CN1771448A - Apparatus for improved fiber optic coupling efficiency - Google Patents

Apparatus for improved fiber optic coupling efficiency Download PDF

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Publication number
CN1771448A
CN1771448A CNA2004800022664A CN200480002266A CN1771448A CN 1771448 A CN1771448 A CN 1771448A CN A2004800022664 A CNA2004800022664 A CN A2004800022664A CN 200480002266 A CN200480002266 A CN 200480002266A CN 1771448 A CN1771448 A CN 1771448A
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CN
China
Prior art keywords
optical
reflection
lens
optical module
light beam
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Granted
Application number
CNA2004800022664A
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Chinese (zh)
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CN100562771C (en
Inventor
郑国盛(音译)
林孝光(音译)
刘·L·N·诚磊(音译)
李嘉旋(音译)
麦·M·荣强(音译)
唐复凯·F(音译)
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Shinco Industrial Co ltd
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Shinco Industrial Co ltd
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Publication of CN1771448A publication Critical patent/CN1771448A/en
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Publication of CN100562771C publication Critical patent/CN100562771C/en
Anticipated expiration legal-status Critical
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    • G—PHYSICS
    • G02—OPTICS
    • G02B—OPTICAL ELEMENTS, SYSTEMS OR APPARATUS
    • G02B6/00—Light guides; Structural details of arrangements comprising light guides and other optical elements, e.g. couplings
    • G02B6/24—Coupling light guides
    • G02B6/26—Optical coupling means
    • G02B6/35—Optical coupling means having switching means
    • G02B6/3564—Mechanical details of the actuation mechanism associated with the moving element or mounting mechanism details
    • G02B6/3568—Mechanical details of the actuation mechanism associated with the moving element or mounting mechanism details characterised by the actuating force
    • G02B6/3572—Magnetic force
    • G—PHYSICS
    • G02—OPTICS
    • G02B—OPTICAL ELEMENTS, SYSTEMS OR APPARATUS
    • G02B6/00—Light guides; Structural details of arrangements comprising light guides and other optical elements, e.g. couplings
    • G02B6/24—Coupling light guides
    • G02B6/26—Optical coupling means
    • G02B6/35—Optical coupling means having switching means
    • G02B6/3564—Mechanical details of the actuation mechanism associated with the moving element or mounting mechanism details
    • G02B6/358—Latching of the moving element, i.e. maintaining or holding the moving element in place once operation has been performed; includes a mechanically bistable system
    • G—PHYSICS
    • G02—OPTICS
    • G02B—OPTICAL ELEMENTS, SYSTEMS OR APPARATUS
    • G02B6/00—Light guides; Structural details of arrangements comprising light guides and other optical elements, e.g. couplings
    • G02B6/24—Coupling light guides
    • G02B6/42—Coupling light guides with opto-electronic elements
    • G02B6/4201—Packages, e.g. shape, construction, internal or external details
    • G02B6/4204—Packages, e.g. shape, construction, internal or external details the coupling comprising intermediate optical elements, e.g. lenses, holograms
    • G02B6/4206—Optical features
    • G—PHYSICS
    • G02—OPTICS
    • G02B—OPTICAL ELEMENTS, SYSTEMS OR APPARATUS
    • G02B6/00—Light guides; Structural details of arrangements comprising light guides and other optical elements, e.g. couplings
    • G02B6/24—Coupling light guides
    • G02B6/42—Coupling light guides with opto-electronic elements
    • G02B6/4201—Packages, e.g. shape, construction, internal or external details
    • G02B6/4204—Packages, e.g. shape, construction, internal or external details the coupling comprising intermediate optical elements, e.g. lenses, holograms
    • G02B6/4214—Packages, e.g. shape, construction, internal or external details the coupling comprising intermediate optical elements, e.g. lenses, holograms the intermediate optical element having redirecting reflective means, e.g. mirrors, prisms for deflecting the radiation from horizontal to down- or upward direction toward a device
    • G—PHYSICS
    • G02—OPTICS
    • G02B—OPTICAL ELEMENTS, SYSTEMS OR APPARATUS
    • G02B6/00—Light guides; Structural details of arrangements comprising light guides and other optical elements, e.g. couplings
    • G02B6/24—Coupling light guides
    • G02B6/26—Optical coupling means
    • G02B6/35—Optical coupling means having switching means
    • G02B6/351—Optical coupling means having switching means involving stationary waveguides with moving interposed optical elements
    • G02B6/3512—Optical coupling means having switching means involving stationary waveguides with moving interposed optical elements the optical element being reflective, e.g. mirror
    • G—PHYSICS
    • G02—OPTICS
    • G02B—OPTICAL ELEMENTS, SYSTEMS OR APPARATUS
    • G02B6/00—Light guides; Structural details of arrangements comprising light guides and other optical elements, e.g. couplings
    • G02B6/24—Coupling light guides
    • G02B6/26—Optical coupling means
    • G02B6/35—Optical coupling means having switching means
    • G02B6/351—Optical coupling means having switching means involving stationary waveguides with moving interposed optical elements
    • G02B6/3532—Optical coupling means having switching means involving stationary waveguides with moving interposed optical elements the optical element being a wavelength independent filter or having spatially dependent transmission properties, e.g. neutral filter or neutral density wedge substrate with plurality of density filters
    • G—PHYSICS
    • G02—OPTICS
    • G02B—OPTICAL ELEMENTS, SYSTEMS OR APPARATUS
    • G02B6/00—Light guides; Structural details of arrangements comprising light guides and other optical elements, e.g. couplings
    • G02B6/24—Coupling light guides
    • G02B6/26—Optical coupling means
    • G02B6/35—Optical coupling means having switching means
    • G02B6/3564—Mechanical details of the actuation mechanism associated with the moving element or mounting mechanism details
    • G02B6/3582—Housing means or package or arranging details of the switching elements, e.g. for thermal isolation

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  • Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
  • General Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
  • Optics & Photonics (AREA)
  • Optical Couplings Of Light Guides (AREA)

Abstract

An optical assembly incorporates a compact and efficient lens for coupling a beam of light from an optical device to an optical fiber. The lens includes a curved reflecting surface and a focusing surface. The lens is positioned to receive and internally reflect the beam of light from the optical device toward the focusing surface. The focusing surface in turn focuses the reflected beam into the end of an optical fiber. The curved surface may include a reflective coating for transmitting a portion of the beam toward a monitoring unit which is used to monitor a parameter of the beam. The optical assembly may further include a platform for supporting the optical device, the lens, the optical fiber and the monitoring unit.

Description

Improve the equipment of fiber optic coupling efficiency
Technical field
The present invention relates generally to light is coupled to the optical module of optical fiber from light emitting devices, more specifically say, the optical module that relates to adopt the reflection curved surface and focus on the sphere curved surface is coupled to light the optical fiber of horizontal positioned effectively from vertical emitting laser.
Background technology
Optical fiber technology is fit to the application of communication very much, because optical fiber has wide transmission bandwidth and relative low decay.In great majority were used, at first electric signal process light emitting devices, for example semiconductor laser was converted to light signal.Then light signal is coupled into the optical fiber of transmitting optical signal.Usually, the design of optically-coupled assembly will make light emitting devices, all opticses and optical fiber, all aims at along light path in line.The advantage of this alignment scheme is that optical module is simple relatively, and can be only with a simple optics, and for example globe lens is made.But when optical fiber was not placed in the straight line with light emitting devices, each optically-coupled assembly must be very well-designed, could obtain effective optically-coupled.
Recently, at a high speed vertically the research and development and the progress of cavity surface emitting laser (" VCSEL ") technology combine with the rise in optical fiber communication market, city, produce the demand based on the high-speed light emitter of VCSEL technology and relevant optically-coupled assembly.But the use of VCSEL technology has strict requirement to high power coupling efficiency in the optically-coupled assembly and high-order mode coupling efficiency.This is that each mould has different space distributions because the VCSEL device is the electrical signal conversion that receives different Laser Transmission moulds.When just thinking that all modes of laser all are coupled with the same loss, the light signal of transmission could suitably be received.Therefore, for the effective optically-coupled from the light transmission/reception to optical fiber, the suitable design of optically-coupled assembly has become eternal problem.
Coupling assembly also should be allowed the big optical alignment tolerance that manufacture process causes.The alignment issues of assembling process, the trend of lower cost materials worsens owing to light transmission/reception whole dimension is tending towards microminiaturized and is tending towards more.The microminiaturization of optical module itself requires optically-coupled to finish in little volume with high efficient.But the requirement of volume or size has limited optics size and the quantity that can use in the assembly.
Although the trend that is tending towards microminiaturized is arranged, but for two vertical direction, for example vertically and obtain high power coupling and high-order mode coupling between the horizontal direction, generally need the optical module of complexity, this optically-coupled assembly usually be large volume and require a plurality of opticses.Bring the difficulty of extra assembly operation and aligning and extra cost to manufacturing like this, thus unbecoming with microminiaturized target.
In addition, optical devices comprise the emitter vertical or edge, must monitor, and to guarantee the light beam that transmits definite feature are arranged.This need place monitoring unit within the light path of optical devices, thereby increases the complicacy of optically-coupled assembly and hold the additional space requirement of monitoring unit.
Therefore, to the technology that adopts the VCSEL technology and between laser instrument and optical fiber, effectively be coupled, need a kind of optical module of compactness.Also need a kind of optical module of making, assemble and aiming at of being easy to.Also needing a kind ofly has little areal coverage (footprint) to be beneficial to the optically-coupled assembly that uses in the small size optical module.
Summary of the invention
According to one embodiment of the present of invention, provide a kind of optical module, it adopts compact and effective lens, and light beam is coupled to optical fiber from optical devices.Lens comprise a curved surface and a spherical face that focuses on.Lens are put in position, from the optical devices receiving beam, with internal reflection light beam are reflected and collimation to spherical face.Spherical face then focuses on the collimated light beam of reflection, enters the end of optical fiber.Concerning many application, must transmit the part of light beam to monitoring unit, with the parameter of monitoring unit monitoring light beam.For this purpose, the curved surface of focusing can part coated portion reflective film, and for example dielectric and/or metallic film are with reflectivity and the transmission properties that need to guarantee.In many application, for being easy to assemble, aim at and low cost, this optical module can be molded into a cell mesh, and this cell mesh comprises physical constructions such as engaging lens, optical devices, sleeve, housing and/or the joints of optical fibre.Optical devices can be the laser instrument emitters that produces coherent light beam, also can be the non-laser devices that produces non-coherent bundle.Optical devices can adopt vertically or the edge-emission technology.The curved surface and the spherical face of reflection can be the parts of all-in-one-piece lens.Perhaps, lens can be the lens subassemblies that at least two mating sections are arranged.A mating section can comprise the curved surface of reflection, and another mating section can comprise spherical face.Lens can also comprise the surface of pairing, and this mating face engages with the platform that is used to support optical devices, lens and/or electronic installation.Lens can also comprise the light beam coupling surface, and this light beam coupling surface is translucent, and are placed on the appropriate location that light beam is transported to monitoring diode from optical devices.
Optical module can also comprise the translucent block between lens and optical fiber end.This translucent block reduces the back-propagating of light beam towards optical devices.For helping assembling and aligning, this piece can comprise the composition surface that engages with optical fiber end.In the present embodiment, the focus of focus surface can overlap with composition surface or close composition surface.
According to an alternative embodiment of the invention, lens include the lens subassembly of mating section, and mating section is included in the mating face who is bonded with each other in the beam path.One of the mating face or both can comprise the reflecting part, the shape of this reflecting part, just with a part of light beam along the reflection of monitoring light path.The reflecting part can comprise whole mating faces or mating face's a part.In addition, at least one mating face's reflecting part can comprise coating, to set up the beam reflection that needs.Also have, the mating face can respectively comprise at least one alignment surface, and the mating face is aimed at mutually.
Description of drawings
With reference to following detailed description and accompanying drawing, will have more fully These characteristics of the present invention and advantage and understand, these explanations provide with the embodiment of accompanying drawing with demonstration, but do not mean limitation of the present invention.
Fig. 1 is according to one embodiment of the present of invention, the one exemplary embodiment of the lens of a kind of optical module that draws.
Fig. 2 A is according to one embodiment of the present of invention, draw light emitting devices and it and the relation that the lens of flat bottom surface are arranged.
Fig. 2 B is according to another embodiment of the present invention, the relation of drawing light emitting devices and it and lens.
Fig. 2 C is according to another embodiment of the present invention, the relation of drawing light emitting devices and it and lens.
Fig. 3 is according to one embodiment of the present of invention, and a kind of optical module that comprises monitoring unit draws.
Fig. 4 A and 4B are according to one embodiment of the present of invention, and a kind of optical module that adopts lens subassembly draws.
Fig. 5 A and 5B are according to another embodiment of the present invention, and a kind of optical module that adopts lens subassembly and monitoring unit draws.
Fig. 6 is according to one embodiment of the present of invention, and a kind of optical module that comprises monitoring unit draws.
Embodiment
According to one embodiment of the present of invention, provide a kind of optical module, it adopts compact and effective lens, and light beam is coupled to optical fiber from optical devices.Lens comprise a parabolic curved reflection surface and a spherical face.Lens are put in position, from the optical devices receiving beam, and with internal reflection light beam are reflected to focus surface.Spherical face then focuses on beam reflected, enters the end of optical fiber.Parabolic surface can comprise the coating of partial reflection, and the part of light beam is transmitted to monitoring unit, with the parameter of monitoring unit monitoring light beam.This optical module can also comprise the platform of supporting optical devices, lens, optical fiber and monitoring unit.
According to lens of the present invention, can implement by any optically-coupled assembly of optical devices and optical fiber and any smooth supervising device of comprising.Fig. 1-5 illustrates each embodiment of the assembly of lens and these lens of employing according to embodiments of the invention.
Fig. 1 draws according to the lens of one embodiment of the present of invention.With reference now to Fig. 1,, the lens 200 that draw on the figure are columniform substantially.But, should be pointed out that lens can be other suitable shapes, it can be packed in the assembly easily, and as this paper illustrates, between optical fiber and optics, carry out optical communication.
Surface 210 is curved surfaces of reflection, is used for the purpose of light deflection and light constraint.The light deflection function is meant, from optical devices, the light that receives as light emitting devices is to surperficial 220 deviations.The purpose of light constraint is meant that the light beam that the control light emitting devices starts is avoided further dispersing, or avoided than bigger the dispersing of scheduled volume.The curved surface of reflection for example can be used as parabolic enforcement.Parabola can make the light beam deviation and the reflection of light emitting devices to be greater than or less than 90 degree, arrives curved surface 220, and this light beam is collimated substantially through reflection.But it not necessarily must be parabolic reflecting curved surface, and it can have any suitable shape and feature, as long as it can carry out light deflection and light constraint or collimation, the light beam of suitable shape is transported to curved surface 220.Surface 210 can cover with specific coating, can make the light beam that receives from lower surface shown in Fig. 2 A 230, realizes the internal reflection of about 90 degree.Also can select coating, a part that allows light is by surface 210 transmission, for monitoring or other purposes.
Curved surface 220 is the curved surfaces that focus on.This focuses on curved surface, and the light that receives from curved reflection surface is focused on, and arrives for example coupled surface of optical fiber or optical receiver of receiving trap.For example, focus surface can be used as sphere enforcement.But focus surface not necessarily must be a sphere, and it can have any other convergent beam to be transported to the suitable shape of optical pickup apparatus.The design of lens focus characteristic will help the light beam that receives from optical devices is concentrated on the focus of leaving lens.Then, optical fiber is placed on position suitable in the optical module, is placed on the focus or near the focus, realizes light beam enters optical fiber from optics effective coupling with an end of optical fiber.Perhaps, to the optics that receives,, send back the reflecting surface 210 of collimation basically collimatedly the light that receives from optical fiber on the focus.This surface makes beam convergence, and its reflection, arrives the optics that receives by lower surface 230.
Fig. 2 A is according to one embodiment of the present of invention, draw a kind of optics and it in assembly with the relation of lens 200.With reference now to Fig. 2 A,, lens 200 can be placed in the beam path of being throwed by optics.This optics can throw coherent light beam, also can throw non-coherent bundle.Light beam generally blazes abroad approximately perpendicular to the reflection curved surface from parts surface.But this angle possibility vary from perpendicular depends on the unit type of enforcement and manufacture process of using and variation in production part.
Among Fig. 2 B, lens 200 dispose lower surface 230, and lower surface 230 is arranged in the beam path from parts 100.Lens 200 and lower surface 230 are translucent, and the light beam that parts 100 are throwed enters lens and propagates to reflecting surface 210.Lens 200 can be put in position, make the light beam of parts 100 projection, if not all, also are that major part enters lens and is reflected away on reflecting surface 210.Lower surface 230 can be columniform substantially, shown in Fig. 2 B.Perhaps, lower surface 230 can be smooth, shown in Fig. 2 A.
After light beam entered the lower surface of lens, the reflecting surface 210 that is bent reflected away, and propagated to focus surface 220 along the length of lens.Can select curved reflection surface, make light beam be cylindricality substantially and propagate to focus surface 210 beam collimation.The shape of curved reflection surface can be an Any shape, and the general shape of selecting in the time of will making light beam through curved reflection surface and condenser lens, produces the focus that needs.The shape of lens can be estimated to combine with specific optics, produces the light beam of optimum shape for certain components.
Focus surface is in order to receive beam reflected, and focus the beam at lens outer a bit and design.Lens can be used as the individual unit die casting.Perhaps, lens can be used as two sections die castings separately, and one section comprises surface 210, and another section comprises surface 220.Then two sections are bonded together.Lens can be made with plastics, glass or any other suitable material.
The center of optical fiber 300 otch can be placed on the focus of lens 200 focus surface 220 definition, or near this focus.In this way, from the light beam of optics 100, can be used as the light beam of focusing, the fiber core of optical fiber 300 is advanced in projection.Like this can be light signal coupled into optical fibres effectively.
Fig. 2 C another embodiment of the present invention of drawing according to this embodiment, uses translucent block as the intermediate between lens 200 focus surface 220 and optical fiber 300 otch.With reference now to Fig. 2 C,, piece 310 is placed in the light path between lens 200 and the optical fiber 300.Piece 310 is translucent, and comprises general surface and general surface in the face of optical fiber in the face of lens.In the face of the surface of lens, can cut into the focus surface emitted light beams direction of propagation angledly, avoid or reduce this beam reflection is returned lens 200.Face the surface of the piece of optical fiber 300, be called as composition surface, can be vertical with beam direction, any other angle also can be arranged.
Can select a certain refractive index and, make beam focus on the composition surface of piece or near the composition surface at piece along the piece 310 of a certain length of direction of beam propagation.In addition, in when assembling, the otch of optical fiber can be placed facing to the composition surface of piece, and the center that makes otch is substantially in the focus of light beam.Make light beam focus on the composition surface 310 of piece, or near the composition surface 310 of piece, help to aim at optical fiber, place the optical fiber otch on the focus or near focus.This is because the optical fiber otch can suitably be placed facing to the composition surface of piece, and the optical fiber otch is positioned on the focus.
Fig. 3 the draw optical module shown in Figure 2 and the embodiment of lens, but further comprise monitoring unit 400.The light beam that optical devices transmit is coupled into lens 200, propagates to curved reflection surface 210.The part of light beam can be passed through curved reflection surface, to the monitoring unit transmission.Curved reflection surface can comprise dielectric or metallic coating, is used to adjust the reflectivity of curved reflection surface and the amount that definite light beam is sent to monitoring unit 400.Monitoring unit can be used for the transmission part of receiving beam, and monitoring at least one parameter relevant with this light beam.
Fig. 4 A and the 4B embodiments of the invention that draw, lens 200 are wherein implemented as lens subassembly.Lens subassembly comprises two mating sections.First comprises curved reflection surface 210.Second portion comprises focus surface 220.Mating section comprises mating face 500, and mating face's 500 is all or part of, can be by using reflectance coating, or by adjusting the electric medium constant of second mating section, make partial reflection.Reflecting surface 500 is positioned on the beam path.Reflecting surface 500 is sent to focus surface to the major part of light beam.But the part of light beam can arrive monitoring unit 400 along the reflection of monitoring light path.
Fig. 5 A and the 5B another embodiment of the present invention of drawing, lens 200 are wherein implemented as lens subassembly.The mating section of assembly comprises mating face 500.At least one mating face's 500 a part reflects, and among the light path of light beam.Mating face 500 can also comprise alignment surface, and this part that is beneficial to lens 200 is aimed at mutually.The reflecting part on surface 500 is reflected light beam along monitor optical road direction monitoring unit.
Fig. 6 another embodiment of the present invention of drawing, lens 200c wherein implements as the negative counterpart of lens 200.The light beam that these optical devices send is crossed the space between optical devices and the lens, propagates to curved reflection surface 210.Light beam is bent reflecting surface 210 and reflects away, and propagates to focus surface 220 along the length of lens then.According to present embodiment, light beam 210 reflects away with the external reflection mode surface that is reflected.The part of light beam can be passed through curved reflection surface, and to monitoring unit 400 transmissions, monitoring unit 400 is placed in the top of lens 200c.Curved reflection surface can comprise dielectric or metallic coating, is used to adjust the reflectivity of curved reflection surface and the amount that definite light beam is sent to monitoring unit 400.Monitoring unit can be used for the transmission part of receiving beam, and monitoring at least one parameter relevant with this light beam.
According to additional embodiments of the present invention, can embed optical fiber in the sleeve pipe.Also can place tube ends facing to the composition surface of optical fibre channel part.According to present embodiment, optical fiber can lean against certainly 310 composition surface.In this way, the otch of optical fiber can lean against on the piece, thus be placed on the focus of lens 200 or focus near.
Though shown and specific embodiments of the invention be described,, it will be understood by those having ordinary skill in the art that without departing from the spirit and scope of the present invention down, can change these embodiment.

Claims (19)

1. one kind the optical module of optical devices and optical receiver coupling, comprising:
The lens that comprise the curved surface of the curved surface of reflection and focusing, the curved surface of this reflection is used for deviation and limits light beam, the curved surface of this focusing is used to make light beam to focus on, these lens are by the curved surface of reflection, beam reflection is gone out, pass through the transmission of the curved surface of focusing again, delivery beams between optical devices and optical receiver.
2. according to the optical module of claim 1, the curved surface of reflection wherein and the spherical face of focusing are the parts of integrated lens.
3. according to the optical module of claim 1, the curved surface of reflection wherein before the curved surface that beam reflected is focused focuses on, is controlled the angle of divergence of beam reflected.
4. according to the optical module of claim 1, also comprise:
Monitoring unit;
And the curved surface of reflection wherein is sent to this monitoring unit to the part of light beam along the monitoring light path.
5. according to the optical module of claim 1, lens wherein are lens subassemblies, have two mating sections at least, and first mating section comprises reflecting surface, and second mating section comprises focus surface.
6. according to the optical module of claim 5, first and second mating sections wherein comprise the surface of the pairing that is bonded with each other, and mating face wherein is in the light path of light beam again, and at least one mating face has and is the part that reflects shape, the part of light beam along the reflection of monitoring light path.
7. according to the optical module of claim 6, mating face wherein respectively comprises at least one alignment surface, and this alignment surface helps mating face's aligning when the mating face engages.
8. according to the optical module of claim 7, wherein at least one mating face's reflecting part comprises the coating that produces beam reflection.
9. according to the optical module of claim 5, monitoring unit wherein, a kind of character of monitoring light beam at least.
10. according to the optical module of claim 1, also comprise:
Translucent block between lens and optical fiber end, this translucent block reduce the back-propagating of light beam towards optical devices.
11. according to the optical module of claim 10, piece wherein has composition surface, be used for engaging with optical fiber end, and the focus point of focus surface wherein, overlap with this composition surface.
12. according to the optical module of claim 1, optical devices wherein are electro-optical devices, and optical receiver is an optical fiber, is used for this light is outwards sent.
13. according to the optical module of claim 1, optical devices wherein are optical fiber, and optical receiver is an optical pickup apparatus.
14. according to the optical module of claim 1, curved reflection surface wherein is parabolic.
15. according to the optical module of claim 1, wherein crooked focus surface is a sphere.
16. according to the optical module of claim 1, curved reflection surface wherein beam reflection, is sent the material that comprises lens with internal reflection to.
17. according to the optical module of claim 1, curved reflection surface wherein beam reflection, is left the material that comprises lens in the external reflection mode.
18. according to the optical module of claim 1, reflecting surface wherein is light beam deviation 90 degree.
19. according to the optical module of claim 1, reflecting surface wherein is after reflection, this beam collimation.
CNB2004800022664A 2003-01-16 2004-01-16 Improve the equipment of fiber optic coupling efficiency Expired - Fee Related CN100562771C (en)

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US44034403P 2003-01-16 2003-01-16
US60/440,344 2003-01-16

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CN100562771C CN100562771C (en) 2009-11-25

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US20040175072A1 (en) 2004-09-09

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