CN1774446A - 用于诱导程序性细胞死亡的n-烷基甘氨酸三聚体的鉴定 - Google Patents
用于诱导程序性细胞死亡的n-烷基甘氨酸三聚体的鉴定 Download PDFInfo
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Abstract
描述了能够使人类癌细胞的细胞周期停滞并诱导程序性细胞死亡的可用于癌症治疗的N-烷基甘氨酸三聚体。还描述了所述N-烷基甘氨酸三聚体与紫杉醇的联合。
Description
发明简述
本发明涉及文中命名为N10-13-10C和N13-13-10C的两种假肽的鉴定、合成和纯化,其中所述的假肽来源于对N-烷基甘氨酸三聚体文库的筛选。所述化合物具有在人癌细胞中使细胞周期停滞继而诱导程序性细胞死亡的能力。
背景技术
细胞增殖是一种有序的紧密调节的过程,该过程涉及能够整合细胞外生长信号、细胞大小和DNA完整性的多个限制点。体细胞细胞周期分为DNA合成期(S期)和有丝分裂期,在其中单个细胞分裂成两个子细胞。这些时期被两个间隙期(G1和G2)分开。
人体中的绝大部分细胞处于非分裂的终末分化状态即G0期。然而,适当的外部刺激,例如生长因子、细胞-细胞间接触和在细胞外基质上的粘附会调节细胞周期蛋白依赖性激酶(Cdk)的催化活性并且因此形成复制起点。pRb被特异Cdk磷酸化削弱其结合到E2F/DP上,这允许从G1期进入S期(Chellappan,s.P.等,1991)并且pRb被特异Cdk的磷酸化受到Cdk抑制剂,例如p15INK4b、p16INK4a、p21CiP1和p27KIP1负向调节(Sherr,C.J.和Roberts,J.M.,1995)。在DNA合成成功完成之后,细胞进入G2期准备有丝分裂。一旦开始,DNA复制必须完成。G1限制点将细胞周期分成生长因子依赖的早G1期和从晚G1到有丝分裂的生长因子独立期。信号途径决定早G1期是否通过限制点以经历最终的细胞分裂或者由于不足的信号强度而退出细胞周期并且进入G0期或者进入细胞程序性细胞死亡。促程序性细胞死亡和抗程序性细胞死亡信号的总体平衡决定了细胞的命运。
肿瘤细胞得到打乱稳态机制的遗传改变,该遗传改变或者减少细胞的损失,即抑制程序性细胞死亡和/或增强失调的增殖。人类癌细胞的一般特征是p16的失活、细胞周期蛋白的过表达和/或pRb的失活(Hall,M.和Peters,G.,1996)。在癌症治疗中的一个主要目标是在肿瘤细胞和/或支持肿瘤细胞生长的非肿瘤细胞例如内皮细胞内诱导程序性细胞死亡。癌细胞由于在程序性细胞死亡机器的一些成分中存在突变而通常更抗程序性细胞死亡。
紫杉醇是当前在肿瘤学中使用的具最广的抗肿瘤谱的药物之一。紫杉醇能够稳定微管并且抑制其解聚成微管蛋白并且通过导致微管动力学的动态破坏而诱导G2/M期的停滞。紫杉醇还可以通过几种仍未很好描述的机制诱导程序性细胞死亡,其中所述的机制诱导基因(例如bax、bak)转录的激活、细胞周期蛋白依赖性激酶的激活、c-jun N-末端激酶(JNK/SAPK)的激活和bcl-2磷酸化(Srivastava,R.K等,1999)。由于紫杉醇能够在癌细胞中以及正常的健康细胞中诱导程序性细胞死亡,所以紫杉醇具有严重的副作用。
发明详述
本发明的发现表明化合物例如N10-13-10C和N13-13-10C通过调节细胞周期和程序性细胞死亡机器而起作用,从而所述化合物或者它们的衍生物可以有利地作为预防和/或治疗癌症和治疗其它增殖性疾病的试剂使用。此外,鉴定出的化合物提供了研究参与诱导程序性细胞死亡过程的额外分子靶标的工具。
来源于对N-烷基甘氨酸三聚体组合文库筛选的两种化合物例如N10-13-10C和N13-13-10C能够诱导G1阻滞并诱导程序性细胞死亡。
N10-13-10C和N13-13-10C化合物具有对一组人癌细胞系的生长抑制特性,其中所述的一组癌细胞系代表着癌症例如结肠腺癌、人恶性胶质瘤、慢性骨髓性白血病、人乳腺癌和肺癌。所鉴定的化合物经鉴定可以作为程序性细胞死亡的诱导剂,如通过DNA片段化联合流式细胞术和膜联蛋白V分析法进行鉴定。程序性细胞死亡是一种重要的细胞功能,治疗剂通过该细胞功能可以抑制癌细胞的生长。
更详细地说,N10-13-10C和N13-13-10C诱导指数生长期的细胞或者通过血清饥饿同步化于G0/G1期细胞发生G1细胞停滞。N13-13-10C诱导的细胞周期进程中G1停滞与pRb和p130高度磷酸化抑制有关。此外,观察到pRb、p107、cycA的E2F依赖性蛋白质表达和其激活配偶体Cdk2的显著降低。最后表现出CKI、p21Cip1、和p27kip1的过表达。p27kip1的水平被认为是主要受泛蛋白-蛋白体途径的调节(Hengst,L.和Reed,S.I.,1996;Shirane,L.等人,1999)。当前正在深入研究特异的蛋白体抑制剂作为新的抗癌剂的潜能,并且因此将开展进一步的分析以解释p27kip1的积累和说明N10-13-10C和N13-13-10C的作用机制。据报导,在多种肿瘤的诊断中p27kip1的表达是独立的预后因子。在人类肿瘤中p27kip1表达的降低或缺乏与多种恶性肿瘤的高侵占性和差的预后相关(Lloyd,R.V.等,1999;Karter等,2000)。p27kip1的异位过表达与不能在异种移植模型中诱导肿瘤发展是相关的(Chen J.等,1996)。因此,N10-13-10C和N13-13-10C是癌症治疗的主要候选者。
在其它目标中,对化合物选择的起始筛选是考虑鉴定出在其它效应中能够协同紫杉醇起作用的化合物。在所选定的分析中,鉴定出能够协同紫杉醇作用的化合物的混合物是可能的。发现一些混合物是细胞增殖的抑制剂并且在与紫杉醇联合时此种抑制受到了干扰。在本发明中我们描述了对能够抑制细胞增殖、在指数生长期细胞和通过血清饥饿同步化于G0/G1期的细胞中诱导G1细胞停滞以及能够诱导程序性细胞死亡的化合物的鉴定。所述化合物具有有利的治疗谱,这使得它们能够作为抗癌药物。
化合物诱导的细胞周期的G1停滞可以在指数期细胞和G0/G1同步化的细胞中观察到并且与pRb和p130的高度磷酸化有关。此外,观察到pRb、p107、cycA的E2F依赖的蛋白质表达和其激活配偶体Cdk2的明显降低。最后,检测了伴随的p21CiP1和p27kip1的诱导。通过膜联蛋白V染色和DNA亚二倍体性评估了所述化合物的促程序性细胞死亡效应并且鉴定为亚G1特异的。所述化合物的另一个特征是它们不能通过磷酸化来失活bcl-xL。
为了筛选包含10.648种化合物的拟肽文库,使用了N-烷基甘氨酸三聚体寡聚分子(拟肽)的受控混合物,并且在四位置扫描模式下进行了构建。通过在RI、R2和R3位置用22种不同伯胺取代导入化学多样性。根据R1、R2、R3所限定的位置可以将66种受控混合物分成3个不同的亚组。使用HT29人结肠腺癌细胞用细胞增殖测定对文库进行了筛选。测试了单独的化合物或者化合物与小剂量紫杉醇(11nM)一起进行测试。在培养72小时后,用MTT测定法测定了细胞的生活力。
发现一些混合物是细胞增殖的抑制剂而当与紫杉醇一起时不知何故此种抑制受到了干扰。制定了剂量-反应曲线并且鉴定了6种混合物;4种不同的R1位胺,1种R2位胺,1种R3位胺。然后合成了该四种化合物并且根据编码命名法命名为N4-13-10C、N5-13-10C、N10-13-10C和N13-13-10C(还缩写为N4、N5、N10和N13)。它们在N-末端残基上彼此不同。所有的4种化合物在测试系统中均能抑制细胞的增殖,但是紫杉醇只妨碍N10-13-10C(图1.B)和N13-13-10C(图1.A)的作用。N13-13-10C是最有效的增殖抑制剂,其IC50=35μM,其次是N10-13-10C(IC50=40μM)然后是N4-13-10C和N5-13-10C(IC50=100μM)。
当对处于IC50的N10-13-10C和N13-13-10C与紫杉醇的系列稀释物一起进行测定时,可观察到与单独的紫杉醇相比所述化合物增强的抗增殖效应(图1.C)。
在包括人结肠腺癌(HT29和LoVo)、人恶性胶质瘤(T98g)、慢性骨髓性白血病(K562)、人乳腺腺癌(MDA.MB 435和其肺转移衍生的lung 2和lung 6)在内的几种细胞系中测定了所述化合物诱导的增殖抑制。用4种化合物处理72小时后得到的细胞增殖抑制(MTT测定法)的IC50值列于表1。
如处理72小时后通过流式细胞术DNA分析和亚G1峰检测确定的,N10-13-10C和N13-13-10C能够诱导HT29细胞的程序性细胞死亡。在另一方面,在N4-13-10C和N5-13-10C处理的细胞中没有观察到亚G1峰(图2)。这种观察不止局限于HT29细胞中。N10-13-10C和N13-13-10C在HT29和MDA.MB.435 lung 2衍生细胞中诱导最大的调亡(50-70%)(图3.A)。腺癌LoVo细胞、MDA.MB.435和其lung 6衍生细胞表现出大约20-30%的程序性细胞死亡而N4-13-10C和N5-13-10C不表现出程序性细胞死亡。
用增加剂量的N10-13-10C或N13-13-10C处理HT29细胞72小时并且用流式细胞术检测亚G1峰。如图3.B所显示,N10-13-10C和N13-13-10C处理HT29导致出现剂量依赖的程序性细胞死亡。
为了检测N10-13-10C和N13-13-10C的程序性细胞死亡特征进行了时间进程分析(图4.A)。在48h后HT29处理细胞
对用N13-13-10C或者N10-13-10C进行时间脉冲处理的HT29细胞进行DNA染色分析。然后将细胞返回到没有药物的培养基中培养长达72小时。如图4.B所示,为了诱导产生程序性细胞死亡的不可逆诱导,N13-13-10C的最小24h的脉冲是必需的。用N13-13-10C进行1h、3h和6h的短时间脉冲处理的细胞所表现出的细胞周期图与对照细胞没有不同。
程序性细胞死亡中早期事件是磷脂酰丝氨酸从细胞膜的内叶(innerleaflet)易位到外叶,这可以通过膜联蛋白V,即一种对磷脂酰丝氨酸具有高亲和力的磷脂结合蛋白质监测。为了鉴定HT29细胞中由N13-13-10C所诱导的早期程序性细胞死亡的发生,进行了膜联蛋白V-FITC检测测定。
膜联蛋白V检测的时间进程分析表明在用N13-13-10C(35μM)处理40h后出现14%的早期程序性细胞死亡细胞(IP阴性,膜联蛋白V阳性)。这代表与对照细胞相比3.5倍增加并且与紫杉醇处理的细胞相似(图5)。
如先前所报道,JNK介导细胞内信号以激活应答多种应激物的程序性细胞死亡(Tournier等,2000;Xia等,1995;Minden A.和Karin M.,1997;Ip Y.和Dayis R.J.,1998;Chen等,1996;Johnson等,1996;Verheij等,1996;Park等,1997)。将HT29细胞用N10-13-10C或者N13-13-10C处理。正如将印迹与JNK-磷酸化特异抗体孵育后所观察到的,蛋白质印迹分析揭示在3-6h后JNK被激活(图6.A)。
本领域已知抗程序性细胞死亡的Bcl-2蛋白质阻止细胞色素c从线粒体释放并且由此维持细胞的存活。另一方面,紫杉醇是微管稳定剂并且已经描述能够诱导BCI-XL和Bcl-2的JNK-依赖的磷酸化(Razandi等,2000;Srivastava等,1999)。此种磷酸化介导抗程序性细胞死亡Bcl-2蛋白质的失活。为了评估在单独用N10-13-10C或N13-13-10C或者与紫杉醇一起处理的HT29细胞中JNK的激活是否与Bcl-xL即Bcl-2家族蛋白质一员的磷酸化相关,进行了时间进程分析。在紫杉醇处理的HT29细胞提取物中检测到了一条迁移较慢的条带,它对应着磷酸化的bcl-xL。这种作用在N10-13-10C处理的细胞中没有观察到(图6.B)。然而,当和紫杉醇联合时N10-13-10C不干扰紫杉醇诱导的Bcl-xL的超磷酸化。对于N13-13-10C处理的细胞观察到相同的模式(数据未显示)。HT29细胞暴露于N10-13-10C和/或紫杉醇后,bcl家族的促程序性细胞死亡的成员Bax没有增加。
如已提到,在N10-13-10C或者N13-13-10C处理细胞24h后可观察到处于G0/G1期的细胞稍微增加(图4.A)并且认为这种效应是由于细胞在细胞周期的一个或多个特异检查点停滞所导致的。通过在同步化细胞的细胞模型中分析化合物对该发现实验性地证实了。通过在MCDB105培养基中进行血清饥饿72h后,T98g细胞停滞在G1期(82%)。再次加入10%血清时,允许细胞再次进入细胞周期。在加入FCS 19h后多于50%的细胞处于S-期并且只有20%仍处于G1。在加入血清的同时向培养物中加入N10-13-10C或者N13-13-10C则限制进入S-期(图7.A)。大约40%的细胞停留在G1。总之,如通过细胞周期DNA分析所确定,N10-13-10C和N13-13-10C都能诱导异步化或同步化细胞培养物发生G1停滞。相比之下,cdk2抑制剂Olomucine使80%的细胞保持在G1。经拓扑异构酶II抑制剂依托泊苷处理的细胞停滞在细胞周期的S期(细胞群体的80%停滞在S期)。由于紫杉醇诱导G2/M停滞,所以紫杉醇的作用是不依赖于G1/S检查点的并且在处理19小时之后它不影响细胞周期图。
为了证实细胞周期的G1期停滞,我们通过BrdU掺入测定法分析了DNA合成。如图7.A所示,利用同步化T98g细胞对化合物N4-13-10C、N5-13-10C、N10-13-10C、N13-13-10C、依托泊苷或者Olomucine的系列稀释液进行了测定。通过再次加入血清(单独或与受试化合物一起)17h,然后再与10μM BrdU一起进行2小时将停滞的细胞诱导再次进入细胞周期。如图7.B和7.C所示,Olomucine是BrdU掺入的非常强烈的抑制剂(IC50=50μM),并且这与通过DNA染色所观察到的82%的细胞处于G1期(图7.A)相一致。DNA合成抑制次序接下来是N13-13-10C(IC50=150μM)、N10-13-10C(IC50=100μM)和依托泊苷(IC50=200μM)。N5-13-10C在一定程度上抑制BrdU的掺入(在180μM时有30%的抑制),而N4-13-10C不抑制BrdU的掺入。
细胞周期进程通过几种机制维持其控制并且其中之一涉及检查点蛋白质例如成视网膜细胞瘤pRb、pRb、p130和p107并且组成了所称作的口袋蛋白家族,然而毕竟只有pRb在G1/S检查点调节中起中心作用(Harrington等,1998)。pRb以其非磷酸化形式结合到E2F上并抑制E2F,E2F即一种能够调节对于S期进程必需的基因转录的转录因子。在促有丝分裂刺激之后,pRb被细胞周期蛋白D/cdk4部分磷酸化,并且释放出足够的E2F用于细胞周期蛋白E的表达。此外细胞周期蛋白E/cdk2完全磷酸化pRb,释放出游离的E2F,并且促进依赖E2F的向S期的进程。
当分析由N10-13-10C或N13-13-10C处理细胞诱导的G1停滞时,发现与pRb的磷酸化状态相关。通过蛋白质印迹进行了N10-13-10C和N13-13-10C处理的HT29细胞内pRb表达的时间进程分析。我们分析了pRb在Ser780特异的cycD1/cdk4磷酸化(Kitagawa等,1996)。在N13-13-10C处理HT29细胞后相对于总的pRb水平在Ser780位该pRb磷酸化没有降低(图8.A)。该结果表明cycD1/cdk4活性没有受损并且cycE/Cdk2活性在一定程度上受到了抑制。此外,在培养24h之后与对照相比,化合物处理的细胞中pRb水平降低了。N13-13-10C和紫杉醇对同步化T98g细胞口袋蛋白、细胞周期蛋白和Cdk的蛋白质表达的影响涉及到G1检查点。至于示于表8.A的HT29细胞,用N13-13-10C处理T98g细胞能够防止pRb超磷酸化并且降低总pRb水平(图8.B)。另一方面,p130还保持低磷酸化,而总的水平增加了。最后,p107水平受到下调。E2F-调节的基因如cycA、p107和pRb的表达下调了。pRb磷酸化的时间进程与通过cycE/Cdk2活性的抑制导致的G0/G1停滞很好地联系起来。pRb下调与程序性细胞死亡相关。
在3μM或30μMN10-13-10C或N13-13-10C存在的条件下进行了包含cycD、Cdk4和pRb蛋白质的33Pan Qinase测定。在此种测定中没有观察到pRb磷酸化的抑制,这证实cycD/Cdk4活性不受N10-13-10C或N13-13-10C的影响(图8.A)。
我们观察到在N10-13-10C或N13-13-10C处理的细胞的细胞提取物中cycA蛋白质水平和pRb低磷酸化降低了(图8)。为了评价这些化合物是否是Cdk2活性的直接抑制剂,进行了Cdk2的体外激酶测定。两种化合物在3μM或30μM时均不能抑制cycA-Cdk2激酶活性。
本领域已知,为了促进蛋白质磷酸化和细胞周期进程,需要Cdk用于Tyr/Thr残基磷酸化和被细胞周期蛋白激活。Cyc/Cdk的活性受到CKI如p15INK4b、p16INK4a、p21Cip1和p27KIP1的负调节(Sherr,C.J.和Roberts,J.M.,1995)。我们通过蛋白质印迹分析了p21Cip1和p27kip1的水平,已知它们在G1/S过渡检查点调节细胞的进入(图8.B)。p27kip1和p21Cip1已经作为Cdk4-6/CycD复合物装配的增强剂进行了描述(LaBaer等,1997)。在另一方面,p27kip1和p21Cip1是所有Cdk2复合物的有效抑制剂,p21Cip1的一个分子足以完全抑制它们的活性(Hengst等,1998;Adkins等,2000)。在正常细胞中,p27kip1的量在G0期期间是高的,但是在通过特异促有丝分裂因子例如TGF、p53或AMPc引发下重新进入G1/S期时会迅速地降低(Poon,R.Y.等,1995)。p27kip1的强迫表达导致细胞停滞在G1期(Polyak,K.等,1994;Toyoshima,H.和Hunter,T.,1994)。蛋白质印迹揭示出在N13-13-10C处理T98g细胞15h后可观察到p27kip1的诱导,这与低磷酸化pRb的检测平行。
对p21Cip1的分析表明在N13-13-10C处理17h小时后达到峰值。p21Cip1和p27Kip1的过表达还可以在用N13-13-10C处理24h和48h的HT29细胞中观察到(图8.C)。p21Cip1还是p53的下游介质(Haapajrvi等,1999)并且由于HT29细胞包含突变型p53而T98g细胞是p53野生型的,所以这表明p21Cip1表达的诱导是独立于p53的。此外,在N13-13-10C处理后p53水平没有改变。
进一步的实施例
N-烷基甘氨酸库的合成.使用位置扫描模式在固相上合成了66个可控混合物中的10,648种化合物库。使用商业可得的一组22种伯胺用于在库中引入所希望的化学多样性。该合成的详细过程描述于别处(WO0228885)。简言之,从Rink酰胺树脂(Rapppolymerase,0.7meq.)开始,八步合成途径涉及Fmoc保护基团的最初释放。然后适当进行氯代乙酰基氯的酰化作用,接着使用特定伯胺或者22种胺的等分子混合物进行氯甲基中间物的相应氨基化。所有这些反应一式两份进行。最后使用三氟乙酸-二氯甲烷-水混合物将产物从树脂上释放出来,将溶剂蒸发并且将残留物冷冻干燥并以10mg/ml的浓度溶解于10%二甲亚砜(DMSO)用于筛选。
N13-13-10C和N10-13-10C的合成.使用固相支持体聚苯乙烯Rink酰胺AM RAM树脂(0.6g,装载0.7mmol/g,0.42mmol)在10mL聚丙烯注射器中合成这些化合物。脱保护:在树脂溶胀后,加入含有5mL溶于DMF(二甲基甲酰胺)的20%哌啶溶液并且将混合物在25℃下搅动30分钟。将树脂过滤并用DMF(3×5mL)、iPrOH(3×5mL)和DCM(二氯甲烷)(3×5mL)进行洗涤。酰化作用:将树脂用溶于5mL DCM-DMF中的氯乙酸(198mg,2.1mmol)和N,N′-二异丙基碳二亚胺(2.1mmol)(2∶1)的溶液处理。在室温下将反应混合物搅动30分钟并且过滤。将树脂中的液体排干并用DCM(3×5mL)、iPrOH(3×5mL)和DMF(3×5mL)进行洗涤。胺偶联:将溶于5mlDMF中的苯乙胺(2.1mmol)和三乙胺(2.1mmol)溶液加入到树脂中并且将悬浮液在25℃下搅动3小时。将上清液除去并且混合物中的液体排干并用DMF(3×3mL)、iPrOH(3×3mL)和CH2Cl2(3×3mL)洗涤。如上所述进行第二次和第三次酰化步骤和胺偶联。对于N13-13-10C使用4-甲氧基苯乙胺(2.1mmol)进行两次胺偶联,并且对于N10-13-10C在第三次氨基化作用步骤使用苯乙胺。切割:在25℃下用60∶40∶2(v/v/v)TFA/DCM/H2O混合物处理树脂30分钟。将切割混合物过滤并且将汇集的滤液合并并且在减压下通过蒸发将溶剂除去。上面所有步骤一式两份地进行。
分析和结构数据
通过高效液相色谱法(HPLC)使用Kromasil 100 C8柱(15×0.46cm,5μm)以1ml/分钟的流速进行分析。溶剂A由含有0.07%TFA(三氟乙酸)的乙腈(CH3CN)组成,溶剂B为溶于水中的0.1%TFA。所确定的分析条件是在20%溶剂A中2分钟,在17分钟内溶剂A浓度从20%升至80%并且在80%溶剂A中1分钟,流速为1ml/分钟并且λ为220nm。
N13-13-10C:
HPLC-MS(ES-APCI):561.2(M+1)
1H-NMR(300MHz,MeOD-d4):40℃下的构象异构体混合物。7.7-7.0(m,9H,H-arom),6.9-6.8(m,4H,H-arom),4.3-3.8(m,6H,3×CH2CO),3.75-3.73(s,6H,CH3O),3.6-3.15(m,4H,2×CH2CH2N),3.0(m,2H,CH2NH),2.9-2.6(m,6H,3×ArCH2CH2),1.3(t)。
13C-NMR(300MHz,MeOD-d4):40℃下的构象异构体混合物:173.4(CO),170.2,169.9(CO),167.5,166.9(CO),160.4,159.7(2×CAr-CH3O),139.8,139.7(CAr),131.9(2×CAr),131.3-127.4(9×CHAr),115.4,114.9(4×临近CH3O的CHAr),55.7(2×CH3O),51-48(·3×CH2CO,2×CH2CH2N),49.5(CH2NH),35-32(3×ArCH2CH2),9.1(CH2)。
N10-13-10C:
HPLC-MS(ES-APCI):531.2(M+1)
1H-NMR(300MHz,MeOD-d4):40℃下的构象异构体混合物:7.7-7.0(m,12H,H-arom),6.9-6.8(m,2H,H-arom),4.3-3.8(m,6H,3×CH2CO),3.7(s,3H,CH3O),3.6-3.15(m,4H,2×CH2CH2N),3.0(m,2H,CH2NH),2.9-2.6(m,6H,3×ArCH2CH2),1.3(t)。
13C-NMR(300MHz,MeOD-d4):40℃下的构象异构体混合物:173.9,173.1(CO),170.2,169.9(CO),167.5,166.9.(CO),160.1,159.7(CAr-CH3O),139.8,139.7(CAr),137.6,137.5(CAr),131.9(CAr),131.3-127.4(12×CHAr),115.2,114.9(2×与CH3O相邻的CHAr),55.6(CH3O),51-48(·3×CH2CO,2×CH2CH2N),49.5(CH2NH),35-32(3×ArCH2CH2),9.1(CH2)。
细胞.将HT29和LoVo(人结肠腺癌)及MDA.MB.435细胞和它们衍生的MDA.MB.435 Lung2和MDA.MB.435 Lung6(人乳腺腺癌)细胞培养于含10%胎牛血清(FCS)的DMEM-F12培养基中。将人恶性胶质瘤T98g和慢性骨髓性白血病K562细胞培养于含10%FCS的RPMI 1640培养基中。所有的细胞均在其指数生长期进行使用并且使用EZ-PCR支原体测试试剂盒(Biological Industries)测试为无支原体的。
细胞测定.使用HT29人结肠腺癌细胞用细胞增殖测定对组合文库进行了筛选。将化合物单独进行测试或者与低剂量紫杉醇(nM)一起测试。培养3天后,使用MTT测定法(溴化3-4,5-二甲基-2-噻唑基-2,5-二苯基-2H-四唑)测定了细胞的生存能力。MTT以1mg/ml的终浓度加入到培养基中,并且在37℃下孵育4h后用15%SDS/DMF(v/v)进行细胞裂解。使用630nm的参考波长在570nm下对MTT-甲进行分光光度计测量可以对细胞生存力进行定量。将化合物单独所导致的增殖抑制与在紫杉醇和化合物处理的培养物中观察到的抑制相比较。
膜联蛋白V测定法.将处理的细胞用溶于Hank′s平衡盐溶液(HBSS)的0.02%EDTA收获,用HBSS洗涤,然后用含有1%BSA(牛血清白蛋白)的PBS(磷酸缓冲盐溶液)洗涤并最终重悬浮于含有1%BSA的膜联蛋白V孵育缓冲液(10mM HEPES 7.4;140mM NaCl;2.5mM CaCl2)中。将105个细胞与5μl膜联蛋白V-FITC(Bender MedSystems)在室温下并在黑暗中孵育1小时。死细胞可以被2μg/ml的碘化丙锭(PI)染色。立即通过流式细胞术进行分析。
DNA分析.通过胰酶消化将用化合物处理的悬浮和贴壁细胞进行收集并用PBS洗涤2次。将细胞在-20℃下用冰预冷的70%乙醇透化过夜。将细胞用PBS洗涤,调整到0.5×106个细胞/ml并且用20μg/ml碘化丙锭和2μl/ml的无脱氧核糖核酸酶的RNA酶在37℃孵育30分钟。将细胞在4℃维持过夜并且随后用流式细胞术分析。使用Epics XL流式细胞仪(CoulterCorporation,Hialeah,Florida)进行流式细胞术试验。将仪器设置成标准设置:用标准488nm空气冷却的氩离子激光在15mW功率下对样品进行激发。获得了PI的前向散射(FSC)、侧向散射(SSC)和红色(620nm)荧光。基于从10nm荧光珠(Immunocheck,Epics Division)优化的信号进行光学校准。时间用作仪器稳定性对照。将红色荧光投射到1024个单参数的直方图上。通过它们的面积对峰荧光信号排除聚集细胞选通单细胞。使用Multicycle软件(Phoenix Flow Systems,San Diego,CA)对单一荧光直方图进行DNA分析(倍数性分析)。
蛋白质印迹.收获悬浮和贴壁的细胞并且将沉淀物重悬于RIPA缓冲液(50mM Tris/HCl 7.4,250mM NaCl,0.5%Igepal CA630,5mM EDTA,1mMPMSF,10μg/ml亮抑酶肽,50mM NaF,0.1mM Na3VO4)或者脱氧胆酸缓冲液(10mM磷酸缓冲液7.4,0.1mM NaCl,0.5%脱氧胆酸盐,1%Igepal,0.1%SDS,1mM PMSF)中。对于RIPA提取物使用BCA蛋白质测定试剂盒(Pierce)或对于脱氧胆酸盐提取物使用Bradford测定法(BioRad)来确定蛋白质的浓度。将总蛋白质(20-30μg/泳道)用SDS-PAGE进行分离,转移至PVDF膜(Gellman),并且用抗Bcl-xL(Transduction)、Bax(Santa Cruz)、JNK(Santa Cruz)、phospho-JNK(Cell Signaling)、pRb(Pharmingen)、pRb-phosphoSer780(Cell Signalling)、p130(SantaCruz)、p107(Santa Cruz)、Cdk2(Santa Cruz)、p27Kip1(Santa Cruz)、p21Cip1(Santa Cruz)、肌动蛋白(Sigma)或微管蛋白(ICN)的抗体进行探测并且用ECL系统进行显影(Amcrsham Pharmacia biotech)。
BrdU测定.通过在MCDB105培养基中进行血清饥饿72小时使以5000个细胞/孔存在于微量滴定板中的T98g恶性胶质细胞瘤停滞在G1期。通过再次加入血清(10%),将细胞用连续稀释的化合物处理17小时并且然后与10μM BrdU一起处理两个半小时。使用细胞增殖ELISA系统vs.2(Amersham Pharmacia biotech)如制造商所描述的进行BrdU掺入即DNA合成的定量。
测试Cdk2/CycA-E激酶活性的激酶测定法.将ELISA板用200μl封闭溶液(含有1%BSA,0.02%Tween和0.02%叠氮钠的PBS)4℃封闭过夜。随后用100μl洗涤溶液(含有0.02%Tween和0.02%叠氮钠的PBS)将板洗涤3次,每次5分钟。然后将板在室温下干燥2-4小时。激酶测定在总体积60μl的包含4μg组蛋白H1、30μM ATP、2mM DTT、0.1μl ATP-P32、800nMGST-CDK2和800nM GST-细胞周期蛋白A的激酶缓冲液(Hepes 25mMpH 7.4和MgCl2 10mM)中进行。测定在不同浓度的待检查肽的混合物存在或缺乏的条件下进行。向反应介质中加入800nM p21进行抑制对照测定。将混合物在37℃下孵育30分钟。孵育后,将50μl的每种混合物用置于斑点杂交仪器上的硝酸纤维素膜进行过滤。然后将样品用200μl激酶缓冲液洗涤,然后用35μl de TCA 10%洗涤,并且最后用100μl TCA 10%洗涤2次,然后用100μl H2O洗涤。在该步骤之后,将膜在室温下干燥。使用“磷-图像仪”(“Phosphor-imager”)检测了膜结合的放射性活度。
为了测定Cdk4/CycD1激酶活性,通过杆状病毒表达系统将Cdk4作为重组GST融合蛋白质在Sf9昆虫细胞中进行了表达。使用33PanQinase活性测定法(ProQinase)和Beckman Coulter/Sagian robotic系统,在96孔FlashPlates(NEN)中以50μl反应体积进行激酶测定。反应混合物为20μl测定缓冲液(50mM Hepes-NaOH pH7.5,3mMMgCl2,3mMMnCl2,3μM原矾酸钠,1mM DTT,0.1μM(33P)-dATP);1μg pRb蛋白质;100ng酶;和5μl溶于10%DMSO的测试化合物。将反应混合物在30℃孵育80分钟。用50μl 0.2%(v/v)H3PO4终止反应,将板吸干并用0.9%(w/v)NaCl洗涤2次。在微孔板闪烁计数仪(Microbeta,Wallac)上测定33P的掺入。
图表说明:
图1.化合物N10-13-10C、N13-13-10C、N4-13-10C和N5-13-10C抑制HT29增殖。紫杉醇干扰N10-13-10C和N13-13-10C的效果。(A,B)在几种浓度拟肽中在有或没有紫杉醇(11nM)存在条件下HT29细胞的生长。处理72小时后进行MTT测定。N4-13-10C和N13-13-10C(A.),N5-13-10C和N10-13-10C(B.)与对照细胞的增殖相比较表现出增殖抑制。IC50值对每一种拟肽都是特异的。N10-13-10C和N13-13-10C是通过HPLC纯化的拟肽,对应着主要的和活性的流分。N4-13-10C和N5-13-10C拟肽没有用HPLC进行纯化。(C)HT29细胞用系列稀释的紫杉醇单独或与IC50值浓度的N13-13-10C(35μM)或N10-13-10C(40μM)一起进行处理。在处理72小时后用MTT测定法测定增殖。将未处理培养物的光密度值指定为100%并且所有其它的值相对于该参比描述。值为6次(n=6)重复的平均值。
图2.N10-13-10C和N13-13-10C是促程序性细胞死亡拟肽而N4-13-10C和N5-13-10C不是。通过DNA染色分析了细胞周期图。HT29细胞在N4-13-10C(100μM)、N5-13-10C(100μM)、N10-13-10C(40μM),N13-13-10C(35μM)、紫杉醇(11nM)或者作为阴性对照的DMSO存在的情况下生长72小时。描述了在G0/G1、S、G2/M或subG1峰的细胞级分。图3.N10-13-10C和N13-13-10C的特异促程序性细胞死亡效应。(A)当用表1所指出的IC50值的N10-13-10C或N13-13-10C处理72小时后,对包括HT29、LoVo、MDA.MB.435和其肺转移衍生细胞lung 2和lung 6在内的几种细胞系subG1峰分析。(B)当分别用1、5、10、20、30和35或40μM的N10-13-10C或N13-13-10C处理HT29细胞72小时后对subG1峰的剂量-反应分析。对悬浮细胞和贴壁细胞均进行收集、固定、碘化丙锭染色并且通过流式细胞术估计DNA含量。显示了具有亚二倍体DNA含量即subG1峰的细胞的级分。
图4-(A)用N10-13-10C(40μM),N13-13-10C(35μM)和/或紫杉醇(11nM)处理HT29细胞24h、48h和72h后对细胞周期图进行时间进程分析。具有subG1(深蓝色)、G0/G1(红色)、S(黄色)、G2/M(蓝色)DNA含量的细胞级分显示为总细胞群体的%。(B.)N13-13-10C脉冲实验。用35μM N13-13-10C短暂处理HT29细胞1、3、6、24、48或72h后再将细胞返回到没有产物的培养基中达72h。通过流式细胞仪分析了DNA染色。
图5.早期程序性细胞死亡的检测。用DMSO(右图)、N13-13-10C(35μM)(中图)或紫杉醇11nM(左图)处理40h后进行膜联蛋白V测定。HT29处理的细胞用膜联蛋白V-FITC和PI染色并且进行流式细胞术分析。显示了膜联蛋白V阳性(垂直轴)和PI阳性(水平轴,对数值)细胞的荧光点印迹。以群体百分数表达的细胞分布为:象限1中的早期程序性细胞死亡细胞,Q1(AnV+/IP-);Q2(AnV+/IP+)中的死亡细胞;Q3(AnV-/IP-)中的活细胞;Q4(AnV-/IP+)中的坏死细胞。
图6.(A)N13-13-10C处理后JNK被激活了。HT29细胞用N13-13-10C(35μM)处理1、3、6和24h,收获并进行免疫印迹以评价SAP/JNK MAP激酶的激活。将蛋白质印迹首先用JNK磷特异抗体进行探测,然后将印迹剥离再用pan-JNK抗体和用于进行标准化总蛋白质水平的肌动蛋白的抗体进行再次探测。在N13-13-10C处理3-6h后可观察到JNK磷酸化。(B)在N10-13-10C处理后Bcl-xL不受到磷酸化的转录后修饰。HT29细胞用N10-13-10C(40μM)、紫杉醇(11nM)或者两者联合处理3、6和24h。将悬浮细胞和贴壁细胞的提取物针对Bcl-xL、Bax和用以标准化总蛋白质上样量的肌动蛋白进行免疫印迹。
图7.N10-13-10C和N13-13-10C诱导G1细胞周期停滞而N4-13-10C和N5-13-10C不能。(A)将T98g细胞进行同步化并且单独用FCS或者与N10-13-10C(100μM)、N13-13-10C(100μM),Olomucine(100μM)、依托泊苷(5μM)或者紫杉醇(30nM)一起再次开始进入细胞周期19h。通过碘化丙锭DNA染色评估细胞周期图并且通过流式细胞术分析。具有G1、S、G2/MDNA含量的细胞级分显示为总细胞群体的%。(B.和C.)同步化的T98g细胞单独用FCS或者与N4-13-10C、N5-13-10C、N10-13-10C、N13-13-10C、Olomucine或者依托泊苷一起再次开始进入细胞周期19h并且在最后2小时内进行BrdU标记。通过使用抗BrdU抗体的ELISA确定BrdU的掺入。将未处理培养物DNA合成的光密度值指定为100%并且所有其它的值相对于该参比描述。数值为3次(n=3)重复的平均值。
图8.涉及G0/G1检查点的蛋白质的表达。(A.)HT29细胞用N10-13-10C(40μM)或者N13-13-10C(35μM)处理1、3、6和24h,收获细胞并进行免疫印迹以测定总pRb水平或者在pRb-Ser780的Cdk4特异的磷酸化(PpRb)。蛋白质印迹首先用pRb-Ser780磷酸化特异抗体探测,剥离并用pan-pRb抗体和用以标准化总蛋白质水平的微管蛋白的抗体进行再次探测。(B.)通过血清饥饿将T98g细胞进行同步化并且用10%FCS和DMSO(C)、N13-13-10C(100μM)或者紫杉醇(30nM)使细胞再次起始进入细胞周期15、17、24或者29h。总蛋白质提取物的蛋白质印迹用抗p130、pRb、p107、Cdk2、cycA、p27、p21和肌动蛋白的抗体进行探测。检测了非磷酸化、低磷酸化以及高磷酸化的pRb(箭头)。(C.)HT29细胞用N13-13-10C(40μM)或者作为对照的DMSO处理24和48h。免疫印迹用抗Cdk2、cycA、p21、p27和肌动蛋白的抗体进行染色。
表1.N10-13-10C和N13-13-10C具有针对包括HT29、LoVo、K562、T98g、MDA.MB.435和其肺转移衍生细胞lung2和lung6在内的一组人癌细胞系的生长抑制特性。在处理72h后通过MTT测定法测定了(除非作为n.d.指出)每种细胞系对于N10-13-10C、N13-13-10C、N4-13-10C和N5-13-10C的IC50。
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Claims (9)
1.药物组合物,其包含紫杉醇和式I化合物
其中:
R1是H或OR′,
R2是H、R″,
R3是H、R″,
R4是H、R″、OR′,
R′是C1-C6烷基残基,
R″是甲基、乙基、丁基。
2.根据权利要求1的组合物,其中R1是H,R2是OR′,R3是H并且OR′在对位。
3.根据权利要求1-2的组合物,其中R1是OR′,R2是OR′,R4是H并且OR′在对位。
4.根据权利要求1-3的组合物,其中R4是H。
5.根据权利要求1-4的组合物的用途,其中所述用途是制备诱导程序性细胞死亡的药物。
6.根据权利要求1-4的组合物的用途,其中所述用途是制备治疗过增殖疾病的药物。
7.根据权利要求1-6的组合物的用途,其中所述化合物同时使用或者顺序使用。
8.药盒,其包含含有紫杉醇的第一个包装和包含式I化合物的第二个包装。
9.治疗癌症的方法,其包括:
用紫杉醇进行第一次治疗;和
对患者用能够在所述癌细胞中诱导程序性细胞死亡的权利要求1-5任意一项的化合物进行第二次治疗,
其中第一次和第二次治疗可以以任意顺序进行或者同时进行。
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KR20050123162A (ko) | 2005-12-29 |
BRPI0409470A (pt) | 2006-05-02 |
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