CN1772840B - 金属络合物及包含其的磷光有机发光器件 - Google Patents

金属络合物及包含其的磷光有机发光器件 Download PDF

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CN1772840B
CN1772840B CN2005101193125A CN200510119312A CN1772840B CN 1772840 B CN1772840 B CN 1772840B CN 2005101193125 A CN2005101193125 A CN 2005101193125A CN 200510119312 A CN200510119312 A CN 200510119312A CN 1772840 B CN1772840 B CN 1772840B
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杨淳惠
林政弘
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Xiamen Tianma Display Technology Co Ltd
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Abstract

本发明提供一种金属络合物及包含其的磷光有机发光器件。该金属络合物包含一过渡金属,以及键连于该过渡金属的多个基团,其中,至少一个基团包含四级碳原子(C-SP3)官能基。由于该四级碳原子(C-SP3)官能基本身为四面体结构,与过渡金属配位可以进一步增进该络合物的空间位阻,增加空穴传输效率,如此一来,可以避免在高浓度掺杂条件下所产生的浓度淬灭现象。

Description

金属络合物及包含其的磷光有机发光器件 
技术领域
本发明涉及金属络合物与包含其的有机发光器件,特别涉及一种金属络合物与包含其的磷光有机发光器件。 
背景技术
有机发光器件(organic electroluminescent device),亦称作有机发光二极管(organic light-emitting diode、OLED),是以有机层作为主动层的一种发光二极管(LED)。由于有机电致发光器件具有低电压操作、高亮度、重量轻、广视角、以及高对比值等优点,近年来已渐渐使用于平面显示器(flat paneldisplay)上。 
一般而言,OLED包括一对电极,以及在电极之间的发光层。发光是起因于以下的现象。当电场施于两电极时,阴极射出电子到发光层,阳极射出空穴到发光层。当电子与空穴在发光层内结合时,会产生激子(excitons)。电子和空穴的再结合就伴随着发光。 
依据空穴和电子的自旋态(spin state),由空穴和电子的再结合而产生的激子可具有三重态(triplet)或单重态(singlet)的自旋态。由单重态激子(singletexciton)所产生的发光为荧光(fluorescence),而由三重态激子(triplet exciton)所产生的发光为磷光(phosphorescence)。磷光的发光效率是荧光的三倍,因此,发展高效率的磷光材料以增进OLED的发光效率是非常重要的。 
美国专利第6,645,645号揭示一种磷光有机发光器件,其中发光层由二氮杂菲(phenanthroline、BCP)作为主体(host)材料并掺杂fac-tris(2-phenylpyridine)iridium(Ir(ppy)3)作为客体材料(dopant)。 
美国专利第6,097,147号揭示一种磷光有机发光器件,其中作为发光层主体材料的是二苯基咔唑(carbazole biphenyl)(CBP),而2,3,7,8,12,13,17,18-八乙基-21H,23H-卟吩铂(II)(2,3,7,8,12,13,17,18-octaethyl-21H,23H-porphineplatinum(II))(PtOEP)则是作为客体材料。在上述磷光有机发光器件中,由于三重态激子在发光前必须扩散相对较长的距离,而当部份激子扩散至阴 极(金属电极)时,会因金属电极的影响而淬灭(quenched),导致非辐射性激子衰退,大幅降低发光效率。 
为解决上述阴极(金属电极)所导致的淬灭效应,产业界进一步提出了一种具有空穴阻挡层的磷光有机发光器件。该空穴阻挡层设置在发光层及阴极之间,例如为N,N′-diphenyl-N,N′-bis-alpha-anpthylbenzidine(NPD),二苯基咔唑(carbazolebiphenyl)(CBP),三-(8-羟基喹啉)铝(aluminumtris-8-hydroxyquioline)(Alq3)或二氮杂菲(phenanthroline)(BCP)。Adachi在期刊“Appl.Phys.Lett.”(Vol.78,No.11,12March2001,pp.1622-1624)披露一种具有空穴阻挡层的磷光有机发光器件,其利用CBP作为发光层主体材料,2,(2’.苯并[4,5.a]噻吩基)吡啶酸-N,C3′)铱(乙酰丙酮化物)(2,(2’.benzo[4,5.a]thienyl)pyridinato-N,C3′)iridium(acetylacetonate))(Btp2Ir(acac))作为发光层客体材料,以及2,9-二甲基-4,7-二苯基-菲咯啉(2,9-dimethyl-4,7-diphenyl-phenanthroline)作为空穴阻挡层。 
Kwong在期刊“Appl.Phys.Lett.”(Vol.81,No.1,1 July 2002,pp.162-164)中亦披露一种具有空穴阻挡层的磷光有机发光器件,其利用CBP作为发光层主体材料以及Ir(ppy)3作为发光层客体材料,而其空穴阻挡层的材料包括2,2′,2″-(1,3,5-苯三基)三-[1-苯基-1-H-苯并咪唑](2,2′,2″-(1,3,5-benzenetriyl)tris-[1-phenyl-1-H-benzimidazole])(TPBI),二(2-甲基-8-喹啉酸)三苯基甲硅烷酸铝(III)(aluminum(III)bis(2-methyl-8-quinolinato)triphenylsilanolate)(SAlq),二(2-甲基-8-喹啉酸)4-酚铝(III)(aluminum(III)bis(2-methyl-8-quinolinato)4-phenolate)(PAlq)或二(2-甲基-8-喹啉酸)4-苯基酚铝(III)(aluminum(III)bis(2-methyl-8-quinolinato)4-phenylphenolate)(BAlq)。 
在现有文献的记载中,亦有部份金属络合物可作为阻挡层。例如,Thompsonz美国专利公开号2003/0175553A1中披露将fac-tris(1-phenylpyrazolato-N,C2)iridium(III)(Ir(ppz)3)作为电子/激子阻挡材料。 
Thompson亦使用(2-(4′,6′-二氟苯基)吡啶酸-N,C2)(2,4-戊二酸)铂(II)(platinum(II)(2-(4′,6′-difluorophenyl)pyridinato-N,C2)(2,4-pentanedionato))(FPt)、(2-(4′,6′-二氟苯基)吡啶酸.N,C2)(2,2,6,6,-四甲基-3,5-庚二酸)铂(II)((2-(4′,6′-diflurophenyl)pyridinato.N,C2)(2,2,6,6,-tetramethyl-3,5-heptanedionato))(FPt2)、(2-(4′,6′-二氟苯基)吡啶酸-N,C2)(6-甲基-2,4-庚二酸)铂(II)(platinum (II)(2-(4′,6′-difluorophenyl)pyridinato-N,C2)(6-methyl-2,4-heptanedionato))(FPt3)、(2-(4′,6′-二氟苯基)吡啶酸-N,C2)(3-乙基-2,4-戊二酸)铂(II)(platinum(II)(2-(4′,6′-difluorophenyl)pyridinato-N,C2)(3-ethyl-2,4-pemanedionato))(FPt4)及双(4,6,-F2-苯基-吡啶酸-N,C2)-甲基吡啶酸)铱(iridium-bis(4,6,-F2-phenyl-pyridinato-N,C2)-picolinate)(FIr(pic))等金属络合物作为发光层客体材料。但是,当上述客体材料具有较高的掺杂浓度时,激子间的碰撞随之增加,进而产生自淬灭(self-quenching)现象,导致较低的发光效率。 
因此,发展出新颖的材料作为磷光有机发光器件的发光层材料,以解决以上所述问题,是目前平面显示器制程技术上亟需研究的重点之一。 
发明内容
有鉴于此,为了解决上述问题,本发明的主要目的提供一种可用于磷光有机发光器件的发光层材料的金属络合物,以降低激子淬灭效应,增加磷光有机发光器件的发光效率。在本发明中,主要利用该金属络合物作为发光层的客体材料(dopant),以改善磷光有机发光结构中载流子(空穴或电子)传输的能力。为达成上述目的,本发明所述的金属络合物,应用在磷光有机发光器件,包含过渡金属,以及键连于该过渡金属之上多个基团(moiety),且其中至少一个基团包含四级碳原子(C-SP3)官能基(ligand)。根据本发明的优选实施例,该包含四级碳原子(C-SP3)官能基的基团,其与该过渡金属所共构的结构,可以式(I)或式(II)表示: 
Figure S051B9312520051115D000031
式(I)            式(II) 
其中,式(I)中的R1及R2为相同或不同的芳香基、杂芳基、杂环基、饱和烃基或不饱和烃基,式(II)中的R1及R2为相同或不同的芳香基、杂芳基或杂环基;M为过渡金属;X1为周期表VIA族(氧族(chalcogen))元素;以及A环为含氮原子(式中A环内的N原子)的杂环基或杂芳基,并以氮原子(式中A环内的N原子)与M键连。 
为使本发明的目的、特征能更明显易懂,下文特举优选实施例,并结合附图,作详细说明如下: 
附图说明
图1显示本发明所述的磷光有机发光器件优选实施例的剖面结构示意图。 
图2显示本发明所述的磷光有机发光器件的电流密度与发光效率(efficacy)的关系图。 
图3显示本发明所述的磷光有机发光器件的电流密度与电流效益(yield)的关系图。 
图4显示本发明所述的磷光有机发光器件的操作电压与亮度的关系图。 
附图标记说明 
100~磷光有机发光器件;       110~基板; 
120~阳极;                  130~空穴注入层; 
140~空穴传输层;            150~发光层; 
160~空穴阻挡层;            170~电子传输层; 
180~电子注入层;以及        190~阴极。 
具体实施方式
传统的磷光客体材料(phosphorescent dopant),一般包含具有SP2杂化碳原子(C-SP2)结构的基团,例如Ir(lopy)3,IrPQ(acac)以及FIr(pic)。该SP2杂化碳原子(C-SP2)结构的主要优点在于,可通过调整共轭双键的长短或自旋-轨道耦合(spin-orbital coupling)来改变磷光材料的发光波长。举例来说,Ir(ppy)3及IrPQ(acac)具有相对较长的共轭双键,因此Ir(ppy)3及IrPQ(acac)可用来发出具有520~532nm波长的磷光。此外,由于FIr(pic)具有相对较短的共轭双键,其磷光发光波长为470nm。
Figure S051B9312520051115D000051
Ir(ppy)3    IrPQ(acac)          FIr(pic) 
本发明所述作为磷光有机发光器件发光层材料的金属络合物,其主要特征之一在于其至少具有包含四级碳原子(C-SP3)官能基的基团(moiety)。就其本身而论,该四级碳原子(C-SP3)与四个各别的官能基键连,再通过其所键连的官能基,该四级碳原子(C-SP3)官能基可与过渡金属元素经由配位而结合,形成所述金属络合物。由于该四级碳原子(C-SP3)的电子亲合力会依其所键连的官能基不同而改变,且与四级碳原子键连的官能基也会因其所在的位置不同而改变其物理性质,因此可以通过与四级碳原子键连的官能基或其键连位置的选择(例如不同的亲、疏电子的特性),来调变本发明所述的金属络合物的发光波长。此外,由于四级碳原子与其键连的官能基构成四面体(tetrahedral)结构,因此具有该含四级碳原子(C-SP3)官能基的基团与过渡金属配位可增加金属络合物的空间位阻,可以避免该金属络合物在高浓度掺杂条件下产生浓度淬灭现象。 
在现有技术中,spiro-FPA作为荧光有机蓝色发光器件的发光材料。spiro-FPA同时具有两个相同的蒽发光体正交相连于螺旋双芴基(spirobifluorene)。在该螺旋双芴基中的四级碳原子,可抑制π电子堆垒的影响,降低spiro-FPA的共轭双键长度,使其发出波长450nm的荧光。 
               spiro-FPA 
此外,该四级碳原子所构成的四面体结构,同时使得spiro-FPA具有较高的热稳定性及玻璃转换温度(Tg),使其不易结晶,也较易传输空穴。但是 上述具有四级碳原子的芴基,大部份都被应用在高分子材料上,目前仍然没有广泛地应用在磷光发光材料上。 
本发明中提供一种金属络合物,其可作为磷光有机发光器件的发光层材料,尤其是作为发光层的客体材料(dopant)。该金属络合物包含过渡金属以及键连于该过渡金属之上的多个基团(moiety),其中,至少一个基团必须包含四级碳原子(C-SP3)官能基。根据本发明的优选实施例,该包含四级碳原子(C-SP3)官能基的基团,其与该过渡金属所共构的结构,可以式(I)或式(II)表示: 
式(I)                     式(II) 
其中,R1及R2为相同或不同的芳香基、杂芳基、杂环基、饱和烃基或不饱和烃基,优选为芳香基;M为过渡金属,优选为铱(iridium、Ir);X1为周期表VIA族(氧族(chalcogen))元素,例如氧、硫、硒或碲;以及,A环为含氮原子(式中A环内的N原子)的杂环基或杂芳基,并以氮原子(N)与M键连,以下列举数个符合上述定义的A环结构,然其并非用以限定本发明: 
,其中R3、R4、R5及R6为相同或不同的官能基,可为氢、氟、烷基、氟烷基或芳基。 
表1列举出一些符合本发明所述的具有式(I)或式(II)结构的新型金属络合物的实施例,其各自的化学结构均详列于表中,因此可清楚辨识其所具备的基团及不同的R1、R2、R3、R4、R5、R6、X1及A环所代表的取代基,并同时列出其发光波长(nm)。 
表1 
Figure S051B9312520051115D000073
Figure S051B9312520051115D000091
由上述表1可知,依据本发明的优选实施例,所述金属络合物可具有一个含四价杂化碳原子(C-SP3)官能基的基团,并进一步与另二个基团键连,例如表1所示的金属络合物A、B、C、D、E及F。另外,依据本发明的某些优选实施例,该金属络合物可具有两个含四价杂化碳原子(C-SP3)官能基的基团,并进一步与另一个基团键连,例如表1所示的金属络合物G及I。再者,依据本发明的其它优选实施例,该金属络合物可具有三个含四价杂化碳原子(C-SP3)官能基的基团,例如表1所示的金属络合物H。 
金属络合物的制备
以下以上述表1中所述的金属络合物B、D、G及I为例,详列其合成途径,以说明其制备方式: 
金属络合物B合成途径: 
金属络合物D合成途径:
金属络合物G合成途径: 
Figure S051B9312520051115D000102
金属络合物I合成途径: 
Figure S051B9312520051115D000103
磷光有机发光器件
请参照图1,根据本发明一优选实施例所述的磷光有机电致发光装置100,其具有透明基板110。该基板110上为阳极120,其材质为ITO。该阳极120之上依序为空穴注入层130及空穴传输层140,该空穴注入层的材质为酞菁铜化合物(copper phthalocyanine、CuPC),其厚度为,在本发明的其 它优选实施例中,空穴注入层的材质亦可为聚(3,4-次乙二氧基噻吩/聚苯乙硫酸酯(poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene)/poly(styrene sulfonate),PEDOT:PSS)或四氟四氰醌二甲烷(tetrafluoro-tetracyanoquinodimethane,F4-TCNQ);而空穴传输层的材质可例如为NPB(N,N′-二(萘-1-基)-N,N′-二邻苯联苯胺((N,N′-di(naphthalene-1-yl)-N,N′-diphthalbenzidine)),其厚度大致为 
Figure S051B9312520051115D00011074138QIETU
。在空穴传输层140之上的为发光层150,其主体材料为4,4’-二(咔唑-9-基)-联苯(4,4’-bis(carbazol-9-yl biphenyl,CBP),而其客体材料为金属络合物E,所述发光层的厚度大致为
Figure S051B9312520051115D00011074617QIETU
,而客体材料掺杂浓度量依序调整为3%、5%、7%及10%。在发光层150之上形成有空穴阻挡层160,其材质为BAlq(二(2-甲基-8-喹啉酸)4-苯基酚铝(III)(aluminum(III)bis(2-methyl-8-quinolinato)4-phenylphenolate)),其厚度为。该空穴阻挡层160之上为电子传输层170,其材质为三(8-羟基喹啉)铝(aluminum tris(8-hydroxyquioline)、Alq3),其厚度大致为
Figure S051B9312520051115D00011074701QIETU
。电子传输层170之上为电子注入层180,其材质为氟化锂(lithium fluoride)层,厚度大致为
Figure S051B9312520051115D00011074716QIETU
。在电子注入层180之上为阴极电极190,其材质为铝。 
上述磷光有机发光器件的性能测试结果如图2至图4所示,用以比较具有不同金属络合物E掺杂量的磷光有机发光器件的光电特性。图2显示操作电压与发光效率(efficacy)的关系图;图3显示电流密度与电流效益(yield)的关系图;图4显示操作电压与亮度的关系图。由图中可知,当金属络合物E的掺杂量为10%时,具有最佳的电流效益(8.8cd/A)及发光效率(4.5lm/w),且在7.7V时亮度即可到达1000Cd/m2,且CIE色坐标为(0.32,0.56)。 
综合以上所述可得知,即使本发明所述的金属络合物的掺杂量高达10%时,所述磷光有机发光器件的电流效益及发光效率仍然因掺杂量的增加而增加。然而,现有磷光客体材料,当其掺杂量超过5%时,即会产生严重的浓度淬灭现象。相反的,本发明所述的金属络合物,由于具有含四级碳原子(C-SP3)官能基的基团,增加络合物的空间位阻、并增加空穴传输效率,即使在掺杂浓度提高为10%时,该金属络合物仍能避免因浓度增加所产生的淬灭现象。 
虽然本发明已以优选实施例披露如上,然其并非用以限定本发明,任何本领域的技术人员,在不脱离本发明的精神和范围内,应当可作各种更动与润饰,因此本发明的保护范围应以所附权利要求书所限定的为准。

Claims (21)

1.一种应用在磷光有机发光器件的金属络合物,包含:
过渡金属;以及
键连于该过渡金属的多个基团,其中至少一个基团包含四级碳原子(C-SP3)官能基,
其中所述至少一个含四级碳原子(C-SP3)官能基的基团与所述过渡金属的键连具有式(I)或式(II)所示结构:
Figure F200510119312501C00011
其中,
式(I)中的R1及R2为相同或不同的芳香基、杂芳基、杂环基、饱和烃基或不饱和烃基;
式(II)中的R1及R2为相同或不同的芳香基、杂芳基或杂环基;
M为过渡金属;
X1为周期表VIA族元素;以及
A环为含氮原子(N)的杂芳基,并以氮原子(N)与M键连。
2.如权利要求1所述的金属络合物,其中M为铱。
3.如权利要求1所述的金属络合物,其中X1为氧,而R1及R2为相同或不同的芳香基。
4.如权利要求1所述的金属络合物,其中该至少一个含四级碳原子(C-SP3)官能基的基团的数量为一,且该过渡金属进一步与另二个基团键连。
5.如权利要求4所述的金属络合物,其中该金属络合物为
Figure F200510119312501C00021
6.如权利要求1所述的金属络合物,其中所述至少一个含四级碳原子(C-SP3)官能基的基团的数量为二,且所述过渡金属进一步与另一个基团键连。
7.如权利要求6所述的金属络合物,其中该金属络合物为
Figure F200510119312501C00022
8.如权利要求1所述的金属络合物,其中所述至少一个含四级碳原子(C-SP3)官能基的基团的数量为三。
9.如权利要求8所述的金属络合物,其中该金属络合物为
Figure F200510119312501C00031
10.如权利要求1所述的金属络合物,其中A环为
Figure F200510119312501C00032
其中R3、R4、R5及R6为相同或不同的官能基,为氢、氟、烷基或芳基。
11.一种磷光有机发光器件,至少包括:
一对电极;以及
形成于所述电极之间的有机电激发层,而该有机电激发层包括金属络合物,
其中,所述金属络合物包含:
过渡金属;以及
键连于该过渡金属的多个基团,其中至少一个基团包含四级碳原子(C-SP3)官能基,
其中所述至少一个含四级碳原子(C-SP3)官能基的基团与所述过渡金属的键连具有式(I)或式(II)所示结构:
Figure F200510119312501C00041
其中,
式(I)中的R1及R2为相同或不同的芳香基、杂芳基、杂环基、饱和烃基或不饱和烃基;
式(II)中的R1及R2为相同或不同的芳香基、杂芳基或杂环基;
M为过渡金属;
X1为周期表VIA族元素;以及
A环为含氮原子(N)的杂芳基,并以氮原子(N)与M键连。
12.如权利要求11所述的磷光有机发光器件,其中M为铱。
13.如权利要求11所述的磷光有机发光器件,其中X1为氧,而R1及R2为相同或不同的芳香基。
14.如权利要求11所述的磷光有机发光器件,其中所述至少一个含四级碳原子(C-SP3)官能基的基团的数量为一,且所述过渡金属进一步与另二个基团键连。
15.如权利要求14所述的磷光有机发光器件,其中所述金属络合物为
Figure F200510119312501C00051
16.如权利要求11所述的磷光有机发光器件,其中所述至少一个含四级碳原子(C-SP3)官能基的基团的数量为二,且所述过渡金属进一步与另一个基团键连。
17.如权利要求16所述的磷光有机发光器件,其中所述金属络合物为
Figure F200510119312501C00052
18.如权利要求11所述的磷光有机发光器件,其中所述至少一个含四级碳原子(C-SP3)官能基的基团的数量为三。
19.如权利要求18所述的磷光有机发光器件,其中所述金属络合物为
Figure F200510119312501C00061
20.如权利要求11所述的磷光有机发光器件,其中A环为
其中R3、R4、R5及R6为相同或不同的官能基,为氢、氟、烷基、或芳基。
21.如权利要求11所述的磷光有机发光器件,其中所述有机金属络合物作为发光层的掺杂物。
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