸化的动力学比较(图10)表明各单突变对激酶活性的影响程度相似,分别比PknB的活性低15和20倍。双突变的活性低300倍,这表明两个含磷苏氨酸对激酶活性的组合效应。这些结果确认活化环的双磷酸化是完整的激酶活性所必需的,并明确地证明两种含磷苏氨基酸都参与其中。
遵循上述用于野生型酶的相同的实验方案,这些突变体也被用于检测磷酸化氨基酸残基的存在和定位以及在每一位点的磷酸化程度(表1)。当与野生型酶相比较时,N-末端His-标签肽在3个突变体中显示出一致的低磷酸化程度,这反映了突变体较低的活性。对于野生型酶,突变体T171A主要在活化环中被去磷酸化,涉及到的残基为Ser169和Thr173。但是,Ser169的磷酸化没有恢复野生型活性且看上去没有扮演功能性角色。另一方面,T173A突变体显示出主要在Thr171发生单磷酸化(一个更小的HPLC信号可以被指定给在残基Thr171和Ser166或Ser169发生双磷酸化类型)。对来自胰蛋白酶消化的双突变体T171/173A的肽的分析证明了非磷酸化(36%)和一个单磷酸化(在Ser166或Ser169)A162-R189肽类型的存在。概而言之,两个单突变在剩余的苏氨酸上均仍然显示出完全磷酸化,且单突变和双突变的活性降低没有显示出协同的行为,这表明Thr171和Thr173是独立的含磷位点。此外,丢失每个含磷位点也观测到相似的激酶活性的降低,这表明这两个含磷苏氨酸对于PknB活性是同等重要的。
表1
蛋白质 | 磷酸化状态a和涉及到的氨基酸b | ||
His-标签肽 | 肽S162-R189 | 磷酸化残基 | |
PknBc | 40-60%非磷酸化 | 接近100%双磷酸化 | Thr171和Thr173 |
40-55%单磷酸化 | 痕量的三磷酸化d | Thr171、Thr173和(Ser169或Ser166) | |
T171A | 82%非磷酸化 | 接近100%双磷酸化 | Thr173和Ser169 |
18%单磷酸化 | |||
T173A | 87%非磷酸化 | 96%单磷酸化 | Thr171 |
13%非磷酸化 | 4%双磷酸化 | Thr171和(Ser169或Ser166) | |
T171/173A | 89%非磷酸化 | 36%非磷酸化 | --- |
11单磷酸化 | 64%单磷酸化 | Ser169或Ser166 | |
a.指存在于Nt His-标签肽或肽S162-R189群体中的磷酸化类型的相对量。非磷酸化、单磷酸化、双磷酸化或三磷酸化分别是指没有、存在1个、2个或3个磷酸根基团。主要如在图8A-8C和实验程序中所记载的那样,用胰蛋白酶处理蛋白质后,分离并定量肽样本,继以HPLC和通过MS进行峰鉴定。 |
b.如图8B和8C中举例说明的那样,遵循在实验程序中所描述的方案,通过PSD-MS将经过磷酸化而修饰的氨基酸定位于序列S162-R189中。没有鉴定到Nt His-标签肽(MGSSHHHHHHSSGLVPR)的磷酸化丝氨酸。 |
c.检测了来自3个独立的PknB1-279制备批次的样本。 |
d.在活化环中的第3个残基的磷酸化,Ser169或Ser166,显示出重要性较小,因为所检测磷酸化程度系统性地低或没有。 |
尽管结核分枝杆菌编码11个STPK(Cole et al.,1998,Nature 393:537-544),只存在一个清楚的丝氨酸/苏氨基蛋白磷酸酶,PstP,其是PPM家族的一个成员(Bork et al.,1996,Protein Sci 5:1421-1425)。本申请的发明人在本发明中表明其催化结构域,PstP1-240,使已经在丝氨酸或苏氨酸上发生磷酸化的底物去磷酸化,而不是使已经在酪氨酸残基上发生磷酸化的底物去磷酸化。此外,其活性严格依赖于Mn2+或Mg2+离子,这与推论的该家族的金属离子催化的去磷酸化作用机制相一致(Das et al.,1996,EMBO J 15:6798-6809)。
在它的氨基酸序列的基础上,PknB(和所有其它分枝杆菌STPK)已经被分类于原核STPK的Pkn2家族(Leonard et al.,1998,GenomeRes 8:1038-1047),该基因簇最类似于它们的真核对应体以及可能是随着复杂的发育周期从真核早期横向转移到细菌的而产生。重组全长PknB已被显示拥有激酶活性并在丝氨酸和苏氨酸残基上都拥有自磷酸化位点(Av-Gay et al.,1999,Infect Immun 67:5676-5682)。如序列同源性所限定的那样,本申请发明人研究了限于所述催化核心结构域的结构,PknB1-279。结果发现这一结构是一种活性激酶,表明近膜区域不是活性所必需的,不过它仍然参与了进一步的稳定或活性调节(见以下)。
已描述了真核蛋白激酶的各种调节机制(Johnson et al.,1996,Cell 85:149-158;Hubbard and Till,2000,Annu Rev Biochem 69:373-398;Huse and Kuriyan,2002,Cell 109:275-282)。经过对接近催化和/或底物结合位点的控制,或通过参与催化作用或底物识别的结构元件的重排列可以发生活性和失活形式之间的转变。此外,可以发生与其它蛋白质结构域或辅因子的相互作用。值得注意的是,经自催化机制或通过其他相关激酶和磷酸酶的作用,这些调节机制中有很多涉及磷酸化作用/去磷酸化作用(催化结构域内部或外部)。
本发明的研究表明PknB的催化结构域在体外发生自磷酸化,且当在大肠杆菌中表达时被磷酸化。为了了解是否PknB自磷酸化可以发挥调节功能,本申请发明人首先鉴定了PknB中的磷酸化位点。质谱分析表明所述活化环的两个苏氨酸残基(Thr171和Thr173)被系统地磷酸化(推测为自磷酸化)。其它真核蛋白激酶也在其活化环中显示出两个磷酸化位点,例如MKK1(两个Ser残基,Alessi et al.,1994.EMBO J 0:1610-1619)或ERK2(一个Thr和一个Tyr残基,两个残基都必须被磷酸化以形成活性酶,Robbins et al.,1993,J Biol Chem268:5097-5106)。活化环是大量激酶中活性/失活构象转变的主要控制元件(Steinberg et al,1993,Mol Cell Biol 13:2332-2341;Johnson et al,1996,Cell 85:149-158;Huse and Kuriyan.2002,Cell 109:275-282),所述激酶的构象通常取决于它们的磷酸化状态(Johnson et al.,1996 Cell85:149-158)。根据其结构定位,这一环可以控制对催化位点的接近和所述底物的结合。一个宽范围的调节特性已经被指定给这一环,例如有助于催化残基的适当比对、校正这两个裂片(lobes)的相对方位、使得底物结合和/或刺激ATP结合(Huse and Kuriyan,2002 Cell109:275-282)。
PknB的去磷酸化作用对它的激酶活性的抑制效应表明磷酸化对于完整的活性是必需的。通过活化环苏氨酸残基的诱变研究对此进行了进一步确认。与野生型酶比较,这两个单突变体仍然在剩余的苏氨酸上被磷酸化,呈现出可供比较的、降低的活性,而所述双突变进一步增加了活性。因此,Thr171和Thr173发挥独立和相当的但却互补的功能以达到最大激酶活性。
PknB中的含磷苏氨酸残基的结构功能仍然不清楚,因为所述活化环在晶体结构中是无序的(Ortiz-Lombardía et al.,2003 J Biol Chem278:13094-13100;Young et al.,2003 Nature Struct Biol 10:168-174)。这在激酶结构中不罕见。这在活性和失活激酶中都被观测到,且没有显示出特定的磷酸化状态。在一些激酶中,所述环的磷酸化固定了其构象(Johnson et al.,1996 Cell 85:149-158),因此无序能够指示部分磷酸化。但是,对于PknB似乎不是这种情形,因为尽管两个苏氨酸被完全磷酸化,但所述活化环在晶体结构中没有定义的结构。相反,PknB环的稳定可以基于肽底物的结合发生,这可以经过诱导的合适机制或通过与激酶核心外的其它因子的额外的分子内或分子间相互作用完成。在任一情形中,在PknB结构中在预期的含磷苏氨酸结合位点观测到正电荷区域,等价于在PKA中的结合单磷酸化苏氨酸,Thr197,的相似聚簇(图9A-9B)。
总之,这些结果强有力地表明PknB激酶活性可以经自磷酸化作用机制,通过其活化环的在体内的磷酸化状态而被调节。观测来自其它结核分枝杆菌STPK的活化环序列可以得出有意思的结果。一个或两个苏氨酸在除两个STPK(具有较短环的PknG和PknI)以外的所有STPK中都是保守的,这表明这些酶也应该通过在它们的活化环中的自磷酸化作用被调节。因此,除相同的总3D结构和催化机制外,真核生物和原核生物激酶还可能享有该调节机制,尽管原来认为在原核生物中缺少这一过程(Motley and LorL,1999 Infect Immun67:5386-5394)。显然需要进一步研究以确定PstP对PknB的去磷酸化作用与该蛋白磷酸酶对其它激酶的效应之间的生理学相关性,尤其是存在于相同操纵子的特定PknA。
可以存在其他的激酶调节机制。PknB被推定为是一种跨膜蛋白质,其具有一推定的外部配体结合结构域、与在传感器组氨酸激酶(Parkinson,1993 Cell 73:857-871)和受体酪氨酸激酶(Schlessinger,2000 Cell 103:211-225)中发现的组织相似。配体与后者的胞外结构域的结合通常促进了受体二聚化和/或结构重排,所述结构重排引起自磷酸化并因此激活该激酶结构域。有趣地,最近已经报道了PrkC的二聚化(Madec et al.,2002 Mol Microbiol 46:571-586),PrkC是来自枯草芽孢杆菌的跨膜STPK,其与PknB在Nt和Ct结构域都同源(图4B)。另一调节机制,被描述适用于I型TGF-β受体或丝氨酸/苏氨酸激酶(Huse et al.,1999 Cell 96:425-436)和Ephrin受体酪氨酸激酶(EphB2)(Wybenga-Groot et al.,2001 Cell 106:745-757),包括经近膜区域与激酶结构域的相互作用对灭活状态的保持。一旦发生EphB2的配体刺激,近膜序列中的Tyr残基的自磷酸化解除了抑制并使得这一序列可用以与靶蛋白的SH2结构域进一步相互作用(Wybenga-Groot et al.,2001 Cell 106:745-757)。在PknB1-279中缺失近膜区域。也制备了一个PknB的重组结构,其对应于所述激酶的催化核心加上近膜序列(参见实验程序)。在近膜序列中鉴定到包括Thr294和Thr309在内的3个磷酸化位点(数据未显示)。
显然,在上述教导下可以对本发明做大量的修饰和变化。因此,应理解成在所附加的权利要求的范围内,可以按与本申请中具体记载的方式所不同的方式实施本发明。
序列表
<110>巴斯德研究院
<120>PKNB激酶和PSTP磷酸酶以及鉴定抑制性物质的方法
<130>D22486
<140>PCT/IB2004/003096
<141>2004-07-19
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Thr Ile Leu Ile Ser Gly Gly Pro Glu Met Ile Glu Met Pro Asp Leu
65 70 75 80
Val Gly Met Ser Gln Ala Asp Ala Leu Gly Glu Ile Asn Arg Ala Gly
85 90 95
Leu Ala Arg Gly Glu Ile Thr His Gln Glu Ser Asp Glu Pro Gln Gly
100 105 110
Thr Val Leu Ser Thr Asp Pro Lys Ala Gly Thr Glu Val Glu Pro Gly
115 120 125
Thr Lys Val Asn Leu Val Val Ala Lys Ala Ser Thr Lys Val Glu Val
130 135 140
Pro Ser Leu Ala Gly Met Asn Glu Asp Gln Ala Arg Glu Arg Leu Ala
145 150 155 160
Glu Leu Gly Leu Thr Leu Glu Ala Gln Thr Gln Glu Thr Ser Asp Ala
165 170 175
Thr Pro Gly Thr Ala Ile Ala Gln Ser Pro Gln Ala Gly Thr Lys Val
180 185 190
Glu Arg Gly Thr Thr Val Thr Val Thr Phe Ala Lys Glu Pro Gln Arg
195 200 205
Pro Glu Pro Pro
210
<210>9
<211>278
<212>PRT
<213>Bifidobacterium longum
<400>9
Ser Glu Asp Thr Val Thr Ile Pro Glu Val Cys Asn Ala Ser Thr Ser
1 5 10 15
Lys Asp Ser Ile Glu Leu Lys Leu Lys Ala Ser Gly Leu Lys Met Thr
20 25 30
Glu Lys Gln Asp Thr Asp Ser Thr Glu Pro Glu Gly Thr Cys Thr Lys
35 40 45
Met Ser Pro Asp Ala Gly Ser Lys Val Ala Lys Gly Ser Ala Val Lys
50 55 60
Val Trp Phe Ser Ala Gly Pro Gln Ser Thr Gln Val Pro Asp Val Lys
65 70 75 80
Glu Arg Ser Gln Glu Glu Ala Arg Ser Ile Leu Glu Ser Ala Gly Phe
85 90 95
Lys Val Asn Ala Ala Val Lys Thr Glu Asp Ser Ala Asp Ile Ala Lys
100 105 110
Asp Met Val Thr Lys Thr Asp Pro Ala Ala Gly Gln Ser Val Pro Lys
115 120 125
Gly Thr Thr Ile Thr Ile Tyr Val Ser Ser Gly Met Thr Thr Val Pro
130 135 140
Ser Asn Leu Val Gly Gln Ser Lys Asp Ser Val Leu Gln Gln Tyr Glu
145 150 155 160
Gly Lys Phe Ser Phe Thr Val Glu Gln Glu Ser Ser Asp Thr Val Glu
165 170 175
Ala Gly Leu Ile Thr Arg Val Ser Pro Asp Ser Gly Ser Ser Ile Ala
180 185 190
Gln Gly Gly Phe Ile Thr Ile Trp Val Ser Thr Gly Lys Glu Lys Val
195 200 205
Ala Val Pro Asn Ile Thr Ala Gly Thr Asp Tyr Val Thr Ala Glu Leu
210 215 220
Met Leu Lys Ala Val Gly Leu Lys Ala Gln Ala Asn Gly Pro Thr Gly
225 230 235 240
Ser Thr Ala Val Val Val Ser Ile Asn Pro Gly Ala Gly Ser Gln Val
245 250 255
Asp Ala Gly Ser Thr Val Thr Ile Thr Thr Lys Ala Gly Ser Thr Gly
260 265 270
Gly Gly Thr Gly Thr Gly
275
<210>10
<211>268
<212>PRT
<213>Streptomyces coelicolor
<400>10
Ser Gly Gln Phe Thr Lys Val Pro Pro Leu Leu Ser Lys Thr Glu Ala
1 5 10 15
Gln Ala Arg Asp Arg Leu Asp Asp Ala Gly Leu Asp Val Gly Lys Val
20 25 30
Arg His Ala Tyr Ser Asp Thr Val Glu Arg Gly Lys Val Ile Ser Thr
35 40 45
Asp Pro Gly Val Gly Asp Arg Ile Arg Lys Asn Asp Ser Val Ser Leu
50 55 60
Thr Val Ser Asp Gly Pro Asp Thr Val Lys Leu Pro Asp Val Thr Gly
65 70 75 80
Tyr Lys Leu Asp Lys Ala Arg Thr Leu Leu Glu Asp Glu Gly Leu Glu
85 90 95
Pro Gly Met Val Thr Arg Ala Phe Ser Asp Glu Val Ala Arg Gly Phe
100 105 110
Val Ile Ser Thr Lys Pro Gly Ser Gly Thr Thr Val Arg Ala Gly Ser
115 120 125
Ala Val Ala Leu Val Val Ser Lys Gly Ser Pro Val Asp Val Pro Asp
130 135 140
Val Thr Gly Asp Asp Leu Asp Glu Ala Arg Ala Glu Leu Glu Gly Ala
145 150 155 160
Gly Leu Lys Val Lys Thr Ala Asp Glu Arg Val Asn Ser Glu Tyr Asp
165 170 175
Ser Gly Arg Val Ala Arg Gln Thr Pro Glu Pro Gly Gly Arg Ala Ala
180 185 190
Glu Gly Asp Thr Val Thr Leu Thr Val Ser Lys Gly Pro Arg Met Ile
195 200 205
Glu Val Pro Asp Val Val Gly Asp Ser Val Asp Asp Ala Lys Gln Lys
210 215 220
Leu Glu Asp Ala Gly Phe Glu Val Asp Glu Asp Arg Gly Leu Leu Gly
225 230 235 240
Leu Phe Gly Asp Thr Val Lys Lys Gln Ser Val Asp Gly Gly Asp Thr
245 250 255
Ala Pro Glu Gly Ser Thr Val Thr Ile Thr Ile Arg
260 265
<210>11
<211>279
<212>PRT
<213>Streptomyces coelicolor
<400>11
Gly Asn Asp Lys Val Pro Val Pro Ala Phe Ile Gly Leu Ser Lys Ala
1 5 10 15
Asp Ala Gln Gln Gln Ala Asp Asn Ile Asp Leu Val Leu Thr Phe Lys
20 25 30
Gln Gln Glu Cys Glu Asp Gln Pro Lys Gly Asn Ile Cys Ala Gln Asp
35 40 45
Pro Lys Gln Gly Thr Asp Val Asp Lys Glu Ser Thr Val Asn Leu Val
50 55 60
Val Ser Thr Gly Ala Pro Lys Val Ala Val Pro Asn Val Ile Asp Lys
65 70 75 80
Asn Ile Asp Glu Ala Lys Lys Gln Leu Glu Asp Lys Gly Phe Glu Val
85 90 95
Glu Thr Lys Gln Thr Glu Ser Ser Gln Asp Glu Gly Thr Ile Leu Ser
100 105 110
Gln Asn Pro Asp Pro Gly Lys Glu Leu Glu Lys Gly Ser Thr Val Thr
115 120 125
Leu Glu Val Ala Lys Ala Glu Glu Lys Ala Thr Val Pro Asp Val Val
130 135 140
Gly Arg Thr Cys Asp Glu Ala Lys Ala Gln Val Glu Ser Gly Gly Asp
145 150 155 160
Leu Thr Ala Val Cys Thr Asp Gln Pro Thr Asn Asp Pro Asn Gln Val
165 170 175
Gly Lys Val Ile Ser Thr Thr Pro Gln Ser Ser Thr Gln Val Asp Pro
180 185 190
Gly Ser Lys Val Thr Ile Val Val Gly Lys Ala Val Glu Lys Thr Lys
195 200 205
Val Pro Glu Val Arg Gly Lys Thr Leu Ala Glu Ala Arg Gln Ile Leu
210 215 220
Gln Gln Ser Gly Phe Thr Asn Val Gln Val Ala Gln Gly Ser Pro Gly
225 230 235 240
Asp Asp Asn Ala Lys Val Phe Ala Ser Asn Pro Gln Pro Gly Ser Glu
245 250 255
Val Asp Asp Pro Ala Ala Thr Pro Ile Thr Leu Met Thr Val Pro Gly
260 265 270
Asp Gly Gly Asn Gly Asn Gly
275
<210>12
<211>277
<212>PRT
<213>Bacillus subtilis
<400>12
Met Pro Lys Asp Val Lys Ile Pro Asp Val Ser Gly Met Glu Tyr Glu
1 5 10 15
Lys Ala Ala Gly Leu Leu Glu Lys Glu Gly Leu Gln Val Asp Ser Glu
20 25 30
Val Leu Glu Ile Ser Asp Glu Lys Ile Glu Glu Gly Leu Met Val Lys
35 40 45
Thr Asp Pro Lys Ala Asp Thr Thr Val Lys Glu Gly Ala Thr Val Thr
50 55 60
Leu Tyr Lys Ser Thr Gly Lys Ala Lys Thr Glu Ile Gly Asp Val Thr
65 70 75 80
Gly Gln Thr Val Asp Gln Ala Lys Lys Ala Leu Lys Asp Gln Gly Phe
85 90 95
Asn His Val Thr Val Asn Glu Val Asn Asp Glu Lys Asn Ala Gly Thr
100 105 110
Val Ile Asp Gln Asn Pro Ser Ala Gly Thr Glu Leu Val Pro Ser Glu
115 120 125
Asp Gln Val Lys Leu Thr Val Ser Ile Gly Pro Glu Asp Ile Thr Leu
130 135 140
Arg Asp Leu Lys Thr Tyr Ser Lys Glu Ala Ala Ser Gly Tyr Leu Glu
145 150 155 160
Asp Asn Gly Leu Lys Leu Val Glu Lys Glu Ala Tyr Ser Asp Asp Val
165 170 175
Pro Glu Gly Gln Val Val Lys Gln Lys Pro Ala Ala Gly Thr Ala Val
180 185 190
Lys Pro Gly Asn Glu Val Glu Val Thr Phe Ser Leu Gly Pro Glu Lys
195 200 205
Lys Pro Ala Lys Thr Val Lys Glu Lys Val Lys Ile Pro Tyr Glu Pro
210 215 220
Glu Asn Glu Gly Asp Glu Leu Gln Val Gln Ile Ala Val Asp Asp Ala
225 230 235 240
Asp His Ser Ile Ser Asp Thr Tyr Glu Glu Phe Lys Ile Lys Glu Pro
245 250 255
Thr Glu Arg Thr Ile Glu Leu Lys Ile Glu Pro Gly Gln Lys Gly Tyr
260 265 270
Tyr Gln Val Met Val
275
<210>13
<211>16
<212>PRT
<213>Mycobacterium tuberculosis
<400>13
Gly Ser Ser His His His His His His Ser Ser Gly Leu Val Pro Arg
1 5 10 15
<210>14
<211>28
<212>PRT
<213>Mycobacterium tuberculosis
<400>14
Ala Ile Ala Asp Ser Gly Asn Ser Val Pro Gln Thr Ala Ala Val Ile
1 5 10 15
Gly Thr Ala Gln Tyr Leu Ser Pro Glu Gln Ala Arg
20 25
<210>15
<211>24
<212>DNA
<213>Artificial Sequence
<220>
<223>synthetic oligonucleotide
<400>15
gatagccata tgaccacccc ttcc
<210>16
<211>24
<212>DNA
<213>Artificial Sequence
<220>
<223>synthetic oligonucleotide
<400>16
aaaccgaagc ttaacggccc accg
<210>17
<211>22
<212>DNA
<213>artificial sequence
<220>
<223>synthetic oligonucleotide
<400>17
cgggggcata tggcgcgcgt ga
<210>18
<211>23
<212>DNA
<213>Artificial Sequence
<220>
<223>synthetic oligonucleotide
<400>18
gcagtcgtaa gcttatgccg ccg
<210>19
<211>469
<212>PRT
<213>Mycobacterium tuberculosis
<400>19
Met Thr Thr Arg Leu Gln Ala Pro Val Ala Val Thr Pro Pro Leu Pro
1 5 10 15
Thr Arg Arg Asn Ala Glu Leu Leu Leu Leu Cys Phe Ala Ala Val Ile
20 25 30
Thr Phe Ala Ala Leu Leu Val Val Gln Ala Asn Gln Asp Gln Gly Val
35 40 45
Pro Trp Asp Leu Thr Ser Tyr Gly Leu Ala Phe Leu Thr Leu Phe Gly
50 55 60
Ser Ala His Leu Ala Ile Arg Arg Phe Ala Pro Tyr Thr Asp Pro Leu
65 70 75 80
Leu Leu Pro Val Val Ala Leu Leu Asn Gly Leu Gly Leu Val Met Ile
85 90 95
His Arg Leu Asp Leu Val Asp Asn Glu Ile Gly Glu His Arg His Pro
100 105 110
Ser Ala Asn Gln Gln Met Leu Trp Thr Leu Val Gly Val Ala Ala Phe
115 120 125
Ala Leu Val Val Thr Phe Leu Lys Asp His Arg Gln Leu Ala Arg Tyr
130 135 140
Gly Tyr Ile Cys Gly Leu Ala Gly Leu Val Phe Leu Ala Val Pro Ala
145 150 155 160
Leu Leu Pro Ala Ala Leu Ser Glu Gln Asn Gly Ala Lys Ile Trp Ile
165 170 175
Arg Leu Pro Gly Phe Ser Ile Gln Pro Ala Glu Phe Ser Lys Ile Leu
180 185 190
Leu Leu Ile Phe Phe Ser Ala Val Leu Val Ala Lys Arg Gly Leu Phe
195 200 205
Thr Ser Ala Gly Lys His Leu Leu Gly Met Thr Leu Pro Arg Pro Arg
2l0 215 220
Asp Leu Ala Pro Leu Leu Ala Ala Trp Val Ile Ser Val Gly Val Met
225 230 235 240
Val Phe Glu Lys Asp Leu Gly Ala Ser Leu Leu Leu Tyr Thr Ser Phe
245 250 255
Leu Val Val Val Tyr Leu Ala Thr Gln Arg Phe Ser Trp Val Val Ile
260 265 270
Gly Leu Thr Leu Phe Ala Ala Gly Thr Leu Val Ala Tyr Phe Ile Phe
275 280 285
Glu His Val Arg Leu Arg Val Gln Thr Trp Leu Asp Pro Phe Ala Asp
290 295 300
Pro Asp Gly Thr Gly Tyr Gln Ile Val Gln Ser Leu Phe Ser Phe Ala
305 310 315 320
Thr Gly Gly Ile Phe Gly Thr Gly Leu Gly Asn Gly Gln Pro Asp Thr
325 330 335
Val Pro Ala Ala Ser Thr Asp Phe Ile Ile Ala Ala Phe Gly Glu Glu
340 345 350
Leu Gly Leu Val Gly Leu Thr Ala Ile Leu Met Leu Tyr Thr Ile Val
355 360 365
Ile Ile Arg Gly Leu Arg Thr Ala Ile Ala Thr Arg Asp Ser Phe Gly
370 375 380
Lys Leu Leu Ala Ala Gly Leu Ser Ser Thr Leu Ala Ile Gln Leu Phe
385 390 395 400
Ile Val Val Gly Gly Val Thr Arg Leu Ile Pro Leu Thr Gly Leu Thr
405 410 415
Thr Pro Trp Met Ser Tyr Gly Gly Ser Ser Leu Leu Ala Asn Tyr Ile
420 425 430
Leu Leu Ala Ile Leu Ala Arg Ile Ser His Gly Ala Arg Arg Pro Leu
435 440 445
Arg Thr Arg Pro Arg Asn Lys Ser Pro Ile Thr Ala Ala Gly Thr Glu
450 455 460
Val Ile Glu Arg Val
465
<210>20
<211>491
<212>PRT
<213>Mycobacterium tuberculosis
<400>20
Met Asn Ala Ser Leu Arg Arg Ile Ser Val Thr Val Met Ala Leu Ile
1 5 10 15
Val Leu Leu Leu Leu Asn Ala Thr Met Thr Gln Val Phe Thr Ala Asp
20 25 30
Gly Leu Arg Ala Asp Pro Arg Asn Gln Arg Val Leu Leu Asp Glu Tyr
35 40 45
Ser Arg Gln Arg Gly Gln Ile Thr Ala Gly Gly Gln Leu Leu Ala Tyr
50 55 60
Ser Val Ala Thr Asp Gly Arg Phe Arg Phe Leu Arg Val Tyr Pro Asn
65 70 75 80
Pro Glu Val Tyr Ala Pro Val Thr Gly Phe Tyr Ser Leu Arg Tyr Ser
85 90 95
Ser Thr Ala Leu Glu Arg Ala Glu Asp Pro Ile Leu Asn Gly Ser Asp
100 105 110
Arg Arg Leu Phe Gly Arg Arg Leu Ala Asp Phe Phe Thr Gly Arg Asp
115 120 125
Pro Arg Gly Gly Asn Val Asp Thr Thr Ile Asn Pro Arg Ile Gln Gln
130 135 140
Ala Gly Trp Asp Ala Met Gln Gln Gly Cys Tyr Gly Pro Cys Lys Gly
145 150 155 160
Ala Val Val Ala Leu Glu Pro Ser Thr Gly Lys Ile Leu Ala Leu Val
165 170 175
Ser Ser Pro Ser Tyr Asp Pro Asn Leu Leu Ala Ser His Asn Pro Glu
180 185 190
Val Gln Ala Gln Ala Trp Gln Arg Leu Gly Asp Asn Pro Ala Ser Pro
195 200 205
Leu Thr Asn Arg Ala Ile Ser Glu Thr Tyr Pro Pro Gly Ser Thr Phe
210 215 220
Lys Val Ile Thr Thr Ala Ala Ala Leu Ala Ala Gly Ala Thr Glu Thr
225 230 235 240
Glu Gln Leu Thr Ala Ala Pro Thr Ile Pro Leu Pro Gly Ser Thr Ala
245 250 255
Gln Leu Glu Asn Tyr Gly Gly Ala Pro Cys Gly Asp Glu Pro Thr Val
260 265 270
Ser Leu Arg Glu Ala Phe Val Lys Ser Cys Asn Thr Ala Phe Val Gln
275 280 285
Leu Gly Ile Arg Thr Gly Ala Asp Ala Leu Arg Ser Met Ala Arg Ala
290 295 300
Phe Gly Leu Asp Ser Pro Pro Arg Pro Thr Pro Leu Gln Val Ala Glu
305 310 315 320
Ser Thr Val Gly Pro Ile Pro Asp Ser Ala Ala Leu Gly Met Thr Ser
325 330 335
Ile Gly Gln Lys Asp Val Ala Leu Thr Pro Leu Ala Asn Ala Glu Ile
340 345 350
Ala Ala Thr Ile Ala Asn Gly Gly Ile Thr Met Arg Pro Tyr Leu Val
355 360 365
Gly Ser Leu Lys Gly Pro Asp Leu Ala Asn Ile Ser Thr Thr Val Gly
370 375 380
Tyr Gln Gln Arg Arg Ala Val Ser Pro Gln Val Ala Ala Lys Leu Thr
385 390 395 400
Glu Leu Met Val Gly Ala Glu Lys Val Ala Gln Gln Lys Gly Ala Ile
405 410 415
Pro Gly Val Gln Ile Ala Ser Lys Thr Gly Thr Ala Glu His Gly Thr
420 425 430
Asp Pro Arg His Thr Pro Pro His Ala Trp Tyr Ile Ala Phe Ala Pro
435 440 445
Ala Gln Ala Pro Lys Val Ala Val Ala Val Leu Val Glu Asn Gly Ala
450 455 460
Asp Arg Leu Ser Ala Thr Gly Gly Ala Leu Ala Ala Pro Ile Gly Arg
465 470 475 480
Ala Val Ile Glu Ala Ala Leu Gln Gly Glu Pro
485 490
Claims (14)
1.一种用于鉴定调节pknB蛋白激酶活性的物质的方法,该方法包括:
用所述物质接触重组细菌细胞,其中所述重组细菌细胞表达pknB蛋白激酶,且其中所述pknB蛋白激酶包含SEQ ID NO:3的氨基酸序列或与SEQ ID NO:3有至少70%的相同性并具有蛋白激酶活性的氨基酸序列;
测量来自所述细菌细胞的所述pknB蛋白激酶活性;和
将来自用所述物质接触过的重组细菌细胞和来自未用所述物质接触的细菌细胞的pknB蛋白激酶活性进行比较,其中来自用所述物质接触过的重组细菌细胞的蛋白激酶活性相对于来自未用所述物质接触的细菌细胞的蛋白激酶活性的变化表明所述物质调节pknB蛋白激酶的活性。
2.权利要求1的方法,其中所述pknB蛋白激酶包含SEQ ID NO:3的氨基酸序列。
3.权利要求1的方法,其中所述pknB蛋白激酶包含与SEQ IDNO:3有至少70%相同性并具有蛋白激酶活性的氨基酸序列。
4.权利要求3的方法,其中所述pknB包含与SEQ ID NO:3有至少80%相同性并具有蛋白激酶活性的氨基酸序列。
5.权利要求3的方法,其中所述pknB包含与SEQ ID NO:3有至少90%相同性并具有蛋白激酶活性的氨基酸序列。
6.一种用于鉴定调节pstp2磷酸酶活性的物质的方法,该方法包括:
用所述物质接触重组细菌细胞,其中所述重组细菌细胞表达pstp2磷酸酶,且其中所述pstp2磷酸酶包含SEQ ID NO:1的氨基酸序列或与SEQ ID NO:1有至少70%的相同性并具有磷酸酶活性的氨基酸序列;
测量来自所述重组细菌细胞的所述pstp2磷酸酶活性;和
将来自用所述物质接触过的重组细菌细胞和来自未用所述物质接触的细菌细胞的pstp2磷酸酶活性进行比较,其中来自用所述物质接触过的重组细菌细胞的磷酸酶活性相对于来自未用所述物质接触的细菌细胞的磷酸酶活性的变化表明所述物质调节pstp2磷酸酶的活性。
7.权利要求6的方法,其中所述pstp2磷酸酶包含SEQ ID NO:1的氨基酸序列。
8.权利要求6的方法,其中所述pstp2磷酸酶包含与SEQ ID NO:1有至少70%相同性并具有磷酸酶活性的氨基酸序列。
9.权利要求6的方法,其中所述pstp2磷酸酶包含与SEQ ID NO:1有至少80%相同性并具有磷酸酶活性的氨基酸序列。
10.权利要求6的方法,其中所述pknB磷酸酶包含与SEQ ID NO:1有至少90%相同性并具有磷酸酶活性的氨基酸序列。
11.一种鉴定抗菌物质的方法,该方法包括:
根据权利要求1-5鉴定一种物质;
用所述物质接触细菌细胞;和
比较用所述物质接触过的细菌细胞与未用所述物质接触的细菌细胞的生长和/或存活,其中细菌细胞在生长和/或存活上的削弱指示该物质是一种抗菌物质。
12.一种鉴定抗菌物质的方法,该方法包括:
根据权利要求6-10鉴定一种物质;
用所述物质接触细菌细胞;和
比较用所述物质接触过的细菌细胞与未用所述物质接触的细菌细胞的生长和/或存活,其中细菌细胞在生长和/或存活上的削弱指示该物质是一种抗菌物质。
13.一种用于制备具有抗微生物活性的物质的方法,该方法包括:
根据权利要求1-5鉴定一种物质;和
合成所述物质。
14.一种用于制备具有抗微生物活性的物质的方法,该方法包括:
根据权利要求6-10鉴定一种物质;和
合成所述物质。
Applications Claiming Priority (2)
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US48794303P | 2003-07-18 | 2003-07-18 | |
US60/487,943 | 2003-07-18 |
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CNA2004800268448A Pending CN1852989A (zh) | 2003-07-18 | 2004-07-19 | Pknb激酶和pstp磷酸酶以及鉴定抑制性物质的方法 |
Country Status (5)
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US (2) | US20070128678A1 (zh) |
EP (1) | EP1649044A1 (zh) |
CN (1) | CN1852989A (zh) |
CA (1) | CA2531908A1 (zh) |
WO (1) | WO2005007880A1 (zh) |
Cited By (1)
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CN102796807A (zh) * | 2011-05-25 | 2012-11-28 | 中国医学科学院医药生物技术研究所 | 一种筛选PknB抑制剂的反应体系及其筛选方法 |
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EP1649044A1 (en) | 2003-07-18 | 2006-04-26 | Institut Pasteur | Pknb kinase and pstp phosphatase and methods of identifying inhibitory substances |
WO2009042956A1 (en) * | 2007-09-26 | 2009-04-02 | The Trustees Of Columbia University In The City Of New York | Control of spore germination |
WO2014177190A1 (en) * | 2013-04-30 | 2014-11-06 | Telefonaktiebolaget L M Ericsson (Publ) | Technique of operating a network node for load balancing |
WO2020202188A1 (en) * | 2019-03-29 | 2020-10-08 | Indian Institute Of Science | In-vitro processes for screening candidate molecules |
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EP0962532A1 (en) * | 1998-06-03 | 1999-12-08 | Innogenetics N.V. | Polypeptides and nucleic acids encoding the same for the diagnosis and prevention of tuberculosis disease. |
GB0030368D0 (en) * | 2000-12-13 | 2001-01-24 | Inst Of Molecul & Cell Biology | Dormancy-induced mycobacterium proteins |
US20040029129A1 (en) * | 2001-10-25 | 2004-02-12 | Liangsu Wang | Identification of essential genes in microorganisms |
AU2003206594A1 (en) * | 2002-03-04 | 2003-09-16 | The University Of British Columbia | Screening for modulators of pkng activity |
EP1649044A1 (en) | 2003-07-18 | 2006-04-26 | Institut Pasteur | Pknb kinase and pstp phosphatase and methods of identifying inhibitory substances |
-
2004
- 2004-07-19 EP EP04769457A patent/EP1649044A1/en not_active Withdrawn
- 2004-07-19 CA CA002531908A patent/CA2531908A1/en not_active Abandoned
- 2004-07-19 WO PCT/IB2004/003096 patent/WO2005007880A1/en not_active Application Discontinuation
- 2004-07-19 CN CNA2004800268448A patent/CN1852989A/zh active Pending
- 2004-07-19 US US10/564,975 patent/US20070128678A1/en not_active Abandoned
-
2005
- 2005-08-03 US US11/195,739 patent/US7364856B2/en not_active Expired - Fee Related
Cited By (2)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
CN102796807A (zh) * | 2011-05-25 | 2012-11-28 | 中国医学科学院医药生物技术研究所 | 一种筛选PknB抑制剂的反应体系及其筛选方法 |
CN102796807B (zh) * | 2011-05-25 | 2014-04-30 | 中国医学科学院医药生物技术研究所 | 一种筛选PknB抑制剂的反应体系及其筛选方法 |
Also Published As
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WO2005007880A8 (en) | 2005-04-21 |
CA2531908A1 (en) | 2005-01-27 |
US7364856B2 (en) | 2008-04-29 |
US20060019324A1 (en) | 2006-01-26 |
WO2005007880A1 (en) | 2005-01-27 |
US20070128678A1 (en) | 2007-06-07 |
EP1649044A1 (en) | 2006-04-26 |
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